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Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before. -
IRBI 2013 Resize.Pdf
Indeks Risiko Bencana IRBI Indonesia Tahun 2013 Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia 2013 Pengarah Dody Ruswandi Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 72 Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta Penyusun Lilik Kurniawan 1. Barangsiapa dengan sengaja Sugeng Triutomo melanggar dan tanpa hak Ridwan Yunus melakukan perbuatan Mohd. Robi Amri sebagaimana dimaksud Arezka Ari Hantyanto dalam Pasal 2 Ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 Ayat (1) dan Ayat Pendukung (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling Elin Linawati singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/ Firza Ghozalba atau denda paling sedikit Arie Astuti Wulandari Rp. 1.000.000,00 (satu juta Pratomo Cahyo Nugroho rupiah), atau pidana penjara Novi Kumalasari paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun Gita Yulianti dan/atau denda paling banyak Elfina Rozita Rp. 5.000.000.000,00 (lima Danar Widhiyani Sri Wulandari milyar rupiah). Ageng Nur Ichwana 2. Barangsiapa dengan sengaja Cetakan Pertama, 2014 menyiarkan, memamerkan, Diterbitkan oleh : mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan Direktorat Pengurangan Risiko Bencana atau barang hasil pelanggaran Deputi Bidang Pencegahan dan Kesiapsiagaan hak cipta atau hak terkait Gedung INA DRTG sebagai dimaksud pada Ayat Kawasan Indonesia Peace and Security (1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) Center (IPSC), Bukit Merah Putih, Kecamatan tahun dan/atau denda paling Citeureup-Sentul, Provinsi Jawa Barat banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah). ISBN : 978-602-70256-0-8 IRBI 2013 iii Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia 2013 ABSTRAK ntuk mengetahui secara rinci Perubahan terminologi dari Indeks Rawan tingkat kerawanan daerah di Bencana pada edisi tahun 2009 dan 2011 Uwilayah Negara Indonesia, BNPB menjadi Indeks Risiko Bencana pada edisi telah melakukan penilaian tentang Indeks 2013 didasarkan atas penyesuaian yang Kerawanan Bencana Indonesia (2009) digunakan oleh Undang-Undang Nomor yang diperbaharui dengan Indeks Rawan 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana Indonesia (2011). -
1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kerajaan Koto Besar
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kerajaan Koto Besar diperkirakan telah ada sejak akhir abad ke-17 Masehi.1 Koto Besar tumbuh dan berkembang bersama daerah-daerah lain yang berada di bekas wilayah Kerajaan Melayu Dharmasraya (Swarnabumhi).2 Daerah-daerah ini merupakan kerajaan kecil yang bercorak Islam dan berafiliasi dengan Kerajaan Pagaruyung, seperti Pulau Punjung yang dikenal sebagai camin taruih (perpanjangan tangan) Pagaruyung untuk daerah Hiliran Batanghari, serta penguasa lokal di ranah cati nan tigo, yaitu Siguntur, Sitiung dan Padang Laweh.3 Koto Besar menjadi satu-satunya kerajaan di wilayah ini yang tidak berpusat di pinggiran Sungai Batanghari.4 Lokasi berdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan tersebut merupakan daerah rantau dalam konsep alam Minangkabau.5 Pepatah adat Minangkabau mengatakan, 1 Merujuk pada tulisan yang tercantum pada stempel peninggalan Kerajaan Koto Besar yang berangkakan tahun 1697 Masehi. 2 Kerajaan Melayu Dharmasraya (Swarnabumhi) adalah sebuah kerajaan yang bercorak Hindu Buddha dan merupakan kelanjutan dari Kerajaan Melayu Jambi yang bermigrasi dari muara Sungai Batanghari. Kerajaan Melayu Dharmasraya hanya bertahan sekitar dua abad (1183 – 1347), setelah dipindahkan oleh Raja Adityawarman ke pedalaman Minangkabau di Saruaso. Bambang Budi Utomo dan Budhi Istiawan, Menguak Tabir Dharmasraya, (Batusangkar : BPPP Sumatera Barat, 2011), hlm. 8-12. 3 Efrianto dan Ajisman, Sejarah Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Dharmasraya, (Padang: BPSNT Press, 2010), hlm. 84. 4 Menurut Tambo Kerajaan Koto Besar dijelaskan bahwa Kerajaan Koto Besar berpusat di tepi Sungai Baye. Hal ini juga dikuatkan oleh catatan Kontroler Belanda Palmer van den Broek tanggal 15 Juni 1905. Lihat, Tambo Kerajaan Koto Besar, “Sejarah Anak Nagari Koto Besar yang Datang dari Pagaruyung Minangkabau”. Lihat juga, “Nota over Kota Basar en Onderhoorige Landschappen Met Uitzondering van Soengei Koenit en Talao”, dalam Tijdschrift voor Indische, “Taal, Land en Volkenkunde”, (Batavia: Kerjasama Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen dan Batavia Albrecht & Co., 1907), hlm. -
Awal Pengaruh Hindu Buddha Di Nusantara
