SEPTEMBER

16 IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin FEBRUARY 2011

den with intra-state politico-armed putting an end to the trade-distorting India’s interest conflict, to be resolved in 2002 with policies in agriculture maintained the signing of the Luena Memorandum by developed countries, which ad- in Angola of Understanding (MOU) between the versely affect developing countries MPLA Angolan government and its and their integration into the world bête noire the National Union for the trading system. Sandipani Dash Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Bilateral trade between India and Assistant Professor, Department Close political relations between Angola, which was only a few million of Political Science, Maharaja Agrasen the two countries were nurtured by dollars five years ago, surged to College, University of Delhi the bilateral visits that were initially US$4.24 billion in 2009-2010, mainly infrequent, yet uninterrupted. Indian on account of oil imports. India, along The resource rich African continent Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited with the United States and China, captures a vital space in the geo- Angola in 1986 and Angolan President remains one of the main destinations strategic calculus of India, a country José Eduardo dos Santos visited India in of exports from Angola. India’s exports that is currently emerging as a major the subsequent year. Angolan Minister to and investments in Angola have economic powerhouse trying to for External Relations João Bernardo shown a perceptible increase after the reposition itself in the changing world de Miranda visited India in 2006. Indian cessation of civil war. The principal order. Angola is no exception where Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and items of export are Indian tractors the Asian power has carried out its Angolan President José Eduardo dos and transport vehicles, agricultural engagement in diverse fronts, as it Santos met in 2009 during the G8 machinery and implements, has done elsewhere in Africa. Summit in L’Aquila, Italy. There were pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, tea, New Delhi’s engagement with Luanda several other important visits ensuing rice (Basmati), food and meat products, as it is today did not unfold in a vacuum. from the two sides as well. spirits and beverages, finished leather, India was one of the first countries to India-Angola political visits are per- paper/wood products, and petroleum recognize the post-colonial govern- ceived to have become regular after products. ment formed by the Popular Move- 2004, when oil and diamond diploma- The growing trade and investment ment for the Liberation of Angola cy took off as part of the global com- partnership is sustained by lines of (MPLA) in 1975, following its support modities boom. While resource part- credit extended by India, including of nationalist movements against nership concretizes the relationships US$40 million for rehabilitation of Portuguese colonial rule in the south- between the two countries, what re- Angolan Railways by the Rail India west African territory. While India set mains is the overriding concern that Technical and Economic Consultancy up its resident mission in Luanda in for India to engage with Angola, like Services (RITES), US$10 million for the 1986, Angola established its embas- any other African country, is a way purchase of tractors and US$5 million sy in New Delhi in 1992. to garner support for its permanent for the agricultural sector on credit India also remained party to all three membership in the expanded United extended by the EXIM Bank of India. United Nations (UN) Angola verifica- Nation’s Security Council. On the energy front, crude oil is the tion Missions in Angola between 1989 Luanda, on the other hand, bandwag- main stay of the Angolan economy, and 1997, when that country was rid- ons with New Delhi in the demand for accounting for over 90% of export IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 2

revenues and over 80% of Gross While the engagement in the oil in the Mozambique Channel. A Domestic Product (GDP). Angola sector witnesses the overwhelming third ship, the Vega 5, is thought to becomes the largest crude oil produc- Chinese influence, negotiation in have been hijacked on December ing country in Africa, with estimated the diamond industry seems to be 31st and is believed to be heading proven reserves varying between 12 a success story. On the whole, the towards Somalia. The December to 15 billion barrels. The natural gas contour of a partnership based on 2010 attacks targeting the vessels reserves are estimated at 2 trillion cu- the compatibility of interests retains a off the coast of Mozambique – one bic feet. A full-fledged member of the positive trajectory as reflected in the of them confirmed by Mozambican Organization of Petroleum Exporting surging Diaspora linkages. Deputy Defense Minister Agostinho Countries (OPEC) since 2007 having a Mondlane as carrying Somali pirates production limit of 1.9 million barrels – bear the fruit and feedback of the per day, Angola is among six Afri- yet to be successful international sea can countries (others being Libya, monitoring operations in the Gulf Nigeria, Algeria, Sudan and Egypt) of Aden. For all their tremendous identified by India for cooperation in naval apparatus, the world’s most the energy sector. In the loop: powerful, better-equipped navies India has tried to get oil acreage in are having difficulty eradicating Angola, as part of its strategy to expand old age piracy in piracy in the region. Proof of this lies access to the African hydrocarbon in the expansion of piracy activities field. Nevertheless, India’s energy the Mozambique to the south. engagement with Angola is subject When attacks and hijacks of to the expanding presence of China Channel international trade ships began, the in its oil industry. For instance, Indian international community sent fully state owned Oil and Natural Gas VASCO MARTINS equipped warships to disrupt the Corporation (ONGC) was outbid by its Researcher, IPRIS menace. It soon became clear that Chinese competitor for an Angolan oil pirates were able to operate very far block in 2004. The punishment for piracy was death from the coast, which laid the grounds India’s diamond diplomacy seems by public hanging. This was the fate of for assuming the Mozambique more successful in Angola, the 4th the famous William Kidd, whose body Channel, with all its attractive largest diamond producer in the hung for three years at Tilbury Point security ‘soft spots’, could indeed world. The Angolan state diamond facing the Thames, warning others be next. However, the international company, Endiama, has agreed to of their fate. During the 18th and community’s plan was shortsighted, do business directly with the large 19th centuries, piracy was the most focusing only on the areas around Indian diamond industry by setting diffuse form of organized crime in the the Gulf of Aden, thus not properly up an office in Mumbai, while India world, often state sponsored. Only supporting and developing the young is looking to open an institute for the innovations brought by the steam Mozambican navy. Now, as pirates jewelry manufacturing in Luanda. age in the 19th century, combined reach further south, both Mozambique Endiama has also invited Indian with many of the world’s navies and South Africa are threatened by mining companies to explore and and the necessary political will, the disruption of seaborne trade. develop diamond mines in Angola. were sufficient to destroy the global Piracy is the most serious threat The size of the Indian community networks of piracy and privateering southern African countries face. present in Angola has reached in operating widely in the same century. Approximately 96% of South Africa’s recent years nearly 5.000 persons, Today, long after the industrial exports are conveyed by sea and involved in trade as well as the revolution, piracy is returning to the most Mozambican exports are also manufacture of oil, steel and plastics. seas, this time equipped not with sails made by sea, 57.7% of which flow Moreover, there is a large number and compasses, but GPS devices, directly to the . of people of Indian origin who hold RPG’s and small but fast vessels, The greater part of Mozambique’s passports of different nationalities making short teams organized and imports – roughly 60% – also enter including of African nations like extremely adaptable. the country through the sea, making Mozambique and the Democratic Recently, piracy has been reported these trade routes indispensable both Republic of Congo engaged in trading off the coast of Mozambique. to Mozambican and South African and construction businesses. During Christmas 2010, Liberian economies. Furthermore, landlocked India carries a significant stake in registered tanker NS Africa and the Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi and its strategic partnership with Angola Majestic, a cargo vessel registered Zambia will also be affected by against the backdrop of solid political in Panama, where forced to fight off piracy expansion if the matter is not solidarity between the two countries. and outmaneuver pirates operating addressed in a timely manner. Due IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 3

