Community Policing Key Words : Jano Sanjog Sabha, Servant Verification Scheme, in Kolkata Tenant Verification Scheme, Community ‘Traffic’ Management System. Ms. Tumpa Mukherjee* Abstract : Introduction: In Kolkata police & civil society are often at loggerheads with each other. The gory memories of In Kolkata, Police and Civil Society West Bengal State Police crushing the Radical Left are often at loggerheads with each other. Extreme Naxalbari Movement in the late 60’s and The gory memories of West Bengal State early 70’s haunt the veteran mind. To bridge the Police crushing the Radical Left Extreme yawning gap that prevails among the police and Naxalbari movement in the late 60’s and community members, kolkata police is gradually early 70’s haunt the veteran mind. In gravitating towards community oriented policing. recent years the hiatus between the Kolkata police has advocated and implemented police and the community started few community policing programs. The thrust is escalating and a necessity to bridge the towards promoting client oriented police service where the clients are the community members of yawning gap between police and the city. The paper further addresses some of the community members were ardently lacunae of the community policing program in required. The need of the hour is to follow Kolkata as well as suggest some workable the healing touch of Community Policing. solutions to make it more effective. Kolkata Police has launched myriads of community policing schemes like Jano Sanjog Sabha, Nabadisha, and Probaha, Friendship Cup Tournament. Jano Sano Sabha The aftermath of September 11 attack on World Trade Center or back home in Kolkata the American Center attack in January 2002 has time and again revealed that criminals have a tendency to hide themselves by living with common people. Hence it is necessary to establish mutual understanding between the police and the community members. As a result Kolkata Police has crafted a scheme named Jano San jog Sabha,. As the name suggests these are meetings organized by the police in all police stations with the assistance from the local residents. It constitutes a forum * Guest Lecturer in Sociology, Scottish where community members and police Church College, Kolkata, West Bengal.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 7 discuss local problems,local residents In many areas jurisdicted under can air their views. Such sabhas or Watgunge Police station police meetings are attended by beat officers personnel meet the Principal and the (who may be a sub inspector, assistant students of local schools. Police sub- inspector of the local police station). personnel interact with students and There exists a Thana Level Advisory discuss issues of practical policing. The Committee comprising of local doctors, beat officers organize meetings with lawyers, teacher’s, MLA’s etc who offer cyber cafe owners to discuss issues like their valuable suggestions, views to the cyber crime, cyber laws. Such interaction creates awareness among the cyber cafe officer-in-charge of the local police owners as well as it helps to establish station. The discussion ranges from civic link with the community members. problems like property disputes local Though Servant Verification scheme and population has to confront to marital Tenant Verification scheme exist disputes, domestic violence and are however some community members do informal in nature but purposeful, free, not willingly co-operate with police frank. In these Sabhas police officers officers in these matters. perform the role of counselors, mediator, Such frequent community police arbitrator. Preventive Crime Awareness interface has helped to wane out measures are often discussed in these considerably the fear of police from the meetings. Just before last year‘s (2003) minds of the community members, Durga Puja festival, Jano Sanjog Sabha thereby paving the path of mutual was organized at kalighat Police station. understanding between the two sections In this Sabha some community members of society who often are at loggerheads requested the local police authorities to with each other. increase police patrolling in and around Since in most of the police station Tolly Nullah. They informed the police to no documentation takes place, these prohibit selling of liquor near the Tolly are all approximate figures derived Nullah at least during the festival days. from interaction with the 0fficer-in Issues like how to prevent eve teasing Charge of respective police station was discussed. between the period May – October Many civic problems are discussed 2003. and meted out in these sabhas. For On the basis of surveying 9 police example the issue of local swimming club stations a generalized conclusion cannot having no electricity connection was be reached. stated by a local resident in a Jano Sanjog However, the present data reveals a Sabha. Taking advantage, the club was negligible percentage of population (the used for anti- social activities by local general mass) participating in Jano hoodlums. The police personnel as well Sanjog Sabha. as the local residents appealed to CESC. Nabadisha In due course of time arrangements for electricity was made. These are practical Nabadisha is a program for street implementation of ‘Fixing Broken children launched by Kolkata Police in Window theory’. collaboration with Rotary International

8 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Community Policing in Kolkata

The following information is received after surveying 9 Police Stations

Name of the Name of the Population No. of Jano No. of people % of division Police Station in(lakhs) Sanjog Sabha participated participation held (approx) (approx)

North & Burtolla 6 5 45 .038 North Suburban

East Suburban Manicktola 9 20 15 0.33

Central Grish Park 1.25 10 50 0.4 Taltala 2 10 55 .28

South Kalighat 2.5 5 100 0.2 Charu Market 1.5 12 65 0.52 Bhownipore 5 10 75 0.15 Tollygunge 2 20 65 0.52

Port Watgunge 3.5 8 275 0.69 and Lions club. In each police station free students receive support from the monthly health checkup Camps for teachers to complete their homework street children are organized. They are and are prepared for final exams. provided with free medicines and Probaha nutritional supplement. More than 6000 children are registered with different This is a year long blood donation police stations. To restrict and prevent camp launched by Kolkata police in the growth of delinquent traits found collaboration with the help of Central among children living in certain slum Blood Bank & Lions Club.The first blood zones of Kolkata, Kolkata Police in donation camp was held at Drill Hall collaboration with NGOs like Child inside Lal Bazaar (Kolkata Police Head Relief and You (CRY), Vikramshila Quarter) Campus. Henceforth it is held Educational Resource Society, Woman’s within the Kolkata Police jurisdictions. Interlink Foundation has devised a On each Saturday one Police unit of program of providing education to the Kolkata organizes a blood donation camp street children. In these schools children where policemen as well as local are classified into Non –Formal students residents donates blood voluntarily. (who have never attended schools), Apart from the local police station , blood Remedial students, (those who are donation camp takes place at Traffic enrolled in local school.) The Non- Police Guard‘s Office,Police Housing Formal students receive pre primary Estate Complex, Police Training level education while the Formal School.The Central blood Bank (Health

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 9 Department, Government of West the blood from the blood bank. By this Bengal) issues identity cards to the blood donation camp Kolkata Police not donors which are collected by the office of only helps the people in distress but also the Special Additional Commissioner of informal healthy relationship with the Police (Organization) ,then it is general population is established, paving distributed to the local police station. It the path for an effective Police – remains in the police station to help the Community Relations. local mass when in distress. Those who These are approximate figures are in distress approach the local police derived from interacting with the 0fficer- station with the requisitions from the in –Charge of respective police station hospital, collect the identity card & get between the period May –Oct 2003.

Name of the Name of the Total population No. of people % of people Division police station. (lakhs) approx. donated blood donated blood (approx)

North & North Burtolla 6 100 .017 Suburban

East Subarban Manicktola 9 Not yet held

Central Girish Park 1.25 41 .039 Taltala 2 72 .036

South Tollugunge 2 100 .05 Charu Market 1.5 100 .067 Port Wat gunge 3.5 100 0.29

Though a generalized conclusion cannot Kolkata Police organizes football be reached by surveying 9 police stations, tournaments. In 1997 Friendship Cup yet the data reveals a very negligible Football Tournament was launched. portion of the population participating These socio cultural sport activities are in blood donation camp. One probable meant to divert the attention of the youth reason for such low participation is that from delinquent activities, deviant community members often donate blood behavior. Such events have helped to at blood donation camps organized by create atmosphere of trust between local clubs as a result they hesitate to police & youths of Calcutta. It has helped donate blood frequently. to reduce fear from the minds of the youth. Thus a constant endeavor is made Friendship Cup to improve the relationship between The National Police Commission in Kolkata police & the community its fifth report (paragraph 41.4) had members. highlighted the fact that the police have a long tradition of organizing games and Kolkata Police & Women participating in tournaments. Following Grievance Cell the notable recommendations of On 2nd December 1998 Detective National Police Commission each year Department Of Kolkata Police had

10 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Community Policing in Kolkata launched the Women’s Grievance Cell, extend their helping hands to the which deals with atrocities committed Kolkata Traffic Police for the upon women ranging from the domestic management of traffic in the city. In order violence to violence at workplace within to foster better Traffic sense and also to Kolkata. The work periphery of the inculcate safety awareness on roads, Officer- in- Charge of Women‘s Traffic Training School ,Kolkata Grievance Cell ranges from the organizes Inter School Road Safety investigation of cases (of Violence Game, Signal Drill, March Past against women) to counseling. These Competition every year at the Children’s officers receive special training from Traffic Training Park, Park Circus Legal Aid Services, West Bengal. Most Maidan. From 1997 Traffic Education important aspect of the work of the has become a part of Physical Education officers as well as Psychologists attached subject in the Madhyamik Curriculum. to Women Grievance Cell is to listen to The earmarked police officers, including the problem of women in distress and try lady officers of Traffic Training School, to understand her perspective as well as impart traffic education in different that of her parents, relative,husband schools of West Bengal Board. and in -laws. Then family counseling The traffic wing of Kolkata Police takes place. The cases dealt here are have made an endeavor to seek related to 498 (A) IPC, 304B(IPC), suggestions from some distinguished 375IPC, 376IPC& 406 IPC. Calcuttan’s regarding traffic Kolkata Police and Community management in the city. The City Police Traffic Management area comprising of 11 traffic guards were divided into 5 broad zones and about 5 To augment dissemination of citizens from each zone were invited for information related to traffic conditions their suggestions. Some of them in the city ,kolkata Police have adopted suggested workable solutions like the following measures: In September replacing dull navy blue sweaters by 2002 Kolkata Police launched one of the some bright flourescent color which most informative web site (i.e. www. helps to spot a traffic policeman while Kolkatatrafficpolice.org) on matters driving in the dark winter day. related to traffic policing in Kolkata.Interactive Voice Responding Drug De addiction Awareness Systems (IVRS) is a system by which Program people can obtain Traffic updates from the Traffic Computer cell by dialing 2214 Drug is the greatest menace that the 3185. Updates of traffic condition of the present generations is facing today. But city are provided by F.M Radio and Kolkata police is firmly committed to ‘Khabor Ekhon’ channel everyday. The keep the city free of drugs. A large no of Traffic Training School organizes various voluntary agencies have joined hands awareness programs on road safety. with Kolkata Police and have launched Every Year Kolkata Traffic Police awareness program, which comprises of organizes Road Safety Week during the seminars, synopsis, debates, sit & draw month of January. During the Road competition on anti drug themes for Safety Week NGOs and school children school children. Local residents are

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 11 made aware of the negative effect of communicated to the apolitical common consuming drugs and how addictions to mass in a holistic manner. As a result the drugs have destroyed life, individual often the general mass are ignorant of & society. However there are some ‘grey’ such schemes adopted. areas of Community Policing programs in Kolkata, which require attention & Some Suggestions instant remedy. Firstly, in most of the 1) Complaint and Suggestion police stations no formal documentation Boxes may be introduced in every of the Jano Sanjog Sabha takes place. police station. Local mass of Secondly, there exist a dearth in the population especially the availability of resources both human & vulnerable section of the society non human resource (material can express their complaints, resources) which acts as stumbling block grievances, by maintaining in the implementation of the community anonymity. policing schemes. The beat officers remain so busy in their investigation 2) Neighborhood Groups in form of work that they do not have surplus time ‘Resistance groups’ (as followed in to conduct routine home visits or the district of Nadia) may be implement community policing introduced in Kolkata. The local activities. Thirdly at its present volunteers may collaborate with condition community policing in Kolkata police personnel and engage is the fruit of individual endeavor of some themselves in patrolling the local police personnel. Such community neighborhood area at night. policing experiments may come to a halt However, this has an ‘impending with the change in the leadership or with danger’. In the present social the transfer of police officers. Frequent scenario these local volunteers transfer of the police officers is often are representatives of local detrimental in the implementation of political party. Hence they may community policing activities. Fourthly, often try to manipulate ‘police’ local political interference in the day-to- personnel for serving their own day activities of police work acts as an vested interests. impediment in the implementation of community policing programs. Fifthly 3) Changes in Educational voluntary participation in community Syllabus – Successful policing programs is very less from the implementation of community middle class strata of our population. policing experiments require an Some community members try to extend infrastructure, which to a large their helping hands to the police, thereby extent is not available. A high level trying to serve their own vested of civic sense contributes to scheme interests. Though schemes like Servant success. In the present social Verification ,Tenant Verification exist, political scenario there has been an however often community members do erosion of civic sense, moral and not willingly participate in such ethical values. It is necessary to schemes. Sixthly, Community policing rejuvenate the educational system schemes implemented have not been of the state. Chapters on ‘Police

12 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Community Policing in Kolkata

Administration’, policing should be Longitudinal assessment surveys included in the school syllabus. At of the schemes adopted may be the college and University level conducted. A comprehensive public Criminal Justice System and its relation endeavor should be operation should be taught. Social initiated to promote the plan Science departments of through media both print and Universities should set up electronic. The media should be Research Institutes where issues used positively to bridge the on different aspects of police and yawning gap between the police policing like community policing, and the community. psycho-logical stresses suffered by 6) Institutionalizing Community the police personnel may be Policing programs – even though intensively probed and researched. institutionalization has some A joint effort of social scientist and negative consequences, yet it is police personnel may pave the path necessary to institutionalize the towards an arduous journey of a schemes & programs (at least tie up crime-free society. with some social welfare 4) Retired Police Officers may departments) which will ensure form Consultative Groups. They the implementation of such could share their ‘real’ life community policing schemes even experiences of policing with the when political and departmental common mass. They may use the leaders change. media to highlight the pros and cons of policing, problems Conclusion encountered as well as to unfurl the In this globalized world it is hitherto unknown aspects of police increasingly being realized that & policing. The retired police Interpol as well as the Paramilitary officers consultative group, if Forces are unable to single handedly formed, may advise local citizens on maintain peace and order in the matters related to civic issues, on society. Hence local policing by civil law enforcement. police personnel is gaining dominance 5) Citizen Opinion Forum – Local in the maintenance of internal surveys may be conducted after security. However community policing every 6 months which would reveal should be advocated as a the opinion of local population on complementary strategy with other police, policing. It will highlight the aspects of policing. limitations of local policing requiring improvements, which Notes & References: may be taken due attention. It is 1. Kolkata Traffic Police, Review for the necessary that community policing year2002 programs imple-mented should be 2. ‘Metro’ The Telegraph, Calcutta.Monday.2 monitored and evaluated. February 2004

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 13 Application of Key Words : Security printing, Watermark, Fluorescent fibres, Technology in the Invisible fluorescent ink, Bi-fluorescent ink, Meta merit ink, Thermochromic ink, Optical Variable Prevention of Ink (OVI), Micro lettering, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Dot Matrix Hologram, Counterfeiting and Electronic Beam (EB) Hologram, Fluorescent Sale of Spurious galaxy Abstract : Products Wherever there are documents, there is possibility of counterfeiting. The only way to completely Shatrujeet Kapur* prevent this menace is to do away with the documents involved. Although there has been some progress towards paperless working, yet such Introduction transactions are only an exception. As a rule, economic transactions involve documents, giving Millions of financial transactions rise to chances of forgery. Another major problem take place every day in our economy facing the economy is circulation of spurious namely, sales, purchases, lendings, products. Its global volume exceeds 200 billion borrowings, imports, exports, dollar per annum causing huge loss to the governments. acquisitions, etc. They are all varied in How secure a documents is? To answer this nature, yet there is one commonality - question, we will have to look at how secure its almost all of them involve documents. ingredients i.e. paper, ink, design, technology, For example, cheques, demand drafts, perforation and numbering are. To prevent pay orders, LCs, sale/purchase counterfeiting, we need to carry out a comprehensive review of security features in agreements, loan agreements, lease security documents like currency notes, government deeds, etc. invoices, purchase orders, etc. stamps and stamp paper, banking instruments, Activities like education, health, tourism advance licences etc. Unique composition of paper, etc. also involve large number of ink, design, technology, perforation and add-on documents, namely, University degrees, features like holograms can go a long way in the prevention of forgeries. It may be a good idea to medical certificates, passports, visas, develop special paper exclusively for security Traveller cheques, etc. printing. Similarly, certain security inks should be Wherever there are documents, earmarked only for security printing. Similarly, in order to prevent the sale of spurious there is possibility of counterfeiting. products, we need to conceptualize and design a Examples are fake university degrees, national mark of authentication, on the lines of forged passports, fake visas, forged ‘EGMARK’, to be used on the lables/packing of demand drafts, fake stamps, counterfeit genuine products. Concerned industry associations currency, etc. The only way to completely - pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, tobacco products, etc. - may be involved in this initiative with the prevent the menace of counterfeiting is Government acting as a facilitator. to do away with the documents involved. But that would require introduction of *DIG of Police, (Trg.) paperless working. With the advent of CBI Academy, modern technology, there has been some Ghaziabad

14 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products movement towards paperless working A. Security in paper e.g. DEMATerialisation of shares, B. Security in ink. payments by credit cards, use of ATM’s C. Security in Design etc. Yet this is limited only to a minuscule percentage of transactions in the D. Security in numbering economy. E. Security in printing technology Another problem facing the global F. Security in perforation economy is the circulation of spurious G. Electronic Security features products viz. spurious drugs, cosmetics, tobacco products, alcohol, auto parts etc. H. Add-on security features To sell the spurious products, fake labels of popular brands are forged. Thus, A Security in Paper counterfeiting has become a big global Paper is the most important business. As per a rough estimate, ingredient of any document. Its physical its volume exceeds 200 billion dollars and chemical properties decide the per annum. Fiscal loss caused to texture, feel and life of a document. governments alone runs into billions of The following features/characteristics dollars. of paper can be used to impart an One may argue that selling spurious element of uniqueness and to prevent cosmetics and counterfeiting currency counterfeiting of documents :- notes are two distinct offences and different strategies are needed to tackle 1. Watermark:- Watermark is the them. This is not entirely true because, as commonest security feature built explained above, every financial into paper. It is basically a figure, transaction involves documents. word, logo or a portrait that is Documents, in turn, are produced incorporated in paper at the pulp through the process of printing. Printing stage itself. It is visible against involves technology. Therefore, no light from both sides. Dandy rolls forgery can be committed without the use are used to incorporate watermark of technology. The reverse of this in paper. The design of the statement is also true i.e. technology can watermark is made of wire and is also be used to prevent counterfeiting affixed to the dandy roll. As the web and forgery. passes underneath, the fibres are The objective of this study is to see both displaced and compressed, how this can be done. leaving the watermark clearly visible in the sheet. Part II : Security Printing 2. Weight:- Weight of paper in grams Modern technology can play a crucial role per square meter (GSM) is another in enhancing the security features in a important para-meter. Paper document and thereby minimizing the having specified GSM value is used possibility of forgery. In order to understand in security printing. For example, this, we need to take a look on the following MICR cheque paper is 96 GSM. In aspects of security in printing:- fact, certain GSM values need to be

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 15 reserved for security printing and The composition of paper can be supply of such paper from fixed giving it a distinct feel and different paper mills can be look. regulated. This would be on the lines of radio frequencies where 5. Chemical sensitivity:- some frequencies are reserved Chemically sensitive paper means only for police/military use. paper that is sensitive to certain varieties of chemicals. If such 3. Shade:- Use of colour paper, paper is tampered with these instead of plain white paper, can be chemicals, its colour changes. a good deterrent against Therefore, if security paper is counterfeiting. Like GSM value, made sensitive to chemicals the shade of security paper can also commonly used for counterfeiting, be specified in terms of its L*a*b it will make the job of forgers more value. Pantone Matching System difficult. (PMS) is a method universally accepted for specifying colours. 6. Gumming:- Gumming is used in all Using this technique, any of more adhesive stamps, namely, postal than 500 hues can be selected from stamps, revenue stamps, fiscal a “swatch book”. The desired colour stamps etc. Unique features of is then obtained by using the gumming can be used to add to the swatch number and referring to a security features of security formula guide. This guide indicates documents. For example, the basic colours involved and how fluorescent substance can be added much of each to mix in order to to the gum, that glows under Ultra arrive at the desired shade. Violet light. The grammage of gumming is also an important 4. Paper composition:- A sheet of parameter and it is specified in case paper consists chiefly of of security items. interwoven cellulose fibres which are extracted from wood and other 7. Fluorescent fibers:- Fibres, vegetable matter. The main raw invisible to the naked eye, having materials from which the fibres are fixed specifications, can be obtained, are wood pulp, recycled incorporated into paper at the waste paper and board, rags etc. A stage of manufacturing. These high rag content in paper enhances fibers glow under UV light. The its durability and strength. 100% least count of i.e. number of fibers rag content paper is produced in per square centimeter, can be the country only in Security Paper specified. Mill, Hoshangabad. It has very long 8. Security Thread:- This is one of life. Some private paper mills also the most commonly known security produce paper upto 25% rag features, courtesy currency notes. content. It is also very effective. Its present

16 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products

variant namely, holographic 4. Meta merit inks - This ink security thread with stitched type becomes invisible when seen under formation, is being used in high red filter. denomination currency notes in the country and is very difficult to 5. Thermochromic inks - This ink counterfeit. becomes invisible at certain temperatures. This temper-ature The above mentioned features/ can be set from 40 to 60°C. characteristics can be prescribed to define a few limited types of 6. Optical Variable Inks - Shade of security paper in the country, with this ink changes when the sheet is permission to only select paper tilted at certain angles. It is used in mills to manufacture such papers. Intaglio or silk screen printing. An effective system for the regulation of production and Inks at Sr.No.2 to 6 above cannot be supply of this paper can go a long reproduced in colour photocopying way in curbing counterfeiting. process. Hence, they can be effectively used to prevent B. Security in Ink counterfeiting by colour photocopy. Next to paper, ink is the most important ingredient in printing. Ink C. Security in Design consists mainly of a pigment and Several technical parameters can be vehicle. The pigment gives the colour varied in the design of printing in order and is dispersed into the vehicle or to make forgery difficult, namely, varnish, which serves as the medium for carrying the pigment and ● Multi colour printing can be used. 8 subsequently for binding it to the to 14 colour printing is now possible. surface. In addition to the pigment and ● Micro lettering, micro inscriptions etc. the vehicle, additives are also an can be incorporated in body design. important ingredient of ink. Several types of inks are now ● Anti-photocopying features can be available which can be used to enhance incorporated the security features in valuable securities for example:- ● Number of lines per mm may be 1. Fugitive ink - Most commonly increased used for printing of security documents in the country. This ink D. Security in Numbering is water soluble. A meaningful number on a security 2. Invisible fluorescent ink - This document, say cheque, can contain lot of ink is invisible in normal light but information like bank code, branch code, glows under UV light. year code, type of document, check digit 3. Bi-fluorescent ink - This ink has etc. Besides, type of font used for one shade under normal light and numbering, font size, type of ink etc. can another under UV light. be varied to prevent counterfeiting.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 17 E. Security Through Selection of difficult to replicate, the process of Printing Technology perforation can be effectively used to curb forgeries. In order to avoid detection, the forgers always try to use the same With the advent of laser technology, technology as is used in original the variety in perforation has increased documents. Therefore, choice of a unique manifold. Besides, additional security technology can frustrate their designs. In features like conical perforation and addition, choice of a capital-intensive micro performation are also possible as technology, involving high investments, explained below:- also minimises the possibility of easy Conical Perforation - This availability of technology. process is used in perforating booklets or sheets of paper e.g. passports. The Lithography, letterpress, flexography, diameter of the perforation reduces gravure and screen printing are major gradually from top sheet to the bottom conventional printing processes. Each of sheet. these processes has its own features. By examining a document, it is possible to Micro Perforation - Using laser identify the technology used to print it. technology, micro holes having diameter For example, Intaglio printing gives a of 1.5 microns to 3 microns, are made in relief effect to the printed portion. It is the body of a printed document. These effectively used world over in the holes can be of any desired shape. These printing of currency notes because of its holes are normally not visible but can be exclusive nature. This is because seen against light. Such minute holes Intaglio printing equipments are cannot be made using any mechanical produced only by two manufactures in means. This makes micro perforation an the world, namely, KBA - Giori of effective tool against counterfeiting. Switzerland and Kamori of Japan. These Micro perforation is a good anti-copying manufacturers sell their equipment only feature also. to official agencies. They also maintain G. Electronic Security Features record of each sale. Moreover, this technology is highly capital - intensive Examples are :- (costing more than 20 crores per 1. Barcoding - Barcodes are a set of machine) and very inefficient (it black vertical bars with a series of consumes three times more ink than numbers which are printed on a other processes), rendering it costlier document. It contains coded information and out of reach for ordinary forgers. e.g. product name, cost, specifications F. Security by Perforation etc. This information can be read with the Perforation is a process used to help of a barcode-reader. make holes of specified diameter and 2. Radio Frequency Identi- shape (round, oval, star, conical etc.) on fication (RFID) - RFID is Radio a surface. With the help of modern Frequency Identification, a technology technology, perforation can be done in that uses radio waves to identify people any shape. As unique shapes are or objects. This is an emerging

18 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products technology and is gaining ground in electronic beam hologram, have nano developed countries in place of features and very sharp imaginary. They barcoding. are the most secure. The cost of a The system consists of a tag, hologram is approximately 20 - 30 paise comprising of a microchip and an antenna, per piece with an additional cost of which is attached to an object, say embedding it on the document at around passport. Whenever the object comes 20 paise per leaf. within the range of the reader, the date A brief overview of some of the contained in the microchip can be read. modern security features available in the The RFID tag is a tiny speck, smaller than market is given below:- a grain of sand. It can be mixed with (i) Invisible printing: In this printing ink or can also be incorporated in technique, invisible ink, that glows paper. Life span of coded information in an under UV light, is used for printing. RFID tag is very long, more than 100 years. Such printed matter can not be Global RFID market has already replicated by photocopying. There touched $ 4.5 billions. Apart from checking is no additional cost of this feature. counterfeiting, this technology can also be (ii) Fluoresent Galaxy: In this effectively used to track movement of feature, Fluorescent stars, dots, antiquities, access control etc. curves, logo etc. are printed on the document to give it a distinct look. H. Add-On Security Features Microlettering is also used, which Holograms are a good example of add- glows under Ultra Violet light. The on security features. The concept of a printed matter is visible to the hologram has emerged from the need to naked eye. In case of doubts, the have a mark of authentication that is user examines the document under simple enough to be identified by even an ultra violet light, under which the untrained and illiterate eye, and yet printed matter glows. These sophisticated enough to make it near colours cannot be copied by the impossible to be duplicated. There are colour copier/scanner. This several types of holograms available in security feature is especially useful the market, namely, for high value documents like DDs, (i) 2D/3D holograms Traveller’s Cheques etc. The micro lettering in fluorescent galaxy is an (ii) Dot Matrix holograms added Security Feature. This feature costs approxi-mately Rs. 45 (iii) Electronic beam (EB) holograms per 1000 leaves i.e. about five paise Two dimensional/three dimensional per leaf. holograms are used more for (iii) Concealed Image: In this promotional applications. Their security technique, an image is printed on rating is generally considered low. On the document which is not visible to the other hand, dot matrix holograms are the naked eye. It can be seen only considered more secure. The latest i.e.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 19 under a red filter. This feature is centimetre can be prescribed. provided in SBI Demand Drafts. These fibres glow under UV or IR The cost of a concealed image is also light. If this feature is provided, the about 5 paise per leaf. cost of paper goes up by about 15% which is not significant. (iv) Information Carrier Screen (ICS): The ICS is a security feature (viii) Instant Verification Tech- based on a patented process by M/s nology: In this technique, special Jura Trade KFT, Hungary. This sensitive reactive coating is given feature allows the possibility to to the paper and special hide two different images in the transparent pens are provided to same place. Each of them is de- the users. To verify the coded in different position of the genuineness of the document, the de-coding devide. The embedded user swipes the pen on the image is not readable with any document. If a distinct image other device. It can not appears, the document is genuine. reconstructed with colour copiers If the pen is swiped with normal or computer-to-print equipment. security paper or any other paper (v) Chameleon Ribbon Printing/ (without the coating), the image Chameleon Printing: Chameleon appears in a different colour. Ribbon can be printed on Security Part III : An Overview of Forms. It is like a strip that appears Existing Security Features in in different colours when viewed Currency Notes, Banking from different angles, making it Instruments and Government very difficult to copy. This feature costs about Rs. 125 per 1000 leaves Stamps. i.e. about 12.5 paise per leaf. A. Indian Currency Notes (vi) Thermo Chromic Feature: Logo Before 1996, currency notes in the or any other matter can be printed country were printed as per AP (Ashoka using thermochromic ink. This Pillar) designs. In this design, there impression disappears when were primarily two security features, rubbed with thumb or when placed namely, an AP watermark and a security on the outside of a warm Tea Cup. thread (without microlettering or After 3 to 5 minutes, the impression fluorescence). But after 1996, new reappears. This feature costs designs called MG (Mahatma Gandhi) approximately 10 paise per leaf. designs were introduced in view of the (vii) Fluorescent Fibre Tech-nology: increasing instances of counterfeiting Security paper embedded with and several new features were fluorescent fibres, as explained incorporated. A brief description of above, is a good security feature. security features in different The least count of fibers per square denominations is as follows:-