AWAL PENGARUH HINDU BUDDHA DI NUSANTARA Agustijanto Indradjaja Pusat Arkeologi Nasional, Jl. Condet Pejaten No. 4, Jakarta Selatan 12510 [email protected] Endang Sri Hardiati [email protected] Abstrak. Berbicara tentang awal pengaruh Hindu Buddha di Nusantara sejauh ini selalu dimulai pada sekitar abad ke-5 M. yang ditandai oleh kehadiran kerajaan Kutai dan Tarumanagara di Nusantara dan masih sedikit perhatian terhadap periode sebelum itu. Padahal periode awal sampai dengan abad ke-5 M. adalah periode krusial bagi munculnya kerajaan yang bercorak Hindu- Buddha di Nusantara. Penelitian terhadap periode awal sejarah dimaksudkan untuk mengungkapkan dinamika sosial ekonomi yang terjadi di masyarakat Nusantara sehingga mampu menerima dan menyerap unsur-unsur budaya asing (India) yang pada puncaknya memunculkan sejumlah ARKENASkerajaan bersifat Hindu-Buddha di Nusantara. Metode analisis yang dipakai adalah metode analisis tipologis dan kontekstual serta beberapa analisis C-14 atas temuan diharapkan dapat menjelaskan kondisi masyarakat Nusantara pada masa lalu. Hasil penelitian ini dapat mengidentifikasikan sejumlah tinggalan arkeologi seperti sisa tiang rumah, sisa perahu, keramik, tembikar, manik-manik, alat logam, dan sejumlah kubur yang diidentifikasi berasal dari periode awal sejarah. Berdasarkan tinggalan tersebut dapat direkonstruksi kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Nusantara dan peranannya di dunia internasional di Kawasan Asia Tenggara. Kata kunci: Awal sejarah, Hindu-Buddha, Nusantara, Budaya India. Abstract. Early Hindu-Buddhist Influence in the Indonesian Nusantara. So far discussions about early Hindu-Buddhist influence in the Indonesian Archipelago (Nusantara) have always been started at around 5th Century AD, which is characterized by the presence of the kingdoms of Kutai and Tarumanagara in the archipelago, while the earlier period is barely noticed although the period between early and 5th century AD is a crucial period for the emergence of Hindu- Buddhist kingdoms in the archipelago. -
Tanah Liek Batik's Industry in West Sumatra
Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research (AEBMR), volume 92 3rd International Conference on Accounting, Management and Economics 2018 (ICAME 2018) Tanah Liek Batik’s Industry in West Sumatra (a Study of Development Problems) Rose Rahmidani1, Armiati2 and Dessi Susanti3 1Unversitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] 2Unversitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] 3Unversitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This study aims to identify the problems faced by the Batik Tanah Liek industry in West Sumatra thus, based on this identification can be found a solution to solve the problem. The research method used is a qualitative method. The study was conducted in three locations, namely Dharmasraya District, South Coastal District and Padang City. Data collection was done by observation, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis techniques were carried out using qualitative analysis. The results showed that the problems faced by the Tanah Liek batik industry in West Sumatra were: expensive product prices, lack of promotion and marketing, difficulty obtaining additional capital, less strategic business locations, sources of raw materials from outside the island, difficulty in getting competent employees, support from the local government has not been maximized, business management has not been good, the marketing area is still limited, and quality is still inferior compared to batik from Java. Based on the description of the problems faced by batik Tanah Liek creative industry in West Sumatra, the alternative form or solution that can be done is; providing business capital assistance, providing training in promotion and marketing techniques, providing financial report writing training, providing trademark and copyright management training, providing business management training, providing production training for workers, and promoting batik Tanah Liek to all West Sumatran and outsiders West Sumatra. -
Bupati Dharmasraya
SALINAN BUPATI DHARMASRAYA PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA NOMOR 10 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG RENCANA TATA RUANG WILAYAH KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA TAHUN 2011 - 2031 DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA BUPATI DHARMASRAYA, Menimbang : a. bahwa untuk mengarahkan pembangunan di Kabupaten Dharmasraya dengan memanfaatkan ruang wilayah secara berdaya guna, berhasil guna, serasi, selaras, seimbang, dan berkelanjutan dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan pertahanan keamanan, perlu disusun rencana tata ruang wilayah; b. bahwa dalam rangka mewujudkan keterpaduan pembangunan antar sektor, daerah, dan masyarakat maka rencana tata ruang wilayah merupakan arahan lokasi investasi pembangunan yang dilaksanakan pemerintah, masyarakat, dan/atau dunia usaha; c. bahwa dengan ditetapkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 tahun 2008 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Nasional, maka perlu penjabaran ke dalam Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten dan ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Daerah; d. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a, huruf b, dan huruf c perlu membentuk Peraturan Daerah tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Dharmasraya Tahun 2011 – 2031; Mengingat :1. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Ketentuan Pokok-Pokok Agraria (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1960 Nomor 104, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 2043); 2. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1990 Nomor 49, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3419); 3. Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 167, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3888); 4. Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 tentang Bangunan Gedung (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2002 Nomor 134, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4249); 5. -
