ILMU MAKRIFAT JAWA SANGKAN PARANING DUMADI Eksplorasi Sufistik Konsep Mengenal Diri Dalam Pustaka Islam Kejawen Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati

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ILMU MAKRIFAT JAWA SANGKAN PARANING DUMADI Eksplorasi Sufistik Konsep Mengenal Diri Dalam Pustaka Islam Kejawen Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati ILMU MAKRIFAT JAWA SANGKAN PARANING DUMADI Eksplorasi Sufistik Konsep Mengenal Diri dalam Pustaka Islam Kejawen Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati Nur Kolis, Ph.D. CV. NATA KARYA ILMU MAKRIFAT JAWA SANGKAN PARANING DUMADI Eksplorasi Sufistik Konsep Mengenal Diri dalam Pustaka Islam Kejawen Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati Penulis : Hak Cipta © Nur Kolis, Ph.D. ISBN : 978-602-5774-11-9 Layout : Team Nata Karya Desain Sampul: Team Nata Karya Hak Terbit © 2018, Penerbit : CV. Nata Karya Jl. Pramuka 139 Ponorogo Telp. 085232813769 Email : [email protected] Cetakan Pertama, 2018 Perpustakaan Nasional : Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) 260 halaman, 14,5 x 21 cm Dilarang keras mengutip, menjiplak, memfotocopi, atau memperbanyak dalam bentuk apa pun, baik sebagian maupun keseluruhan isi buku ini, serta memperjualbelikannya tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit . KATA PENGANTAR بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Segala puji bagi Allah Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, atas segala limpahan nikmat, hidâyah serta taufîq-Nya, sehingga penulis bisa menyelesaikan buku ini. Shalawat dan salam semoga senantiasa dilimpahkan kepada rasul-Nya, yang menjadi uswah hasanah bagi seluruh umat. Buku ini merupakan bagian penting dari pengembangan khazanah Islam di Nusantara yang berhubungan dengan ranah kehidupan mistis masyarakat Jawa, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan pustaka kuno yang dikaji oleh pengamal ajaran mistik Islam kejawen, yaitu ilmu mengenal diri yang dikemas dalam kaweruh sangkan paraning dumadi. Dalam naskah Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati terdapat suatu upaya orang Jawa untuk menarik teori tasawuf ke ranah pengamalan praktis dengan menggunakan cara pandang dengan lebih menekankan aspek esoterikal dalam perilaku kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat Jawa, khususnya dalam memandang hubungan hamba dengan Tuhan dan alam semesta. Tentu saja penekanan aspek kualitas personal manusia sempurna (insan kamil) dikedepankan. Tulisan ini merupakan hasil riset kepustakaan yang mencoba menelusuri ajaran sangkan paraning dumadi lewat naskah Jawa Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati yang masih digunakan sebagai referensi utama kajian- kajian Islam Kejawen. Dalam konteks ini penulis mendeskripsikan ajaran sangkan paraning dumadi, kemudian mnganalisisnya, sehingga dapat dilihat secara keseluruhan ajaran tersebut. Naskah karangan Bratakesawa ini mengandung beberapa hal penting terkait sejumlah terminology yang dapat ditemukan dalam naskah tersebut, seperti sifat hayat, Nur Muhammad, ma’rifah, mengenal diri, mematikan diri, musyahadah, dan lain sebagainya. Secara umum substansi ajaran tasawuf yang ditemukan di dalam naskah karangan Bratakesawa tersebut, nampak selaras dengan ilmu tasawuf yang sudah mafhum, dikenal dalam pelbagai sumber yang otoritatif. Sedangkan keunikannya adalah proses deskripsinya yang telah mengalami reduksi melalui iii simplifikasi