20 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products

1. Rs. 5/- and Rs.10/-denominations (i) The three tints are printed using dry offset printing, as in The following security features have the case of lower denomi- been incorporated in these two nations, but the Body on the denominations:- front side is printed by Intaglio (i) Security paper with 100% rag process in three colours. This content. process uses high pressure of 70 tonnes per square centimeter (ii) Three watermarks viz. and involves very high capital Mahatma Gandhi, RBI and investment, taking it out of the denomination value. reach of ordinary forgers. (iii) Security thread (actually it is a (ii) In Rs. 100/- denomination, polyester filament) having holographic security thread in microletting i.e. ‘RBI’ and stitched type formation with ‘Bharat’ written on it in microlettering and flouro- succession. scence is provided in place of (iv) Invisible fluorescent fibres. the continuous thread provided in lower deno-minations. (v) Fluorescent ink. (vi) Microlettering behind 3. Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- denominations ‘Mahatma Gandhi’ on the front side. The following additional security features are provided in these two (vii) Complicated line design in the denominations: highlighted area, that cannot be replicated in photocopying. (i) Body on both sides is printed by Intaglio process. (viii) Seven-colour dry offset printing. (ii) Optically Veriable Ink (OVI) is used for printing the main (ix) As many as three tints with denomination value. This ink complicated design plus Body. changes colour when viewed from different angles. This is a (x) Flouroscence under UV light. patented product and is (xi) Numbering. supplied by only by M/s SICPA of Switzerland. 2. Rs. 20/-, Rs. 50/- and Rs. 100/- (iii) Numbering on 1000/- denomi- denominations nation note is printed in two colours - blue in upper right corner In addition to the features provided and red in lower left corner. In all in the lower denominations, the other denomi-nations, numbering following additional features have been is done only in red. incorporated:-

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 21 B. Banking Instruments of India only last year. This case was detected and investigated by the CBI A survey of security features vide RC.6(E)/2003/CBI/EOU.VII. provided in banking instruments like demand drafts, cheques, TDRs/STDRs It is pertinent to mention here that etc. was carried out and it was found that most banking instruments like DDs, there are no standard guidelines on this TDRs/STDRs etc. are for big amounts, subject. Banks have formulated their but when we compare them to currency own guidelines regarding security notes, it becomes obvious that the features based on their own assessment. security features provided in banking It was also revealed that in most cases, instruments are not commensurate with commercial consideration of keeping the their face value. cost low becomes a guiding factor. C. Government Stamps and In this connection, Indian Banks’ Stamp Papers: Association (IBA) was also contacted in order to find out whether it has issued All government stamps are being any guidelines/circulars to banks printed at India Security Press, Nasik regarding specifications of minimum and Security Printing Press, Hyderabad. security features to be incorporated in The details of security features provided security documents. It was revealed that in different types of government stamps no such guidelines have been issued. have been tabulated and given in Various banks were also contacted in Annexure ‘B’. order to ascertain these details. Their A perusal of this table shows that replies have been consolidated and are except non-judicial stamp papers having given at Annexure ‘A’ in a tabular form. denominations of Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. From this table, it can be seen that 25,000/-, all other stamps have minimal maximum emphasis is on demand drafts. security features. Not even fugitive ink Some banks like State Bank of India, is used in printing them. Even high Oriental Bank of Commerce and Bank of denomination adhesive stamps of Rs. India have provided sufficient security 5,000/- denomination also has only a features in their DDs, but there are other watermark in the name of security banks that have not done enough. features. The designs used are very Similarly, it is also seen that TDRs/ simple. Colour scheme also remains the STRDs, cheques, pay orders etc. have same for a range of denominations. Tint been neglected. Even SBI TDR form has is mostly in single colour. Besides, very only a watermark and invisible printing simple perforation is used. in it. When contacted, SBI officials If we compare these high value informed that chances of forgery in stamps with even the lowest STDRs/TDRs are minimal. However, denomination currency note i.e. Rs. 5/-, this is not true. A huge fraud amounting we find that the security features are to more than Rs. 50 Crores took place highly inadequate, even though their involving TDRs/STDRs of the State Bank face value is very high.

22 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products

D. Miscellaneous Documents: 2. KVPs, NSCs, Indian Postal Orders: 1. Advance import licences: These high value saving instruments Advance licences are issued to have the following security features: importers to facilitate duty free import of raw materials against export obligations. (i) Paper is sensitive to 14 chemicals is Against one such licence, duty worth used. lakhs of rupees can be evaded. Large (ii) Ashoka Pillar watermark. number of instances of forged advance licences have come to the notice of law (iii) Ordinary offset ink is used. enforcement agencies. In just one such case involving 56 fake licences, being (iv) Single colour printing in both tint investigated by DRI/Ahmedabad, central and Body. excise duty worth more than Rs. 15 crores has been evaded. In another (v) There is no tint on the reverse side. instance, [RC.6(E)/2002-SIU.IX/CBI], It is evident that in addition to custom duty worth Rs. 5.2 Lakhs was chemically sensitive paper, watermark is evaded using a single fake import the only security feature in these high lilcence for duty free import of brass value documents. scrap through Kolkata Port. This study has revealed that prior to the year 2001, 3. Passports only a watermark and coloured planchettes (fibre dots) were Other than currency notes, passport incorporated in these high value is the only document that is accorded due documents in the name of security importance. A large number of security features. Subsequently a new design was features have been incorporated in order introduced in 2001 but only two new to make it tamper-proof, namely, security features have been incorporated (i) High rag content paper sensitive to in addition to the watermark, namely, 14 chemicals having 100 GSM and three colour rainbow printing and 0.1 mm thickness. ‘DGFT’ logo in invisible fluorescent ink. This study has revealed that customs (ii) Ashoka Pillar watermark. officials at various check points are not (iii) Three colour printing - tint in pale aware of these security features and, blue and the body in black. therefore, they are not able to distinguish between a fake and a genuine (iv) Gullouch design in the middle of licence. This shows that no steps have each page. been taken to train the users to look for the right security features in a security (v) HAUV film printed with invisible documents. This is despite the fact that UV ink and visible printed ink that there are not more than 100 check points glows under UV light. in the country including air, land and sea (vi) Buckram having GSM of 240. routes.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 23 (vii) Special stitching thread having considerations. Cost reduction, three plies (red, white and green) rather than fraud prevention, is the and UV Coating. guiding factor in such decisions. (viii) Gothic numbering on the first inner (iv) The security features provided in page having font size of 3 mm. high value documents like NSCs, (ix) Dye punch. KVPs, high denomi-nation stamps etc. are not commensurate with (x) Laser numbering using conical their face value. For example, the perforation. The outer hole has a design of Rs. 5,000/- special 0.5 mm diameter and the last hole adhesive stamp is the same as that has a diameter of 0.3 mm. of Rs. 5/- denomiation. Even the (xi) Fluorescent fibers, etc. lowest denomination currency note Thus, it can be seen that passports has many more security features have sufficient security features in them than most of the high value and it is very difficult to counterfeit documents, despite the fact that passports. value of some of these documents like advance import licences is in Part IV: Conclusions & lakhs of rupees. Recommendations (v) The users are not aware of the From the discussion so far, the security features provided in following facts emerge:- security documents. As a result, (i) Except in currency notes and they are not able to distinguish passports, security features between a fake and a genuine provided in all other security document. documents, viz. DDs, traveller cheques, TDRs/STDRs, NSCs, (vi) The reason often cited for lack of KVPs, advance licences, stamps, adequate security features in etc. are highly inadequate. security documents is the cost involved. However, this contention (ii) No uniform guidelines/standing is not supported by the facts as the orders have been issued either by cost of almost all the security the Ministry of Finance, RBI or by features discussed in this paper is Indian Banks’ Association negligible. For example, specifying minimum security fluorescent galaxy with micro features to be incorporated in lettering costs approximately Rs. banking instruments. This 45/- per 1000 leaves i.e. 4.5 paise per important issue has been left to leaf. Similarly cost of concealed each bank to decide. image is also about 5 paise per leaf. (iii) Each bank, in turn, has left this Invisible printing, bar coding etc. decision to their Central involve even lesser cost. Stationery Department, where the Holograms cost around 20-30 paise decisions are guided by commercial per piece. Radio Frequency

24 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products

Identification (RFID) is the only order to prevent re-circulation. On feature that costs around Rs. 6 - 7 the other hand, non judicial stamp per unit at present. But this is papers need a much longer life. likely to reduce considerably with increase in volumes. (ii) Use of such paper for any purpose other than security printing may (vii) Although a system of empenalment be prohibited by law. This would of private security printers by IBA be on the lines of radio frequencies for printing banking instruments is where some frequencies are in place, yet a technical inspection reserved only for police/military is carried out by an expert from ISP/ use. A system for regulating the Nasik only at the time of production, distribution and use of empenalment. No regular audit is such security paper will have to be carried out by any agency to ensure devised so as to eliminate the security at the printers’ end. possibility of pilferage. In short, it is seen that a holistic (iii) Watermark is incorporated in view has not been taken in decision paper at the pulp stage with the making on these vital issues help of dandy rolls. Dandy rolls are affecting national security. manufactured only by two firms in Recommendations the country, namely M/s Shalimar Wires Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta and M/s There is an urgent need to review the Dandy Rolls (India) Pvt. Ltd., entire gamut of security printing in the Bangalore. These suppliers supply country right from the stage of dandy rolls to various paper mills manufacturing of security paper to for production of watermarked spreading awareness amongst users of paper. In order to maintain the security documents. In this regard, it is sanctity of watermark and to recommended as under:- prevent counterfeitng, a system (i) An expert body like Central Pulp & should be put in place to regulate Paper Research Institute may be manufacturing of dandy rolls, their given the task of working out supply to various paper mills, safe specifications of a few easily upkeep, condemnation and identifiable types of paper to be destruction in order to prevent used exclusively for security their misuse. printing. This paper should have a distinct look, feel and texture so (iv) Next to paper, ink is the most that even a lay man is able to important ingredient of printing. identify it at one glance. We may We may earmark certain security decide on more than one type of inks only for security printing. such security paper depending Production and distribution of such upon the end use. For example, ink may be regulated in such a way postal stamps are used only once, so that they are available only to they need paper with short life in approved security printers.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 25 (v) A comprehensive review of existing happened in case of advance licences security features in high value where the users i.e. custom officials documents may be undertaken. manning various checkpoints were One such review for strengthening found unaware of even the security features in Adhesive watermark. Users vary from stamps was undertaken recently by document to document. For a committee constituted by the example, general public is the user in Ministry of Finance in the case of currency notes, where as in wake of Telgi scam. Its case of railway warrants and recommendations have been given advance import licences, railway in Annexure ‘C’. officials and customs officials are the These recommendations have since users. User profile needs to be kept been accepted. However, their in mind while deciding on security implementation needs to be features of a document. More monitored closely, as facilities at importantly, users should be trained the Government presses will have to identify the security features. to be augmented and new techno- Suitable gadgets will also have to be logies will have to be introduced. provided to the users for this purpose e.g. UV lamps, barcode- Similar reviews also need to be readers, red polarizers etc. conducted for banking instruments and miscellaneous documents like (vii) Wherever the users and documents railway warrants, advance licences are limited, special procedures can etc. While deciding on new be devised to check counterfeiting. security features, it should be For example, advance licences are kept in mind that the purpose of issued by DGFT Zonal offices. security features is to create a There is limited number of such mark of authentication that is issuing offices in the country. simple enough to be identified/ Therefore, we can easily have the understood by the users, yet is information regarding each licence sophisticated enough to prevent issued by DGFT on a website, so replication by criminals. that the concerned customs Besides, every document should officials can cross-check the also have some security feature(s) genuineness of the licence being that is known only to the experts. produced by a party at the time of These are meant for forensic cargo clearance. analysis in order to identify a fake (viii) A system of periodical inspection of document. private as well as Government (vi) This brings us to the key area security printers needs to be put in place in order to ensure that dandy of user awareness. Security features rolls, security inks, security paper, will remain meaningless, if the users designs, etc. are properly are not made aware of them. This

26 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Application of Technology in the Prevention of Counterfeiting and Sale of Spurious Products

accounted for and that systems are authentication in respect of in place to ensure highest genuineness of a product. This standards of security. feature should be simple enough to be recognised even by an illeterate (ix) Regarding currency notes, even person, yet should be sophisticated though adequate security features enough to prevent its replication by have been incorporated, yet an forgers. Various industry additional feature needs to be associations - pharmaceuticals, considered for incorporation to cosmetics, tobacco products, etc. - prevent colour photocopying. should be involved in this initiative Colour copying has been used with minimum Government role. effectively by forgers in recent past, as a common man is unable to (xi) Lastly, R&D initiatives need to be distinguish between a genuine undertaken in the field of Printing currency note and its colour Technology on a regular basis, as no photocopy due to advanced one security feature can serve our technology. Large number of needs permanently. There is a need security features are available to stay one step ahead of today which have been designed the forgers. The Central specifically to prevent colour Government should earmark copying. separate budget to be allocated to Educational and Research (x) A similar strategy is required to Institutes in the country for this fight the menace of spurious purpose. At present, almost all products. For this, we will have to security printing machinery and conceptualize and design a national equipment is imported. Our mark of authentication to be used endeavour should be on the lables/packing of genuine to develop indigenous technologies products. This may be on the lines suitable for Indian conditions to of ‘AGMARK’ which is a mark of prevent not only counterfeiting of authenti-cation in respect of the security documents but sale of quality of a product. We will have to spurious products also. create a similar mark of

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 27 Annexure ‘A’ Security Features Incorporated In Various Security Forms Of Leading Banks

Sl. Bank Name Demand Banker’s Cheques Tdr/Stdr No Draft Cheque 1 State Bank of 1. MICR Cheque 1. Water Mark Paper 1. Watermark 1. MICR IndIa Paper 2. MICR Cheque 2. MICR cheque 2. SBI logo in Water Paper Cheque paper with Mark 3. Fugitive Ink Paper watermark 3. Invisible Printing 3. Fugitive Ink Paper 4. Concealed Image on 2. Fugitive the Reverse Side Ink 5. Fugitive Ink 3. Invisible 6. Guilloche Pattern. UV Ink 2 Dena Bank 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR 1. Fugitive Paper Paper Cheque Ink 2. Water Mark 2. Water Mark Paper with 2. MICR 3. Fugitive Ink For 3. Fugitive Ink Water Paper high value DDs Mark. with following 2. Fugitive bank logo additional features Ink. in water are also employed: mark 4. Rainbow background printing 5 . Flouroscent galaxy feature

1. MICR Cheque 1. Parchment 3 Bank of Baroda 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR Paper with Paper with Bank Cheque Paper. watermark. Water Mark. Paper Bank 2. Fugitive 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink Water mark ink. Printing 2. Fugitive Ink Printing

4 Oriental Bank of 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR 1. Water commerce Paper with Water Paper with Water Cheque mark Mark Mark. Paper with paper with 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink Water Mark bank logo 3. Hologram (Hot 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Stamped) Ink. 4. Micro Line Printing with Fluorescent Ink

28 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Sl. Bank Name Demand Banker’s Cheques Tdr/Stdr No Draft Cheque 5 Indian Overseas 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR cheque 1. MICR Not available Bank Paper with Water Paper with Water Cheque Mark Mark. Paper with 2. Fugitive Ink. 2. Fugitive Ink Water Mark. 3. Micro Line Printing 2. Fugitive Ink. (Micro Lettering) 4. Background Printing with Rainbow setting. 6 Union Bank. 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR N.A. Paper with Water Paper with Water Cheque Mark Mark. Paper with 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink Water Mark. 2. Fugitive Ink. 7 United Bank of 1. MICR paper with 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR N.A. India watermark. paper with cheque 2. Fugitive Ink Watermark. paper. with watermark. Printing 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink. 8 Tamil Nadu 1. MICR paper with 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR N.A. Mercantile mill watermark. Paper Cheque Bank Ltd. 2. Fugitive Ink. 2. Water Mark Paper with Water Mark. 3. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink. 9 Bharat 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR N.A. Overseas Bank Paper. Paper with Cheque Limited 2. Watermark. watermark. Paper with 3. Fugitive Ink. 2. Fugitive Ink watermark. 2 Fugitive Ink 4. Background 3. Background 3. Background Rainbow Printing Rainbow Printing 5. Invisible Printing Rainbow 4. Invisible Printing 6. Micro Line Printing Printing (Micro Lettering. 10 UCO Bank 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR N.A. Paper with Bank Paper with Bank Cheque Watermark. Watermark Paper with Bank 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink Watermark Printing Printing 2. Fugitive Ink Printing 11 Punjab 1. Paper with Bank 1. MICR Cheque 1. MICR 1. MICR Cheque National Bank watermark Paper with Bank Cheque Paper Bank 2. Fugitive Ink. Water Mark. Paper Bank Water mark. Water mark. 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink 2. Fugitive Ink Printing Printing Printing

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 29 Annexure ‘B’ Security Features In Government Stamps Sl.No. Name & Description Security features 1 Postal Stationery Almost no security features. A parallel line watermark is provided in case of envelopes. Even registration envelopes have only a watermark, although it costs more than Rs. 20/- 2 Adhesive stamps viz. special (i) 70 GSM paper with 9 GSM gumming. adhesive stamps, Court fees (ii) Ashoka Pillar watermark. stamps, revenue stamps, share (iii) Perforation having 0.9 mm diameter and pitch - transfer stamps, etc. 13 X 13. (Denominations upto a maximum of Rs. 5,000/-) (iv) Two colour printing - tint in one colour and body in another. 3 Public postage stamps (PPS) Same as above. (Denomination from .25 paise to Rs. 50/-) 4 Non judicial stamp papers (i) Ashoka Pillar Watermark (Denominations from rupee (ii) In Rs. 10/- and above denominations, 100% rag 1 to Rs. 25,000/-) content paper having 82 GSM is used. (iii) Up to Rs. 5,000/- denominations, only two colour printing - one for the tint and one for the body. However, in Rs. 10,000/- and above, rainbow printing with fluoroscent ink is used. The tint also has denomination value printed all over. (iv) Security thread is provided in Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 25,000/- denominations.

5 Court fees stamps. Same as in non-judicial stamp papers. (Denomination from Rs. 50/- to Rs. 5,000/-) Annexure ‘C’ (a) Paper :(i) Dandy Roll Water Recommendation of the Committee mark paper. Constituted By The Ministry Of (ii) Paper should be purchased from Finance To Augment Security accredited manufacturers Features Of Government Stamps. having lab certification from NABL and ISO-17025. (A) For low value denomination stamps (below Rs. 5/-) (b) Perforation : A special design The following recommendations have perforation in all the four sides been made:- of a stamp.

30 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 (c) Printing: Mininum two color ink (C) General recommendations with micro printing/lettering (i) Re-designing of all varieties of with year and batch. stamps is to be done by (d) Gumming: Gumming should be increasing the size of stamp of high quality and shall have with more white space. fluorescence under UV light. (ii) Design features produced with software like information (B) For High value stamps carrier screen and compensated (Rs. 5/- and above) digital screen to be introduced in high value stamps. In addition to the security features proposed above for low value stamps, the (iii) Rationalisation of denomi- following additional recommendations nations of all varieties of stamps: have been made:- It is strongly recomm-ended that denominations above Rs.100/- (a) Paper : (i) Water mark paper should be discontinued due to with visible and in-visible fibres limitation of size to add more under UV light. security features. (ii) Paper should be purchased from (iv) Special perforation features to accredited manufacturers be varied denomination wise. having lab certification from (v) A randomly generated Alpha NABL and ISO-17025. numeric number to be (b) Perforation : Perforation should introduced as a covert feature be with special design, for year wise or batch wise to perforation in all the four sides facilitate backward tracking and in the body of the stamp and their forensic examination. (other than postal stamps) at (vi) High definition Hologram or suitable place and design like India post wing for DOP and latent image hologram to be Ashoka Pillar for fiscal stamps. introduced on stamps with face value with Rs. 50/- and above. (c) Printing: Minimum three color or more (including one color of (vii) It is recommended that design UV ink) with micro printing/ of stamps to be reviewed every lettering with year and batch. three years by a committee consisting of MOF, GM/ISP & (d) Intaglio printing design to be introduced in high value fiscal SPP and three IG (R&S) from and definitive series stamps. State Governments and Forensic Scientist from Nodal (e) Invisible printing with laboratory. fluorescent ink (under UV light) postal wings or denomination (viii) Nodal Forensic Lab should be may be printed with invisible indentified to create data base ink. and R&D work.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 31 Syllabic Nuclei of Key Words : Similar Vowel Clue words, onset, Syllabic Nuclei. Quality as a Clue for Abstract : In forensic speaker identification practices, the clue Forensic Speaker words for spectrographic comparison, which are of same context or dialect, are selected. When the Identification –A context of the specimen speech materials are different from that of the questioned sample, Study on the sufficient clue words are difficult to select out of the speech material provided for spectrographic Isolated Spoken method of voice comparison which usually leads to no-opinion rather than probable or positive Words identification even though auditory examination reveals positive matching. Studies have been C.P. Singh*, Manisha K.** conducted on the isolated spoken words having similar vowel quality as syllabic nuclei preceded Introduction by consonant having same place of articulation for Identification of person on the basis of forensic importance as clue words for comparison. voice characteristics is proving to be one Some of the measurable speaker dependent of the important techniques of parameters are studied with the selected vowels as /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ & /u/ uttered by fifteen identification in the modern world of speakers and found useful for forensic speaker highly advanced communication systems. identification, though they are preceded by Recorded conversation through different consonants having same place of communication device is frequently articulation. Thus in a situation where sufficient encountered in the criminal offences such clue words could not be selected from the speech as kidnapping, hoax message, extortion, materials provided, the words/syllables having threatening calls and bribery cases. vowels of same quality preceded by different Identification of speaker on the basis of consonants having same place of articulation as voice characteristics is done when the onset are found to be the only alternative technique characteristic features of a recently of clue word selection for comparison by recorded questioned speech sample of the spectrographic method. unknown person are compared with the specimen speech samples of the suspect (s). Generally, the specimen samples are obtained by making the suspect to read from a given text or transcript of the conversation as in the questioned sample. *- Junior Scientific Officer, Central However, in some of the cases, the suspect Forensic Science Laboratory, refused to give the specimen speech Chandigarh sample as desired by the investigator or **- Senior Research Fellow, Central the speech sample was not obtained as per Forensic Science Laboratory, the guidelines. In some cases the suspect Chandigarh

32 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Syllabic Nuclei of Similar Vowel Quality as a Clue for Forensic Speaker Identification –A Study on the Isolated Spoken Words provide only certain part of the text on Methodology and Experim- some other dialects other than the one in entation the questioned sample. For example, the conversation in questioned speech is in 1. Sampling of speech material standard Hindi whereas the specimen Pairs of words having same vowel speech sample is obtained in Haryanvi. quality as syllabic nuclei have been When the context of the specimen speech selected. These vowels are preceded by materials are different from that of the different consonants uttered at same questioned sample, sufficient clue words place of articulation. Five different could not be obtained for spectrographic vowels, namely /^/, /e/, /i/, /o/ & /u/ and five method of voice comparison. Various different words having these vowels as methods and speaker dependent acoustic nuclei have been selected for this parameters have been suggested based on experiment. previous experiments [1,2,3,4]. Studies The words have been chosen also been conducted on non- specifically to study various acoustic contemporary speech samples [5] and features during analysis. / k∧l / & /g∧l / are effect of context [6]. A comparative study closed syllables having velar plosive of disguised in Hindi speech samples in consonants as onset, unrounded mid- different accents & speech [8] have been open back vowel as nuclei and lateral performed by scientists. Speaker consonant as coda. Similarly, / phu:l / & / dependent parameters have been bhu:l / are also closed syllables but having discussed in the literatures [9,10,11]. The aspirated bilabial voiced consonant as above-mentioned methods and the onsets, rounded closed back vowel as acoustic parameters are restricted only nuclei and lateral consonant as coda. for the conventional method of clue words These words have been selected to selection. In the recent past, computer observe the feature due to lateral based text independent speaker because lateral itself behaves as a vowel identification systems were reported. acoustically. However in view of the performance and Syllables / tin / & / din / having dental high error rate of the computerised plosive consonant as onset, unrounded system in the forensic environment, the closed front vowel as nuclei with nasal combined method of Auditory followed by stop as coda; have been selected to study Spectrographic analysis have been formant energy distribution as a continued to be a valid technique for nasalisation feature. forensic speaker identification in the /to/, /do/, /bε/ & /pε/ are open syllable Court of Law. words having plosive consonants as In this paper, studies have been onsets, rounded mid- closed and conducted on the isolated spoken words unrounded mid- open vowels as nuclei having similar vowel quality as syllabic with zero coda. nuclei preceded by consonants of similar 15 different male speakers including place of articulation for forensic native as well as non-native, have been importance as clue words for selected for this study. Their linguistics comparison.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 33 backgrounds have also been noted. 2. Experiments Speech samples of all 15 speakers have Selected words are subjected to been directly recorded on computerized spectrographic analysis at the speech laboratory (CSL) at the sampling sampling rate of 11025 Hz. rate of 22050Hz and 16-bit quantization in three repetitions. Each of the Spectrographic pattern analysis has selectedwords spoken in isolation has been performed using analytical wide been chosen on the basis of clarity of the band filter of the order of 323 Hz and utterance. Linear Predictive coding (LPC) analysis with frame size of 20 ms and Table -1: Words selected for this filter of the order of 12. Parameters, study with specific vowels namely, Formant frequencies (F1, F2, S.No. Word Comparative Word Vowel F3), Transition of second formant (F2) and Ratio of amplitudes (A , A ) have 1. k^lg^l/^/ 1 2 been measured at appropriate places. 2. phu:l bhu:l /u/ Duration of syllabic nuclei (Dn) and 3. tin din /i/ Syllabic duration (Ds) also been 4. to do /o/ determined. 5. bε pε /ε/

Table – 2 : Comparative Feature Parameters Extracted for Isolated Words / k∧l /Vs / g∧l /

Acoustic F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz) F3 (Hz) Duration of Duration of Ratio (A1:A2)