to their geographic nature, these African seas to operate freely will have countries depend on South Africa harsher financial consequences than and Mozambique’s – and to a certain the costs of setting up an operation of extent Tanzania’s – ports to be able such magnitude. to import and export, in other words, In the 19th century, the combined to create wealth. If southern African forces of many of the world’s navies trade routes become affected or are overcame piracy. Invariably, the so- avoided due to this nautical terrorism, lution to today’s piracy resides on social and economic consequences a multilateral, coordinated inter- will be very grave. Hence, piracy in vention, especially from the United the channel cannot be ignored nor States, China, Russia, India and can it fall into oblivion in the hope that some European Union states, name- the issue resolves itself. ly France and the United Kingdom. Although the need for a quick, Allowing pirates to o perate freely in effective resolution is clear, several one area provides incentives to act in impediments are set to create other areas, maybe in Southeast Asia difficult obstacles in the process. or even Latin America. If the root of Firstly, the only country with a the problem is not addressed, history capable navy – currently experiencing will surely repeat itself. budget cuts – is South Africa, who already has deployed a frigate and a logistical support vessel to monitor piracy activity in the channel. Still, the area is too immense for one frigate to properly monitor. Secondly, the international community, preoccupied with its finances, will not be willing to set up the Gulf of Aden security apparatus in southern African seas, an operation that would elevate costs greatly. Moreover, whatever bilateral operations South Africa and Mozambique decide to undertake, technically they will always be a unilateral approach to the problem, as Mozambique is far from being able to parallel the patrolling capabilities of the South African navy. Responsibility for supporting Mozambique’s navy in order to stop piracy that affects all of southern Africa must also not fall on the SADC or African Union’s shoulders, as not only are the resources not in place, but the unilateral nature of the intervention would clearly remain the same. Hence, the only way to stop piracy from spreading in the Mozambique Channel lies in international intervention, especially from those countries with strong, developed navies, who must either patrol the area themselves or support the Mozambican and South African navies by ceding patrolling vessels and surveillance equipment. In the long term, allowing piracy in the southern IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 4

Portugal and the Maghreb: Time to renew the vows

DIOGO NOIVO IPRIS, Researcher

On the December 17th a young man named Mohamed Although on a different scale and scope, is also Bouzizi set himself ablaze in the Tunisian town of Sidi an interested player. At least since 2005, has Bouzi, and his desperate act of protest sparked a wave been making the Maghreb a foreign - and perhaps even of popular demonstrations throughout North Africa and economic - policy priority. That is, aside from the traditional the Middle East. These unprecedented and, until then, three foreign policy pillars – European, Transatlantic and unthinkable demonstrations have already deposed the Portuguese speaking countries– the Maghreb would former presidents of Tunisia and Egypt, respectively become the fourth axis of Portugal’s stance in the world. Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali and Hosni Mubarak, and have When facing the current turmoil, Portugal must ask itself structurally affected the self-assurance and political whether this venture is worth persevering. In order to procedures of many other Arab ruling elites. answer this question, it is first necessary to understand The common and understandable reaction to these the assumptions that made the Maghreb a foreign policy events is surprise. Although the motives that un- priority. Second, it is essential to see it those assumptions leashed the demonstrations were well known and have are still in place, and define, according to the findings, existed for decades, hardly anyone could imagine that what course of action should be followed. protesters in Tunisia would be able to topple a 23 years old authoritarian regime, let alone spark a wave of di- Portugal and the Maghreb: building a new foreign rect defiance to incumbent regimes along the region. policy axis The so-called Arab Street, usually portrayed as sub- The current and former governments, both led by Prime missive to ruling elites or prone to Islamist violence, is Minister José Sócrates, invested much time and effort starting to show how diverse and complex it really is. into establishing and deepening ties with the Maghreb. Contrary to what some may have though, Arabs are not Perhaps, since the transition towards democracy in keen on authoritarian paternalism and aspire to better the 1970s, these were the Portuguese executives that conditions of life, namely freedom. And if the debunk- dedicated most attention. Memorandums and agree- ing of entrenched authoritarian regimes raises many ments have been signed in areas such as trade, energy, questions, what will follow also leads us to a myriad of culture, security or defense and periodical high-level possible scenarios. For better or worse, the processes meetings are held. Foreign Affairs Minister Luís Amado at hand now are altering the region’s post-colonial or- visited the Maghreb several times, as did José Sócrates, der and the complete spectrum of the ongoing chang- who in 2007, during a visit to Algeria, defined the region es will probably take months, if not years, to be fully as a “foreign policy priority” to Portugal – an idea which comprehended. was been reiterated ever since. And these statements are Regardless of whether further regimes will collapse, more than paltry intentions: For example, Portugal was protests have already taken hold of the region and their Tunisia’s 4th Foreign Direct Investor in 2010; and while consequences have disturbed the world’s geopolitical Algeria was, in 2000, the 41st destination for Portuguese and geostrategic assumptions. The United States and the exports, in 2009 it became the 21st. European Union are actors with significant interests in One of the last stages of building a new foreign policy the region and, thus, are directly affected by the course of axis with the Maghreb took place from March 21 st to events. Both Washington and Brussels have always relied 23rd of last year, with Prime Minister José Sócrates on the stability offered by these Arab regimes, and now visiting the region accompanied by Foreign Affairs that this factor was challenged, these two world players Minister Luís Amado, Minister of Economy José Vieira are simultaneously trying to understand what happened da Silva, Minister of Science and Higher Education as well as how can they fit in the future political context. Mariano Gago as well as a delegation of Portuguese IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 5