Chapter 1: Sino-Malay Interaction in the First Millenium AD
Chapter 1 S ino -M alay INTERACTION IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM AD Since the late first millennium BC, the Malay region has played a pivotal role in the international maritime economy that encompasses maritime Southeast Asia, the South China Sea region, and the Indian Ocean littoral. This role has been as much the result of the region’s strategic location in maritime Asia as the geographical and demographic characteristics of the region’s islands. Unlike land-based polities, which have inter- nal economies based on agrarian hinterlands that enabled them to be self-sufficient, the islands of the Malay region have throughout history maintained two distinct types of societies—coastal societies and upland social groups. The polities of the Malay coastal region did not extend very far inland. The islands’ mountainous interiors have been occu- pied by groups who were ethnically and even linguistically distinct from the coastal societies.1 Although the coastal and inland groups interacted with each other economically, the prosperity and political stability of the coastal groups were determined mainly by their ability to capitalize on the international maritime trade that flowed through the region. The ports of the Malay region participated in the international trade in three ways. The first was by acting as an entrepôt in the trade between the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea, and island Southeast Asia. From the middle of the first millennium AD onward, the port-settlements along the Strait of Malacca and the northeastern parts of the Java Sea were able to capitalize on the region’s geographical advantages, under the leadership of a succession of port-polities that were able to project themselves as the key entrepôt in different eras. -
Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream-Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain Pierre-Yves Manguin
Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream-Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain Pierre-Yves Manguin To cite this version: Pierre-Yves Manguin. Southeast Sumatra in Protohistoric and Srivijaya Times: Upstream- Downstream Relations and the Settlement of the Peneplain. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. From distant tales : archaeology and ethnohistory in the highlands of Sumatra, pp.434-484, 2009, 978-1- 4438-0497-4. halshs-02521657 HAL Id: halshs-02521657 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02521657 Submitted on 27 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra Edited by Dominik Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra, Edited by Dominik Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz This book first published 2009 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2009 by Dominik Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz and contributors All rights for this book reserved. -
5. Kontekstualisasi Adat Dan Syarak Dalam Tradisi Masyarakat Melayu Jambi
KUASA SIMBOLIK ADAT DAN SYARAK DALAM TRADISI MASYARAKAT MELAYU Dr. Fuad Rahman, M.Ag. Penerbit Pascasarjana UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi Jalan Arif Rahman Hakim Telanaipura Kota Jambi Telp. (0741) 60731, email: [email protected] i Kuasa Simbolik Adat dan Syarak dalam Tradisi Masyarakat Melayu Penulis : Fuad Rahman Editor : M.H. Abid Sohiron Layout : Cahaya Firdaus Design Cover : Cahaya Firdaus Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) ISBN : 978-602-60957-7-0 viii, 268 hal (15,5x23 cm) Cetakan Tahun 2020 Alamat Penerbit : Pascasarjana UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi Jalan Arif Rahman Hakim Telanaipura Kota Jambi Telp. (0741) 60731, email: [email protected] Undang – undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta Lingkup Hak Cipta Pasal 2 1. Hak Cipta merupakan Hak Eklusif bagi Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya yang timbul secara otomatis setelah suatu ciptaan dilahirkan tanpa mengurangi pembatasan menurut peraturan perundanga-undangan yang berlaku Lingkup Hak Cipta Pasal 72 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pasal 2 ayat 1 atau pasal 49 ayat 1 dan 2 dipidana penjara masing-masing paling singkat 1 bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp. 1.000.000,- atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun dan/atau paling banyak Rp. 5.000.000.000,- 2. Barang siapa dengan dengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran hak cipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat 1, dipidana dengan penjara paling lam 5 tahun dan atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,- ii KATA PENGANTAR Buku Kuasa Simbolik Adat dan Syarak dalam Tradisi Masyarakat Melayu adalah bagian dari ikhtiar penulis untuk mengungkap fenomena keterhubungan antara adat dan syarak. -