Features Nuclei Dn(ms) Syllable Ds(ms) /k∧l/ /g∧l/ /k∧l/ /g∧l/ /k∧l/ /g∧l/ /k∧l/ /g∧l/ /k∧l/ /g∧l/ /k∧l/ /g∧l/ S1 670 670 1139 1139 2431 2431 106 104 365 320 3.40 3.03 S2 595 595 1476 1476 2595 2595 165 144 357 372 0.92 .85 S3 667 667 1357 1357 2095 2095 109 127 249 261 1.32 1.58 S4 617 617 1286 1286 2396 2396 113 121 399 366 0.823 0.877 S5 564 564 1410 1410 2467 2467 80 81 351 359 1.97 1.33 S6 651 651 1251 1251 2061 2061 110 110 350 344 1.26 1.85 S7 564 564 1251 1251 2290 2290 98 134 269 289 0.61 0.68 S8 599 599 1198 1198 2485 2485 118 115 381 335 2.46 2.15 S9 667 667 1381 1381 2476 2476 141 148 334 302 1.11 1.60 S10 620 620 1190 1190 2642 2642 121 165 249 318 0.96 1.36 S11 690 690 1238 1238 2500 2500 114 119 424 408 0.84 0.73 S12 714 714 1262 1262 2452 2452 170 190 370 391 0.80 0.73 S13 667 667 1452 1452 2738 2738 103 107 312 350 1.34 1.34 S14 404 404 1380 1380 2571 2571 108 107 299 347 1.12 1.25 S15 667 667 1381 1381 2476 2476 98 101 374 365 1.54 1.89

34 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Syllabic Nuclei of Similar Vowel Quality as a Clue for Forensic Speaker Identification –A Study on the Isolated Spoken Words

Table - 3: Comparative Feature Parameters Extracted for Isolated Words /phu:l/ Vs /bhu:l/

Acoustic F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz) F3 (Hz) Duration of Duration of Ratio (A1:A2) Features Nuclei (ms) Syllable (ms) /phu:l/ /bhu:l/ /phu:l/ /bhu:l/ /phu:l/ /bhu:l/ /phu:l/ /bhu:l/ /phu:l/ /bhu:l/ /phu:l/ /bhu:l/ S1 319 319 789 789 2498 2498 173 174 280 319 1.03 1.10 S2 310 310 857 857 2452 2452 265 236 409 418 1.11 1.28 S3 261 261 809 809 2666 2666 116 126 200 218 1.65 1.79 S4 352 352 934 934 2590 2590 113 127 296 367 1.75 2.01 S5 352 352 863 863 2220 2220 126 141 289 260 1.30 1.75 S6 335 335 740 740 2626 2626 199 196 336 321 5.36 3.48 S7 388 388 687 687 2484 2484 236 231 327 325 0.89 0.69 S8 405 405 643 643 2548 2548 374 343 455 439 8.70 6.63 S9 357 357 833 833 2690 2690 251 265 377 307 1.19 2.50 S10 333 333 905 905 2667 2667 296 276 436 410 1.29 1.99 S11 333 333 833 833 2642 2642 295 298 443 434 1.22 2.05 S12 357 357 880 880 2642 2642 256 213 388 309 3.48 3.87 S13 404 404 738 738 3047 3047 159 162 335 340 1.52 1.26 S14 333 333 809 809 2380 2380 156 145 323 359 1.35 1.64 S15 405 405 687 687 2220 2220 251 245 358 259 0.68 0.71

Table - 4: Comparative Feature Parameters Extracted for Isolated Words /tin/Vs/din/

Acoustic F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz) F3 (Hz) Duration of Duration of Ratio (A1:A2) Features Nuclei (ms) Syllable (ms) / tin / / din / / tin / / din / / tin / / din / / tin / / din / / tin / / din / / tin / / din / S1 300 300 2160 2160 3042 3042 214 229 445 370 2.35 2.28 S2 286 286 2048 2048 2667 2667 288 287 472 460 0.94 1.19 S3 357 357 2143 2143 3095 3095 168 171 364 369 1.30 0.90 S4 317 317 2150 2150 3119 3119 83 80 425 391 1.96 1.98 S5 300 300 2308 2308 2978 2978 196 201 356 349 1.34 2.09 S6 388 388 2449 2449 3225 3225 206 211 381 387 2.61 2.51 S7 282 282 2344 2344 3136 3136 200 226 394 391 0.34 0.39 S8 264 264 2396 2396 2801 2801 239 249 473 408 0.40 0.56 S9 310 310 2357 2357 2952 2952 251 158 389 318 0.99 1.01 S10 333 333 2095 2095 2690 2690 241 256 374 441 2.74 2.85 S11 285 285 2285 2285 2785 2785 228 230 498 481 3.76 3.11 S12 310 310 2119 2119 —— —— 319 315 470 473 1.19 1.17 S13 404 404 2404 2404 2904 2904 182 193 316 303 0.91 0.70 S14 285 285 2476 2476 3595 3595 238 198 422 418 5.25 5.23 S15 333 333 2309 2309 2652 2652 211 229 458 425 4.55 3.96

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 35 Table - 5: Comparative Feature Parameters Extracted for Isolated Words /bε/vs/pε/

Acoustic F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz) F3 (Hz) Duration of Duration of Ratio (A1:A2) Features Nuclei (ms) Syllable (ms) /bε//pε//bε//pε//bε//pε//bε//pε//bε//pε//bε//pε/

S1 376 376 2112 2112 2948 2948 183 201 200 223 1.16 1.66 S2 429 429 1881 1881 2548 2548 251 290 388 347 1.49 1.26 S3 357 357 2023 2023 2765 2765 269 292 315 324 1.50 1.48 S4 370 370 1833 1833 2608 2608 199 193 249 223 1.15 1.08 S5 440 440 2044 2044 2767 2767 228 228 292 299 3.54 3.05 S6 388 388 2238 2238 2960 2960 171 178 307 317 1.34 1.54 S7 388 388 2062 2062 2714 2714 296 283 342 330 1.31 1.64 S8 458 458 2062 2062 3295 3295 295 297 354 288 0.74 0.95 S9 429 429 2095 2095 2833 2833 301 283 313 292 0.70 0.77 S10 357 357 1976 1976 2524 2524 194 200 230 288 1.35 1.25 S11 428 428 1976 1976 2690 2690 201 210 413 404 0.14 0.86 S12 333 333 2047 2047 2333 2333 351 381 371 382 0.81 1.19 S13 404 404 2357 2357 2833 2833 310 290 316 267 1.32 1.13 S14 357 357 2190 2190 2880 2880 236 279 301 344 1.97 1.51 S15 358 358 2062 2062 3295 3295 210 256 402 415 1.79 1.25

Table - 6: Comparative Feature Parameters Extracted for Isolated Words /to/ Vs /do/

Acoustic F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz) F3 (Hz) Duration of Duration of Ratio (A1:A2) Features Nuclei (ms) Syllable (ms) / to / / do / / to / / do / / to / / do / / to / / do / / to / / do / / to / / do / S1 376 376 770 770 2441 2441 211 242 246 250 1.72 2.13 S2 381 381 905 905 2619 2619 415 362 419 427 .069 0.61 S3 357 357 857 857 2238 2238 263 229 310 301 1.41 0.98 S4 335 335 793 793 2661 2661 201 209 271 275 1.79 1.89 S5 405 405 900 900 2537 2537 359 353 400 349 1.71 1.74 S6 441 441 863 863 2714 2714 300 292 321 287 9.25 9.02 S7 370 370 758 758 2626 2626 272 270 354 289 1.34 1.22 S8 405 405 833 833 2429 2429 365 310 364 336 1.52 2.82 S9 452 452 786 786 2762 2762 373 310 431 415 1.09 1.90 S10 405 405 905 905 2762 2762 233 327 240 342 2.76 2.58 S11 452 452 857 857 2595 2595 303 289 462 465 1.26 1.14 S12 428 428 785 785 —— —— 378 361 406 376 2.49 2.34 S13 380 380 880 880 2809 2809 267 269 302 296 2.32 2.16 S14 357 357 880 880 2547 2547 347 304 365 361 1.01 2.30 S15 370 370 880 880 2626 2626 415 426 19 426 0.96 1.01

36 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Syllabic Nuclei of Similar Vowel Quality as a Clue for Forensic Speaker Identification –A Study on the Isolated Spoken Words

Results and discussions the words. Inter formant energy distribution is also observed as a feature Fig 1 & Fig 2 represent the results of of nasalization in both the words. spectrographic analysis and their Similarly, Fig 5 & Fig 6 represent respective LPC of comparative words / spectrograms and results of LPC k∧l/& /g∧l/ (closed syllables with lateral analysis of words / bε / Vs / pε / (open consonant as coda). It can be observed syllables with zero coda). All formant that the lateral consonant itself is frequencies and formant pattern remain behaving as a vowel in the syllable. same but duration of syllabic nuclei Similarly, Fig 3 & Fig 4 represent the varies unlike the previous case. Formant results of spectrographic analysis and transition of these comparative words their respective LPC analysis results of can be observed in all the figures. In non comparative words / tin / & / din / (closed – native speakers it is very rare to have syllables with nasal stop). It shows that similar formant transition along the all formant frequencies as well as formant pattern remain same for both entire formant band even for same vowel

Fig 1: showing waveform with phonetic transcript of words /k∧l/& /g∧l/ in window A & B; their respective spectrogram with formant marking in window C & D.

Fig 2 : showing waveform with phonetic transcript of words /k∧l/& /g∧l/ in window A & B; their respective spectrogram with formant marking in window C & D.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 37

Figrs Fig 3 : showing waveform with phonetic transcript of words / tin / & / din / in window A & B; their respective spectrogram with formant marking in window C & D.

Fig 4 : showing waveform with phonetic transcript of words / tin / & /din / in window A & B and their respective LPC in window C & D.

Fig 5 : showing waveform with phonetic transcript of words /bε / & /pε/ in window A & B; their respective spectrogram with formant marking in window C & D.

38 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Syllabic Nuclei of Similar Vowel Quality as a Clue for Forensic Speaker Identification –A Study on the Isolated Spoken Words

Fig 6: showing waveform with phonetic transcript of words /bε / & /pε/ in window A & B and their respective LPC in window C & D. The average values of formant speakers and in comparison to them a frequencies (F1, F2, F3), Second formant native speaker can maintain similar transition, Duration of syllabic nuclei duration while speaking similar vowels (Dn), Duration of syllable (Ds) and the in different utterances. Another Ratio of amplitudes (A1 / A2) have been exemplar having closed syllable with calculated separately for all 15 speakers nasal stop as coda (/ tin / & / din /) is shown as shown (Table 2 to Table 6). Column in Fig 12, where the variation in all the chart diagrams showing comparative speakers (whether native or non-native) formant frequencies for all pairs of is very small. Again if we consider the isolated words are shown in Fig 5 to Fig case of an open syllable in Fig 13 & Fig 14 9. It is observed that for each pair of we can see the variation of duration in comparative words, formant frequencies speaker 1,2,3,8,9,10,14 and 15 for words /

(F1, F2, F3) are similar for all speakers. bε / & / pε /as well as in speakers1, 2, 3, 4, Column chart diagrams representing 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 & 15 for words /to/ & /do/ duration of syllabic nuclei (Dn) for all . In case of open syllables the native comparative isolated words are shown in speaker also got variation in the duration Fig 10 to Fig 14. It is observed in Fig 10 of syllabic nuclei. This variability can be that the duration of syllabic nuclei for minimized if the sampling is done from ∧ word / k l / is quite different from the the verbatim words. duration for word /g∧l/ in speaker 2,3,7,10 and 12 while in rest of the Conclusion speakers this variation is very small or it is almost similar in both the words. Presently there are various new and Similarly in Fig 11, speaker 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, sophisticated methods have been 10 & 12 have more variation in duration developed for identification like text of syllabic nuclei than the variations in independent identification systems and rest of the speakers for words / phu:l / & computerized speaker identification / bhu:l/. It is found that the speakers systems but in forensic situation the mentioned above are non-native admissibility of the decision drown on

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 39 the basis of automatic method is still in Acoustic Society of America, Volume 79 (6), question. The valid & well-accepted 2088-2090 (1986) method among scientific community in 3. Sehgal, V.N. and Singh, V.R. Speaker the process of investigation is the Identification by sound spectrograph, CBI auditory examination followed by Bulletin 20(4) (1986) spectrographic analysis. 4. Stevens, K.N., Williams, C.E., Carbonell., The intra speaker variability J.R. and Woods, B. Speaker Authentication observed in some speech exemplars is and Identification. A Comparison of due to selection of words in non-verbatim spectrographic and Auditory Presentations situation, as the study has been of speech material. Journal of Acoustic conducted in non-verbatim speech Society of America, Volume 51, 2030-2043 exemplars. Thus, the words having (1972) similar vowel quality selected from 5. Smrkovski, L. Study of Speaker verbatim syllable can be used as clue for Identification by Aural and Visual effective comparison. Closed syllables Examination of Non contemporary Speech having stop/plosive as coda are found to samples, Jr. Official Analytical Chemist 59, be more suitable than open syllables and 927-937 (1975) also non –lateral onset/coda shows less 6. Young, M, and Campbel, R. Effect of variability in other parts though formant contexts on talker Identification Journal of frequencies remain same for both opened Acoustic Society of America, Volume 42, and closed syllable. 1250-1254 (1967) It is also concluded that syllable with 7. Barry,Hazen Effects of differing phonetic same vowel quality having different context on spectrographic speaker onset/coda, having same place of identification Journal of Acoustic Society of articulation have shown efficiency as America, Volume 54 No.3 650-658 (1973) clue words and can be used to compare 8. Singh, C.P., Singh, S.R. and Singh, R. Voice voice of unknown speaker from the Spectrographic studies of Disguise in Hindi speech samples in different context. On of Kashmir Speaker and the effect on the basis of the results of this Bilabial, Nasal, Dental/Alveolar, experiment, the method of clue word Fricatives and following vowels, CBI, selection can also be used for speech Bulletin, March 1997 samples in different language/dialects of 9. Samber, M.R. Selection of Acoustic Features a language if syllables with same vowel for Speaker Identification IEEE Trans on quality having different onset & coda Acoustic, Speech and signal processing, with same place of articulation are found Vol. ASSP-23, No. 2.T975 available. 10. Tosi, O., Oyer, M., Lashbrock, W. Pedey, C., Nical, J. and Nash, E. Experiment on References: Voice Identification, Journal of Acoustic Society of America, Volume 51, 2030- 1. Kersta, L.G. Voice Print Identification 2043 (1972) infallibility Journal of Acoustic Society of America, Volume 34 (a), 1978. 11. Wolf, JJ, Efficient acoustic parameters for speaker recognition, Journal of Acoustic 2. Koenig, E.B. Spectrographic Voice Society of America, Volume 51 (6), 2044- Identification. A forensic survey, Journal of 2057 (1972)

40 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Key Words : Homicide, Primitive Society, Reasons, and Motive Investigation and of Homicide, Genocide Indus Valley civilization, Vedic Age, The Ramayan and the Mahabharat Punishment in Age, Dharmashastra, Codification of Indian Law, Kautilyan Arthasastra, Prostitutes, Harlots, Ancient India. Human Sacrifice, Brahmanicide, Sati system, Infanticide, Feticide, Investigation, Postmortem, (From Early Times Punishment, Capital Punishment, Seditious Minister, Unjust, Feudal, Toiling. to 647 A.D) Abstract : Umesh Kumar Singh, I.P.S.*, This article is of immense academic interest and it is an attempt to present a picture of homicidal incidents in the remote past of Indian society. Society, in the past also, was not free from I am making an attempt to collect incidents of crime and the then State machinery stray incidents of homicide and also the had devised a very successful methodology to so called Genocide of those days, as prevent, detect and control such re-occurrence of depicted in different literary pieces of criminal incidents. Though police administration respective periods. It is not entirely a or criminal dispensation justice system of modem new topic or my first attempt on the type did not exist so full fledgedly, yet the then subject, but many more writers have government have devised very effective methods to done appreciably extensive works. It is catch the criminals, put them under trial and to very interesting, useful and enlightening ensure the deterrent punishment to the real to know that acts of ghastly and very culprits. Due care was taken to ensure that innocent must be allowed protection and be left out sensitive homicides, in those days, were, without any punishment but utmost care was some time, described as the deeds of taken to a sure short I punishment to the guilty. heroism and acts of bravery. Accounts of Treatment of State government and other public killing of demons by Gods, very often servant to the people of the state was not equal and clandestinely and surreptitiously, when uniformed and for the same offence culprits of taken in view of modern definition, such different castes were differently treated and incidents were homicides, but in those unequally punished. Brahmins enjoyed the great days, they used to be appreciated by the privilege and were having less punishment, and then society and, the state, as acts of next to them Kshatriyas were treated with higher valour and heroism. It is quite true that, esteem and the rest two castes- Vaishyas and the as, of today, incidents of crime, in those Sudras were punished with all cruelty and tortures. Privileged few enjoyed all the privileges days, were meager and very negligible and the common people and masses were ‘ maitre but homicide and genocide used to occur acted and punished with all severity. Females and in connections with fights between two Sudras were treated worst than the animals. races or classes for their survivals. In the primitive society institutions of property, family and class or caste are hardly to be found in the earliest stage of * D.I..G. of Police, Saharsa.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 41 the man’s life. In the absence of such of present day. Laws in those primitive institutions, the state also did not exist.1 stages, were not promulgated, as of But with the gradual advancement of art today, and methods of punishments were of cultivation, dwelling houses, tendency also completely distinct, as that of to store and acquisition of personal modern times. The size of countries, property emerged, necessity of state and compared to modern ones, was very government were felt, and were also small and communications and created. “This is thine, this is mine,”2 had movements inside or outside the given a new turn in the human mind in boundaries of the states were intricate, respect of concept of acquisition of cumbersome and of very difficult ones. personal property. Mutual struggles Neither the culprits, nor the police administration, was well equipped and started taking place and crimes like theft their movements, from one place to the of cattle, robbery, dacoity, abduction, other one, were not swift or convenient. kidnapping, adultery, rape, murder and some time mass-killing also, started A Investigative Agency in the occurring, when a larger section of past:- people of society, were exploited by both the state, government officials, and the Police administration in particular rich section of society. Hence the kingly was not in existence, as an independent office arose to protect the week against agency of the government in those days the strong.3 Havenots’ class were the but in general administration only, certain officers were entrusted with the worst victims and were oppressed and task of performing the police job. For the exploited both by the haves’ and the state administrative convenience, the king or government. This accumulated monarch had devised decentralization of frustration, later on, resulted in administration and the village head- commission of heinous offences and in man, in normal course, was held many cases, homicides too, were due to responsible for prevention and detection largely this reason. of crimes and for ensuring recovery of stolen, or looted properties, or detecting 1. Background (Reasons of the the incidents of murder or homicides, for Homicide):- finding out the reasons of suicide and The primitive Society was entirely genocide. different from the modern world of to day, and it is universally true that, in B. Reasons and Motive of spite of numerous tremendous external Homicide:- changes in the society and human being Revenge, quarrels, anger, land in particular, inner basic instincts have disputes, jealousy, loss of prestige, remained unaltered and more or less the sudden and immediate provocations, same. Hence in the remote past also, sexual grudges and greed to grab one’s causes of homicide or suicide or property and resistance in looting or genocide, were more or less the same as robbing the traders and sometime even

42 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D) without resistance, with a motive to human sacrifices or mass massacre in mutilate the evidences and mass killings wars, or killing a particular individual in the battle or fights, starvation or here and there, actuated by personal mental-frustrations, religious rivalry, or motives, were as also the existence of sudden clashes were some of the man and they go side by side, the motive, important reasons of homicide and which used to prompt a man to commit genocide in the olden days also like the murder or other heinous crime were present times. more or less the same in the olden days as they are today. Sometime the causes C. Definition of Homicide:- being of the issue of survival of one tribe or clan or race used to be in the root, Like modern days homicide used to sometime religious rituals in the form of be an act of killing of a human-being by a human sacrifices and genocide, being human being in the past also. It was committed due to frequent invasions on different from Suicide in that the former each other for their supremacy, involves two parties-the killer and the aggrandizement of empire or mass killed and the intentions behind killing by demons or Gods. What is, in commission of this crime were modern context heinous crimes, were in completely different and varied in those days the acts of heroism or bravery. nature. Emile Durkheim, in ‘Suicide’ Thousands of innocent people, war wrote” Among the different species of captives, and other victims, were death, some have the special quality of murdered, sometime, without any rhyme being the deed of the victim himself and reason and without any full resulting from an act, whose author is justification. There did not exist any also the sufferer, and the same international bodies or forum to examine characteristic, on the other hand, is the state-excesses or genocide or war certainly fundamental to the usual idea crimes. Religion and religious of suicide.4 E. Lombroso in his famous sentiments were wrongly interpreted or book-“CRIME -Its Causes and twisted as to suit and cater to their Remedies,” has illustrated, “Generally barbaric instincts.6 there are two forms of criminality, Socio-Psychogical factors like manifesting themselves side by side- present day, also used to root behind the atvistic criminality, which is a return on commission of major crime, and when, we the part of certain individuals of morbid talk of non-existence of certain crimes in constitution to the violent means of the primitive societies, its broad reasons struggle for existence such as homicide, were lying in social environment. The robbery, rape and evolutive criminality, growth of crimes in modern days, with which is no less perverted in intent but the developmental march of society more civilized in the means employed, towards industrial and other scientific for, in place of violence, it uses trickery advancements, are intimately related to and deceit.5 The crime of committing and associated with the growing need of homicide or murder or suicide taking man, economic disparity, unequal one’s own life violently (Suicide) or treatments, exploitation, injustice and

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 43 provocative frustrations. Criminals are of frustration, largely due to economic not inborn but are made criminals partly disparity. Details about this period are by social conditions and partly by the yet to be collected by the historians and situation which induced them to offend. archeologists.

2. Age of Indus Valley Civilization :- 3. Vedic Age:- Excavated materials of the oldest In the Vedic period, crimes do not Indian Civilization at Harappa and seem to have been in large number. But in Mohan-Jodaro furnished and enabled us those days also economic disparity was to believe the existence of highly existing in abundance. Class of the poor developed and organized society. were being exploited to the maximum, Unfortunately written accounts, like which led to commission of crimes Babylonians and some other old frequently. A passage in the Rig-Veda is Civilizations like Egyptians, are lacking referred to the employment of trained to know the law and order and crime men for recovering stolen cattle7. There positions of the then civilizations. are several illustrations of homicides Crimes in particular have their roots in and genocide in Vedic Literatures, Rig the conflict of self seeking habits of the Veda and Ayur Veda, Aiteraya-Brahman individual with common customs of any and Upnishads. Western writers on Rig- society, which ensure its survival in the struggle for existence. In the primitive Veda and other Vedas have mentioned and infancy stage of human evolution, that the Aryans were barbarous, one did not realize being hurt but with drinkers, aggressors (Invaders) and the advancement of economy cruel hearted and they had killed or exploitation started increase in driven out the Dravidians / Tribals to 8 frustration and struggle which led to jungles. According to Rig-Veda 4,30, 15 commission of crimes. Even during the ^^m= nklL; o£pu% lgL=kf.k 'krkcÌh% vfÌ i×; izÌhZfjo**A most early civilization of Indus Valley, According to Sayan -1500 Slaves of huge remains of skeltons and human Barchi were killed by Indra,9 God Vishnu bones have been exhumated, which had killed Mayabi Vrish shipra ¼nklL; indicate some massive loss of human life fp}"kf'kizL; ek;ktÌq%½10. Indra had killed in some fierce fights of two races, Smadiv, Tugra and Vetasuaon.¼vga firs osrlwj amounting to traces of genocide in such fHk"V;s rqxz dqRlk; Lefn ;a p jUÌ;e½- 11 Arya -Dasyu- an early part of human race. Much more Battle is mentioned in Rigveda and it is is not known about crime of this age but depicted as a very gruesome and traces of developed urban based devastating battle and for Daviti (nHkhfr), civilization, developed town planning, Indra had butchered 30,000 (Thirty advanced international trade and Thousand) slaves. (vLoki;n~;Hkhr;s lgL=k f='kar commerce, all these indicate about a gFkS% nklkuka bUæks ek;;)12 In another depiction for prosperous society as well as economic Varchi Indra killed 10,0000 (one lakh) disparity which must have led to crimes fighters, (mr nklL;% pfpZu lgL=kf.k 'krkoÌh% vfÌ iap being committed by the exploited poor izÌhfjo½13 In another Ryme, mention of and impoverished in vengeance and out

44 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D) killing of fifty thousand people of punishment, was quite sufficient to krishnavarna, is described (i×pk'kR—".kk fu prevent a breach of tribal customs or oi% lgL=kRda u iqjks tfjek fonnZ:14 commission of frequent crimes. In Dashragya Battle six lakh, sixty six In Padma Puran there is a mention of thousand and sixty six people of Anu and Brahman murder exoneration, by taking Druhiyu were killed and it was more a dip in the river Godavari and drinking formidable than the war of Kalinga of its water a person is released from the sin Ashok, the great. fu xO;oksXiuoksa æqâ;o'p "kf"V%'krk% of Brahmin murder17. Homicide in the lq"kqiq% iV~ lgL=kA "kf"VohZjklh vfÌ"kn~ nqoh;q fo'ofnUæL; oh;kZ past was very common when we find a —rkfu lgL=k15 mention of Hiranyakasyapu, being killed in the Narayaniya Section of 4. The Ramayan and the Mahabharata. In this later reference the Mahabharat Age:- reasons for killing are given though In the Ramayan, killing of Bali who briefly” I shall kill Hiranyakasipu, son of was keeping Sugrivs wife in captivity, by Diti, because he destroys the sacrifice, Ram with great hide and sick method can which is for the benefit of gods” by also be termed as homicide in modem assuming the form of the boar, the Man- concept of law, but in those days his killer lion or the dwarf etc. I shall kill the 18 Ram was highly praised. Our great sage arrogant enemies of the Gods” . In the 19 Parasuram is said to have killed his Bhagwat Puran Hiranyaksipu’s brother mother. The murder of Bali and Sudra Hiranyaksapu was slain by Vishnu in his Sambrika by Ram, is another noteworthy Boar Incarnation. instances of an individual murder for In Malti Madhava20 it is mentioned personal motives. The murder of that to please Goddess Chamunda Devi Duryodhan by Bhima in a duel, killing of there is a pathetic picture of human Abhimanyu by Jayadrath through unfair Sacrifice in a Tantrik context.21 and objectionable means, of again Jayadratha by the great warrior Arjuna 5. Age of Buddha and after (6th in revenge of his son’s, killing of Karna by Century B. C. onwards):- Arjuna and many other such stories of It was in about 6th century BC or a murder and killing abound with great little earlier, that the Indian Law began Epics— the Ramayan and the to attain codification. The Dharmasutra Mahabharata. It shows that such writers, taking Vedic traditions as their murders got sanction of society on sources and honouring the views of certain grounds and were accepted with Manu, laid the very foundation on which full justifications. the structure of Indian law and criminal In the primitive stage, law needed no justice system was built. Kautilya, Manu enforcement. Generally people followed and Yajnavalkya were in the first row to their duties instinctively and honoured codify the then laws, devised in detail the the rights of each other, as says, the methodology of punishing the offenders Mahabharata.16 Certain strong general of various crimes, differently based, belief in- certainty of supernatural entirely, on the gravity of crimes. Narada,

