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Tesis De Grado Para Optar Al Título De Psicólogo Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime en jóvenes Bogotanos que manifiestan haber construido una identidad como Otaku SONIA URIBE RUIZ DAVID ALFONSO PARADA MORALES Tesis de grado para optar al título de Psicólogo Asesor Jorge Mario Karam Rozo Psicólogo FUNDACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA LOS LIBERTADORES FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA Bogotá, Colombia 2010 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 1 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 2 Resumen La investigación pretende generar un espacio al “Otaku” como representación social e identidad construida en su interacción con el manga y la animación japonesa. Con la metodología de estudio de caso cualitativo, se indago y analizo el contenido de 5 entrevistas a personas autodenominadas “Otaku” contrastándolas con fuentes bibliográficas y trabajo de campo; el resultado es la relación constante de la representación social “Otaku” con la identidad “Otaku” diferente en la realidad social para Japón y Bogotá. La investigación arroja conclusiones que se abren como preguntas alrededor de la estructura social bogotana y japonesa con posibilidad de investigar el efecto del manga y el anime sobre el mundo del arte, el sujeto creativo y la cultura japonesa. Palabras calve: Representación social, Otaku, manga y anime, identidad, Japón, Bogotá. ABSTRACT The research aims to create a space for the "Otaku" as a social representation and identity, built on its interaction with the manga and Japanese animation. With the qualitative case study methodology, we explored and analyzed the contents of 5 interviews to people self- named "Otaku", then we contrasted them with the available literature and field work, the result is the constant relationship between social representation "Otaku" and the "Otaku" identity which are different in the social reality for Japan and Bogotá. The research shows conclusions that are open as questions around Bogota´s and Japanese´s social structures with the possibility to investigate the effect of manga and anime on the world of art, the creative subject and the Japanese culture. Clue words: Social representation, otaku, manga and anime, identity, Japan, Bogotá. Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Es el deseo de los investigadores corresponder a las personas que colaboraron durante el proceso de la presente, haciendo un reconocimiento a: - Sus respectivas familias - Al asesor Jorge Mario Karam por su constancia e interés por el tema de investigación - Los integrantes del Grupo Nipón Estudio Anime - A la embajada japonesa por su recepción frente la propuesta de investigación - Al grupo Kiniro Kay - A las personas que participaron del proceso, permitiendo ser entrevistados. - A Jaime Samudio decano de la Facultad De Psicología Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 4 TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………………….. 11 JUSTIFICACIÓN …………………………………………………………………………….. 15 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA …………………………………………………… 17 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ………………………………………………………… 18 OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………………………… 20 General …………………………………………………………………………………. 20 Específicos ……………………………………………………………………………… 20 I. MARCO TEÓRICO ……………………………………………………………………… 21 1. Las representaciones sociales…………………………………………………………. 21 1.1 Sobre el individuo y la sociedad.. …………………………………………………... 21 1.2 Definición de la Representación Social ……………………………………………. 22 1.2.1 Elementos de la Representación Social ……………………………….. 23 1.2.1.1 El objeto social ………………………………………………… .23 1.2.1.2 La imagen. ……………………………………………………. 25 1.2.1.3 La información. ………………………………………………. 26 1.2.1.4 La actitud. …………………………………………………… 26 1.2.1.5 El campo de la Representación Social ………………………. 27 1.2.2 Proceso de formación una Representación Social ………………...... 28 1.2.2.1 La objetivación. …………………………………………….. 29 1.2.2.2 El anclaje… ……………………………………………….. 29 2. La identidad ………………………………………………………………………. 31 2.1 Lo social y la subjetividad …………………………………………………………… 31 2.2 Sobre el concepto de identidad……………………………………………………… 32 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 5 2.3 Identidad personal, identidad social……………………………………………….. 33 2.4 Componentes de la identidad ……………………………………………………. 35 3. EL Otaku dentro de las tribus urbanas …………………………………………… 39 3.1 Punkeros …………………………………………………………………………. 40 3.2 Metaleros ………………………………………………………………………… 41 3.3 Góticos ………………………………………………………………………….. 42 3.4 Skinhead ………………………………………………………………………… 43 3.5 Rastas …………………………………………………………………………………… 44 3.6 Emo ……………………………………………………………………………… 44 3.7 Flogger …………………………………………………………………………………. 45 3.8 Otaku …………………………………………………………………………….. 46 II. CATEGORÍAS DE ANÁLISIS ………………………………………………………. 48 4. El Otaku ……………………………………………………………………………. 