investors. This tour visited Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and First and obviously, the geographic proximity has not changed. Morocco, and had an agenda dominated by economic Second, Portugal still needs to internationalize its economy, and energetic topics, which reflect the overall nature especially against the backdrop of austerity measures and of Portugal-Maghreb ties so far. a much-speculated upcoming financial bailout plan. Third, But why is the Maghreb interesting for Lisbon? The main if the Maghreb needed investment in infrastructures and answer, as the aforementioned visit suggests, is found in assistance for its development before the current wave Portugal’s need to internationalize its economy. The Maghreb of protests, the abrupt political changes as well as the is an appealing market for Portuguese exports and, on the destruction and/or economic stagnation resulting from the other hand, given the South Mediterranean countries’ need street demonstrations accentuates that need even more. for infrastructures and overall development, they provide Fourth, the security concerns are even greater. Regardless business opportunities for Portuguese companies. Aside of what the outcome of the political processes will be, the from trade, energy, the 5+5 Initiative and security – namely processes themselves tend to diminish the state’s efficiency immigration, terrorism and organized crime – also explain in many domains, namely with regard to effective control why the region is vital for Portugal. over streets and borders. Furthermore, aside from dealing And there are some particular advantages for Lisbon, with their own domestic challenges, states also have to cope one being proximity. Although not geographically a with the spillover effects from neighboring instability – such Mediterranean country, Portugal is perceived as such by the as Tunisia and Egypt are experiencing due to migration Maghreb states due to its history and culture, thus not being flows coming out of Libya. In general, the context favors considered an outsider in the region. Moreover, unlike other mobility both within and among countries, which facilitates European countries with a colonial past in the region, such immigration, smuggling of all sorts, and the mobility of as France or Spain, bilateral ties with Portugal do not tend terrorist cells and criminal organizations. Given the nature to stir controversy within the Maghreb societies and elites. of the aforementioned threats, it is impossible to efficiently Nonetheless, despite positive results and the unequivocal counter them outside of a cooperation framework. role now occupied by the Maghreb in Portuguese foreign The previously mentioned reasons affect Portugal’s con- policy, bilateral relations have been overly reliant on trade tinued commitment in the region. Lisbon’s presence and and business. There is an implicit linear idea that an eco- influence exists, as mentioned before, essentially through nomic relation is an antechamber for stronger and more trade and business. Therefore, the absence of political consistent political ties. That does not necessarily mean and fiscal stability that results from the enduring turmoil that nowadays political relations do not exist. In fact, both may be evoked by some as an argument for a withdraw- the progress on economic issues as well as regular high- al, even if momentary. However, staying and sustaining level meetings between Portuguese representatives and immediate economic losses may reveal to be a strate- their counterparts from the Maghreb indicate that there gic advantage for the future. In countries with emerging are good political contacts. Nevertheless, areas such as political elites such as Tunisia, the maintenance of eco- culture, education or even justice have a much lesser de- nomic activity will demonstrate that Portugal is a reliable gree of significance in the broad picture of bilateral ties, if partner, unattached to the previous status quo. Further- compared with the economic dimension. Political issues more, it will allow Portugal to be on the ground from the such as these would allow greater involvement and even inception of the political landscape that will govern these interdependence, and consequently give the Portugal- countries in the future, whatever it may be. Maghreb agenda a wider variety of topics. Furthermore, But the current moment is also an opportunity to learn when a diplomatic relation is largely based on trade and from the past. Portugal, as many other states and even business, imponderables such as recession or political organizations such as the European Union, focused its turmoil can compromise the entire potential of bonds action on business and institutional relations. In other which are intended to be of strategic importance. Evi- words, these Western states have generally overlooked dently, strategic priorities require an amount of depth and the political dimension of bilateral relations and neglect- structure able to uphold them in the face of adversity. ed the establishment of ties with social forces. As a re- Taken as a whole, the political dimension was always sult, Portugal was – like Europe – bypassed by events on secondary, and this new axis never had consistent the streets and largely ignored who the emerging politi- planning that comprised medium-term objectives – a cal actors are. problem which is not an exclusive of bilateral ties with The ongoing wave of protests offers the possibility to the Maghreb or of foreign policy in general. either partially reset or even restart diplomatic relations, and consequently opens a wide range of new approaches. Why the Maghreb still maters and what should be done Both the countries that lost their leadership as well Despite the ongoing riots and the political instability in- as those which maintain their ruling elites will have to herent to the unfolding processes in the Maghreb, the reshape – the former, at least in part – their institutions, assumptions that made the region vital to Portugal are providing an opportunity for Portugal to have a role in still in place. assisting in that change. Bearing in mind that Portuguese IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 6