lewat bahasa lokal yang digunakan yang menunjukkan cita-rasa Jawa yang begitu kuat. Ponorogo, November 2018 Nur Kolis, Ph.D iv DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR _________________________ iii DAFTAR ISI ________________________________ v Bab 1 PENDAHULUAN ____________________ 1 A. Latar Belakang _______________________ 1 B. Problem Akademik ____________________ 4 C. Permasalahan ________________________ 7 D. Tujuan dan Signifikansi ________________ 7 E. Teori Mengenal Diri ___________________ 8 F. Telaah Pustaka _______________________ 12 Bab 2 HAKIKAT DIRI MANUSIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF ILMU TASAWUF __________________________ 23 A. Asal Kejadian Diri ____________________ 23 B. Relasi Manusia dengan Tuhan __________ 28 C. Relasi Manusia dengan Rasul Muhammad Saw _____________________ 32 D. Jalan Makrifat _______________________ 34 E. Mengenal Diri Mengenal Tuhan _________ 42 Bab 3 AJARAN SANGKAN PARANING DUMADI DALAM NASKAH KUNTJI SWARGA MIFTAHUL DJANATI ______________ 47 A. Pendahuluan _________________________ 48 B. Biografi Penulis Naskah ________________ 49 C. Terjemah Naskah Kuntji Swarga Miftahul Djanati ______________________ 53 v Prawacana __________________________ 53 Uraian tentang Kesejatian Dzat Tuhan yang Wajib Adanya ________________ 54 Uraian tentang Siksa Kubur dan Hari Kiamat _________________________ 104 Uraian tentang Makrifat kepada Tuhan dan Adanya yang Gaib- gaib _______________________________ 152 D. Kaweruh Sangkan Paraning Dumadi ____________________________ 201 1. Ilmu Kasunyatan __________________ 205 2. Tuhan yang Tak Terjangaku _________ 209 3. Manusia, Salat Makrifat, dan Jalan Kembali kepada Tuhan _________ 216 4. Kelepasan _______________________ 233 E. Penutup ____________________________ 240 Bab 4 KAWERUH SANGKAN PARANING DUMADI, ILMU MAKRIFAT JAWA _________________ 243 A. Pendahuluan ________________________ 243 B. Mencapai Makrifat dengan Ilmu Sangkan Paran _______________________ 245 1. Konsep tentang Tuhan _____________ 246 2. Kosep tentang Manusia _____________ 248 3. Konsep tentang Kelepasan ___________ 251 C. Refleksi ____________________________ 252 D. Penutup ____________________________ 254 DAFTAR PUSTAKA _________________________ 255 vi Bab 1 SPLIT PERSONALITY: PROBLEM MANUSIA MODERN A. Latar Belakang Upaya manusia untuk mengenali dirinya dan memahami keberadaan Tuhan di antara semua makhluk yang tergelar di jagad raya telah membawanya pada pengembaraan yang tak pernah berhenti. Pertanyaan tentang bagaimana kehidupan ini terjadi, dari mana asalnya, dan akan ke mana tujuan perjalanan hidup setiap individu terus menggelinding dari zaman ke zaman sesuai keyakinan dan latar belakang budaya yang berbeda-beda. Pengembaraan tersebut melahirkan pelbagai pengalaman spiritual tentang Tuhan, manusia, dan alam, serta bagaimana hubungan yang terjadi, baik yang tersimpul dari interpretasi wahyu, pemikiran filsafat, maupun tradisi budaya, seperti makrifat dan wahdatul wujud dalam tasawuf, panteisme dalam filsafat, dan manunggaling kawula gusti dalam spiritualisme Jawa. Pengalaman-pengelaman spiritual tersebut kemudian menjadi suatu pemahaman yang unik, tidak seperti konsep ajaran yang terlahir dari pemikiran filosofis ansich, tapi merupakan perpaduan dari hasil olah pikir dan olah batin sekaligus. Konsep manunggaling kawula gusti yang terlahir dari penghayatan spiritual orang Islam Jawa misalnya, mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri yang seakan berbeda dengan sufisme Islam. Namun jika ditelusuri secara mendalam didapati berbagai kesamaan, baik segi teori, praktik, maupun pengalaman kerohaniannya.1 Dalam rangka untuk bisa sampai ke pengalaman kerohanian yang tinggi, di Jawa terdapat satu ajaran yang harus dipahami sebagai pintu pembuka, yaitu sangkan paraning 1 Ahmad Sidqi, “Mendaras Manunggaling Kawula Gusti” dalam Dinamika Penelitian, Media Sosialisasi Sosial Kegamaan, Vol. 17, No. 1, Juli 2017. 