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 45 Brihapati and Katyayan further defined The last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty and elaborated them. It is mainly on the was Brihadratha, who ruled kingdom of basis of the works of these law givers that Patliputra during 191-184 Bc. He was a we are enabled to present an account of weak ruler and was killed by his crimes, laws and criminal justice system commander in chief Pushyamitra of the then society. Shunga, while reviewing his army in 184 The sixth Century Bc. is the century Bc and by this the final end came of this of human enlightenment in the history of mighty Maurayan empire. mankind. As the previous religious There is a mention of killing of practices and ways of life did not serve Grahavarman, the king of Kanauj by the needs of the welfare and progress of Devagupta, the ruler of Malwa (605 all the members of their societies, the A.D.afterward ). Rajya Vardhana became prophets and thinkers founded new the ruler of Kanauj after the death of religions and developed new. thoughts by Prabhakar Vardhan in 605 A.D.but he Lord Gautam Buddha (Buddhism) and was not destined to rule for a long time. Lord Mahavira (Jainism). Up to the sixth His sister Rajyashri was imprisoned and century Bc., the rulers of India fought her husband Grahvardhan, the king of among themselves to increase their own Kanauj, was killed by Deva Gupta, ruler of Malwa. Soon after Rajya Vardhana power without caring for the waged a war with Devagupta and achievement of national and political defeated him and then put him to death. solidarity. Consequently in the 6th and Mean while, Rajyashri had managed to 4th centuries Bc. Indian territories were escape from the prison of Devagupta but attacked and conquered by the Persians Rajya Vardhan too lost his life due to the and the Greeks, the Indians failed to foul play of king Shashank of Bengal, who unite politically to defend the was a friend of Devagupta. Finally motherland. Harsha Vardhan ascended the throne of Chandra Gupta (322-298 Bc.) Thaneshwar and established a mighty attacked the mighty Nandas and after empire and after getting a clue of defeating the king, he killed Dhana Rajyashri in the Vindhya mountains, Nanda. Asoka (273-233 Bc.) had killed his after great efforts, he succeeded in elder brother Suman in the war of tracing out Rajyashri, who was about to succession21. In about 262 B.C. he put an end of her life in disgust by conquered the state of Kalinga and in entering into a fire. He made Kanauj as Kalinga war, Asoka became victorious capital of his empire and brought entire after slaying about 1,00,000 (one lakh) Northern India under his rule during soldiers of Kalinga army, captured about (606 to 647 A.D.). 1,50,000 soldiers, and thousands of Kautilya’s Arthasastra is a manual in civilians died in that war, a horrible the statecraft for the whole country and slaughter of men, women and children, for all the times to come and he himself marked in eventful decision of the says,” the aim of the Sastra is to prescribe emperor of renouncing and relinquishing means for securing and preserving the the warfare for ever23 earth24

46 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D)

As regards its authenticity, punishment.33 and declares it to be a sin Yajnavalkya and Narada hold the view also34. Killing of adulterous and bad that, case conflict between the two- women were prevalent in primitive days Dharmastra and Arthasastra, the role of but Manu prohibits to abstain company of the former will prevail25. The killer of even an unchaste women35. For Kamandaka Nitisara is a work by killing even the adulterous women of any Sikhara with Sikhara-Svamin, a minister class, Manu prescribes prayaschitas for of Chandra Gupta-II, of the Gupta furifying oneself by giving in alms a period, Abhu Saliha, an Arab Writer leather bag, a cow, a goat or a sheep.36 refers to the Nitisara of Kamandaka and According to Manu, homicide was has given its abstract in Arabic26. divided in to two kinds—non culpable Manu did not recommend widows to and culpable and again each into two the die with her husband’s dead body but she former into justifiable and excusable and should survive and lead a simple and the later into unintentional killing and chaste life. The custom of tonsure or murder Such divisions are synonymous burning the widows alive with their of our modern I.P.C. Crimes under husbands appears to be unknown to him. sections 302 I.P.C. and 304 I.P.C. Kullaka, a commentator on Manu, says Homicides, committed for the that besides leading a celebrate life, a prevention of forcible and atrocious acts widow should not take honey, meat or of offenders, such as murder, arson, fish etc.27 Near about the 7th century A,D robbery, and house breaking at night and advocates of Sati Custom came forward also by a woman to save her chastity from in increasing numbers, who extolled it as violent out laws, were recognised as the the highest act of virtue for a widow. justifiable homicides.37 Angiras argued that the only cause, The other category of excusable which religion prescribed for a widow, homicide was in case of accidental deaths was that of Sati28. Medhatithi also makes in which men are not responsible for a reference to this custom but he himself killing because they have no control on does not prescribe and says that it has no the situation. It may be called authoritative support. Vedic texts put a involuntary or excusable homicide. strict ban on suicide for women like men. Manu describes ten circumstances for Medhatithi observes” As in the case of road accident deaths, for which, neither men, so in that of women also, suicide is the owner, nor the driver, nor the 29 forbidden.” occupant of the cart, was held Regarding prostitutes and clever responsible for killing of living beings.38 harlots, Manu recommends very simple Such culpable homicide, unintentional penance for even killing them.30 Gautam killing of a human being, does not amount also says that for killing a woman, who to murder, because out of two ingredients subsists by harlotry, no “prayaschitta” is -intention and criminal negligence the necessary, simply eight handfuls of corn first one is absent but the second one is may be gifted31. Post-mortem offerings present and in that case man responsible, are also denied to them32. For killing a is not totally, exonerated from general women, Manu prescribes capital punishment but quantum of punishment

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 47 was mild like our present day I.P.C. and the Cyclops, the Lamai and the civil code. Manu devised punishment, Lestrygons, the Formians, the Syrens, individually, or collectively, to the driver, the Maenadis and Bacchae, the occupants or owner of the cart, inhabitants of Cyprus, the Assiyrians , depending on the circumstances -.and the Egyptians, the Jews, the Germans evidence found by way of collective or and the Norsemen, the Aztecs, (one of the individual fine, as per the merit of the different races of America, said to have 39 case. been the most Civilised one, the Toltecs For real violent homicide, Manu is and the Tezcancans, the Incasthe very strict and advises kings for being Peruvillors (South American ), the strict and says “king who pardons such Araucanians, the Pecific Islanders, the men (offender) perishes, and incurs Mongols, the Dyaks of Boroneo, some 40 hatred of the people.” He prescribes South eastern Chinise and Japanese of capital punishment to the killers of the Middle Ages, the Turks, the Twiks, women, infants or the Brahmanas.41 It the Tibetans the Javanese, the does not mean killers of adults do not get Sumatrans and the Andamanese capital punishment. Kautilya also indulged in loathsome human sacrifices prescribes capital punishment for female for eating the flesh of the captives or murderers and further says, that a woman, who murders a man, shall be drinking their warm blood or for various 45 drowned, but if she be pregnant, she other religions purposes . Neither sex should be drowned one month after the nor age offered any immunity to the delivery. A woman, who murders her unfortunate victims from their cruel husband, preceptor, off-spring or poisons doom. Whenever droughts prevailed, a man, shall be tom off by bulls. He also infants were sacrificed to the rain God, prescribes burning to death for any Teuloc among the Aztecs, khonds of person who murders his father, mother, western Orissa, sacrificed their meriah son, brother, teacher or an ascetic.42 to the Earth -Goddess, Tari Pennu46. Yaznavalkya also approves the similar Practice of immolating wives, concubines punishment.43 Due to aggravation of and slaves at first —Originated from a disease for incompetence or negligence mistaken belief of the next world and on the part of a physician, if a man dies, requirements of the dead there. The the middle most amercement is awarded. horrible rite of Sati and Jauhar must Kautilya, who prescribes the same have originated from this feeling, later punishment, in case of negligence of a on in India in many cases as a devotion to 44 doctor resulting in death. husbands as voluntary sacrifices47. Persians were the only nation of the 6. Human Sacrifices:- ancient times, which did not indulge in Accounts of human sacrifices are human sacrifices48. The ancient Hindus found in abundance in ancient history. recognized the slaughter of human There are many instances to show that beings to appease, gratify and secure the the Phoenicians, the Carthagians, the grace of Gods49. The earliest reference to Druids, the Scythians , the Athenians, human sacrifice occurs in the Samhita of

48 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D)

Rig Veda, the story of Sunahsepha50. The 7. Brahmanicide:- Aitareya Brahman refers to an actual Killing of a Brahmin was regarded by human sacrifice. The Ramayan, the almost all the ancient authorities as the Mahabharat, the Bhagwat Purana also greatest crime (Sin or Pataka). From reveal human sacrifices. In Apastamba Taitariya Samhita it transpires that Srauta Sutra (xx,24), a Brahman or India incurred great sin by Brahmahatya Kshatriya performs human sacrifice by killing Visvarupa and Indra was where by he attains power and valour looked down upon as Brahmin killer.57 In and all prosperity51. The Puranas the Satpath Brahman.58 it is mentioned recognize human sacrifices or Narabali that who-soever kills a Brahmin, he is 59 to Goddess Chandika or Chamunda or guilty and is thought to strike Soma. The Chandrayoga Upanishad (V.10.9) Durga but prohibit the Purusamedha rite says killing a Brahmin is one of the five or Satrubali52. mortal sins (Mahapataka). Taitareya The Rite of Narbali was widespread Aranyaka declares that slaying a among the Hindus during the middle Brahmin is truly murder and it can be ages also and till the end of nineteenth expiated by performing a century, it continued in some forms or Aswavedhayagya. Gautam (21.1.) places others. The Gonds in Orissa generally Brahmahatya the top of sins used to Kidnap Brahman boys and keep (Mahapapya).Vasishtha.60 uses the term them as victims to be sacrificed on “Brahmahatya” Manu (11, 54), Visnu Dh.S 61 various occasions. They were probably (35,17), Yajnavalkya. enumerates five Mahapatakas of which Brahmahatya is under the impression that the Brahman one. Manu says “there is no sin.worse. boys were representatives of a spirit or than the murder of a Brahmin in the 53 God . Crooke notes that in Kathiawar, if world. “A more heinous sin exists not in a pond had been dug and would not hold the world than murdering (killing) a water, a man was sacrificed. The Vedela Brahman. Let not a king even think of lake in Bombay refused to hold water, such a project -in his mind. According to then to please the local spirit, the Vas. Dh. S.62 “ an incendiary, a poisoner, sacrifice of the daughter of the village and armed with a weapon, a robber, one headman used to be done54. Human who wrests a field or carries a way one’s sacrifice was described to be a sin in wife - these six are called Atatayin63. Vanaparva of Mahabharata. In ^^vkrrkf;fu pksr—"Vs ri%LokÍ;kitUer% oÌLrk rquSo L;kR;kisghu cÌks Ò`xq%A Dharmasastra a provision of a hundred ,” declares that no one cows to compensate a killing of a man, as should kill a Brahman, Who is eminent by reason of his tapas (meditation), Vedic sacrifice, is mentioned55. Frazer gives a study and birth, even though to be an somewhat -more horrible accounts of atatayin “.The Nirukta (vi-27) practice, prevalent among some of the enumerates the seven sins as theft, Himalayan mountainiers, who put men violating the bed of the Guru or receptor, to death, merely for the satisfaction of murder of a Brahmana, murder of seeing the blood flow and of marking the Bhruna, continual performance of sinful last struggles of the victim56. acts and telling a lie as to a sinful matter.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 49 Later on sacredness of the person of a Brahmanicide69. Slaying a Brahmana Brahman were on increasing in woman, who is an Atreyi (One who has subsequent ages and the Brahmanas, bathed after the menses, a synonym of irrespective of their virtues and voices rajasvala, according to the Amarkosa, or were declared to be immune from capital who is descended from the family of Atri,) punishment by the Dharmasutrakaras 64. was viewed a serious offence and was put But there was a great inequality in at par with Brahmanicide70. But at the awarding punishment and was entirely same time one should not feel that based on caste basis. The life of a Sudra or position of woman was low. Manu a Chandal was rather esteemed too low. personifies woman with God and he says Sudra could hardly claim justice and “Where woman is worshipped God kindness even in his death at the hands of dwells. (^^;Lr ukuZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r= nsork%**). But ancient law givers. Yajnavalkya65 and Manu prescribes lesser punishment for Manu66 include the killing of a woman, a the killing of a faithless wife.71 In later Sudra, a Vaisya and a kshatriya among times the life of a woman came to be Upapatakas and gifts prescribed for valued less and less. killing these show that the life of the Sudra was not worth much and killing of 9. Sati system:- a Sudra tantamounts to the killing of a Origin of Sati system is disputed. cow, a crow, a chameleon, a peacock, a General notion is that it came in to vogue cakravaka, a frog, a dog, etc. Manu likens in later Mauryan Period. But stray the killing of a Sudra to the killing of one examples of this system are traceable in thousand of vertebrate animals.67 Vedic Age also. It came into existence in 8. Killing a Woman:- early life of Aryans. In Rig Veda one hymn describes this system as the first Husband’s right to punish the wife, example of Sati system72. even capitally, was universally ^^b;k ukjh jfoÌok% liRuhjktusu lfiZlk lafo'kUrqA recognized in the uncivilized society, and vuJoks uihok% lqjyk vkjksgUrq tu;ks;ksfueXus**AA a life of a woman is viewed cheaper than that of a man. The ancient Burmese, the In another hymn it is described as Muslims, the Gallas, the Rejangs of follow.73 Sumitra, and some other countries held mnhI;S uk;ZfHktho yksda xrklqesu Hkqi'ks"k ,fg the same notions. In ancient India also, gLrxzkeL; fnfÌ"kksLrpSo iR;qtsZfuRoefeloHkwFkA murder of a woman, unless she was with a child, was in the eye of the law at par A lady is depicted as lying with the with the murder of Sudra.68 There were dead body of her husband, and there certain conditions in which woman’s after, she is addressed to get up and stand killing was declared serious. Gautam up and once again come to this world. views that the killer of a woman in her This description is according to some menses, or a pregnant woman, in whom scholars, the first instance of Sati in signs of pregnancy have not been fully Indian history. potent, must practice the kind of In Atharva Veda also, we find a expiatory penances prescribed for a mention of this system in Atharva

50 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D)

Ved,.19.21. ßb;a ukjh ifr yksda&c`"kkuka fui|Srs miRok eR;Z In Vatsayan’s Kamsutra, there is a izsRre~ iqjk.k euq"kk y;Urh rLes iztka æoks.ka ps)|rAAÞ A mention of dancing girls giving false, woman is trying to lie on the funeral pyre assurances to their paramours of dying of her husband, and then after, she is with them by committing Sati directed to get down from the funeral sacrifice.78 Vrihaspati suggests “Sati” pyre. It indicates the prevalence of Sati as a better way for the widows.79 Vyas system in those days. In Taitareya and Daksha have also suggested for Brahman Samhita also some instances widows to commit Sati as the best way are mentioned. of life.80 In Ramayan also we find a mention of ßn{k le`fr Hk;Zfj;k ukjh lekjksgsbÌqrk'kue~A a Brahmani Vedabati, being immolated lk Hkosr 'kqHkkpkjk LoxZyksd egh;rsAAÞ on the funeral pyre of her husband.74 When Sri Krishana died, Rukamini ß,oeqDRok izfo"Vk lk TofyRra tkrosnla izikrAÞ along with others had committed Sati.81 On the death of Dasharath, Rani ßv"VkS efg";% dfFkrk :fDe.kh izeq[kkLrq ;k%A Kekaiyee is said to have made an attempt mi;qºe gjsnZsg fnfo'kqLrk gqrk'kue~ to die with her husband but it has not happened. Revti committed Sati when Balram died.82 In Mahabharat Rani Madri ßjsorh pkfi jkeL; nsgekf'yÍ; lÙkekA committed burning on the funeral pyre of her husband Maharaj Pandu.75 On the foos'k Tofyra ofgZ rRlaxkg ykn'khryeAAÞ death of Lord Krishana’s father Basudeva, all the four wives-Devaki, 10. Infanticide:- Madra, Rohini and Madura committed In ancient period infanticide was a self immolation on their husband’s paternal power of father in China, Rome 76 pyre. In Shanti Parva of Mahabharat, in and many other tribes, and, races in India a story of Kapot-Ka-Patani, Kapotani is also. Among the savage and uncivilized described as committing Sati Pativerta tribes it was a usual practice to kill the 77 Dharma after the death of her husband. infant, if it was a bastard, or if its mother ifrghuk rqdk ukjh lrh thforqeqRlgsrAA died, or if it was deformed, or diseased, or ,oa foyI; cgqÌk d:.kk lk lqnq%f[krkA if it was anything unusual, or uncanny ifrozrk lEiznhIra izfoos'k gqrk'kue~AAÞ about it, or if it was regarded for some reasons an unlucky child. Among many of Greek historians too have given the lower races girl-infanticide was indications of Sati Pratha. Strabo has practised at a whole sale rate, partly due mentioned burning of ladies of to their economic hardships, and partly Takshashila on the funeral pyre of their to avoid marriage expenses. Mother husbands. In Katha caste of the Punjab, it killed their new born infants due to, was customary for the ladies to commit some-time, troubles and botherations in Sati by burning on husband’s funeral. bringing them up, some time with the Kalidas has also described this fear of loss of beauty due to long suckling system in his famous book time, generally extending to four years. “Kumarsambhava:-(4,33,35,36,45.) Some time wives also induced their

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 51 husbands to adopt this heinous course. born’ children of his own ‘sister, and was, Infanticide was also practised as a for that offence, put to death. sacrificial rite. An interesting account of In Garga Samhita murder of Kanya Somadeva, of advice of an ascetic to a (unmarried girl), is more heinous than woman, to kill her young son and offered the killing of a cow, or a Brahman. But in him to the divinity, another son would spite of ban on this ugly practice of certainly be born to her83. In Vana Parva infanticide, it continued at later stages of Mahabharata, the story of king Somak, also, and the Rajputs, before one who could hardly get one son, out of his thousand AD and after, were frequently one hundred wives, on advice, had killing their girl .-child just after birth. It sacrificed his son Jantu on a fire to get has taken a form of virulous, despising one hundred more sons, which he got and condemnably a cursing blot on from his wives after this sacrifice. Killing humanity. It can be concluded that female of first born son, or issue, had become a infanticide, although, it was strictly regular custom with certain peoples. prohibited by the ancient laws, In some cases instances have been continued to be practised by certain found in the past to kill infants for classes of Hindus, through out India, medicinal purposes and the victims of from Kashmir to the Bay of Bengal, and this practice were mostly females. This from Himalaya to Kenya Kumari. practice was in vogue in ancient Greece, Sparta, Rome, China and other nations, 11. Methods of Infanticide:- though it was prohibited both by Methods, employed in infanticides, Buddhism and Taouism84. But at the were suffocation, administration of same time some restrictions were also opium, exposure and neglect of the put on such cursing customs. The babies, by disposing of the female infants. “Garuda Purana” declares that he, who Want of adequate female education, was kills an unmarried girl, shall become a the main cause of this great evil. leper, and must be treated as ‘Chandala’, Sometime female infants were or low caste such as sweeper.85 Manu also administered a few drops of asclepias- condemns those, who kill their gigantea (a plant resembling milk, which daughters, married or unmarried. He, produces poisonous effects and results in who kills his daughter, shall be sent to immediate death, without any chance of the hell, by the lowest region, filled up detection). There was a time, when with blood and pus. He, who commits female infants, (95 out of 100 cases), were such sin, perpetrates the murder of a murdered immediately after birth. But Brahman, which tentamounts to this practice was not only confined in all inflicting an injury on God. “Further he, the districts of the Punjab but was also who kills a Kanya (unmarried girl), shall prevalent among the Jats, the Rajputs, have his abode in the hell of the fiercest the Kshatris, the Bedis and others. The region. “Srimad-Bhagwat Geeta chapter- Panth-Prakasha (History of Sikhism) x narrates the story of Kaunsa, Raja of also describes the evils of Kurimara, or Mathura, who put to death the newly female infanticide86.

52 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D)

12. Feticide:- 13. Investigation:- With the evil practice of infanticide, According to Kautilya, all kinds of feticide also flourished, as an evil in sudden death centers round one or other ancient India, and, gradually, it of the following cases, “offence to women increased with the advancement of or kinsmen, claiming inheritance, civilization. The ancient knew less about professional competition, hatred against it, where as the today’s man, is using it at rivals, commerce, guilds and any of the a high level. In olden days also, unwed legal disputes, is the cause of anger, and girls used to adopt this course secretly, in anger is the cause of death92. “Kautilya order to, hide illicit sexual inter-course, describes the detention of criminals on escape punishment, shame and infame to suspicion and their thorough the family, and it prevailed among the examination, interrogation, verification ancient Hindus, Muslims, Greeks and of their casts, name, relations with Romans. Narada categorizes it, as one of deceased, enmity, occupation, property the ten Aparadhas (crimes), viz, and their other probable details to elicit disobedience of the king’s order, murder confessions of guilt or clues to proceed of a woman, confusion of Varnas, ahead investigation. Application of adultery, theft, pregnancy from one, not torture is also prescribed while the husband, abuse and defamation, obscenity, assault (Danda Parusya ) and investigating. Men can speak lie, but abortion87. Manu and Vishnu vehemently place of occurrence or circumstances can condemn this practice.88 Prescribes not, was the view of Kautilya and so he death by being burnt with grass (Kotagni) laid stress on thorough examination of for those woman, who were confirmed dead body, place of occurrence and that of adulterous, or who destroyed their fetus. the suspects for detection of crime. He views that many of the murders was Yajnavalkya.89 mentions that a committed by one hirelings, or thieves, woman, who killed her own child in the womb, or who murdered a man, may have robbers, or the enemies of a third person, a stone tided round her neck and be personal motive mainly worked there drowned, provided she be not pregnant and vengeance often was the root cause of at the time of the sentence.90 Manu all such crimes. “Those who called the Yajnavalkya, Vashistha, Gautam and deceased, who were with him, who Apastamba further prescribe such” accompanied him on his journey, and Bbhrunhan” (destroyer of foetus ), brought him to the seen of death, who saw certain penances till death, but declare any armed person lurking in the place that such a person can never get rid of the and showing signes of troubled loss of the right of association with the appearance etc. were also to be people, that there is no return for him to questioned and interrogated. Personal his relatives91. Practice of feticide was property, such as travelling requisites, highly looked down upon with great dress, jewels or other things, which the disfavour and criticism, right from the deceased had on his body, while age of Manu down to the middle ages and murdered, were also to be examined. was considered to a very serious crime. Persons, who supplied or had something

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 53 to do with those things, were also body is to be prepared by smearing it with interrogated as to know the associates, oil, obviously with the object of bringing residence, cause of journey, professionals to light any means of violence or wounds. and other calls of the deceased 93. The condition and appearance of the Involvement of domestic servants in body in the cause of death are indicative conspiracy, leading to the death of their of resultant causes of homicide. If death masters, was also to be ascertained is caused by strangulation, there is a thoroughly. Deceased’s relatives, if any, swelling of the hands and feet, voiding of living a miserable life, or having some urine and stools, bulging of eyes, and notorious tinge in character, a woman of marks on the throat. If, in addition, there suspicious character round the deceased is a contradiction of the arm and thighs, or relative defending a woman of her death by hanging is indicated. Closed deprived inheritance rights by the dead eyes, a bitten tongue, and, a swollen belly, man, were to be earmarked and rounded indicate death by drowning. Other up for thorough interrogation and causes are similarly described and it is examination. Love intrigues, property mentioned that the officer must be very greed, domestic disputes and quarrels careful in his investigation, since a case used to play dominant role in the of murder is often made to appear, as a commission of homicide even in those far case of suicide. off times, as of now. If poisoning is suspected, the remains Gautam also assigns the causes of of the last meal, eaten by the deceased, homicides to the greed for wealth, food, should be tested, or a part of his heart beddings or attachment of one to another may be thrown in fire, its crackling sound man’s wife39. Yajnavalkya suggests or rainbow colours, indicating the enquiries on the point of deceased’s presence of poison. It is further stated in longing for another’s wife and Kautilya’s Arthasastra that, a likely possessions, and what kind of livelihood, culprit in a case of poisoning, would be a he was having, and with whom, he had servant severely reprimanded or gone out95. Persons, living in the place of thrashed by the deceased, or a wife in occurrence be gradually accosted96. The love with another, or a person hoping to sons and friends of surreptiously inherit his properly. Usual motives, in murdered persons should be murder, are a woman, property, immediately and intensively accosted, if professional rivalry or a pending law the deceased had any quarrel with any suit. If murder is definitely indicated, person, and if his wife had been visited by investigation must be made to trace the other persons. murderer by questioning all those, with whom, deceased was last seen and those, 14. Post -Mortem:- who had dealings with him before his death. If, on the other hand, it is proved to Kautilya suggests detailed account of be a case of suicide, investigation must be examination of the corpse of a man in case made to find out what led the person to of sudden death. He suggests a post- commit it. Suicide was thought to be a sin mortem examination of the corpse. The and his dead body was dragged by

54 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D) chandal on the highways and a kinsman, the offences were settled by religious attempting to perform the obsequies was penance. Another hurdle was cast based to be treated as an outcast. concept of crime and justice both, and was not based on the principle of equality 15. Punishment (Dand) :- of law or justice. Gravity of offences and Punishment is the action taken by the awarding punishments differed entirely society against one who commits crime, on class complex of the offenders as well an act by which one transgresses the as of the victims. A Brahman, abusing a written or unwritten laws of that society, Sudra, is condemned to no punishment, the exercise of justice by the community while a Sudra is subjected to severe of state of its representatives against the corporal punishment, sometime individual who breaks the laws of the amputation of tongue. One special society is primarily based on the feelings feature of crime is that it changes with which underlie revenge. Punishment is, time and place. what is regarded as a to a great extent, the revenge, vengeance crime by a particular society, at a of a person, or vengeance of the society, particular period of time, may not be so, for acts of crimes, of individuals, in order at a different time and for different to preserve the peace and order in the people. Even in present day acts of society. The criminals must suffer and homicides and genocide, of terrorists must expiate their crimes. ; group in Jammu & Kashmir, are serious Death sentence was the natural and heinous crime for the Indians, but punishment for murder. If after a scuffle, they are termed by Pakistan Govt. as the death follows after some interval of time, acts of heroism, patriotism and bravery the punishment used to be reduced. and the offenders killed, while Death penalty was in different forms committing such crimes, are termed as according to nature of crime. Skinning martyar or Sahid. Likewise in freedom the head and then setting it on fire is the movements of any country, even now, form of death for murdering one’s while committing murders or genocide, mother, father and others. Tearing, as by offenders against the ruling classes under by bullocks, is prescribed for the are termed as offenders but they are woman, killing her husband or some taken as freedom fighters by the country elder. Death by drowning is struggling for liberation Brahmans were recommended for one who kills by not awarded capital punishment in poison98. Kautilya prescribes death general but Kautilya prescribes death sentence to the violators of a maiden of sentence to a Brahmin by drowning, in the same caste, who has not attained case, found guilty to foment disaffection puberty in case of her death. or rebellion in forts, to incite wild tribes The Dharmasastras contain long lists or enemies against king.99 Brahmahatya of various crimes against society but they was a grave offence and no mercy was are more religious in nature and it is shown to the culprit, whether he is a difficult to strictly divide a line between Brahamin or the Guru and should get sins and punishable offences and many of capital punishment.100