presence, contrary to Spanish or French, is by and large own autonomous intelligence sources on the ground. free from ‘neo-colonialism’ labeling, Portugal may have However, the investment made by Lisbon in this area a comparative advantage in gaining some leverage. has always been far bellow real necessities. And if the This is particularly relevant if we consider the central situation was already deficient, it became even worse consequence of the demonstrations: the people have when Portugal decided to close the intelligence posts, acquired a political voice and from now on the ruling elites or ‘antennas’, in the region: Morocco lost its antenna; will have to pay more attention to what the Maghreb’s the one in Madrid that monitored Algeria was closed, main street thinks. and despite plans to open one in Algiers, the decision And these ramifications lead to another important les - was put on standby; also suspended were intentions son regarding the apparent dichotomy stability-versus- to open antennas in Tunis and Tripoli. The decision, freedom. Protests have shown that turning a blind eye although harmful, would be understandable if justified to social grievances and claims will, in the medium/long with budget constraints. Yet, if that is the case, the run, affect the immediate stability offered by authori- explanation requires further clarification because tarian regimes. Hence, it is in Portugal’s interest to while the Maghreb’s antennas were closed, others with place the political agenda at the same level as its eco- much less strategic importance such as New Delhi and nomic ambitions. Lisbon should also adopt a broader Moscow remain open. standpoint and, instead of restricting itself to institu- tional relations, create and promote ties with associa- Final remarks tions and movements from civil society. The assumptions that have placed the Maghreb on the It is then necessary to strengthen the political angle short list of Portugal’s foreign policy objectives are not of inter-state relations and, in the case of Portugal, only in place but, in some cases, are even more pressing. some interesting policies are already implemented and It is true that the protests at hand and their ramifications only require greater depth. Defense cooperation is one have shaken the geopolitical and geostrategic landscape, of those policies where Lisbon has good foundations but instead of inverting the need to make the Maghreb a and should invest more. The first bilateral cooperation priority for Portugal, they have stressed it. Geographical agreements were signed in the 1990s with Morocco and proximity, economic interests on both sides of the Tunisia, respectively in 1993 and in 1995, and later with Mediterranean, the energetic needs and the security Algeria in 2005, with Libya in 2008 and with Maurita- concerns continue to demand a Portuguese commitment nia in 2010. Cooperation was initially held under Annual to the region. Bilateral Cooperation Programs. Although successful, In an interview to the Portuguese media, Foreign these programs led to isolated activities that extin- Minister Luís Amado rightly stated that Portugal’s role in guished cooperation once they were achieved. Then, the Europe depends on what it can achieve outside of it. The Portuguese National Defense Ministry proposed and Maghreb is certainly a region that not only serves Lisbon’s agreed on Triennial Indicative Plans with the Maghreb interests on a bilateral basis, but also contributes to countries, giving greater continuity and strategic dept to Portugal’s stance in Europe. There are common interests bilateral defense cooperation. Periodical cooperation of and Portugal has a comparative advantage in the region a structural character in this domain tends to homoge- if compared to its European partners. However, to be nize defense cultures among the armed forces involved, effective, those advantages require continued dedication narrow the gap of principles and procedures between and investment. different military institutions, and build bonds of trust – both formal and informal. Contacts and mutual assis- tance in this field are crucial given the role that South Mediterranean Armed Forces occupy in their countries – a role that was clearly displayed in Tunisia after for- mer President Ben Ali left for Saudi Arabia, or after for- mer Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak relinquished his position. Knowledge and contacts, especially informal ones, are essential in moments of political uncertainty. If cooperation in the realm of defense is a correct and important decision that should be maintained, the same cannot be said when it comes to intelligence services. The Maghreb’s own characteristics and its proximity to Portugal make it crucial to have eyes and ears in the region. That became even more obvious when Portugal decided to consider the Maghreb a strategic priority. In order for that to happen, Portugal needs to have its IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 7

