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Thesis Law 2017 Lamb Guy.Pdf Jagged blue frontiers: The police and the policing of boundaries in South Africa Guy Lamb Student number: LMBGUY001 Thesis presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Public Law, Law Faculty UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Supervisors: Professor Elrena van der Spuy (University of Cape Town) and Professor Clifford Shearing (University of Cape Town) DeclarationUniversity of Cape Town I, Guy Lamb, hereby declare that the work on which this thesis is based is my original work (except where acknowledgements indicate otherwise) and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in this or any other university. I authorise the University to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever. Signature: ………………………. Date:…6 June 2017 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town “Because they [the police] are posted on the perimeters of order and justice in the hope that their presence will deter the forces of darkness and chaos, because they are meant to spare the rest of the people direct confrontations with the dreadful, perverse, lurid, and dangerous, police officers are perceived to have powers and secrets no one else shares.” Egon Bittner, The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. A Review of Background Factors, Current Practices and Possible Role Models, 1970. “SAPS Members, My Family. Together pushing back the frontiers of evil.” Nathi Mthethwa, Minister of Police, Speech at the SAPS National Commemoration Day, Union Buildings, Pretoria, 5 September 2010. Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ ii List of Acronyms ................................................................................................... iii Abstract ................................................................................................................. v Preface ................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature review .................................................................................. 7 2.1 Pre-professional policing and the boundaries of human communities .............................. 7 2.2 Colonial policing ....................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Police culture ............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.4 National borders and the policing of illegal flows of people and goods .......................... 14 2.5 Counterinsurgency policing ................................................................................................................ 17 2.6 Place-based and hot spots policing .................................................................................................. 19 2.7 Firearm violence and firearm control ............................................................................................ 21 2.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 23 2.8.1 Police as guardians and enforcers of boundaries ................................................................... 23 2.8.2 Police as instruments of othering .................................................................................................. 23 2.8.3 Police and the penetrability of boundaries ............................................................................... 23 2.8.4 Beyond boundary threats and police adaptation ................................................................... 24 2.8.5 Danger and cross boundary policing ........................................................................................... 24 2.8.6 The layering of police boundary work ........................................................................................ 24 Chapter 3: Conceptual and theoretical framework ............................................... 26 3.1 Police versus policing ............................................................................................................................ 27 3.1.1 Policing ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 The police ................................................................................................................................................. 27 3.3 Boundaries, frontiers and the ‘cleaning’ work of the police ................................................. 28 3.4 Deterrence and rational choice ......................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Crime control, crime reduction, crime prevention and homicide ...................................... 32 3.5.1 Crime control .......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.5.2 Crime prevention .................................................................................................................................. 32 3.5.3 Crime reduction ..................................................................................................................................... 34 3.5.4 Current applications of crime control, reduction and prevention .................................. 34 3.6 Police reforms, crime control and crime reduction/prevention ........................................ 35 3.6.1 Problem-oriented policing ................................................................................................................ 35 3.6.2 Intelligence-led policing .................................................................................................................... 37 3.7 Policing of places ...................................................................................................................................... 38 3.7.1 The place of the crime ........................................................................................................................ 38 3.7.2 Routine activities theory ................................................................................................................... 38 3.7.3 Crime hot spots ...................................................................................................................................... 39 3.7.4 Place-based and hot spots policing ............................................................................................... 40 3.8 Research question and propositions ............................................................................................... 43 Chapter 4: Methodology ...................................................................................... 45 4.1 Qualitative research methods ............................................................................................................ 45 4.1.1 Primary sources .................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1.2 Secondary sources ................................................................................................................................ 47 4.2 Quantitative research methods ......................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 5: Out of the wilderness – policing in South Africa prior to 1948 ............. 50 5.1 The colonial period and the policing of boundaries ................................................................. 50 5.1.1 The Dutch East India Company, firearm control and the containment of indigenous threats .................................................................................................................................................................. 50 5.1.2 The proliferation of firearms and the escalation in colonial insecurity ....................... 51 5.1.3 Emergence of more ordered and aggressive policing .......................................................... 53 5.1.4 Colonial frontier policing through subjugation and conquest ......................................... 54 5.2 The creation of the Union of South Africa ..................................................................................... 57 5.2.1 The establishment of the national police ................................................................................... 57 5.2.2 Police responses to rebellion and insurrection by white South Africans ..................... 58 5.2.3 Suppression and control of black South Africans: Role of SAP ......................................... 61 5.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................
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