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 55 On humanitarian grounds immunity Mensrea (criminal intention)” used to from punishment was given to certain play significant role in fixing up an category of persons, irrespective of casts. offence. Like modern law code, in the past Yajnavalkya says, “an old man over also, wrongful acts done unintentionally eighty, a boy below sixteen, women and and without criminal negligence, will not persons, suffering from diseases were, be a crime in those days also. Manu says “a given half Prayaschitta”101 Similarly a person is criminally liable only for child less than five years commits no offences committed intentionally or out of crime nor sin by any act and was not to gross (grave) negligence.l05” Like today for suffer any punishment and not to murder and any other crimes like adultry, undergo a Prayaschitta. Kautilya too was fraud, impersonation, state used to in favour of granting immunity to a miner conduct prosecution, even if the victim from punishment.102 does not come forward with complaint Ashoka, the great of Maurya Empire and the victims or their near relatives had abolished death sentence after the used to be punished for suppression of Kalinga war but generally during crimes, and law did not permit anyone to Mauryas and Guptas, the punishment come to a private arrangement with the was very severe. Death sentence was the offender, so as to condone the wrong for punishment for murder of person, it some consideration. In modern times in could be death with torture, if the victim India the same methodology still exists died on the spot. Painful deaths are and the state government does not prescribed for those who caused death allowed a crime un noticed if the with pain to a person Ashok emphasised complainant declines to register a case. on human aspect of the culprits also, and Like Manu, Yajnavalkya was also a called upon the Nagara Vyavaharakas strong supporter of this view.106 In such (city judges) to see that the torture or case Kautilya prescribes a fine of five imprisonment should not lead to hundred Panas (4,12, 34). Section 201 of accidental death of the accused and so modern Indian Penal Code covers this like modern times, proper care was offence and makes penal provisions for taken to prevent custodial death and trying to temper with the evidence of non-coersive method of interrogation of crime. the accused. Junagarh Inscription of Manu requires the state to do its best Skandgupta has given a detailed picture to apprehend the criminals at its own of capital punishment. Culprits were initiative and to bring them to justice crushed to death by elephants as derived even if no complaint was lodged by the from Mudra Rakshasha103. victim.l07 Manu lays down that a Brahman, The death sentence was the supreme intentionally committing any of the type of corporal punishment. It was “Great crimes,” shall be banished from carried out in various ways: beheading.l08 the country, with all his belongings and for those who corrupted royal ministers, men of other three castes, doing so, shall slain women, infants, or Brahmanas, and, be put to death.104 served enemy of king, cutting to pieces

56 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D) with razors, implement preceded by culprits. Katyayana attaches no blame to cutting of hands,109 drowning.110, burning a man, who kills wicked men, that are by fire.111 devouring by dogs, 112, pouring about to kill another, but, when, they boiling oil in the mouth and ears.113, have desisted from their attempt, they inserting burning rod of iron into the should be arrested, and, not killed.121 mouth.114, trampling to death under the Persons, about to set fire, or to kill, or feet of an elephant.115 and amputation they are in the act of setting fire, and followed by death.116, for an offence of a killing, and the like, and that, where it is man sexually violating an unwilling not possible by any other means to maiden was to be put to death after prevent, except by killing, killing is not cutting off his penis. an offence, but, when it is possible to The Mahabharata authorised prevent them by merely wounding than subjects right to tyrannicide, if no other with a weapon, or stick, killing them alternative left to them.117 Many would be an offence.l22 It is synonymous of tyrannical kings were killed by the provisions of modern Indian Penal Code, people. King Vena was one of them, covering sections 99-105. though he pleaded this unviolability of Medhatithi.123 goes beyond the above his person on account of his divinity, the prescription of Katyayan and provides sages, who were exasperated by his provision to kill a desperado even after wickedness and tyranny immediately the commission of crime, besides killing, killed him. Nahusa, Sudasa, Sumukha when committing offence. Mitaksara.124 and Nimi were other tyrants who were says that one has a right to oppose and assassinated by their subjectsl18. kill another in self-defense, in defense of Before inflicting punishment purity woman, and other weak people, who can and truth of evidence and witnesses were not defend themselves against a kept in mind and in no case an innocent murderous or violent attack, and in that, was to be punished. For deposing false even if, a Brahmin is killed in exercise of evidences strict provisions were devised this right, there is no punishment at the to punish them. Kautilya says “when a hands of the king, and the Prayaschitta king punished an innocent man, he shall (penance for killing a Brahman) is light be imposed a fine twenty times the unjust one. If a driver (of a cart) kills a man by a imposition which he shall either throw rash and negligent driving, he is to be into water, dedicating it to Varunaor punished like a thief 125. Vishnu Sanhita distribute it among the Brahmanas.119 says that a man commits no offence by Yajnavalkya also devised punishment to secretly or openly slaying one, who king in case of wrong judgement or attempts to murder him, for such an punishment. 120 action provokes his anger.126 and such offenders as take up the sword to kill 16. Exceptions in Homicide another, are one of the seven Atatayins.127 Crime:- Kautilya also prescribes certain Homicide, being denounced by the astonishing exceptions and advises King ancient law givers, they had prescribed to give concessions to such offenders. He certain exceptions in punishing the lays down certain deceitful measures, by

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 57 which a king can relieve himself of his The fact that Charudatta, a Brahman seditious ministers. He suggests to is being shown, having been condemned employ some spys to instigate the to death by the king Palaka in the famous minister’s brothers on property drama Mrichhakatika (4th -5th ceutury disputes, and on provocation, if he kills A.D.), fully indicates that the sentence of his brother, he shall be put to death is the death against Brahmans, committing same spot under the plea and charge that grave offences, was not entirely he is a parricide.128 He advises the same unknown or unheard of (Mrichhakatia by methods to be applied in case of a Sudraka, Act, ix) Many passages in seditious Parsava (one who is begotten of Jatakas indicate execution of a Brahman on a Sudra Wife), and a Brahmansl33. According to P. V. Kane “ the seditious son of a woman- servant. A spy force’ of popular feeling on the point of may instigate a seditious minister on the exempting a Brahmana offender from the issue of inheritance and while the death sentence, was so great that claimant is lying at night at the door of Elphinstone (Governor of Bombay) in the house of the seditious minister, or Regulation - 14 of 1827 sect iv, clause 5 else where a, fiery spy (Tiksua) may exempted Bramanas and women from murder him and declare a hue and cry, death sentence even for murder, where and then by taking the side of the victim, public feeling would be shocked 134.” But may punish the seditious minister.129 A from above narration it is also clear that spy may instigate the father of seditious exemption was never unanimous. minister and on the charge of parricide, On the whole, it can be concluded that 130 he may be murdered. A mendicant Hindu law givers, were, indeed, more woman, having Captivated the wife of a successful in reducing the incidents of seditious minister by administering such crime by ensuring satisfactory medicines as excite the feelings of love, interdependent social relations among may through that wife, contrive to poison the citizens and in restoring to the the minister. He may be sent to fight a community appreciable peace, harmony, rebellion and may get him killed in that tranquility and commendable public also.131 While engaged in some sports order. Laws, devised in detail the outside the city, this king may honour methodology of punishing the offenders them with accommodation near his own. of various crimes, differently based, A woman of bad character, under the entirely, on the gravity of crimes. Narada, guise of the queen, may be caught in the Brihapati and Katyayan further refined apartment of such ministers and then, and elaborated them. It is mainly on the they may be put to death.132 The king may basis of the works of these law givers that poison him through a doctor and hence so we are enabled to present an account of many deceitful devices and measures crimes, laws and criminal justice system were suggested to the king to murder a of the then society. But from the above non-patriotic and unfaithful ministers. narration it is quite evident that laws (conspiring against the king, or the were not equitable and in most of the kingdom, and these offences were not in cases justice was entirely based on Vama the purview of punishment).

58 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D)

Vybastha and women, Sudras, Vaishyas 8. Rig- Veda- 5,29,11. were subjected largely as victims of the 9. Rig-Veda 4,30,15. unjust laws, if viewed with modem parameter. For one and the same offence 10. Rig-Veda 7-99-4 different people were differently 11. Rig-Veda 10,49,4, oSfnd jktuhfr dk ,sfrgkfld punished. The mode of punishment and vkÌkj % Mk- fo'oukFk izlkn oekZ i`&13 fcgkj fgUnh xzaFk spirit of law were completely unjust and vdkneh- feudal in concept. The toiling poor people, who provided to the upper two 12. Rig-Veda 4,30,21 castes, namely Brahmanas and 13. Rig-Veda 4,30,15. Kshatriyas, food and means of subsistence, were in almost all the cases 14. Rig-Veda 4,16,13 were dealt with great cruelty and inhumanely. Hence justice in those days 15. Rig-Veda 7,18,14 was largely based on unjust foundations 16. Santi Parva, 59,14 ÌeZoS; iztk% lokZjlfUr Le and larger sections of people kept on ijLije~ being exploited both by the state agency 17. Dr. Siddhishware Jena, Nag publishers, and the upper two castes through out the Tatra Snatva capitva ca brahmahatya ancient period and they were almost viliyate- 176-80, Quoted in Narsimha treated worst than animals. Puranam, Delhi, p- 277-278. Reference:- 18. Mhb. 12,337,36 Quoted in the book Narsimhaprusanam by Dr. Siddishwar 1. R.S.Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas jena P- 282. and Institution in Ancient India, page 35. 19. Bhagwat Puran, VII Chs- 1-10

2. R. S. Sharma, The life of the Buddha, p. 5- 20. Malti Madhav, Aank-5 6., SBB, iv, 87, quoted in Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient 21. Dharma Sastra ka Itihas, vol-5 p-13 by P.V.Kane. India, page 36. 22. K. A. Nilkanth Sastri, The Age of the 3. Bhandarkar, D.R. Some, Aspects of Nandas & Maurya’s page-210. Ancient Hindu Polity, Banaras, 1929, quoted by R. S Sharma: Ibid. page 39. 23. K.A.Nilkanth sastri, The age of the Nandas and Mauryas page 210-211. 4. Upendra Thakur, History of Suicide in 24. Kau.XV-'kkfL=fefr 'kkL= eFkZA rijpk i`fFkO;k ykHk Ancient India Chap.-I (Emile Durkheim, ikUnuksiki% Suicide (Eng, trans), P-42; 25. Yajna.-II,21, Narada-l.39 5. C. Colmbroso crime: Its causes and Remedies, P-45 cited in Homicide in 26. Dikshi. Vrr. JIH, Vol XXVII, Ph I,P-47, Ancient India. : Upendra Thakur, P-2. quoted in Judicial Administration in Ancient India by Dr, Birendra Nath P-17.

6. Homicides in Ancient India: Dr. Upendra 27. eÌqekal eSFkqu otZukRed czãk p;Z'kkfyuh] on Manu, Thakur, P-4. V 158.

7. CHI Vol, P-97, Quoted in Judicial 28. Dr. R.M. Das, P-22. Quoted by Aparka on Administration in Ancient India by Dr, Yajanvalkya- 1,87 and Women in Manu Birendra Nath. and His Seven Commentators

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 59 29. On Manu V.157. 54. Quoted, Eiwester work, origin and Development of the Moral Ideas Vol. 1, p- 30. Manu XI, 138. 451.

31. Gautam XXII, 27. 55. Schrader Reallex, p-l02.

32. Manu, V, 90. 56. V. Thakur, Homicide in Ancient India:, P-38. 33. Manu IX, 232, 34.Manu XI, 66. 57. Taiteriya sec.-2,5,11. 35. Manu XI, 190. 58. Satpath Brahman -viii, 3, 1. 1, 36. Manu XI, 138, thu dkeqZdcLrkchu~ i`FkXn?kkn~ fo'kq);sA prq.kkZ;fi o.kkZuka ukjhgSRokvuofLFkrk % 59. Soma is a God, Satpath Samhita Vol.- 37. Manu -3, 76, Manu-8, 348-49. xxvi, p. 243.

38. Manu, 8, -291-92. 60. Vas.Dh.5.1.20.

39. Manu -8, 293-98. 61. Yahavalkya -Smriti, -iii, 227.

40. Manu-8.346. 62. Vas. Dh. S-iii, 15-18.

41. Manu -9,232. 63. P.V.Kane, History of Dharmasastra, VOL-2, P-148 also Visnu S. V .191-92, 42. Kautilya -4-11-227-28. Matsya purana, 227, 117-19 ,Katyayana quoted Smriti Candrika, Vyavahar p-315. 43. Yajn-2, 273,278-79, of Narada -14-6,8,9. 64. P.V kane, History of Dham, vol,-ii p.-151. 44. Kaut,-4-1-203. 65. Yajnavalkya smriti -iii, 236. 45. R. L. Mitra, Indo-Aryans, vol.- 2, p.- 53-58, and E. west ermarck, origin and 66. Manu smriti- xi, -66. Development of the Moral ideas, voi.-1, p. 434,quoted by Upendra Thakur: Homicide 67. Vpendra Thakur, Homicide in Ancient in Ancient India page-14. India,p-48.Manu xi 14.

46. Mitra, Indo Aryans, vol. ii page- 63. 68. Bandnayana.Dh.S.l, 10, 193, Parasara Smriti- vi, 15,Sankha- xvii, 8-9. 47. Mitra-op.cit.p.67 and U. Thakur .History of Suicides in Ancient India, chap.-2 -iv. 69. Gautam, xxiii, The Dharmasastras (tran.M.N.Dutt.)Vol.- 11. 48. Mitra, op. cit. vol. -ii. p. 68. 70. Vasistha Sanhita, xviii, Manu, ix-87, 49. Mitra, op. cit. p. 70. Gautam, - 22. 12, Manu -ix, 232, Visnu. Dh. S. verses-9-11. 50. Mitra, op cit vol.ii.p- 70. 71. Manu-ix-139. 51. Upendra Thakur, Homicide in Ancient India, p-17. 72. Rig Veda, 10.18.7

52. Kalika Purana, Asiatic Researches, Vol-5, 73. Rig Veda, 20.19-8.8. P-371. 74. Ramayan 7.17.14 53. V. Thakur, Frazer, Golden Bough, Vol-2, P-318-19, quoted in Suicide in Ancient 75. Mahabharat’ Aadi Parva 95. 65. ßr=Suua India, p-21. fprkfXuLFka ekæh leUokgjksgÞA

60 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Homicide Investigation and Punishment in Ancient India. (From Early Times to 647 A.D)

76. Mahabharat Aadi Parva, 17,7.8.24. 98. Arthasasrtra chapter-411.

77. Santi parva, 248,8.9 ßu dk;Zfeg esa ukFkthforsu 99. Kaut 4,2. Ro;k fcukAÞ 100. Manu-8-350-5, Matsyapuran, 227,115- 78. Kam guTta, 6,2,53. 17.

79. Vrihaspati,483,84. 101. Mitakshara on yaj -3,243, Haradatta on Gautam-2,-6. 80. Vyas, 2.53. 102. Kaut.4,13. 81. Vishanu Purana, 5,38,2. 103. Mudra Rakshasa edition. p. 51. 82. Vishanu Puran 5, 38.3 104. Manu 9, 241-42 83. W.Crooke Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Vol.- ii. p.161-62. 105. R.M Das, Brahaspati -19 .27-28 Quoted in Crime and Panishment in Ancient India, 84. Giles, Strange Stories from a Chinese page 16-17. Studio, Vol.- ii, p. 377. 106. yajn-2, 301 85. Gaduda Purana, Vol-3.

86. U. Thakur, Homicide in Ancient India: 107. Manu,8 , 287. p.61-62. 108. Manu -9.232 87. P. V .Kane, Op cit, Vol-iii p-264. 109. Manu ix, 292 88. Manu -v-90, xi-88, Vishnu Puran, p-204. 110. Manu ix, 279 Vrddha-Harita vii, p- 220-21 111. Manu-viii, page-372, 89. Yaj-ii,728 112. lbid vii-271 90. Yaj-ii, 279, Kane, Op cite Vol-iii,p-401, Manu-xi, p-186- 87,Yaj-iii,295,297,Vas. 113. Manu -8,-272, Vishnu Dh.S-5,24 15-20,Gant, 20, p-10-14. 114. Manu 8-271 91. Nirnaya Sindhu,iii (uttarardha) p-567-68, Dharma Sindhu, iii (uttarardha),p p-453- 115. Manu 8.34 54, Atri-Sanhitta,i,319. 116. Manu, 8. 364 92. Sham Sastry, Arthasastra of Kautilya Ed., 7,218. 117. Mbh, -8-86-35.

93. Ibid. -7,218. 118. R.M.Das, Crime and Punishment in Ancient India. page-45-46. 94. Dr. Upendra Thakur, Homicide in Ancient India, page -6. (Gautam-Samhita, 119. Kauttilya, 4-13-238. chap.23, Dharmasastra Trans. M.N.Dutt vol. 2,quoted) 120. Yaj. -2, 307.

95. Dharmasastra, trg.M.N. Dutt, vol. 1-110. 121. Kat Sanihta Sutra, 800.

96. Ibid, chap.- 2, page. -284. 122. P. V .Kane, op. cit. Vol-iii, P-517 .

97. chapter- 4, 7 of Arthasastra . 123. On Manu, viii, 348

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 61 124. On Yaj, ii-21 10. K.P .Jayaswal: Hindu Polity.

125. P.V.Kane, op. cit, Vol-iii, P-528. 11. P. V .Kane: History of Dharrnasastra.

126. Vas, v, 186 12.D.D.Kosambi: The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India. 127. Vas, v, 187-88. 13. R.C.Majumdar: Corporate Life in Ancient 128. Ahth, v, 238. India.

129. Ap.th, v, 288. 14.R.K.Mukherjee: Chandragupta Maurya and his time. 130. Arth.v,288 15. R.P .Dasgupta: Crime and Punishment in 131. Kant v, 288. Ancient India. 132. Kaut, v, 289. 16. Romila Thapar: A History of India (Penguin 133. Fick, Social Organization, p-212. 1966).

134. P .V .Kane op. Cit. Vol iii, P-397. 17.B.N.Mukherjee: Political History of Ancient India by Hemchandra Ray Chaudhary (Commentary of Book Consulted:- B.N.Mukherjee).

1. R.K.Choudhary, Kautilya’s Political Ideas 18. J.E.Swain: A History of World Civilization. and Institutions. 19.K.M.Agrawal: Kautilya on Crime and 2. T.Ganapati Shastri-Arthasastra of Punishment in Ancient India. Kautilya (Trivendrum- 1924-25) 20.Pandit Ganpati Shastri: Kautilyee 3. R.P .Kangle: The Kautilyan Arthasastra. Arthsastra (Hindi translation).

4. R.S.Sharrna: Aspects of Political Ideas and 21. M. K. Sharan, Court Procedure in Ancient Institutions in Ancient India. India.

5. R.S.Sharma: Feudalism in Ancient India. 22.Sukala Das, Crime and Punishment in Ancient India. 6. A.L.Basam The Wonder that Was India. 23. Birendra Nath: Judicial Administration in 7. Dr. Upendra Thakur: An introduction to Ancient India. Homicides in Ancient India. 24. A.S.Altekar: I Sources of Hindu Dharma in 8. Dr. Upendra Thakur: Suicide in Ancient its Socio- religions Aspects 1952. India. 25.V.P. Verma: Studies in Hindu Political. 9. D.R.Bhandarkar: Some Aspects of Ancient Thought and its Metaphysical India. Foundations (1959)

62 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Are West Bengal Key Words : Police Officer, Stress, Symptoms of Stress, Police Officers Consequences of Stress, Role Over-Load, Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, Group And Political Stressed? Pressures, Responsibility For Persons, Under Participation, Powerlessness, Poor Peer Relations, Dr. Sibnath Deb, Tanusree Intrinsic Impoverishment, Low Status, Strenuous Chakraborty, Pooja Chatterjee Working Conditions, And Unprofitability. and Dr. Neerajakshi Srivastava. Abstract : Introduction Police Officers play a significant role for maintaining law and order in the society. The stress response of the body is Sometimes they work under pressure and are somewhat like an airplane readying for stressed. The broad objective of the present study take-off. Virtually all systems e. g., the was to understand the level of psychological stress heart and blood vessels, the immune among West Bengal Police Officers. A group of 50 system, the lungs, the digestive system, Senior Police Officers with at least 5 years working experience was covered and data were collected by the sensory organs, and brain are using ‘Occupational Stress Index’ developed by Dr. modified to meet the perceived danger. A.K. Srivastava and Dr. A.P. Singh (1998) People can experience either external or through self-administration method. Findings internal stressors. External stressors revealed that 14.0% of the Police Officers were include adverse physical conditions such suffering from high psychological stress. Further as pain or hot or cold temperatures or analysis of data revealed that the main areas of stressful psychological environments stress included un-profitability (22.0%), role such as poor working conditions or overload (18.0%), role conflict (18.0%), abusive relationships. Humans, like powerlessness (18.0%), role ambiguity (16.0%), animals, can experience external unreasonable group and political pressure stressors. Internal stressors can also be (16.0%), intrinsic impoverishment (16.0%) and under participation (16.0%). Findings suggest that physical like infections, inflammation or special attention is required for taking need-based psychological. An example of an internal measures for each of the above areas of stress for psychological stressor is intense worry unburdening the level of stress among Police about a harmful event that may or may Officers. not occur. As far as anyone can tell, internal psychological stressors are rare or absent in most animals except humans. Stress-related conditions that are most likely to produce negative physical effects include: ✿ An accumulation of persistent *Department of Applied psychology stressful situations, Calcutta University. particularly those that a person 92, A.P.C.Road, Kolkata – 700 009 cannot easily control. For E-mail: [email protected]

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 63 example, high-pressured work our daily lives, relieving stress through and an unhappy relationship. changes in work habits, work environment, and work relations must be ✿ Persistent stress following a a key element in our overall stress severe acute response to a management. traumatic event such as an Just about any work situation can be automobile accident. potential source of stress. People’s ✿ An inefficient or insufficient perception of the work situation relaxation response. determines the amount of stress he/she will experience and whether or not he ✿ Acute stress in people with will experience serious stress symptoms. serious illness such as heart Some of the common symptoms of disease. physical, emotional and behavioural Job-related stress is particularly symptoms of stress are given in Chart 1. likely to become chronic because it is Among the intense stressors at work such a large part of daily life. And, stress are the following; in turn reduces a worker’s effectiveness by impairing concentration, causing ✿ Having no participation in sleeplessness, and increasing the risk for decisions that affect one’s illness, back problems, accidents, and responsibilities. lost time. Work stress can lead to ✿ harassment or even violence while on the Unrelenting and unreasonable job. At its most extreme, stress that demands for performance. places such a burden on the heart and ✿ Lack of effective commun- circulation may be fatal. The Japanese ication and conflict-resolution even have a word for sudden death due to methods among workers and overwork, karoushi. In fact, a number of employers. studies are now suggesting that job- related stress is as great a threat to ✿ Lack of job security. health as smoking or not exercising. ✿ Long hours. The attitude that work is a duty and an obligation began with the early ✿ Excessive time spent away from pioneers who settled this land. They home and family. believed that success and survival could ✿ be achieved only through cooperation, Office politics and conflicts determination and hard labor. Gradually between workers. work as means of improving society was ✿ Wages not commensurate with replaced by work as a means of enhancing levels of responsibility. own status and standard of living. With the birth of ‘me’ generation work has Police Officers play a very significant become yet another source of stress. As role for maintaining law and order in the job stress becomes such a routine part of society despite all the shortcomings and

64 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Are West Bengal Police Officers Stressed?

Chart 1 : Symptoms of Stress Physical Symptoms Emotional Symptoms Behavioural symptoms

• Headaches • Irritability • Wrinkling forehead • Twitching eyelid • Moodiness • High pitched nervous laughter • Twitching nose • Depression • Nail biting • Facial or jaw pains • Unusual Aggressiveness • Compulsive eating • Dry mouth or throat • Loss of memory • Increased use f prescribed • Difficulty in swallowing • Nightmares medicine • • Ulcers on tongue • Withdrawal Loss of interest in physical appearance • Neck pains • Neurotic behavior • Compulsive dieting • Dizziness • Anger • Chronic procrastination • Speech difficulties • Thoughts of suicide • Sudden change of social habits • Backaches • Feeling helpless • Chronic tardiness • Muscle aches • Impulsive behavior • Foot or finger tapping • Weakness • Restlessness • Hair pulling • Constipation • Frequent episodes of crying • Smoking • Indigestion • Indecisiveness • Drinking • Nausea/vomiting • Lack of sexual interest • Drug dependence • Stomach pains • Periods of confusion • Gnashing or grinding teeth • Diarrhoea • Racing thoughts • Sexual inadequacy • Anxiety • Chest pains • Feelings of panic • Insomnia • Accident proneness • High BP • Heartburn limitations in the Police Department psychologically straining situations and especially in regard to the potentially psycho traumatic infrastructural facilities, manpower and experiences. periodic training. Police Officers are A number of studies were carried out supposed to implement all the criminal in different parts of the world for laws for which they work round the clock understanding the level of stress among and/or without any leave/break, which Police Personnel. Green (2004) carried cause tremendous mental pressure and out a study among Police Officers with a physical exertion on them. As a result, view to ascertaining whether the Police sometimes a few of them may have Officers have severe post-traumatic violent outbursts and/or take leave stress than PTSD in civilians. No without any prior notice. Police Officers significant differences were found, are at high risk of being exposed to although there was a tendency for higher

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 65 use of alcohol and to try not to think about compassion fatigue. Deschamps et al., the trauma. Police Officers had more (2003) found that Police from minority experiences of reliving the trauma or groups such as ageing subjects or police acting as if the trauma were recurring officers have been reported to but, again, not to a significant degree. experience greater stress. This Yang (2004) found statistically population is adversely affected by lack significant difference in occupational of available manpower and long working stress and strain between doctors, Police hours. In fact sources of stress in the Officers and teachers was statistically police population are found both in the significant (P < 0.01), and the score of the weariness of the job and private life police-officers was higher than that of planning. Levenson and Dwyer (2003) the doctors and teachers (P < 0.05), but reported that peer support component of the personal resources of Police Officers law enforcement and other emergency were lower than those of the doctors and services agencies has contributed to an teachers (P < 0.05). Further analysis of all increase in professional mental health items of personal strain revealed that the referrals and a decrease in on-the-job scores of vocational strain, psychological suicides, sick days, and poor work strain, physical strain, but not of performance. Furthermore, peer interpersonal strain, were significantly participation in debriefings following a higher in police Officers than in doctors traumatic event, and peer support and teachers (P < 0.05). during a crisis facilitates the process of Violanti (2004) explored suicide psychological closure and mourning and ideation in Police Officers and possible enables emergency services workers to correlates associated with such ideation cope more effectively with tragedy so focusing on psychologically traumatic they can continue to perform their jobs police work experiences, the efficiently and with satisfaction. development of posttraumatic stress Pole et al., (2003) emphasized the (PTSD) in officers, and the inordinate use importance of contextual threat and of alcohol associated with this condition. suggest that laboratory measures of Results suggest that certain traumatic startle improve upon self-reported police work exposures increase the risk exaggerated startle alone in indexing of high-level PTSD symptoms, which PTSD symptom severity in urban police subsequently increase the risk of high officers. Collins and Gibbs (2003) confirm alcohol use and suicide ideation. The previous findings of organizational combined impact of PTSD and increased culture and workload as the key issues in alcohol use led to a ten-fold increase risk officer stress. Given that the degree of for suicide ideation. Violanti and Gehrke symptomatology appears to be (2004) concluded that increased worsening, management action is frequency and type of traumas, required. Further research is indicated especially those occurring to other co- within the police population into a workers and those associated with possible increased susceptibility in gender, might eventually lead to a female officers. Literature review secondary process of emotional indicates that no such study was carried

66 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Are West Bengal Police Officers Stressed? out among the West Bengal Police relevant components of job life which Officers with a view to understanding cause stress in some way or the other, their level of stress. such as, role over-load, role ambiguity, role conflict, group and political Objective: pressures, responsibility for persons, under participation, powerlessness, The broad objective of the study was poor peer relations, intrinsic to understand the level of psychological impoverishment, low status, strenuous stress among Police Officers with a view working conditions, and unprofitability. to suggesting need-based measures. Data Collection: Data was collected Methodology from the said group of Police Officers when they came to Kolkata for attending Sample and Sampling : A group of a training programme on Child Abuse 50 Police Officers from West Bengal And Neglect. Prior permission was Police with at least 5 years working obtained from the Additional Director experience was covered in the study General of Police (Training), West following convenience-sampling Bengal for the said purpose. The study technique was carried out in December 2004. Study Tool: ‘Occupational Stress Limitation: The study was based on Index’ developed by Dr. A.K. Srivastava small sample. Another study with larger and Dr. A.P. Singh (1995) was used for sample is suggested. achieving the objective of the present study. This scale aims to measure the Interpretation of Results extent of stress, which the employees perceive arising from various Data collected from fifty West Bengal constituent and conditions of their job. Police Officers using a standardized The stress researchers have developed psychological scale entitled the scales which the stress arising ‘Occupational Stress Index’ have been exclusively from job roles (Rizzo et al., processed, analyzed and finally 1970; Pareek, 1981). presented below for meaningful and logical interpretation of the same. The scale consists of 46 items, each to be rated on the five-point scale. Out of 46 Analysis of the overall score as items 28 are ‘true-keyed’ and rest 18 are obtained from the study shows a mean ‘false-keyed’. The items relate to all score of 145.3 on a scale of 5 - 230; and a

Table 1: The Distribution Of Central Tendency Measures And Deviation Among The Group Of Police Officers (N=50)

Overall Mean Median Standard Kurtosis Norm Highly Score Range Deviation Stressed

5 - 230 145.3 140.5 26.4 1.20 118.89-171.75 14.0 %

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 67 standard deviation of 26.4, thus giving Further effort was made to analyze a norm of 118.89 - 171.75. Findings the data domain-wise. Domain-wise reveal that 14.0 % (7/50) of the West nature of stress among Police Officers Bengal Police Officers were highly has been presented in Table 2. stressed.