Timeline of Events

4 February (Luanda): a window for larger political, economic and Angola The newspaper Novo Jornal stated that socio-cultural relations with Portugal, and the Angolan Armed Forces could be on the mentioned the fact that Angola remains the 1 February (Addis Ababa): verge of sending up to 110 men to Guinea- country with which Portugal maintains greater Foreign Affairs Minister George Chicoty Bissau under the framework of military and cooperation ties outside Europe. criticized delays in setting up the agenda technical cooperation. for the 16th Summit of Heads of State and 10 February (Luanda): Government of the African Union, as well 7-9 February (Luanda): Equatorial-Guinea’s ambassador to Angola, as its narrow scope limited to peace and The Angolan Foreign Affairs Ministry’s Broad José Esono Micha Akeng, said after a meeting security issues, at the expense of other topics Consultative Council, which will debate the with Vice-President Fernando da Piedade Dias related to the development of the continent. Ministry’s organic statute, diplomatic statutes, dos Santos ‘Nandó’ that his country supported However, Chicoty considered the meeting to norms on diplomatic missions and the financial Angola’s stance on Ivory Coast’s ongoing crisis. be positive and productive, in particular given management of consulates for three days, was the consensus reached over the Ivorian crisis, formally opened with the presence of President 11 February (New York): which he termed to be in tandem with Angola’s José Eduardo dos Santos and Foreign Affairs After visiting the DRC and Angola, UN Special long standing position. Minister George Chicoty. José Eduardo dos Representative of the Secretary-General on Santos declared a stronger and more organized Sexual Violence in Conflict Margot Wallström 1 February (Luanda): Ministry is necessary, with improvements in its released a statement denouncing systematic Japan announced that through its International organizational and organic structure, so that sexual violence practiced on Congolese women Cooperation Association, it would fund a US$50 Angola can assume a more coherent external and girls caught up in expulsions from Angola, million hydroelectric dam on the Cutato River action. The President also defended diplomats on both sides of the border. in the Bié province. should retire at 60. Chicoty stated that Angola should improve its south-south cooperation 15-17 February (Luanda): 2 February (Luanda): framework within regional structures such as Finnish Foreign Trade and Development Minister Russian Ambassador to Angola Serguey the SADC and ECCAS. Paavo Väyrynen met with Foreign Affairs Minister Nenchev praised relations with Angola, which George Chicoty and discussed ways to strengthen he qualified as “high level”, mainly owing to 8 February (Luanda): trade relations between the two countries. President Dmitry Medvedev’s visit in 2009. Angolan Ambassador to China João Manuel Bernardo stated that he envisaged deeper 17 February (New Delhi): 2 February (Lisbon): relations between Angola and China in 2011, Ahead of the Least Developed Countries Minis- Angola’s national oil company Sonangol further investing in the fields of finance, terial Conference, Indian Foreign Affairs Minister intensified contacts to buy a direct stake telecommunications and civil construction, S. M. Krishna received his Angolan counterpart in Portugal’s oil company Galp Energia. as well as agriculture, with a soon to be George Chicoty, alongside other African For- Nowadays it detains an indirect participation announced US$2.5 billion Chinese grant for the eign Affairs Ministers. Krishna stated that in through Amorim Energia, but Sonangol’s goal agrarian sector. recent decades India has been reinvigorating is to partially or totally buy Italy’s ENI 33% its historical ties with the continent. participation in Galp Energia. The company’s 8 February (Luanda): CEO Manuel Vicente travelled to Lisbon President José Eduardo dos Santos received 18-21 February (Luanda): accompanied by Angolan State Minister and the Executive Secretary of the Southern Africa Secretary of State for Defense Marcos Per- Chief of the Presidency’s Civil Office Carlos Development Community, Tomaz Salomão, to estrello travelled to Angola, to provide official Feijó, and several contacts were made at discuss the Community’s perspectives ahead Portuguese support to local efforts of delimita- entrepreneurial and governmental levels. of Angola’s tenure at its head in August. tion and expansion of the country’s continental Brazil’s Petrobras announced it dropped out of platform. Perestrello met with Angolan Vice- the race to enter into Galp Energia’s capital. 8 February (Luanda): Minister of Defense Gaspar Santos Rufino. Norwegian Secretary of State for Human 4 February (Caxito): Rights Erik Lahnestein visited Angola, where 21 February (Tokyo): On the 4th of February Celebrations, Angolan Foreign Minister George Chicoty received him. Angolan Foreign Affairs Minister George Vice-President Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Lahnestein invited President José Eduardo Chicoty visited Japan, where he was received Santos ‘Nandó’ declared that the country’s dos Santos to visit Norway until the end of the by his counterpart Seiji Maehara. The two government is strongly committed to the year, and praised the good relations between opened negotiations on a bilateral investment national reconstruction program and to the the two countries. treaty. If negotiations are brought to a positive strengthening of democratic rule. conclusion, Angola will be the first sub-Saharan 9 February (Luanda): country to seal an investment pact with Japan. Angolan ambassador to Portugal José Marcos Barrica defended that peace in Angola opened IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 8