8 Ilmu Makrifat Jawa, Sangkan Paraning Dumadi 1 dumadi. Ajaran ini merupakan bagian dari spiritualisme Jawa yang bertujuan menuntun manusia untuk mengenal Tuhan dengan cara menelusuri alur atau jalan kehidupannya, yaitu dengan mencari, mengenali, menghayati, dan menyadari asal usul kehidupan, perjalanan hidup, dan tujuan hidup di dunia ini sampai dapat menemukan kembali dan berjumpa dengan Tuhan yang menciptakannya.2 Puncak kemenangan hidup ideal manusia Jawa adalah tumbuhnya kesadaran tentang siapa sejatinya diri ini, sangkan paraning dumadi dan pengalaman kemanunggalan3. Ajaran sangkan paraning dumadi terekam dengan baik dalam naskah-naskah Islam kejawen, seperti Serat Dewa Ruci,4 Serat Wirid Hidayat Jati,5 Serat Wulangreh6, Serat Centini7, dan 2 Faqier ‘Abdu’l Haqq Bratakesawa, Kunci Swarga Miftahul Djanati, (Yogyakarta: Keluarga Bratakesawa, 1979), cet. VIII, 8 3 Istilah kemanunggalan berasal dari kalimat “manunggaling kawula Gusti” sering diartikan sebagai menyatunya manusia (kawula) dengan Tuhan (Gusti). Menurut pengertian ini, Gusti bukan personifikasi Tuhan. Gusti (Pangeran, Ingsun) yang dimaksud adalah personifikasi dari Dzat Urip (Kesejatian Hidup), derivate (emanasi, pancaran, tajalliy) Tuhan. Ki Sondang Mandali dalam buku Menggapai Wahyu Dyatmiko menjelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan kawula adalah jiwa dan yang dimaksud dengan Gusti adalah Roh. Dengan demikian, manunggaling kawula gusti adalah keadaan mental yang sadar bahwa sebenar- benarnya hidup itu hanyalah satu yang tunggal, yaitu Tuhan. Manusia hidup sebab diberi kehidupan oleh Tuhan. Manunggaling kawulo Gusti, terjadi ketika seseorang telah mampu menyerahkan seluruh hidup untuk Tuhan, hingga mampu membiarkan Tuhan bekerja, mengurus ciptaanya melalui dirinya. Dalam konteks ini manusia menjadi salah satu instrument Tuhan. (Sukemi, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti, wawancara 6 Oktober 2017). Selain syeh Siti Jenar, di dalam literatur Islam, ajaran ini dapat dipelajari dari al-Hallaj dan Jalal al-Din Rumi”. 4Serat Dewa Ruci ditulis kira-kira pada masa awal tersebarnya Islam di Tanah Jawa. Cerita aslinya dinisbatkan kepada Mpu Ciwamurti. Tetapi naskah-naskah Dewa Ruci kemudian dihubungkan kepada Ajisaka yang menjadi murid Maulana Ngusman Ngali, seorang penyebar agama Islam. Pada tangan Sunan Bonang, Serat Dewa Ruci yang asli diterjemahkan dari Bahasa Kawi ke dalam bahasa Jawa Modern. Terjemahan ini tersimpan di perpustakaan pribadi R. Ng. Ronggowarsito. 5 Serat Wirid Hidayat Jati adalah Sebuah kitab mistik karya R. Ng. Ronggowarsito. Kitab ini kadangkala disebut secara singkat dengan namaSerat Wirid atauHidayat Jati. Serat Hidayat Jati mengajarkan tentang Tasawuf, 2 Kaweruh Sangkan Praning Dumadi, Ilmu Makrifat Jawa lain sebagainya. Ajaran tersebut boleh dibilang sebagai ajaran “kebatinan” yang hanya dapat dipahami melalui ketajaman rasa dalam hati. 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