Table 2 : Domain wise Distribution Of Central Tendency Measures And Deviation Among The West Bengal Police Officers (N=50)

Sl. Domains of Mean Median Standard Above Norm i.e., % No. Stress Deviation Highly stressed 1. Role overload 22.08 22 4.5 9 18.0 Score Range: 6-30 2. Role Conflict 12.8 12.5 3.5 9 18.0 Score Range: 4-20 3. Role Ambiguity 11.2 11.0 3.7 8 16.0 Score Range: 4-20 4. Low Status 8.4 8.0 2.8 5 10.0 Score Range: 3-15 5. Un profitability 6.8 6.5 2.0 11 22.0 Score Range: 2-10 6. Strenuous Working 13.1 13.0 3.2 5 10.0 Conditions Score Range: 4-20 7. Intrinsic Impoverishment 11.0 10.0 3.8 8 16.0 Score Range: 4-20 8. Poor Peer Relations 11.6 12.0 2.4 3 6.0 Score Range: 4-20 9. Powerlessness 8.3 8.0 2.4 9 18.0 Score Range: 3-15 10. Under participation 11.3 11.0 3.4 8 16.0 Score Range: 4-20 11. Unreasonable Group and 13.0 13.0 3.1 8 16.0 Political Pressure Score Range: 4-20 12. Responsibility for Persons 10.1 10.0 2.36 4 8.0 Score Range: 3-15

Analyzing the data inserted in order of intensity, it has been found that Table 2 it has been observed that 22.0% 18.0% Police Officers were stressed due Police Officers were highly stressed in to role overload, role conflict and the domain of unpredictability. Next in powerlessness.

68 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Are West Bengal Police Officers Stressed?

Sixteen percent of the Police Officers Only 6.0 % (3/50) of the Police Officers were stressed with respect to role felt that poor peer relations in the ambiguity, intrinsic impoverishment, organization acts as a threat on healthy under participation and unreasonable organizational membership. Thus, it can group and political pressure. be interpreted that the group as has been Pertaining to role ambiguity 16.0 % found from the study is not much a (8/50) of the Police Officers were of the stressed group. However results reveal opinion that the job related information that stress does exist among some 14.0% provided were too less and vague as of the West Bengal Police Officers on compared to that required for effective various grounds. Graphical functioning. representation shows the pattern of An equal percentage (16.0 %) of stress experienced by the group of Police members were of the opinion that most of Officers in West Bengal (Figure 1). their opinions and suggestions were not much heeded upon; there was general Discussion, Conclusion and lack of cooperation among members. Recommendations Sixteen percent Police Officers In order to achieve the objective of the stated that they were needed to do some present study a group of 50 West Bengal work unwillingly owing to certain group/ Police Officers were covered. Findings political pressures. Even due to group revealed that 14.0% of them are highly pressures and need for greater stressed. Although the number is less, it acceptance in the group, they are is still a matter of concern for the required to work more than usual. authority and in order to confirm the Another 10.0 % (5/20) of the findings of the present study another participants find the working conditions study with larger sample should be were very strenuous. Circumstances carried out. However, domain-wise were tensed for many; coupled with risky analysis of stressor factors revealed that and complicated assignments to 22.0% of the Police Officers had a feeling accomplish. Even they were found to that they get less salary in comparison to assert that their job has made their life their quantum of outputs in the cumbersome. organization. Moreover, they were not Among the group of participants, rewarded sufficiently for the hard work 8.0 % (4/50) felt that their job done and performing all the accomplishment is interfered upon by undertakings efficiently. This is really a the irresponsibility and inefficiency of threat on the part of any organizational productivity of others in the job with him. member. Everybody has an expectation It acts as a thrust upon them to perform better. Even their responsibility for the in terms of rewards. Hence, it is future of other significant ones stresses suggested that reward system should be him; furthermore they hold themselves introduced in the Police Department to responsible for the progress and motivate the Officers to discharge their prosperity of the organization. duties effectively.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 69 70 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Are West Bengal Police Officers Stressed?

Further findings reveal that about The Police Officers who are stressed 18.0% of the Police Officers were of the with respect to role ambiguity, intrinsic feeling that they are not given proper impoverishment, under participation instructions about their job duties, their and unreasonable group and political work is being interfered by senior pressure stated that their job duties are officials, even working conditions are not monotonous in nature, lacks innovation very satisfactory from the point of view of and creativity. Work goes dull and dingy employee welfare and convenience. with many. They also do not get much Furthermore, the decisions taken by opportunity to utilize their abilities the those members and instructions way they want to, independence is concerning distribution of assignments somewhat thwarted in their job among employees, suggestions specifications. There are fewer regarding training programmes are prospects to develop ones aptitude and proficiency. Chances for expressing self rarely properly followed. Thus a feeling and giving suggestion in one’s competent of powerlessness exists among the Police areas are also not much in practice. Officers, adding to their occupational stress. There is a perceived lack of planning in jobs. One’s jurisdiction and authorities The Police Officers who are stressed are also not very well defined. They also due to role overload (18.0%), role conflict add that the higher authorities and (18.0%) and powerlessness (18.0%) had a colleagues never delineate the type of feeling that they have to do a lot of work work that is expected of them. About in the job. Even they do not get the chance 16.0% of the Police Officers suffer a to perform their duties to their level of stress resulting from under satisfaction, owing to excessive participation. Under participation is workload; they are sometimes required naturally linked to feeling of under to dispose off their work hurriedly. The recognition and alienation. Hence, it is work pressure and demands are so high suggested to involve the Police Officers that this group of police personnel can of all levels in decision-making process, rarely meet with their need for family which will in turn reduce the stress and matters and personal problems. They help to develop a feeling of recognition in have to carry their job home owing to the Department. tremendous work pressure. Sometimes Thus unreasonable pressure from they are required to perform jobs, which group to perform more and demands are supposed to be done by others. Thus from political institutions sometimes the concerned groups of West Bengal presses upon the individual resulting in Police Officers are under excessive job stress. In fact, this is unavoidable in workload doubled with the difficulty of Indian social set-ups since politicians are role conflict. The amount of stress among the main decision makers in every these men is thus high. Findings of aspects of social structure. previous study of Collins and Gibbs The present study revealed one (2003) also emphasized on reducing positive aspect among the Police Officers workload. i.e., good interpersonal relationship

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 71 among the Officers. Levenson and Dwyer References (2003) found the positive impact of good peer group relationship and further 1. Collins PA, Gibbs AC. Stress In Police Officers: A Study Of The Origins, shown how it helps each other to Prevalence And Severity Of Stress-Related overcome some problems resulting from Symptoms Within A County Police Force. stress. Hence, sharing of personal and Occup Med (Lond). 2003 Jun;53(4):256-64. work problems with the colleagues is the 2. Deschamps F, Paganon-Badinier I, source of ventilation of stress and strain Marchand AC, Merle C. Sources And among the Police Officers. . Assessment Of Occupational Stress In The Although only 14.0 % Police Officers Police. J Occup Health. 2003 Nov; were found to be highly stressed, it is a 45(6):358-64. matter of concern for the authority in the 3. Green B. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Police Department to find out solution In UK Police Officers. Curr Med Res Opin. for the same to avoid any unwanted 2004 Jan;20(1):101-5. situation in future. The main emphasis 4. Levenson RL Jr, Dwyer LA. Peer Support In should be given on the issues like role Law Enforcement: Past, Present, And clarity, participation of the Police Future. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2003 Officers in decision making process, Summer; 5(3):147-52. introducing more group activities in the 5. Pole N, Neylan TC, Best SR, Orr SP, department. In order to motivate the Marmar CR. Fear-Potentiated Startle Police Officers reward system should be And Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms In introduced in the Police Department, Urban Police Officers. J Trauma Stress. which is practiced in the Customs 2003 Oct;16(5):471-9. Department. In the Police Department 6. Violanti JM. Predictors Of Police Suicide the recognition of the services of police Ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004, officials is only for outstanding 34(3):277-83. performance whereas the officers at the lower level of hierarchy also work hard 7. Violanti JM, Gehrke A. Police Trauma and many times do great job. Recognition Encounters: Precursors Of Compassion in any form of these officials will boost Fatigue. Int J Emerg Ment Health, 2004, 6(2):75-80. their morale and help in reducing stress related problems among the police 8. Yang XW, Wang ZM, Lan YJ, Wang MZ. officials. Compare The Occupational Stress And Work Ability Among The Police-Officers, Doctors And Teachers. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2004 35(2):251-4.

72 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Taming The Beast: Key Words : Corruption in India - 2% of GDP - CVC - CBI - Can Corruption Be CVOs - ACBs - Laws - hotspots - public - police Controlled? corruption Abstract : Corruption reduces India's growth by 3-5% Jayanto N. Choudhury, IPS* annually. The highest institutions have condemned corruption, yet graft seems to be uncontrollable. Estimating corruption in India is like This article reviews the architecture and laws to the six blind men at different ends of an address corruption. It then calls for a coherent elephant. All agreed it was huge, but strategy, restructured organization and review of none was sure just how big. Rs. 30,000 to instruments. Constructing a Richter's scale of 50,000 crores is a conservative estimate sleaze and focusing on 'hotspots' would make more of bribes paid annually. This is almost 2 % effective use of limited resources. Consolidating of the GDP and about 20% of total and strengthening the CVO would yield better dividends. Enlisting the public and strengthening government revenue. If you add public anti-corruption capabilities in the states are the funds misappropriated, the figure will keys to better results. Police corruption must be probably increase several times. This reduced to improve the governments image. will not startle anyone who has traveled Leadership, Training and Oversight are suggested over non-existent roads in some states, means to achieve this. The feasible goal is to or looked for invisible rural schools. The change the perception that corruption is low-risk late Rajiv Gandhi had remarked that and that anyone who isn't corrupt lacks either' the only 15 paise of every rupee allocated for opportunity or the guts'. development projects was actually utilized, the balance being siphoned off at different levels. It is therefore not surprising that World Bank studies show that countries that tackle corruption can increase national income by 400% - the ‘governance dividend’. Everyone in India agrees that combating corruption is a national priority. A B Vajpayee as prime minister had called for ‘zero-tolerance’ against corruption. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has called for a national consensus to help clean politics of the ‘curse of corruption’. And efforts have gone beyond rhetoric. From the Santhanam Committee Report in the 1960’s to the Vineet Narain judgment and the recently * Joint Director/NE, SIB, MHA, tabled Lok Pal Bill, India’s highest Govt. of India, Shillong.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 73 institutions have addressed the control The objective of this article is to of corruption. Why then, does this seem stimulate discussion on a subject that is like the burden of Sisyphus, with most of rarely a policing priority. It briefly us resigned to corruption as beyond reviews the architecture of our anti- redemption? corruption machinery and legal Similar to other social offences like instruments, and then discusses ways of prostitution, corruption is often increasing capabilities. perceived as a ‘victimless’ crime with The Architecture both the giver and receiver benefiting. It could also be that more sophisticated The Chief Vigilance Commissioner investigating skills are needed to (CVC) is the ‘anti-corruption czar’ in the establish the chain of evidence needed to central government. He heads the successfully prosecute a corruption case. Central Vigilance Commission with the Traditionally, the more obvious crimes Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) as against person and property were of its ‘fighting’ arm and Vigilance Offices greater concern while contemporary (CVOs) in ministries and PSUs as challenges of terrorism and organized supporting arms. crime are the current focus of policing. CVC The CVC Act that was passed in In some respects corruption inflicts both Houses of Parliament in September more damage on the nation than all these 2003 is a direct result of the Supreme other crimes combined. It hampers Court’s rulings in the Vineet Narain case. development, condemning millions to a Though provisions of the Act are less life of poverty and reduces India’s than many hoped, for the first time, the potential rate of growth by at least 3-5% CVC has statutory status and judicial per annum. Moreover, poor governance powers of a Civil Court. It has oversight is often the genesis of militancy over the functioning of the CBI and CVOs particularly when youth despair of the of central PSUs and selects CBI officers future because of corruption. Extremist above SP including the Director. The groups in some states actually sustain charter of the CVC is primarily advisory themselves on misappropriated and restricted to officials serving the government funds extorted as ‘taxes’. central government. Its achievements Even organized crime groups have seen have been impressive when evaluated the huge opportunities in milking the against a strength of about 200 of which vast sums being spent today in the only 20-25 comprise the CTE that does infrastructure and social development technical evaluations. sectors. The brutal killing of Satyendra It directly receives about 12,000 Dubey, an official of the National complaints from the public every year, Highway Authority who tried to expose though less than 5% are found suitable to the systemic corruption in the Golden be followed up. It also receives about 600 Quadrilateral is evidence of the high references from the CBI of which 20% are stakes involved. advised for prosecution. CVOs send over

74 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Taming The Beast: Can Corruption Be Controlled?

3000 references that account for 80% of ACBs Most states have Anti- all cases referred to the Commission. Corruption Bureaus headed by senior Unfortunately, less than 0.5 % are found police officers. There are as yet no fit for prosecution. Recoveries of about established standards for the charter, Rs 20 crores are made annually on the authority and functioning of ACBs, nor basis of CTE inspections. benchmarks for performance. NCRB CBI The image of the CBI is as a data indicates that total corruption cases nemesis of the corrupt. It is relatively registered each year in the 29 states and small with just over 5000 personnel only 6 UTs are about 3500. Over 3000 arrests part of whom are deployed for its anti- are made annually and about Rs 8 crores corruption mission. Its charter is property recovered, though only 500 limited, bounded by the framework of the convictions are obtained. States like Delhi Special Police Establishment Act Maharashtra register almost 500 that restricts original initiatives in the corruption cases each year and arrest states, and includes operational controls over 600 persons. Others like Bihar like the ‘single-directive’ (now section 6 register 12 cases and arrest 5 persons. of the DSPE Act) that leashes Among the smaller states Rajasthan investigation against senior levels in registers almost 450 cases and arrests GOI itself. Nevertheless it has earned a over 200 and Haryana registers about 300 well-deserved reputation, investigating cases and arrests over 300 persons. On about 800 corruption cases annually with the other hand Assam registers 11 cases over 300 arrests and seizures of property and arrests 5. This data cannot be a basis worth Rs 14 crores. The conviction rate is for comparison of performance unless a an impressive 60% of cases charge- deeper evaluation is made. Nor of course, sheeted. It is no wonder that the highest can this data be interpreted to indicate a courts and even state governments call higher or lower degree of corruption in on the CBI to investigate complex and different states. controversial cases. The common complaints of ACBs are CVOs There are about 186 full-time lack of trained personnel, meager CVOs. Other organizations have part resources and ambiguity of mandate. time CVOs. They deal with about 30,000 There is not enough information to enquiries in all categories annually evaluate achievements of individual resulting in departmental penalties in ACBs. In some states the role of the ACB about 8000 cases. Of the more than 3000 is merely to conduct enquiries that are cases referred to the CVC only a very referred to it by government with small fraction is found fit for prosecution authority neither to initiate enquiries but almost 50% are recommended for nor even register cases for investigation major or minor departmental penalties. on the basis of findings. In the state governments, the primary The Laws anti-graft agencies are the Anti- Corruption Bureaus, Vigilance Bureaus The Prevention of Corruption Act, and in some, a Lok Ayukta with an 1988 is the main legal weapon for anti- Investigation Wing. corruption agencies. The objective was to

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 75 provide a more effective instrument than individuals, NGOs and even public the earlier provisions in the IPC. The Act officials who may want to expose provides for Special Judges and has corruption but for any reason don’t want expanded the range of corrupt practices their identity to be known. However, the against which cases could be registered. current practice of not entertaining Section 13 enables criminal prosecution anonymous complaints will continue. in case of officials possessing The proposed Lok Pal Bill that is now disproportionate assets. Some being re-examined by a Group of provisions enable admissibility of Ministers is intended to widen the ambit statements from both the accused and of anti-corruption efforts to include bribe-giver. The penalties include those holding high political office. The minimum terms of imprisonment and Lok Pal is to be modeled on the fines. ‘ombudsman’ existing in some Western The Money Laundering Act, 2003, countries. The office is expected to have statutory status and may have its own passed by both Houses of Parliament is investigative arm or perhaps the CBI awaiting notification by the Union may be brought under its aegis. Similarly, Finance Ministry. The P C Act is one of the Right to Information Bill tabled in laws that will be within its purview. It Parliament in December 2004 is seeks to declare laundering of funds a expected to increase the transparency of criminal offence, streamline disclosure working in central government requirements of transactions by financial organizations, reducing the scope for institutions, confiscate proceeds of corruption. crime, and facilitate cooperation with other countries against offenders who What more can be done? have fled the country including attachment and confiscation of property What more can be done to make kept abroad. A separate Tribunal and corruption a higher risk crime? More rigorous laws may not be enough – “When Appellate Tribunal are proposed, beyond mores are sufficient, laws are which appeal would lie only with the unnecessary. When mores are Supreme Court. insufficient, laws are unenforceable.” Though not a law, in April 2004 the Countries like China have found that central government has initiated the even extreme penalties like executing first step for protection of ‘whistle- the corrupt are not by itself a sufficient blowers’ or those who in the public deterrent. Creating yet more anti- interest wish to disclose corrupt corruption agencies or mechanically practices. The CVC is the designated deploying more resources may also not agency for addressing such complaints. significantly dent the graft juggernaut. The government notification applies Assuming that there are still enough only to central government right-thinking individuals in politics, organizations and excludes security among officials and the general public organizations and the armed forces. The what can we do to turn the tide in the ‘war intention is to provide an avenue for on corruption’?

76 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Taming The Beast: Can Corruption Be Controlled?

There is no ‘silver bullet’, though pragmatic goal would be to create an views are often expressed that if the CVC environment that reduces the scope for is empowered with the constitutional and increases the risks of corruption, and status and authority of the Chief Election to focus limited anti-corruption Commissioner, honest and committed resources on the worst affected sectors. individuals could make a difference. Such a approach would need a major Others feel that an institution like Hong transformation from the current focus on Kong’s Independent Commission individual cases with intelligence Against Corruption would provide the capabilities remaining underdeveloped. muscle needed. The CVC itself has A few of these issues are discussed below. recommended that a Joint Concentration of effort. Surveys Parliamentary Committee akin to the identify Customs, Excise, Income Tax, Public Accounts Committee follow up its Defence Procurement, Central PWD, annual report that is tabled in Industries, and Railways as ‘hotspots’ of Parliament. Many concerned individuals corruption in the central government. have shared their experience and ideas Similarly under state governments, on what can be done to combat sectors identified are Commercial Taxes, corruption. The essence of most of these Police, Regional Transport, Education, proposals is the need for a coherent and Registration. Other surveys identify strategy, changes in organization, and Health followed by Power and fine-tuning of instruments. Education. Among PSUs, public sector First, greater clarity is needed on the banks and FI’s are believed to have the where’s and how’s of corruption. We may greatest scope for corruption. The dismiss ratings by (say) Transparency methodology is open to challenge. All of International that ranks India as the 71st us in government know that despite most corrupt country out of the 102 arrests of officials at the highest level in surveyed. Similarly skeptics may these sectors, there are many more for question the World Bank finding that to whom integrity is an article of faith. Yet it start a business in India takes 88 days is likely that deploying limited anti- compared to 4 days in a country like the corruption resources in ‘hotspots’ will USA. Surely there is enough expertise have more impact than trying to spread within the country to compile acceptable the net over the vast government estimates of the worst affected sectors machine. As in fighting any crime, the and identify processes that facilitate practical aim is to deter potential corruption? This data can then be offenders by increasing the probability of developed into workable intelligence detection and prosecution. assessments by agencies like the CBI. The performance benchmark for Resources can then be concentrated on anti-corruption agencies should be not these ‘hotspots’ as part of a defined just the number of cases registered or strategy; legal instruments reviewed arrests made, but the value of corruption and strengthened as an on-going process, or fraud detected and government funds and most important, the ‘silent majority’ or illegal gratification recovered or of the public pro-actively enlisted. A confiscated. Examining concepts like

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 77 ‘plea-bargaining’ for corruption cases organizations could enhance this image could reduce the long delays involved in and widen the CVOs interface with trials that tie down resources different functions within an disproportionate to the amount organization. The expanded charter involved. A recent press item mentioned could include disposal of a case in court after 20 years • Preventing and detecting fraud, relating to allegations of a bribe of Rs 100 waste and abuse–an audit function taken by a railway TTI! • Conducting investigations – a law- Strengthening the CVO. The CVO enforcement function is already the main source of referrals • Receiving and enquiring into (80%) to the CVC. Why not then let the CVC be the primary oversight authority complaints–conventional for CVOs while at the same time vigilance role strengthening this office? Instead of a A consolidated CVO for larger sectors dispersed structure with skeletal VO’s in would enable separate wings for each PSU or department, why not a Investigations, Enquiries and the Audit consolidated CVO for each of the major as part of this broader Vigilance charter. sectors like oil, steel, health, FI’s, or For the Vigilance Office to be more defence procurement /infrastructure? acceptable, its mission must be perceived These CVOs should report to the Union as more than just to uncover corruption. Secretary of the ministry concerned and The Audit wing could help fight fraud and not CEOs/HODs of individual reduce costs, thus contributing to organizations so as to reduce potential revenue. It would also aim to reduce conflict of interest. At the same time, vulnerabilities and improve controls in CVOs should be protected from arbitrary known high-risk areas. This expanded transfer and have functional and role would need closer interface with the budgetary autonomy. The general CAG and developing of capabilities like supervision of CVO’s should not extend forensic audit. On the other hand it to determining initiation of enquiries. At would need to be given authority on the same time, the Union Secretary behalf of the CVC such as asking for should have the authority to task the documents and summoning witnesses. CVO but not to determine the outcome of The Investigation wing could investigate the report submitted. Any review should complaints ranging from bribery and vest in the CVC. A CVO from within the kickbacks to false claims, and theft. A organization is to be avoided. Instead, a very close interface with agencies like person of known stature from another the CBI or a CBI cell as part of this wing field should be preferred, with subject would be needed since investigative experts to assist him. methods would need to be legally It is a fact that most organizations empowered to follow traditional view the vigilance function as a nuisance investigative techniques viz. informers, and a cost burden that does not undercover operations, surveillance and contribute to overall output. Expanding monitoring of communications the charter at least for large appropriately authorized.

78 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Taming The Beast: Can Corruption Be Controlled?