28 February (Luanda): 12-13 February (Port-au-Prince): years. The relationship with China is to be given Sonangol celebrated its 35th anniversary. The Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota travelled special attention while official channels with company’s CEO Manuel Vicente stated on the to Haiti where he met with President René Iran are to remain open, in a bid to defuse local occasion that Sonangol plans to acquire a direct Préval, Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, and tensions. On the other hand, ties with the US are stake in Portugal’s oil company Galp Energia. presidential candidates for the second round not going to be neglected but stalled global trade Michel Martelly and Mirlande Manigat, seeking talks under the Doha Round framework are to to review the progress of the electoral process, remain a priority for Brazil’s diplomacy. Brazil the evolution of the cooperation projects led by Brazil and the contribution of Minustah to 21-22 February (Brasília): 1 February (New York): the security and stability in Haiti. Patriota also French Foreign Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie Brazil assumed the rotating presidency of the announced a contribution of US$300 million met with her Brazilian counterpart Antônio UN Security Council. The situations in Haiti, the from Brazil, for the completion of the second Patriota to review the ongoing Strategic Middle East, Sudan, Guinea-Bissau, Timor Leste, round of elections in Haiti. Partnership as well as to discuss international Somalia, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of issues, including climate change and the Congo, Kosovo, as well as the sanctions regime 14 February (Buenos Aires): reform of international institutions. Alliot- for North Korea, will be high on the agenda. Defense Minister Nelson Jobim met with his Marie also met with Defense Minister Nelson Argentinean counterpart Arturo Puricelli, Jobim, seeking to provide reassurances 4 February (Bogota): to review bilateral defense ties and to seek regarding the French proposal for the long- Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota travelled to the build up of a common regional defense lasting fighter bid. Colombia where he met with his counterpart industry. Afterwards, Jobim also visited María Ángela Holguín Cuéllar to discuss, among Tandanor shipyard and further expressed 22 February (Brasília): other things, regional issues like the strength- Brazil’s support for Argentinean claims over Secretary General of the Organization of ening of Unasul and both countries’ temporary the Malvinas/Falklands. American States José Miguel Insulza met with memberships at the UN Security Council. President Dilma Rousseff and Foreign Minister 14 February (Montevideo): Antônio Patriota, with regional issues and the 7 February (Caracas): Defense Minister Nelson Jobim met with Uru- upcoming General Assembly in El Salvador Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota met with guayan President José Mujica, Defense Min- high on the agenda. his Venezuelan counterpart Nicolás Maduro, ister Luis Rosadilla and Foreign Minister Luis seeking to review bilateral relations and Almagro. Regional cooperation over common 23-24 February (Washington): regional issues of common interest. defense projects and Haiti’s reconstruction Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota travelled to needs were high on the agenda. the US where he met with Secretary of State 7 February (Rio de Janeiro): Hillary Clinton, National Security Advisor Brazilian state-run oil company Petrobras 15 February (Brasília): Thomas E. Donilon, and Secretary of the announced that it had ended talks to buy a stake Planalto Palace announced that US Presi- Treasury Timothy F. Geithner, in order to in Portugal’s Galp Energia, with no successful dent Barack Obama will travel to Brazil on prepare President Barack Obama’s upcoming outcome in sight. March 19th-20th. visit to Brazil. Bilateral issues, Haiti, or the situation in the Middle East were among 7-8 February (Brasília): 15 February (Brasília): the items covered. Patriota also took the US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner met Defense Minister Nelson Jobim said his opportunity to meet with President of the World with Brazilian officials, includingP resident Dilma ministry will cut up to US$2.4 billion from Bank Robert B. Zoellick. Rousseff and Finance Minister Guido Mantega, to its US$8.9 billion budget this year, without gather support in helping the US pressure China affecting a pending multibillion dollar fighter 25-26 February (Granada): into allowing its currency to appreciate. aircraft contract. Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota attended the 22nd Inter-sessional Meeting of the Conference 8 February (Brasília): 15 February (Beirut): of Heads of State of the Caribbean Community President Dilma Rousseff allegedly told US Brazil officially assumed command of the (CARICOM), with the political and cooperation officials that Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet is the Maritime Task-Force from the United Nations dialogue between Brazil and the Caribbean best option for the nation’s Air Force, in the current Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), with the aim high on the agenda. Patriota also took the opening bid, but that she seeks better terms of preventing weapons traffic to the country. opportunity to hold bilateral meetings with regarding technologic transference by the US. several of his local counterparts. 18 February (Brasília): 10-11 February (New York): Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota hosted his Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota hosted a Portuguese counterpart Luís Amado to review Cape Verde debate at the UN Security Council devoted to bilateral relations and assess issues such as “Security and Development”. Patriota also took the CPLP, the Alliance of Civilizations, EU- 1-4 February (Praia): the opportunity to attend ministerial gatherings Brazil/EU-Mercosul relations, as well as both A technical assistance mission from the United of the G4 and the IBSA Forum as well as meet countries’ strategies in the UN Security Council. Nations Development Program (UNDP) visited with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, UN Cape Verde to help technical staff from the General Assembly President Joseph Deiss and 18 February (Brasília): Directorate-General of Trade and Industry to other counterparts, like Portuguese Foreign Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota disclosed some finalize the design of projects to be submitted for Minister Luís Amado. guidelines for Brazil’s foreign policy in the coming approval by the Integrated Framework Council. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 9