48 4.1 Japón en Colombia ………………………………………………………………….. 48 4.2 El manga ……………………………………………………………………….. 50 4.3 El anime ………………………………………………………………………… 56 4.4 ¿Qué es un Otaku? ....................................................................................... 76 4.5 Expresiones Otaku……………………………………………………………………. 80 4.5.1 El Cosplay. ……………………………………………………………. 81 4.5.2 Proyecciones anime. ………………………………………………….. 82 4.5.3 Fan art (arte Otaku.)………………………………………………….. 83 4.5.4 Karaoke………………………………………………………………… 83 4.5.5 Juegos de rol…………………………………………………………… 84 4.5.6 Videojuegos…………………………………………………………….. 84 4.6 Los Grupos ……………………………………………………………………… 85 4.6.1 Nociones teóricas de Grupo…………………………………………… 86 4.6.2 Noción de Grupo Otaku……………………………………………….. 88 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 6 4.6.3 Clasificación de grupos Otaku……………………………………………. 90 4.7 El Otaku en Japón vs el Otaku en Bogotá…………………………………………….. 94 4.8 Otaku e internet………………………………………………………………………… 95 4.8.1 Espacios Virtuales…………………………………………………………….. 98 4.8.1.1 Foros……………………………………………………………………… 98 4.8.1.2 Blogs y Fotoblogs…………………………………………………… . 100 4.8.1.3 Páginas Web y Páginas de Descargas………………………………... 102 4.8.1.4 Red Social Facebook: La red en la Red. …………………………….. 104 5 El Otaku Como Representación Social …………………………………………….. 106 5.1 Representación social de Otaku………………………………………………………... 106 5.1.1 Un objeto social llamado manga y anime…………………………………….. 107 5.1.2 Una imagen expresada en el Cosplay………………………………………… 109 5.1.3 La actitud Otaku. ………………………………………………………………... 111 5.1.4 Un campo de la representación Social……………………………………….. 113 5.2 Proceso de la representación social Otaku ………………………………………….. 114 5.2.1 La Objetivación: Del anime a los grupos……………………………………… 115 5.2.2 Anclaje: Grupos e individuo social Otaku……………………………………… 117 5.3 Japón y las tribus urbanas: Sentido para la representación social Otaku………. 121 5.3.1 Japón, Bogotá y Caracas hablan del Otaku………………………………….. 123 6. El Otaku como identidad ……………………………………………………………… 128 6.1 el proceso de una identidad Otaku ……………………………………………….. 128 6.1.1 Entorno Social del Otaku…………………………………………………………… 128 6.1.2 ¿Identidad Otaku?: Ser Otaku. …………………………………………………… 131 6.1.3 ¿Qué se necesita Para ser Otaku? ……………………………………………….. 132 6.1.4 Componentes de la Identidad Otaku……………………………………………… 135 6.2 efectos de la identidad Otaku …………………………………………………………… 137 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 7 6.2.1 Efectos Sociales…………………………………………………………………….. 137 6.2.2 Efectos Personales………………………………………………………….. 138 6.3 Terminología Otaku y su relación con la identidad …………………………………. 140 III. METODOLOGÍA ……………………………………………………………………… 142 7. El caso Cualitativo ……………………………………………………………………. 142 8. Recolección de la información ………………………………………………………… 148 9. Análisis de contenido………………………………………………………………….. 148 IV. RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………………………. 151 10. Japón en Bogotá: El dilema Otaku ……………………………………………….. 154 10 .1 Anime y Manga: Una filosofía de vida para el Otaku Bogotano …………….. 159 10.1.1 Amor por el objeto social. ……………………………………………… 160 10.1.2 El paso de lo patológico a lo social mediante el anime y el manga…. 164 10.1.3 Certezas e incertidumbres para el Otaku como representación social... 167 10.2 Otaku Bogotano: Intersección entre Japón y Colombia………………………… 170 10.2.1 Otaku Bogotano a través del objeto social…………………………… 173 10.2.2 Otaku Bogotano frente a la representación social……………………... 176 10.2.3 Otaku Bogotano a través de la identidad………………………………... 178 11. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………………… 182 11.1 Conclusiones con respecto a la representación social…………………………….. 182 11.2 Conclusiones con respecto a la Identidad……………………………………… 183 V. RECOMENDACIONES ………………………………………………………………. 185 BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………………………….…….. 187 ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………………………… 197 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 8 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1: Objeto Social Del Otaku………………………………………………………… 108 Tabla 2: Interpretaciones sobre el Otaku en Japón, Venezuela y Bogotá………………… 124 Tabla 3: Terminología Otaku…………………………………………………………….. 140 Tabla 4: Pseudónimos (Nick), de los Otakus de Referencia…………………………….. 145 Tabla 5: Tratamiento de la Información…………………………………………………… 150 Tabla 6: Obtención de Resultados………………………………………………………… 152 Tabla 7: Valores Atribuidos al Manga y al Anime………………………………………… 157 Representaciones Sociales en Relación al fenómeno manga - anime 9 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Gráfica del Esquema tríadico de Moscovici………………………………………... 24 Figura 2: Esquema Figurativo de Moscovici………………………………………………….. 25 Figura 3: Imagen, Tribu Urbana Flogger……………………………………………………… 45 Figura 4: Rollos animales o Chojugiga del siglo VII a.c……………………………………..
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