Engaging the public. The ‘Tehelka’ authorities into the need to protect episode generated heated debate in ‘whistle-blowers’. There is a need to official circles. Legally, no private person publicly honour these unsung heroes in has the authority to set a trap for a the war on corruption. corrupt official. But given the scale of 2) Explore options like “qui tam” corruption that has to be combated, it is suits used in some countries. vital to proactively enlist non-officials, Anyone with sufficient evidence whether media persons, NGOs or can sue for loss to the government, individuals. The ‘whistle-blower’ must be offering to make the government facilitated and encouraged. Some ways of an aggrieved party. If the doing this are government agrees, it shares any 1) To organize a Special Enquiries costs incurred and damages Cell in the CVC or CBI and in awarded. Even if the government selected CVOs that have the chooses not to participate, the suit resources and skills to keep can continue, with the identities of whistle-blowers government sharing neither costs secret. Intelligence organizations nor damages awarded, this and the CBI do this as part of their accruing to the individual/NGO. regular function. Perhaps an In some High Courts, PILs are amendment to the PCA could give already being used to highlight teeth to the promised protection fraud and waste of public to public-spirited citizens who resources. This would only often risk life and limb in exposing formalize and facilitate such malfeasance. efforts. Establish a ‘Hotline’ both toll-free 3) Use public broadcasting facilities telephone/fax and e-mail specifically for like the radio and TV creatively to ‘whistle-blowers’ preferably at this educate the public about local Special Cell. This hotline can become an avenues to complain and methods important avenue for reporting fraud, to combat corruption. Publicize waste and mismanagement and will be successful non-official initiatives useful in making intelligence like the Citizens Report Card in assessments. There will be hiccups. Bangalore or the Mazdoor Kisan Efforts at e tendering to break the hold of Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) in cartels in some PSUs, have in some Rajasthan. At the same time, instances failed to protect the identity of highlight the social costs of those who seek to challenge this corruption and successful actions monopoly. Sanjoy Ghosh lost his life against corrupt individuals. because he publicized and attempted to Strengthening anti-corruption break the unholy nexus that was resources in the states. The battle for siphoning off development funds for the corruption will ultimately be won or lost poor. The murder of Satyendra Dubey in the states. It is here that the ordinary prompted a look by the highest citizen faces the phenomenon most in

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 79 everyday life. A systematic review is The central government funds essential to identify the worst abuses and projects in states amounting to tens of to provide central assistance to those thousands of crores. It therefore has a states that are willing to move ahead. definite stake in reducing fraud and This is not merely giving ACBs more corruption in utilization of scarce equipment and manpower or enabling national resources. With the use of investigative tools like monitoring concurrence of the states, the CVC of communications. Developing a clear should be empowered to take cognizance doctrine, enhancing capabilities to meet of any complaint of fraud or corruption given standards while evolving an relating to use of central funds. MOUs for organizational rubric that expands allocation of development funds should autonomy subject to reasonable be so designed that the CBI can oversight are fundamental changes investigate such cases involving central needed. At every level citizens should be funds without awaiting approval from the recipient states. Similarly, All-India made aware that there are anti- Service officers should fall within the corruption mechanisms. In some states ambit of the CVC regardless of whether ACBs are already tasked and provided serving the central or state governments. expertise to identify and propose remedies for government processes that Corruption in the police. In encourage corruption. This should be corruption folklore popularized by expanded and the media and NGOs Bollywood, the most visible symbol of corruption in the state machinery is the encouraged to help expose corruption police. The scale and spread of police and spread information about anti- corruption is believed to be much higher corruption innovations and best now than earlier when higher ranks and practices in other parts of the country. Central Police Organizations were Crime knows no boundaries, and to assumed to be honest. Today the arrest of be effective anti-corruption agencies of DGP level officers on corruption charges the centre and states need to evolve relating to direct intervention in mechanisms to develop joint strategies. investigations, or demanding contract The goal should be to share best kickbacks or pay-offs for recruitment/ practices, identify constraints and work transfers doesn’t raise eyebrows. Public toward achieving the close coordination perception is that corrupt elements of that already exists for security and law- Central Police Forces connive with order challenges. The Biennial smugglers and even with insurgents. Conference of state ACBs organized by Even the icon of anti-corruption, the CBI the CBI is the first step to achieving this. is not free from the taint of corruption Similarly, existing mechanisms for especially since the stakes in sensitive intelligence and operational cases is very high. coordination with Ministry of Finance In monetary terms the scale of departments like Income –Tax or corruption in the police is possibly a agencies like DRI and ED, need to be fraction of what exists in sectors with strengthened. mega budgets such as social

80 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Taming The Beast: Can Corruption Be Controlled? development, defence procurement or Times have changed. The police in infrastructure that have the potential for modern India continue to have a ‘grand’ corruption. It is also true that monopoly on the power of the state to where corruption is accepted as a way of arrest and invade the privacy of life it is unrealistic to expect a separate individuals or use force on its own ‘police’ culture. The difference is that citizens. Today the police have a far more police corruption often verges toward dynamic interface with the public. There quasi-extortion, since victims are often is far more awareness about public image faced with a threat of arrest or worse reflected in mottos like that of the Delhi coercion. More than other government Police “With you, For you, Always”. The departments, police corruption has a salary differential between the highest highly negative impact on the image of and lowest police rank is about 1: 10. The the government’s commitment to the profile of police leadership reflects the ‘rule of law’ and probity in entire spectrum of social and economic administration. classes, an achievement of the bold Why should the police be expected to reservation policy charted by our have higher standards than other organs founding fathers. of government and what can be done to At the same time, the political reduce corruption in the police? The leadership in some states have an colonial model was quite straight unprecedented influence not just on forward. The role of the police was to police management issues like maintain order for the imperial power at recruitment, postings and expenditure a minimum cost. Within these on logistics, but at times even parameters, there was little interference operational decisions like deployment of with the internal management of the force during law and order disturbances force and police budgets were kept at or pursuing investigations. An shoestring levels. The highest level in unexpected consequence of the vast the police was paid about 150 times that quantum of funds allocated to sectors of the lowest constable and entry for like socio-economic development in Indians into these higher levels was modern India is the emergence of a new restricted only to those from ‘approved’ breed of entrepreneurs whose primary backgrounds. Given the high salaries, skills are to milk the government social status and authority enjoyed, machine of funds. corruption was rare at levels of higher In this milieu, the police leadership police leadership and looked down on. It needs to introspect on its own code of was accepted that lower ranks would ethics and what is feasible to contain ‘live off the land’ within limits that would corruption within the force. The army not negatively impact the image of the recruits ordinary youth and by a ‘Raj’. The role of the colonial government combination of leadership and rigorous was restricted, so avenues for corruption training aims to create an extraordinary in other departments were far less than degree of group bonding. In war it is this today. regimental culture that motivates

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 81 ordinary soldiers to acts of heroism even • Oversight Ideally, the CVC to sacrificing their lives for the ‘izzat’ of should have integrity oversight the ‘paltan’. Naturally this is neither over all IPS officers whether possible nor feasible to replicate in the serving the GOI or state civil police where the functioning is far governments. For other levels, the more individual oriented and interface expanded CVO template outlined with society much more intimate. But earlier in this article should be leadership and training can still make a developed. That is, in the case of difference. Some ways in which these two central organizations, an enlarged levers can be more effectively used to Vigilance Office should be reduce police corruption are outlined established jointly for CPOs and below: the vigilance charter expanded to • Leadership. This problem needs audit areas like effective use of to be openly addressed at highest resources to meet stated goals. forums like the all-India DGPs The CVO should not be from the conference perhaps in same state or central consultation with the CVC. The organization, this Office should be goal is not to make senior officers given sufficient resources and feel that they have to pay for every autonomy and submit a semi- cup of tea offered at police annual report to the Chief stations, or every personal phone- Secretary or CVC depending on call made, but to evolve a whether state or central pragmatic ethical code and organization. concertedly focuses on increasing rectitude at all levels. Conclusion • Training This is the most Is corruption ‘an unbeatable foe’? Is it impressionable stage in a police better to have ‘efficient devils rather career. The goal should be to than sleeping angels’? Whatever the evolve a culture where corruption benefits of ‘grease’ in the short-run there is disparaged. Also to generate is convincing research to show that peer pressure against passive unbridled corruption saps the vitality of acceptance of the so-called ‘police any society or organization. It is not just culture’ where corruption is seen idealism that should drive the crusade as a way of life. Training courses at against corruption. It is pragmatism and different levels should repeatedly patriotism. India is expected to be among reinforce this ethos. Systematic the growth ‘tigers’ in the first half of the in-house discussions of specific 21st century and finally break the vicious instances of fellow officers falling cycle of poverty. If we falter, it will not be from grace should be organized as because the Narayan Murthy’s have well as interaction with failed to provide the driving impulse in personalities from other fields on their fields of enterprise. Nor can those the public perception of reformers be faulted who are taking such corruption in the police. bold decisions, sometimes at

82 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Taming The Beast: Can Corruption Be Controlled? considerable political risk to change the that is needed for evil to succeed is that direction of India’s economy. It will be good men keep silent’. The future will because of us in government service who hold us accountable. have chosen to abstain. For those of us in the police it will be an abdication of our References role to help establish the ‘rule of law’ a 1) Anti-Corruption Source Book Vols I – V. Ed. crucial condition for sustainable PK Siddharth BPR&D development. There is no need to despair at the 2) Annual Report 2003. Central Vigilance Commission apparent hopelessness of the task. It is not necessary to destroy the whole 3) Crime in India 2002. National Crime edifice of corruption to prevent it Records Bureau, MHA, GOI obstructing development. After all 4) Criminal Justice System & the Fight corruption is a global phenomenon with against Corruption – Challenges Ahead. some estimates placing worldwide PC Sharma CBI Bulletin December 2003 corruption at US $ 1 trillion (Rs 5000,000 5) Making Services Work for Poor People. crores). What is needed is to change the World Development Report 2004 perception that ‘anyone who isn’t corrupt lacks either the opportunity or guts’. 6) Doing Business 2003. World Bank Report Once ‘changes in behaviour or perception 7) The Tipping Point. Malcolm Gladwell reach a critical mass, suddenly a whole new reality is created’. At this point in 8) India’s public sector means less for more. India’s ‘tryst with destiny’ it is not enough Kunal Kundu Asia Times August 21st 2004 to be personally upright. Each and every 9) India’s Ugly Face: Corruption. JN Iyer one of us must join battle. At the end ‘all www.Sulekha.com

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 83 National Ballistics Key Words : Integrated Ballistics Identification System, Firearms Imaging Database Examination, Ballistics Imaging Database, Management and its Correlation of Images, Image Analysis Techniques. Abstract : Applications in Firearms related crimes are increasing due to the use of firearms in the activities of terrorists, naxalites, Indian Perspective interstate criminals, serial killers, and repeat offenders in the country. Criminals generally S.S. Baisoya* commit several crimes in different jurisdictions after unknown spans of time usually with the same Introduction firearm. These crimes are investigated by investigating agencies of the respective areas in an Proliferation of firearms usage is isolated manner due to lack of any clue between resulting in an increase in the firearms them. Many of these crimes remained unsolved and related crimes in the country. unlinked for an indefinite period. In addition, the Moreover, the activities of the increase in casework leads to overburdening the terrorists, naxalites, interstate Forensic Science Laboratories in the country. This criminals, serial killers, and the repeat poses problems in effective examination and offenders are also involving the use of comparison of huge amount of exhibits with the traditional manual technique using comparison firearms. Criminals generally commit microscope. Further, as casework increases in the many crimes in the different laboratories, there are less likely chances that two jurisdictions after an unknown span of separate crimes committed by same firearm would time with the same firearm till their be connected. CFSL Chandigarh, therefore, have arrest with or without the recovery of taken an initiative and established facility of firearm. Various types of firearms and automatic examination and comparison of images ammunition are used by these criminals of markings on fired bullets/cartridge cases using in the commission of crime and the fired Integrated Ballistics Identification System. This is an automated system capable of image acquisition, bullets and cartridge cases are usually signature extraction and correlation of images. recovered from the scenes of Using this system, the laboratory is creating occurrence. Use of the same firearm in national ballistics imaging database of the images these crimes is an invisible link in the of markings on firearm evidences. As new images normal circumstances. Hence the are entered, the system searches the existing investigations are then started by the database and comparisons are made for possible investigating agencies of the respective matches. Thus, the database will help in linking the areas in an isolated manner due to lack previously unlinkable crimes committed with the of any visible clue between them. Thus, same firearm in different jurisdictions. The present paper explains the various features of the national the crimes committed prior to the ballistics imaging database and its forensic recovery of the firearm remain unsolved applications in the Indian perspective. and unlinked in different jurisdictions though the fired bullets and/or * Junior Scientific Officer (Ballistics) cartridge cases are usually recovered Central Forensic Science Laboratory, from the scenes of crime. Many of these Chandigarh – 160036

84 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 National Ballistics Imaging Database Management and its Applications in Indian Perspective crimes remained unsolved and unlinked acquisition, signature extraction and for an indefinite period. correlation in an image database. Using Presently it does not seem that the this system, the laboratory is creating a investigating agencies do have any national ballistics imaging database of mechanism to solve and link these crimes images of markings on fired bullets/ prior to the arrest of the criminal with or cartridge cases in order to link the without the recovery of the firearm. Even crimes committed by the same firearm. after the recovery of firearm, if the Thus, the database will provide help in criminal does not confess before the linking the inter-state crimes, investigating agencies that he or she has previously unlinkable crimes and crimes committed such and such crimes, it does committed with the same firearm in different jurisdictions after unknown not seem possible to link these crimes spans of time. The present paper committed by the same firearm. In explains the various features of the addition, as the criminal activities are national ballistics imaging database and increasing, consequently, there is an its forensic applications in the Indian enormous increase in the firearms perspective. related casework in the Forensic Science Laboratories in the country. This leads to Traditional Firearms overburdening the laboratories with the Examination casework and poses problems in effective examination and comparison of Every firearm has individual voluminous amount of bullets and/or characteristics that are as unique to it as cartridge cases with the traditional the fingerprints are to the human beings. manual technique using comparison When a firearm is fired, bullets and microscope and with a given manpower. cartridge cases are expelled from it. Further, as the firearms related During firing, the firearm leaves casework increases in the laboratories, individual characteristics in the form of there are less likely the chances that two microscopic markings to these bullets separate crimes committed by the same and cartridge cases fired through it. The firearm would be connected. barrel of the firearm marks the bullet traveling through it, and the breech The CFSL Chandigarh have, mechanism of the firearm marks the therefore, taken an initiative and cartridge case. These markings are established a facility of automatic unique to each firearm and are examination and comparison of images of substantially reproduced each time the markings on fired bullets and cartridge firearm is fired and hence are called as cases, fired by different types of firearms the “firearms fingerprints”. The including, pistols, revolvers, rifles and individual nature of these markings is shotguns, using Integrated Ballistics used to conclusively identify a specific Identification System (Figure-1). The firearm as to whether the firearm has system is based on image analysis fired a particular bullet or cartridge case. techniques and capable of image Hence, the ballistics identification is

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 85 based on the examination and Automated Ballistics Imaging comparison of these individual Systems characteristics. If firearm is recovered at the scene of crime, a test fire of the Background and Development weapon is conducted and test bullets and cartridge cases are obtained for In 1991, Forensic Technology Division later became Forensic comparison. The crime exhibits Technology Inc. (FTI) of Walsh recovered at crime scenes are compared Automation Inc., in Montreal, launched with the test exhibits obtained from a development of an automated ballistics test firing of the recovered firearm. The imaging system called the Integrated bullets and cartridge cases recovered at Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) one crime scene can also be compared for comparison of the marks left on fired with those recovered at another in order bullets and cartridge cases. This system to link the crimes committed by the same was subsequently developed for the U.S. firearm. market in collaboration with the Bureau The comparison of the bullets and of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). cartridge cases is traditionally done by In 1992, the Federal Bureau of using the comparison microscope. Investigation (FBI) contracted with Individual characteristic markings are Mnemonic Systems Inc., Washington to searched on the crime and test bullets/ develop Drugfire, an automated imaging cartridge cases manually and matched in system to compare marks left on the side by side comparison in a three cartridge cases. The ability to compare dimensional view under the comparison fired bullets was subsequently added to microscope. Accordingly, the firearm it. In 1992, ATF implemented an examiner opines whether a particular enforcement program ‘Ceasefire’, to bullet or cartridge case has been fired address the firearms related crimes in through a particular firearm or not. The the United States. In 1993, ATF leased a bullets and cartridge cases are compared machine from FTI for installation in the one by one to a vast inventory of ATF laboratory in Rockville, Maryland, recovered crime bullets and cartridge and began exploring other uses of the cases or test fired bullets and cartridge technology. Since the IBIS and Drugfire cases. The necessity of searching each were based on different specifications, bullet or cartridge case manually greatly ATF and FBI in 1996, acknowledged the reduced the amount of bullets and need for the two systems to be cartridge cases that could be examined interoperable. In the same year, the by the existing manpower and in given National Institute of Standards and time constraints. It makes the matches Technology defined the minimal less likely. This technique is manual, specifications for this interoperability. tedious and time consuming. Moreover, Accordingly, the manufacturers of the stress and eyestrain on firearm Drugfire and IBIS made hardware and examiners slowed the process even software modifications to their systems more. in order to achieve interoperability.

86 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 National Ballistics Imaging Database Management and its Applications in Indian Perspective

In 1997, both ATF and FBI pledged to system CIBLE, German system GE/2 and work together in the best interests of the the Russian system CONDOR and TAIS. law enforcement agencies to address These systems also use image-matching concerns raised regarding having two techniques. Several methods have been divergent and competing programs. reported on the image matching and Each agency pledged that it would make pattern recognition techniques for no modifications to their existing firearms identification in the literature. systems that would exacerbate the differences in the technology. They also Advantages of Automated System agreed for the first use of the term The automated ballistics imaging “National Integrated Ballistics systems have the several advantages Information Network” (NIBIN) and, ATF over the traditional manual firearms agreed to stop referring to its ballistic identification method using comparison imaging program as “Ceasefire”, and the microscope. The main advantage is that FBI agreed to stop using the term the automated system facilitates “Drugfire” for its program. automatic examination and comparison of the images of markings on fired bullets Existing Automated Systems and cartridge cases and provides platform to create a national ballistic Various automated systems are in database of these images. The other use for automated examination and advantages are that the automated comparison in the different parts of the system: enables the firearm examiners to world. Drugfire and IBIS are the two examine more exhibits in a significantly main automated systems that can be used shorter time, provides the firearm for acquiring, storing and analyzing examiners with an improved set of tools images of bullets and cartridge cases. to perform examination more efficiently, Both the systems capture video images of reduces the amount of non-interpretive bullet striations and of the markings left microscope time of the firearm on cartridge cases. These images are examiners, increases the match rates used to produce an electronic signature over the traditional manual comparison that is stored in a database. The system microscope techniques, reduces open file then compares this signature to that of manual searches for linking previously another fired bullet or cartridge case or committed crimes at different times and to an entire database of fired bullets and different places with the same firearm, cartridge cases. Both systems have expands forensic analysis capability image matching algorithms. The system beyond laboratory premises, and solves of IBIS is now used most often, and since evidence chain-of-custody issues since the images are acquired in a reproducible physical evidence remain in one place. way by a special kind of lighting, the ring Moreover the automated system serves light, this system will result in the best as a repository for the forensic standard matching results. Other systems which reference materials i.e. reference are available in the market are the firearms, ammunition and general rifling Australian system Fireball, the French characteristics.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 87 Imaging Databases in other National Ballistics Imaging countries Database The ATF has established a National Integrated Ballistics Information Instrumentation Network (NIBIN) in the United States. The CFSL Chandigarh has The NIBIN program was developed to established a facility for automatic work in concert with all of the ATF’s examination and comparison of the firearms enforcement initiatives, to images of markings on the fired bullets provide and use intelligence information and cartridge cases using the IBIS Hub collected on crime guns, and to assist System, Brasstrax System and investigators in identifying those Matchpoint Workstation, installed and criminals who participate in illegal commissioned in the laboratory. The IBIS firearms trafficking. The NIBIN network consists of Data Acquisition Station, includes ATF-owned equipment that is Signature Analysis Station and operated by State and local law Correlation Server, and the Brasstrax enforcement personnel, as well as a few System consists of Acquisition Unit, units owned by States operated over the Control Unit and Data Concentrator. All the components of the system are ATF network. The program mainly connected by means of a local area includes the development and network. The system have a software maintenance of a database of ballistics control for all its components including images from crime guns. The database customized microscope, video camera, contains images of cartridge cases and/or image digitizer, specimen manipulator bullets recovered at crime scenes, as well and a network of computers. On the main as cartridge cases and/or bullets from system, the server will control software test fires of recovered firearms. Many correlation and database storage other countries such as Canada, USA, management. Russia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Greece, Turkey, Venezuela, Israel, South Image Acquisition Modules Africa, Germany, Spain, Italy, and many The system has two image acquisition others have installed the automated modules, Bulletproof and Brasscatcher. systems and are maintaining the Bulletproof (Figure-2) acquires the databases of the crime guns. The States of images of land engraved areas from the Maryland and New York has gone a little bullets including damaged bullets and further by establishing a statewide Brasscatcher (Figure-3) acquires the ballistics imaging databases for new images of breech face, firing pin, ejector handguns sold in those states. This type marks on center fire cartridge cases and of database is often referred to as a firing pin on rim fire cartridge cases. The reference ballistics imaging databases class characteristics of cartridge case (RBID) or a legislative database. The such as caliber, firing pin shape and of State of California also conducted an bullet such as caliber, number of lands, RBID feasibility study. twist direction and other associated

88 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 National Ballistics Imaging Database Management and its Applications in Indian Perspective information are entered in the evidence cartridge cases. For breech face and case file. System has an automated firing pin marks, the correlation control for exhibit manipulation, exhibit algorithm calculates the angle of rotation focusing, exhibit illumination and image and automatically provides the best magnification change. System acquires match position for viewing candidates and saves a two-dimensional digitized that are likely matches. For ejector mark image of the region of interest. To and rectangular rim fire impressions, the illuminate the bullet surface, system has correlation algorithm makes optimal use two types of lighting, center light and of the oblique lighting that emphasizes baffled ring light. The center light travels the details of the mark by using both the along the optical axis of the camera, hits acquired images in the correlation perpendicularly the surface of the bullet process. After the image acquisition and helps in maintaining more process, the images, signatures and all standardized method of data entry. The the associated information files are baffled ring light provides ambient replicated to the server database. The lighting to give the image a natural dedicated server controls the storage appearance. The combination of center and retrieval functions of the database. and baffled ring lighting is used to create clear and sharp images during image Correlation of Images acquisition and to reduce the variability The correlation is defined as to caused by an oblique lighting system. For compute a numerical representation of cartridge case the system has co-axial the degree of similarity between the ring-light for firing pin and breech face images. As new images are entered, the and dual fixed fiber optic sidelights for system correlates the images with the ejector marks. images stored in the existing database. The system uses the class characteristics Signature Extraction to reduce the number of elements in the The signatures are defined as unique, database against which it will perform characteristic and reproducible the correlation. The user also have the mathematical interpretation of the capability to generate a manual digital images of bullet and cartridge correlation request for a specific exhibit case marks. Signatures are extracted to enable them to change search from the original image in a background parameters or associated information process. After image acquisition, original filters; and to perform an immediate image is stored at the image acquisition search/ correlation when circumstances module, and a compressed image is require it. After the correlation, a list of transferred to the signature analysis probable matches is provided to the module. The bulletproof algorithm operator to evaluate the correlation compensates for the deformities to the results for any high confidence bullet, which might have occurred upon candidate. The system then allows for a impact with the target. The system has visual comparison of the reference two uniquely designed algorithms for exhibit against the identified test

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 89 exhibits using the image analysis and result list or from the multi-viewer. The comparison tools. The class system also allows to be pulled out for characteristics and other associated examination on the comparison information such as caliber, number of microscope for visual confirmation. lands, direction of twist, composition, When a positive identification is firing pin shape, and date of occurrence is established between two specimens, the not mandatory to the analysis. However, firearm examiner has the authority to these filters are optimally used to narrow down the number of searches record it in the database. performed by the computer. The system requests a number of fields to be Database Storage and Security completed when creating a case exhibit The system has a relational database file so as to maximize the correlation of the images, signatures and associated performance based on easily identified information developed on a well- information. The system allows printing, established and standard platform. The saving and discarding of any comparison database is fully compliant with the net data after the search and correlation communication protocol converter and processes. the relational database industry Image Analysis and Comparison standards. The automated imaging Tools systems have capacity to store large number of images of markings of bullets The system has two different image and cartridge cases. The system has a analysis and comparison tools, i.e. multi- viewer and side-by-side comparison. The well-defined database security protocols multi-viewer (Figure-4) tool allows the for identification and authentication of system user to display the test samples the users at different levels in the from the correlation results in a number system. To access a database, a user must of ways and choose a specific image type run a database application and connect to to be evaluated. The user is able to screen the database using a valid user name the test samples from the multi-viewer defined in the database. The application and determine which exhibits should be is determines each level that a specific evaluated further. The side-by-side user is authorized to operate it. The comparison viewer is used to compare database security system offers different two high confidence exhibits in order to levels of functionality through the establish a confirmation of a match. The application for different user groups. system allows to move exhibits up and Only the system administrator has full down, right and left and to rotate them to visually compare the candidates. It also privileges over the application and to provides controls for individual contrast grant privileges to other users. The and intensity. The system also allows system database generates an operator selecting images for side-by-side identity so that the last change to a comparison at any time from the case record will be associated with the system maintenance menu, from the correlation user responsible for it.

90 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 National Ballistics Imaging Database Management and its Applications in Indian Perspective

Network Capabilities laboratories will be provided network connectivity with the National Hub The system is designed in such a way established at CFSL, Chandigarh. State that it can be connected to the existing laboratories joining the network will network communication lines. All the need to have their own remote data applications of the system use TCP/IP acquisition station that will help them in communication protocols. The system establishing a network of their State network capabilities are based on level ballistics imaging database with the commercially available standards. The national database. Thus, the database system network equipment is fully will be of two types, National level compliant with the industry network database managed and maintained at the communication standards, such as ISDN, National Hub by the CFSL Chandigarh frame relay, and others. The system is and the State level database managed compatible for a National Network. Its and maintained at the respective State networking features include automatic laboratories. The National Database will correlation of a newly acquired exhibit have the database of all the State image over a pre-defined geographical laboratories in order to link ballistic database, and ability to generate a evidence from crime scenes and linking correlation request performed on a one crime scene in a State to another. The database from any region of the country CFSL, Chandigarh and State or to launch regional or national laboratories have, therefore, a crucial correlation for high profile cases. The role in the success of the National system also has a provision to perform network of the Ballistics Imaging manual correlation requests against any Databases in the country. They also need site in a networked system. As part of the to educate the law enforcement agencies network, this privilege is controlled by on the importance of submitting firearm each laboratory’s system. Updates for all evidences for inclusion and search system common data is made against the database. automatically during the night through the national network, ensuring perfect Forensic Applications synchronization of all sites. Request of images from any site, for comparison As a firearms related case comes in a purposes, is possible with the national laboratory, images of the crime exhibits network. are acquired if the firearm is not recovered, and if the firearm is recovered Firearms Fingerprinting images of the test exhibits are acquired. Program These images are stored in the database of the concerned laboratory and a Firearms Fingerprinting Program is replicated copy of the images, signatures being initiated by the CFSL Chandigarh and demographic information will be at national level to associate the State sent to the National Hub. When a new Forensic Science Laboratories with its exhibit image is acquired, a correlation National Ballistics Imaging Database. request is automatically created and sent Under this program, the State to the signature analysis station of the

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 91 National Hub, correlated on its server time will result in higher crime solution and the results will be returned to the rates over the traditional manual remote operator automatically. The examinations. networked laboratories will also be The IBIS comparison analysis system capable of generating a manual does not positively match bullets or correlation request for a specific exhibit cartridge cases fired from the same to enable them to change search firearm; this must be done by a firearm parameters or associated information examiner. The system, however, filters. It will enable them to search an produces a short list of candidates for the exhibit against anything in the regional probable match. When an image looks as as well as national database or to perform though a match could exist, the firearms an immediate search/ correlation when examiner examines specimens on a circumstances require it. The network of comparison microscope. Matches are laboratories will permit the rapid usually found in the first five shortlisted comparison of the firearm exhibits used candidates almost all the time, yielding a in crimes in one State with those used in crimes in another State. Thus, the dramatic time savings for a laboratory’s database will provide help in linking the firearms examiners. Automated inter-state crimes, previously searches complete ballistic comparison unlinkable crimes and crimes committed analyses with efficiency never before with the same firearm in different seen. jurisdictions after unknown spans of In order to create a database of the time. images of markings on the fired bullets and cartridge cases, use of the following Discussions priority order for entering evidence into database can be set: bullet and cartridge The Ballistics Imaging technology was designed for operation by a firearm cases evidence from crimes where no gun examiner or a technician with or without has been recovered, and testfires from extensive previous experience in using a guns seized during criminal activities or computer. The operator must be trained search warrants. It has also been to enter the markings from the crime determined that the higher the ratio of scene bullets and cartridge cases. The bullets and cartridge cases to test fires, automated imaging systems have the more successful a laboratory can be capacity to store large quantities of linking unsolved shooting cases. Also, images of markings of bullet and the images of test fired bullets and/or cartridge cases. Since the entire process cartridge cases of the crime cases is automated and takes about five previously examined in the laboratory minutes to complete entry of a cartridge and for which the test fired cartridge case, and about twelve minutes to enter a cases and/or bullets are with the bullet, the system can process laboratory can be acquired. All necessary comparisons very rapidly in seconds data and associated information can be using current methods. Increased taken from their case files and stored in throughput and decreased turnaround the database.

92 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 National Ballistics Imaging Database Management and its Applications in Indian Perspective

The program’s success and ultimately the work. The Author also expresses his its usefulness depend on the cooperation sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. R.S. of the State laboratories. The joining Verma, Director, CFSL, Chandigarh who laboratories must continue to enter gave the opportunity, took keen interest firearm evidence into the computerized and entrusted the author for planning, database in the form of test fires and formulation and execution of this work. recovered bullets and cartridge cases. As The author is also thankful to Dr. P. the database grows, the potential Siddambary, JSO (Ball.) and Sh. R.P. increases for identifications to be made, Singh for their continuous support in this links to crime guns revealed, and work. investigative leads created. The program is an investigative tool that discovers References links invisible to other investigative 1. Nichols RG, Firearm and Toolmark methods. Identification Criteria: A Review of the Literature, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Conclusion 43(3), 1993. The National Ballistics Imaging 2. Tontarski RE, Thompson RM, Automated Database helps in effectively and quickly firearms Evidence Comparison: A Forensic linking the crimes committed by the Tool for firearms Identification – An Update, Journal of Forensic Sciences, interstate criminals, repeat-offenders, 43(3), 1988. gangster and serial killers, and thus reducing the number of unsolved crimes. 3. Forensic Technology Inc. Web-site: http:// www.fti-ibis.com. The criminals who cross jurisdictional boundaries and commit crimes can now 4. IBIS User’s Guide, Version 3.3, Forensic be detected and their movements can Technology Inc., 2001. also be documented. The program 5. IBIS Training course: Student Book directly assists the forensic science International Edition, Version 3.4, laboratories in fulfilling their mission to Forensic Technology Inc., 2002. support the law enforcement agencies to 6. The Missing Link: Ballistics Technology solve violent crimes involving firearms. That Helps Solve Crime, NIBIN Program The national ballistics imaging database Publication, Dept. of Treasury, Bureau of will undoubtedly have a widespread Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. positive effect on the law enforcement 7. National Integrated Ballistics Information community and a substantial negative Network, Dept. of Treasury, Bureau of effect on the law breaking community. Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, October 1999.