Read This Article
International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue: “India and the Roman world between 1st and 4th Century A.D.”, “India’s Cultural Relationship with East and Southeast Asia during the 4th to 13th Century A.D.”. 19-24 December 1990. Madras, India. Trade Contacts with the Indonesian Archipelago: 6th to 14th Centuries E. Edwards McKinnon Sea routes from South India and Sri Lanka to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and beyond appear to have been established by the beginning of the Christian era. Tangible evidence for such contacts appears in the form of Romano-Indian rouletted ware of the first or second centuries A.D. found in the Buni area of West Java (Walker & Santoso 1977) and, more recently, from controlled excavations at Sembiran on the north coast of Bali (Ardika 1989). An early bronze Buddha of Amaravati type from Sulawesi indicates possible connections with Sri Lanka by the c5. Evidence of Indianising influences, from Sanskrit inscriptions written in Tamil Grantha characters of the early/mid fifth century, appears in East Kalimantan and West Java. Monsoons: the crossing of the Oceans. The monsoon winds, which carried ships across the Indian Ocean, blow for six months of the year in one direction and for the other six in the opposite way. Although the changeover periods are somewhat squally, with unsteady winds, the monsoons themselves provide favorable conditions to blow ships from Arabia to China and back. From the end of October to January or February, the northeast monsoon carried ships from Java and Sumatra to Sri Lanka and South India in relatively fine weather. -
Südostasien Working Papers Band 1 Helmut Lukas
Südostasien Working Papers Band 1 ISSN 1810-7354 Helmut Lukas Kommission für Sozialanthropologie Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Theories of Indianization Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia) This is a slightly revised version of a paper that appeared in: Proceedings of Papers. "Sanskrit in Southeast Asia: The Harmonizing Factor of Cultures", International Sanskrit Conference, May 21-23, 2001. Sanskrit Studies Centre and Department of Oriental Languages, Silpakorn University (Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya Press): Bangkok 2003: 82-107 DOI 10.1553/soawp1 Redaktion: Stefan Khittel c/o Kommission für Sozialanthropologie Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Schwindgasse 14/6 - 1040 Wien Fax: 01/ 503 68 73/ 6680 E-Mail: [email protected] THEORIES OF INDIANIZATION Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia) by Associate Prof. Dr. Helmut Lukas (Vienna, Austria) Austrian Academy of Sciences, Commission for Social Anthropology University of Vienna, Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology Ludwig Boltzmann Association, Institute for China and Southeast Asia Research, Vienna This is a slightly revised version of a paper that appeared in: Proceedings of Papers. "Sanskrit in Southeast Asia: The Harmonizing Factor of Cultures", International Sanskrit Conference, May 21-23, 2001. Sanskrit Studies Centre and Department of Oriental Languages, Silpakorn University (Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya Press): Bangkok 2003: 82-107 1. ABSTRACT Too preoccupied with illustrating the influence of Brahmanism, Buddhism and Sanskrit in Southeast Asia most theories of „indianization“ seem to undervalue the „recipient“ cultures and societies. On account of a more or less marked „high culture-centrism“ Southeast Asian cultures and religions are measured with the classical expressions of Indian religions available in written records such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Purânas, Samhitas etc. -
East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 49Th Edition Free Download
FREE EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 2016-2017 49TH EDITION PDF Steven A Leibo | 9781475829068 | | | | | Asia news - breaking news, video, headlines and opinion - CNN Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is the southeastern region of Asiaconsisting of the regions that are geographically south of Chinaeast of the Indian subcontinent and north-west of Australia. The region is the only part of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemispherealthough the majority of it is in the Northern Hemisphere. In contemporary definition, Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:. The region lies near the intersection of geological plateswith both heavy seismic and volcanic activities. The Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon of the Philippines. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia are part of the Alpide beltwhile the islands of the Philippines are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Southeast Asia covers about 4. Its total population is more than million, about 8. The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to territories of the former French Indochina Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the Malay Archipelagoa term derived from the European concept of a Malay race.