2 February (Praia): 10 February (Bissau): However, it also highlighted its concerns over According to reports, Japan is to provide food Bissau-Guinean authorities burned over 800 growing drug trafficking. aid to Cape Verde worth an estimated €2.9 kilograms of drugs apprehended between million, aimed at ensuring food security. 2007 and 2010. The event was led by Attorney- 25 February (Bissau): General Amine Saad and witnessed by the President Malam Bacai Sanhá’s spokesman 6 February (Praia): diplomatic corps. Agnelo Regalla held contacts with EU officials Prime Minister and PAICV candidate José Maria ahead of the consultations under the Cotonou Neves secured a third term in Cape Verde’s 14 February (Lisbon): Agreement envisaged for March, which will parliamentary elections, against opposition A diplomatic delegation headed by Foreign discuss the end, maintenance or increase of MpD leader Carlos Veiga. Minister Adelino Mano Queta arrived in Lisbon the current EU sanctions. and will go on to visit Madrid, London, , 14-15 February (Praia): Berlin and Brussels. The delegation’s tour is a 22 February (Bissau): Defense Minister Cristina Lima met with response to the EU Council’s decision to open Attorney-General Amine Saad issued instruc- Portuguese Secretary of State for Defense consultations with Guinea-Bissau under Article tions on how to deal with and combat drug traf- Marcos Parestrello to review the bilateral 96 of the Cotonou Agreement. ficking. The document highlighted the exclusive Technical-Military Cooperation agreements, responsibility of the Judiciary Police to investi- with a focus on naval construction and repair. 15-17 February (Dakar): gate crimes related to these activities. Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior visited 17 February (Praia): According to figures Senegal where he met several ambassadors 22 February (New York): published by the National Statistics Institute, from the EU member states, US and other The UN Secretary-General released a new report Cape Verde’s exports rose 33.1% in 2010. Spain African countries. This trip was framed within on Guinea-Bissau. Ban Ki-moon highlighted is the largest export market, accounting for the broader diplomatic effort to avoid further the “noticeable progress that Guinea-Bissau around 68.3%. Portugal is the second export EU sanctions. Gomes Júnior pleaded for the has made to reverse the negative effects of the market with 24.9%. In 2010 Portugal also “understanding and support of the international civil-military events that took place on April 1st consolidated its leadership among Cape Verde’s community”. Upon his return to Bissau, Gomes 2010”. However, the report warns that “political European suppliers, with 45.5% of Cape Verdean Júnior reaffirmed his belief that the EU sanctions stability is essential if the country is to use the imports. Imports from China rose by 158.6%. are unfounded and that the measures adopted window of opportunity presented by the recently overlooked efforts made by the government announced debt relief”. 24 February (Paris): since the April 1st military mutiny. Cape Verde officially joined the Centre for Development of the Organization for Economic 17 February (Bissau): Mozambique Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guinea-Bissau’s Navy Chief of Staff, Bubo Na Tchuto, asked the EU to come forward with 2 February (Pretoria): “evidence” that he is involved in drug trafficking, The South African Navy announced that it is Guinea-Bissau while asking the body to stop interfering with preparing a force to patrol the Mozambique his country’s internal affairs. Channel to cope with the threat of attacks 1 February (Dakar): on vessels by Somali pirates. That force will Guinea-Bissau’s Finance Minister, José Mário 17-23 February (Bissau): comprise a frigate and a logistical support Vaz, who is also the current head of the West The CPLP’s Executive Secretary Domingos vessel that will remain in the Mozambique African franc zone council for single currency, Simões Pereira travelled to Bissau where he Channel for over a month. warned about the risk of the fight over control held several meetings with local officials, of Ivory Coast’s reserve in the regional central CPLP ambassadors and members of civil 6 February (Maputo): bank by the two opposing factions in that society. One of the main topics discussed was According to local reports, the Somali country, which could harm the stability of the the recently imposed EU sanctions and the pirates who hijacked a Mozambican fishing region’s banking and financial system. government’s diplomatic strategy to counter vessel, the “Vega 5” on December 27th are further measures. demanding a ransom equivalent to US$1.8 2 February (Bissau): million as a condition for the release of the Brazilian and South-African ambassadors to 21-25 February (New York): crew, consisting of 19 Mozambicans, three Guinea-Bissau, respectively Jorge Geraldo Kadri Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior met UN Indonesians and two Spaniards. and Lulo Aron Mnguni, pledged their countries’ officials and participated in a Security Council support to Guinea-Bissau, particularly in the UN Meeting. Although Gomes Júnior recognized 9 February (Maputo): Security Council, in separate audiences granted institutional weaknesses, he defended that The Mozambican government denied any by President Malam Bacai Sanhá. Guinea-Bissau is not a failed state. He also knowledge of a ransom demand made by the asked for the support of the UN and UN Secu- Somali pirates who hijacked a Mozambican 3 February (Bissau): rity Council members on the coming consul- fishing vessel, the “Vega 5”. Special Representative of the Secretary-General tations with the EU. The UN Security Council, to Guinea-Bissau Joseph Mutaboba stated that through the Chair of the Guinea-Bissau Con- 13 February (Maputo): the UN would continue to support institutional figuration of the Peace Building Commission, The Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) strengthening processes, in particular the ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti, issued awarded a further 18 contracts worth approxi- implementation of national strategies for a statement noting the progress made in the mately US$900 million to Mozambique. Security Sector Reform, Defense and Justice. country since the April 1st military mutiny. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 10

23 February (Maputo): to discuss the ongoing financial crisis and the Portuguese experience with development policies A Chinese delegation – headed by Li Zhaozhuo, European response. at a conference promoted by the Slovenian Vice Chairman of the People’s Political government. Later, he also met with his local Consultative Conference – met with President 14-15 February (Praia): counterpart Dragoljuba Bencina, to assess Armando Guebuza and Speaker of Parliament Secretary of State for Defense Marcos bilateral relations between the two countries. Verónica Macamo seeking to reaffirm ties Parestrello travelled to Cape Verde where between Mozambique and China. he met with Defense Minister Cristina Lima 18-21 February (Luanda): to review the bilateral Technical-Military Secretary of State for Defense Marcos 23 February (Brussels): Cooperation agreements, with a focus on Parestrello travelled to Angola to provide The European Commission announced that naval construction and repair. Possible joint official Portuguese support to local efforts of Mozambique and the European Union are participation of Cape Verdean and Portuguese delimitation and expansion of the country’s to begin negotiations to sign a new fishing forces in future peacekeeping missions was continental platform. agreement, since the present one is due to also discussed. expire on December 31st. 20-21 February (Brussels): 15 February (Mexico City): Foreign Minister Luís Amado attended the EU’s Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with his Foreign Affairs Council and the General Affairs Portugal Mexican counterpart Patricia Espinosa, aiming Council, where the unrest in the Arab World, the to expand and diversify Portuguese exports in Horn of Africa, the Middle Eastern peace process 4 February (Brussels): Latin America. EU-Mexico relations, Portugal’s and developments in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Prime Minister José Sócrates attended the term at the UN Security Council and G20 issues were high on the agenda. Amado also took the European Council meeting. were also high on the agenda. opportunity to hold a bilateral meeting with his Slovenian counterpart Samuel Zbogar. 9 February (Lisbon): 16-17 February (São Tomé): Gabonese Foreign Minister Paul Toungui Secretary of State for Defense Marcos 22 February (Brussels): met with his Portuguese counterpart Luís Parestrello travelled to São Tomé and Príncipe, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Amado and President of AICEP Basílio Horta. where he met with Defense Minister Carlos Cooperation João Gomes Cravinho took The strengthening of political, economic and Stock and Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada to part in the Informal Council of Ministers for cultural relations, as well as regional issues sign a new cooperation program for 2011/2013 Development, with the situation in southern and the UN Security Council – where Gabon under the Technical-Military Cooperation Sudan, the Green Paper on EU Development also holds a seat as non-permanent member framework with Portugal. Policies, the European Strategy for the Sahel – were high on the agenda. region and the situations in Egypt and Tunisia 17 February (Vienna): high on the agenda. 10-11 February (Lisbon): Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and German President Christian Wulff paid an Cooperation João Gomes Cravinho travelled 22-23 February (Lisbon): official visit to Portugal where he met with his to Austria where he met with Director-General Moroccan Foreign Minister Taieb Fassi Fihri counterpart Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of the United Nations Industrial Development travelled to Portugal under the framework of José Sócrates and Speaker of Parliament Organization (UNIDO) Kandeh Yumkella, regular political consultations, where he met Jaime Gama. Executive Secretary of the Preparatory with Prime Minister José Sócrates, President Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear- Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Speaker of Parliament 10-11 February (New York): Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Tibor Jaime Gama and his Portuguese counterpart Foreign Minister Luís Amado took part in a UN Tóth, and with Director-General of the Luís Amado. Portugal’s membership of the UN Security Council meeting devoted to “Security International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEI) Yukya Security Council and regional/international issues and Development”. Amado also took the Amano. Cravinho also took the opportunity to of common interest were high on the agenda. opportunity to meet with his counterparts from meet with his Austrian counterpart Johannes India, Colombia, Brazil, and Colombia – S. M. Kyrle to discuss UN Security Council matters, 26 February (Kuwait City): Krishna, René Castro, Antônio Patriota and the Balkans and the Middle East. Foreign Minister Luís Amado travelled to María Ángela Holguín Cuéllar, respectively – Kuwait where he attended the country’s 50th as well as with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- 18 February (Brasília): independence anniversary and the 20th liberation moon, to whom he conveyed Portugal’s stand Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with his anniversary celebrations. Amado took this on the most pressing international matters. Brazilian counterpart Antônio Patriota and opportunity to meet with Vice-Prime Minister President Dilma Rousseff. Bilateral economic and Foreign Affairs Minister Muhammad Al- 13-14 February (Panama City): relations, cooperation opportunities under the Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, to discuss bilateral Foreign Minister Luís Amado travelled to Panama CPLP framework, financing and environmental relations and recent regional developments. where he met with his counterpart Juan Carlos issues, the Alliance of Civilizations, EU-Brazil Varela, seeking to strengthen bilateral relations and EU-Mercosul relations as well as both 27 February (Amman): and open up new business opportunities. countries’ interests at the UN Security Council, Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with his were high on the agenda. Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh, under 14 February (Lisbon): regular political consultations between the two President of the EU Commission José Manuel 18 February (Ljubljana): countries. The escalating events in the region Durão Barroso met with President Aníbal Secretary of Sate for Foreign Affairs and and Portugal’s membership to the UN Security Cavaco Silva and Prime Minister José Sócrates Cooperation João Gomes Cravinho presented the Council were high on the agenda. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 11

27-28 February (Alger): 17 February (Ramallah): Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with Algerian Timor Leste President José Ramos-Horta met with Presi- President Abdelaziz Bouteflika and Foreign dent of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Minister Mourad Medelci to assess the level of 2 February (Díli): Abbas, with the Middle East peace process and bilateral relations and discuss regional issues. President José Ramos-Horta awarded the Palestine’s wish for unilateral independence Medal of the Order of Timor Leste to Australian high on the agenda. 28 February (): Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston for his Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and support to the country during his six years at 21 February (New York): Cooperation João Gomes Cravinho attended the head of the Australian Defense Force. Prime Minister José Alexandre ‘Xanana’ Gusmão the 16th session of the UN Human Rights attended an Investment Forum on Timor Leste, Council, to report on Portuguese governmental 10 February (Díli): organized by the World Harmony Foundation. efforts towards the promotion and defense of Timor Leste’s government approved a plan of human rights. The Libyan crisis and Portugal’s action leading to the creation of the country’s 24 February (New York): candidacy to the Council for the 2014-2017 National Development Bank. The National The UN Security Council extended UNMIT’s period were also high on the agenda. Development Bank is expected to be set up mission until February 26th 2012. using public and private capital and to focus on financing medium-sized and large companies, 24 February (Washington): São Tomé supporting business owners, and attracting Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão met with US private investment. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and USAID and Príncipe officials to discuss ongoing US efforts towards 14-15 February (Tel Aviv): 16-17 February (São Tomé): the development of Timor Leste. President José Ramos-Horta visited Israel, Defense Minister Carlos Stock and Prime Minister where he met with President Shimon Peres in 25-28 February (Havana): Patrice Trovoada met with Portuguese Secretary an attempt to enhance relations between both Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão travelled to of State for Defense Marcos Perestrello to sign countries. Cuba where he met with Vice President José a new cooperation program for 2011/2013 under Ramón Machado Ventura and several other the Technical-Military Cooperation framework. 16 February (Nadi): national authorities to review cooperation Timor Leste and Indonesia jointly requested 25 February (São Tomé): programs between the two countries, namely to attend the Melanesian Spearhead Group on medical education of Timorese nationals. According to Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada, meeting to be hosted by Fiji in March, as the concession of the Ana Chaves deep-water observing parties. port and of São Tomé’s international airport to Angolan state-oil company Sonangol will be made official in the next two months.

Editor | Paulo Gorjão assistant editorS | Kai Thaler • Laura Tereno • Pedro Seabra DESIGN | Atelier Teresa Cardoso Bastos PRINTING | Europress

Portuguese Institute of International Relations and Security (IPRIS) Rua Vitorino Nemésio, 5 - 1750-306 Lisboa PORTUGAL http://www.ipris.org email: [email protected]

IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin is a publication of IPRIS. The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IPRIS. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 12