Acknowledgements 8. NIBIN Program Overview: http:// The author expresses his sincere www.atf.treas.gov/nibin/nibin.pdf. thanks and gratitude to Dr. M.S. Rao, 9. NIBIN, KEY Features: FBI/ATF Chief Forensic Scientist, Directorate of Memorandum of Understanding, dated Forensic Science, New Delhi for his December 2, 1999. http://www.nibin.gov/ guidance, and support in the progress of documents/120299mou.htm.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 93 10.Feasibility of a California Ballistics 15.Baldur R, Method and Apparatus for Identification System, Assembly Bill 1717, obtaining a Signature from a Fired Bullet, Report to the Legislature, Attorney Patent US5659489. General Bill Lockyer, California Department of Justice, January 2003. 16.Baldur R, Fired Cartridge Examination Method and Imaging Apparatus, Patent 11. Ballistics Imaging and Comparison of US5654801. Crime Gun Evidence, Thompson RM, Miller J, Martin GO, Budden JC, NIBIN 17.Baldur R, Computer Automated Bullet Program, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Analysis Apparatus, Patent US5390108. Firearms, US Dept. of Treasury, May 13, 18. Smith CL, Fireball: A Forensic Ballistics 2002. Imaging System, Proceedings of the IEEE 12. Geradts Z, Bijhold J, Overview of Pattern International Carnahan Conference on Recognition and Image Processing in Security Technology, 1997 or Forensic Science, Anil Aggrawal’s Internet www.scis.ecu.edu.au/research/gallery/ Journal of Forensic Medicine and fireball/index.asp or www.nifs.com.au/ Texcology, 2000, Vol.1, No. 2 July – Fireball/index.asp. December 2000. 19. Geradts Z, Keijzer J, A New Approach to 13.Heizmann M, Leon FP, Automated Automatic Comparison of Toolmarks, Analysis and Comparison of Striated Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 39, No.4 , Toolmarks, http://www-mrt.mach.uni- July 1994. karlsruhe.de. 20.Zographos A, Robnson M, Evans JPO, 14.Baldur R, Method for Monitoring and Ballistic Identification using Line-scan Adjusting the Position of an Object under Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of IEEE Optical Observation for Imaging, Patent International Carnahan Conference on US5633717. Security Technology, 1997.

94 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 National Ballistics Imaging Database Management and its Applications in Indian Perspective

Figure 1 : Integrated Ballistics Identification System Hub installed in CFSL Chandigarh BULLETPROOF

Figure 2 : Side by side comparison of the land engraved areas by the Bulletproof module of IBIS

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 95 Figure 3: Side by side comparison of firing pin and breech face marks by the Brasscatcher module of IBIS

Figure 4: Multi-viewer tool for evaluating the reference and test cartridge cases in IBIS

96 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Key Words : Customer Orientation, Service Delivery, Personnel about Perception, Grass Root Level, Cutting Edge Level, Middle Level, Women Customers, Crime Against their Customer Women (CAW)

Orientation Abstract : Customer Orientation towards the down trodden towards Women and needy sections of the society is the basic B. Sandhya IPS* requirement if the police service need gain an image of a Service-Oriented Organisation. Women in India can be considered as a needy section of the Customer Orientation society. In the present study, perception of police personnel about their own Customer Orientation Customer Orientation towards the towards women was measured, as ‘mental models’ downtrodden and needy sections of the created by individuals about organization affect society is the basic requirement if the the way in which they react to situations and orient police service need gain an image of a themselves. The result shows that Grass Root Level personnel (Constabulary) paint the Department in service-oriented organization. Women brighter colours on Customer Orientation towards in India enjoy only a lower status in the women, than the Middle Level and Cutting Edge society and they can be considered as a Level personnel. Better interpersonal relations needy section of the society. The degree help to develop better perceptions. Police personnel of Customer Orientation shown to themselves do not feel fully confident that they women customers coming to the Police themselves would get a fair deal from a Police Station in a CAW case. Even then they do not Stations will definitely show the degree perceive the urgency for further change in Customer of Service Delivery culture rooted among Orientation and developing gender sensitivity. the police personnel. The study points towards need for the top management to give top priority to Customer Chris Moore (1978) explains about Orientation towards women. the customers that, the most important people in any business must be the ‘customers’. According to Robert L. Mathis and John. H. Jackson (1999) Customer Service begins with product design and includes interaction with customers, ultimately proving a satisfactory meeting of customers’ needs. Research findings of Santha Gopinath of Indian Postal Service (1980) reveal that the concept of ‘Customer Satisfaction’ is a synthetic DIGP Crime Investigation (SR) idea of two distinct words, the customer Nandancode, Charachira and his satisfaction. In common usage, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerela.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 97 the word ‘customer’ means a buyer, one These are also ‘Mental Models’ which who purchases goods from another. are deeply ingrained assumptions, Under the other possible connotations, generalizations, pictures or images that the customer also means one who influence how we understand the world frequents any place of sale for the sake of and how we take action. (Peter M Senge purchasing or one who customarily 1990) purchases from a particular tradesman. Besides commodities, it also means the The Study services generated or rendered by any A research was conducted by agency for the benefit, use or welfare of interviewing the Middle Level Officers the people or clients. Satisfaction occurs (Deputy Superintendents of Police and when one gets what one needs, desires, Circle Inspectors) Cutting Edge Level expects, deserves or deems to be one’s Officers (Sub Inspectors) and Grass Root entitlement. It manifests itself in the Level personnel (Police Constables and Head Constables) of the Kerala Police absence of a state of anger, pain, tension, with a view to study their Customer all the way over to full involvement Orientation towards women coming to through stages of absence of irritation, Police Station with criminal complaints. annoyance etc. Orientation of the personnel towards the customers of the i. General Perception of organisation can be defined as ‘ Customer Police Personnel About Customer Orientation’. Orientation in the Police Department Perception There are reciprocal commitments Perception may be defined as the between individuals and organizations. experience people have as the proximate Human endeavors are bound by invisible result of sensory input. Perception is a fabrics of interrelated actions. ‘Mental very complex cognitive process, which Models’ created by individuals about gives a unique picture of a world that may organization affect the way in which they be quite different from reality. The react to situations and orient perceptual process involves a themselves. It was decided to measure complicated interaction of selection, the perception of the police personnel organization and interpretation. In about service delivery and Customer simple words perception means how one Orientation in general, so as to draw a views or looks at a particular thing. ‘mental model’ of Customer Service in Numerous external processes such as general, without any special reference to work and working condition, women. Such a general orientation is the supervisors, co-workers, pay and prerequisite for developing Customer promotion, past experience, etc. are Orientation towards women. involved in formation of perception. In In the interview schedule, a few addition, there are internal cognitive questions were included to find out the process of registration, interpretation general Customer Orientation of police and feedback. personnel. In our interview with the

98 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Personnel about their Customer Orientation towards Women police personnel, we found that 70.7% Level, 33.8% from the Cutting Edge from the Grass Root Level, 78.5% from Level and 44.2% from the Middle Level the Cutting Edge Level and 74% from the felt that they would not get a fair deal. Middle Level think that the Police More than 40% police personnel do not Department is giving top priority to fair have confidence in the Police dealings with customers and satisfaction Department that they will get justice of customers. The details are given in from a Police Station if they go with a Table 1.1. criminal complaint. Though more than When the respondents were asked 70% of the police personnel think that whether the superior officers are the Department is giving top priority reviewing and checking satisfaction of for customer satisfaction, only 60% feel customers during visits/inspections of that this policy will be translated into Police Stations, 49.8% from the Grass practice. The rest of the police Root Level, 54.6% from the Cutting personnel perceive that in practice, the Edge Level and 40.3% from the Middle customer may not get justice. This is in Level told that the superiors are doing spite of the fact that 21.1% of the so. respondents are considering When the respondents were asked if satisfaction of customers as the top their personal motor vehicle met with an most priority in their job, 19.2% are accident, do they think that they can go to considering this as the second priority the Police Station and get a fair deal, if in their job and 35% are considering the Police Station is not under their satisfaction of customers as the third jurisdiction, 54.4% from the Grass Root priority in their job. The constabulary Level, 66.2% from the Cutting Edge (57.1%) with less years of experience Level and 55.8% from the Middle Level feels more that they may not get a fair replied positively. It is interesting to deal. From the Cutting Edge Level observe that 45.6% from the Grass Root also, the less experienced (60%) feel

Table 1.1: Priority Given by Police Department to Fair Dealings With Customers

What priority does the Police Department give to fair dealing with customers and satisfaction of customers? Category Top Average Low Total Priority priority Priority

Grass Root Level 203 (70.7%) 82 (28.6%) 2 (0.7%) 287 (100%)

Cutting Edge Level 102 (78.4%) 27 (20.8%) 1 (0.8%) 130 (100%)

Middle Level 57 (74.0%) 17 (22.1%) 3 (3.9%) 77 (100%)

Grand Total 362 (73.26%) 126 (25.5%) 6 (1.24%) 494 (100%)

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 99 that they may not get a fair deal. Among It is important to measure the the Middle Level personnel, those with perceptions of the police personnel 20-27 years of experience (64%) feel regarding the Police Department as far that they may not get a fair deal. A case as the Customer Orientation towards like a motor vehicle accident case is women is concerned. Perceptions are generally handled in the Police Station very important in determining by constabulary or Sub Inspectors only. priorities. One’s perception about Those who handle such cases are whether the Department is giving having less confidence about getting a priority to women customers and fair deal from their colleagues. On whether the Department insists upon personal discussions, many prompt investigation of Crime Against respondents mentioned that their lack Women (CAW) cases etc may play a of confidence is due to corrupt major role in deciding the urgency with practices in which their colleagues which the police personnel develop indulge. Many mentioned that corrupt Knowledge, Attitude and Good practices are more in the case of motor Practices in the area. The gap between accident cases, due to the nexus Perceptions and KAP also can be between advocates and police, in measured to see whether there is any ‘sharing the compensation amount’. correlation between the two. Bridging Thus though the police personnel in the gap between the Perceptions of general stated that the Police women customers and Perceptions of Department is giving priority to police personnel also is very important customer service, when it came to in improving the Service Delivery and perception about a specific ground image of the Police Department as well level situation, around 40% do not as in improving the satisfaction level of perceive that they will get a fair deal women customers. from a Police Station. This shows that only around 60% personnel have iii. Measurement of Perception confidence in the organization that of Police Personnel Regarding customers will get justice from a Police Station. Customer Orientation Towards Women and Analysis of Critical ii. Customer Orientation of Strategic Issues Police Personnel Towards The causes and factors (Critical Women: Perception of Police Strategic Issues) contributing to the Personnel About the Police development of perception and their Department in General impact on Customer Orientation The perception of police personnel towards women are analysed in this with respect to Customer Orientation section using the Perception Score the of police personnel towards women police respondents obtained. was measured using a set of 14 The Perception Score of various questions with a maximum score of categories of police personnel are given 100. in Table 1.2

100 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Personnel about their Customer Orientation towards Women

Table 1.2: Perception Score of Police Personnel Category Sample size (n) Mean Score Standard Deviation Grass Root Level 287 65.8990 16.3318 Cutting Edge Level 130 71.7538 14.2149 Middle Level 77 60.1558 17.3274 Total 494 66.5445 16.3605

The Mean Perception Score is more in the Police Stations. Hence it is quite for the Cutting Edge Level and least for possible that they have more sense of the Middle Level. This shows that the participation in the affairs of the Police Cutting Edge Level people have a better Station and they are better identifying perception about the Department themselves with the Department as a compared to the Grass Root Level and result of which they perceive Police Middle Level. Cutting Edge Level people Department in a brighter way. They are are basically responsible for decision probably identifying the portrait of the making at the Police Station Level. Department as their self-portrait. They These people have a better perception prefer to paint the portrait, naturally, about the Customer Orientation of the with more perfection and in brighter Police Department. colours. By Analysis of Variance Test The sense of ‘belonging’ to the (ANOVA) F value obtained is 13.318 and P Department is probably less among the < 0.0001, which is statistically highly constabulary. So the Perception Score significant. is less for the constabulary, compared The Middle Level Officers are doing to the Cutting Edge Level. As the supervisory job. They are officers with decision making power is less for the sufficient experience in the Department. constabulary the sense of participation As the officers immediately above the is also less for them in the affairs of the Police Station level, they are the Officers Department. who daily supervise and assess what Perception is better for the younger happens in Police Stations. The findings personnel in the Grass Root Level. are that they do not perceive that Perception Score is least for the older age everything is all right in the Department. group in the Middle Level. With increase They tend to turn more cynical regarding in age, the Supervisory Officers feel that the performance of the Department. The Customer Orientation of police Score reflects their non-confidence in the personnel towards women is not up to Department. Cutting Edge Level people, the mark. Their understanding of the the Sub Inspectors may be feeling more ground level situation is more and better responsible for what happens in the understanding of realities has probably Department. They are very well aware of made them slightly cynical also and they the fact that they are the persons do not perceive the Police Department primarily responsible for what happens with brightness.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 101 iv. Perception and Punishment The Mean Perception Score of in Departmental Enquiries Personnel who have been rewarded by The Mean Perception Scores of the Department and those who have not personnel punished in the Departmental been rewarded by the Department are Enquiries and those who have not been given in Table 1.4. punished in any Departmental Enquiries Independent sample t-test gave a are given in Table 1.3 value of 0.657 with df 492. The difference By Independent sample t-test, t is statistically not significant with P > value is 1.401, with df 492, which is 0.05 (P value is 0.511). statistically not significant with P> 0.05 Those who obtained rewards and (P Value is 0.162). those who did not obtain any reward are not showing much difference in their There is not much difference in the Perception Score. Thus rewards Perceptions of personnel punished in obtained did not play any significant role Departmental enquiries and those who in forming the Perceptions of the have not been punished. Thus personnel about the Department. Departmental enquiries and punishment has not been significant in During personal discussions with a forming the Perceptions of the police Focus Group of Deputy Superintendents personnel, about the Department. of Police and Circle Inspectors, many expressed the view that those who are v. Perception and Rewards keen in getting more number of rewards Obtained From the Department pursue the bureaucratic hurdles and ensure that they get the rewards for the In efficient organizations, people are good work done in time whereas those rewarded for effective performance. In inefficient organizations, reward system who do not care for such things may not appears arbitrary and unrelated to get rewards for the good work done. effective performance that contributes to Many felt that even the highest rewards organizational goals. like the President’s Police Medal, goes to

Table 1.3: Perception and Punishment Have you been punished in n Mean Perception Score Standard Deviation Departmental Enquires? Yes 76 68.9605 17.5343 No 418 66.1053 16.1212

Table 1.4: Perception and Rewards Did you get any reward in the n Mean Perception Score Standard Deviation Police Department? Yes 381 66.2808 16.8170 No 113 67.4336 14.7520

102 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Personnel about their Customer Orientation towards Women undeserving or mediocre personnel. The Mean Perception Score of police Rewards never indicate excellence of an personnel who felt that they get enough officer, according to most of the Focus support from their superiors and Group Personnel. More over when the colleagues and those who felt that they respondents were asked whether they did not get such support is given in feel that the Police Department is using Table 1.5. rewards and punishment in a judicious By Independent sample t-test, t value manner to inculcate the spirit of gender is 6.700, with df 492, which is statistically justice among the police personnel, about highly significant with P < 0.0001. one-fourth of the respondents reported that they do not feel so. Thus it is very Those who felt that they got support clear that the existing reward system is and encouragement from the superiors not playing any role in formulating the in the career show better Perception perceptions of police personnel about the about the Department. Customer Orientation of the Department. This shows that better Interpersonal Thus both rewards and punishments Relations play a positive role in forming have ceased to motivate police personnel of the perceptions of police personnel to inculcate a better perception about the Department. regarding Customer Orientation towards women. vii. Perception and Support of Superiors and Colleagues During vi. Perception and Support Personal Difficulties From Superiors and Colleagues in The Perception Score of police the Department personnel who felt that they got support Peter M Senge (1990) mentions that from superiors & colleagues during there is nothing more important to an personal difficulties and those who felt individual committed to his or her that they did not get such support are growth than a supportive environment. given in Table 1.6.

Table 1.5: Perception and Departmental Support Did you get support from n Mean Perception Score Standard Deviation Superiors and Colleagues? Yes 476 70.3229 15.8664 No 18 60.2675 14.3823

Table 1.6: Perception and Support During Personal Difficulties Did you get support of Mean Perception Standard Superior and colleagues during n Score Deviation personal difficulties? Yes 442 67.2421 16.1192 No 52 60.6154 17.3377

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 103 By Independent sample t-test, t value The factor of professional freedom is 2.782 with df 492, which is statistically while dealing with customers is not significant with P < 0.05 (P = 0.006) significant in forming the perceptions of Those who felt that they were the police personnel about the Customer Orientation of the Department. supported by their superiors and colleagues during personal difficulties ix. Perception Regarding showed better Perception Score Gender Sensitivity compared to those who felt that they were not supported during such When the respondents were asked occasions. This again reiterates that whether the police personnel have better Interpersonal Relations play a become more gender sensitized in recent years, 48.1% from the Grass Root Level, positive role in the forming of 43.1% from the Cutting Edge Level and perceptions of police personnel about the 29.9% from the Middle Level stated that Department. police personnel have become gender sensitized recently whereas 37.6% from viii. Perception and the Grass Root Level, 49.2% from the Professional Freedom in Dealing Cutting Edge Level and 67.5% from the With Customers Middle Level perceived that the police The Perception Score of police personnel have become gender personnel who felt that they have got sensitized to some extent recently. 14.3% sufficient professional freedom while from the Grass Root Level, 7.7% from the they dealt with Customers and those who Cutting Edge Level and 2.6% from the felt that they did not have such freedom Middle Level did not perceive any increased gender sensitivity among the are given in Table 1.7. police personnel recently. Many Those who felt that they have got respondents perceive increased gender sufficient professional freedom to take a sensitivity after 1996. decision while they deal with customers The major reasons for increased show a slightly better Perception Score gender sensitivity according to the compared to those who felt that they did respondents are mainly Government not have such freedom. But Independent Policies and Departmental Circulars, sample t-test showed that the difference followed by presence of educated women is not statistically significant, with police in the Police Stations, and t value of 1.371, with df 492. P > 0.05 intervention by Women’s Commission (P = 0.171) and other agencies.

Table 1.7: Perception and Professional Freedom Do you have professional n Mean Perception Score Standard Deviation feedom? Yes 451 66.8559 16.0596 No 43 63.2791 19.1465

104 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Personnel about their Customer Orientation towards Women

Those personnel at the Grass Root x. Perception About the Level and Cutting Edge Level with Gender Sensitivity of Top more years of experience consider Management Government Policies as one of the John P Kotter (1995) mentions that major reasons for increased gender most of the top managers in successful sensitivity. The personnel with less cases of major change learn to “walk the experience (4-11 years) do not consider talk”. They consciously attempt to training as important in this regard. become a living symbol of the new This may be probably because they culture. Kotter further states, “You do have not attended many in-service not expect that a 60 year old manager training programmes. Commitment of with 40 years of experience will suddenly superior officers is the next reason, behave in a Customer Oriented way. But followed by training. Grass Root Level I have witnessed such a person change a personnel see training as the least great deal. In that case, high level of important reason for increased gender urgency helped.” sensitivity. This points towards the In a Regimental Force, like the Police fact that gender training is needed Force, the personnel give a lot of most at the Grass Root Level. This goes importance to the thinking of the top very well with the fact that only 9.8% of management. If the personnel feel that the Grass Root Level personnel have top management considers a particular undergone gender training. topic as very important, others also try to The importance given by the police fall in line. If the personnel feel that the personnel for Government Policies top management is not very serious may be noticed. Police personnel give about any standing instructions, maximum credit to Government enforcement of any particular law or Policies in the field of increasing implementation of any Government gender sensitivity. The perception of Orders/ Departmental Circulars, all the police personnel, that Government such laws, orders, instructions, etc. will Policies are most important in this be soon ignored and forgotten by all. The regard points towards the need for a enforcement and practical strong Policy Statement by the implementation of any law/instruction Government in the area of gender will largely depend upon the enthusiasm justice. If the personnel feel that of the police top management in its Government is determined to follow enforcement/implementation. Any type the policy of gender justice, naturally of crime not being reviewed regularly they will give maximum importance to and any standing instructions not being follow that policy in letter and spirit. discussed in the catechism classes Majority of police personnel regularly tend to be forgotten at all perceive increased gender sensitivity levels. among the personnel during recent When the respondents were asked years. Whether they like it or not, they whether the Police Department has got do perceive that change is happening. gender sensitized top management to

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 105 convey clear messages down for this Circular, it was found that none of Customer Orientation towards women them were actually aware of such a victims of crimes, 39.3% from the Grass Circular. As the Circular was issued in Root Level, 47.3% from the Cutting Edge 1996 and the same was in disuse for quite Level and 28.9% from the Middle Level some time, even the persons responsible responded positively. 49.5% of the Grass for implementing the same forgot about Root Level 47.3% of the Cutting Edge the Circular. Similarly none of the Crime Level and 61.8% of the Middle Level felt Detachment Deputy Superintendent of that the top management is taking police contacted by the researcher, are interest in this regard to some extent. remembering that there is a Circular 11.2% of the Grass Root Level, 5.4% of the that CAW cases should be reviewed Cutting Edge Level and 9.2% of the monthly and report in this regard should Middle Level feel that the top be sent to the Police Headquarters every management is not gender sensitized to month for onward transmission to the convey clear messages down for Government. The Circular faced this fate Customer Orientation towards women. because of its disuse. When top The above statistics leaves much scope management is not committed to for improvements in this regard. It implement an instruction, the Circular indicates that stronger messages based containing the instruction is soon on conviction need to be passed down the forgotten at each level. levels, as far as Crime Against Women The above findings support the views and behaviour towards women are of John P Kotter (1995) that lacking a concerned. If one-fourth of the police vision or under communicating a vision personnel do not perceive that the top results in people not understanding, management is committed towards leave alone internalizing, the new satisfaction of women customers, it approach. Until new behaviours are would be very difficult to expect from rooted in social norms and shared values, them that they would take keen interest they are subject to degradation as soon as in developing knowledge in the area as pressure for change is removed. well as in adopting good practices in this field. This goes very well with ground xi. Actual Perception level facts. There is a Circular in Kerala Police (Circular No. 11/96 dtd. 9-7-1996) When it comes to perception about that the Women Cell should supervise all oneself and one’s colleagues regarding the CAW cases and if the complainants the way in which they are routinely have any complaint that such cases are behaving while they are discharging not investigated properly the their duties probably there can be a investigation of such cases should be tendency to give normative answers. reviewed by the Crime Detachment Hence while designing the Interview Deputy Superintendent of police. While Schedule it was decided to ask a few the researcher, contacted four Crime questions on actual situation involving a Detachment Deputy Superintendents of personal matter. The respondents were Police regarding their knowledge about asked whether they feel safe to send

106 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Personnel about their Customer Orientation towards Women their wife, sister or mother to a Police deliver justice to women. Another reason Station to file a complaint, if they had to may be that as they have not actually face an atrocity. gone with a complaint, but have only 83.6% from the Grass Root Level, imagined the situation, their perception 86.9% from the Cutting Edge Level and is coloured by the general image of the 74% from the Middle Level answered Police Force as a not-so-Customer- that they feel safe. 16.4% from the Grass Friendly-Organisation, especially Root Level, 13.1% from the Cutting Edge towards women. As some of the police Level and 26% from the Middle Level personnel do not like to send their close told that they do not feel safe to send female kin to the Police Station, there is their wife, sister/mother to a Police a possibility that such personnel may not Station to file a complaint. At the Grass accept the behaviour of a woman going to Root Level, personnel with more years of the Police Station and with such an experience are less confident to send attitude, they may look at their women their sister/wife to a Police Station with customers. This is an example of a a complaint. At the Middle Level, situation where personnel do not have personnel with more years of experience confidence in their own organization. (28-35 years) are confident in sending When the respondents were asked their wife or sister to a Police Station to whether they will get justice or not from file a complaint. By and large years of the Police Station, only 27.9% from the experience is making marked difference Grass Root Level, 34.6% from the Cutting in this regard among all levels. Edge Level and 15.6% from the Middle When the respondents were asked Level stated that they will get full justice. about how will they send their wife, 0.3% from the Grass Root Level and 2.6% sister/mother to a Police Station if she from the Middle Level stated that they has a complaint, only 24% of the Grass would not get justice at all. Root Level, 26.9% of the Cutting Edge 53% of the Grass Root Level, 53.1% of Level and 16.9% of the Middle Level the Cutting Edge Level and 62.3% of the answered that they can go alone. 11.5% of Middle Level stated that whether they the Grass Root Level, 2.3% of the Cutting get justice or not will depend upon the Edge Level and 7.8% of the Middle Level attitude of the SI/CI. Thus only one-fifth answered that they will try to avoid filing of the police personnel have full a complaint. The others felt that they confidence in the Department that a could go along with a friend, male family woman in distress will get justice from a member, some influential person or they Police Station. Another one-fifth have no themselves. confidence, at all whereas about three- From the above discussions, it is very fifth of the personnel have confidence; clear that even among the police provided police personnel are good, they personnel, 17% think that a woman may exert influence etc. Years of experience is not get justice from a Police Station. One not playing any major role in forming the reason may be that they do not have Perception of the police personnel in this confidence that their colleagues will regard.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 107 Even though they themselves are colours on Customer Orientation guardians of law, 8.5% of police towards women as they show more personnel think that they will try to Perception about the Department avoid filing a criminal complaint if their and Middle Level personnel show wife, mother or sister had to face an the least Perception about the atrocity against her. It may be of interest Department as far as Customer to note that around one-fourth of the Orientation towards women is respondents thought that it is desirable concerned. that they themselves will accompany the 2. Rewards and punishments from female kin to avoid unpleasant outcomes. the Department are not playing During personal discussions, many of any significant role in the forming these respondents said that they fear of Perceptions of police personnel indecent behaviour from police as far as Customer Orientation personnel and they also felt from their towards women is concerned. experience in the Department that the 3. Better Interpersonal Relations delay and final acquittal from the Court help to develop better are not going to give any solace to the Perceptions. victim. 4. The police personnel in general do Thus though majority of police not perceive that the top personnel stated that everything is well management is giving top priority in the Police Department with respect to to Customer Orientation towards Customer Orientation towards women, women revealing that, the top when it comes to an actual field situation, management has failed to convey they are stating their actual belief that to those under their charge that everything is not well and whether a they give priority to CAW & woman customer coming to a Police dealing with women customers. Station will get satisfaction or not 5. In general, police personnel feel depends upon many factors like the that the present level of gender nature of officers handling the case, the sensitivity is sufficient enough to extent of influence the complainant can deal with women customers and exert, etc. This is a situation where police CAW in a fair manner. In other personnel themselves believe that words, they do not feel any Service Delivery to women in a Police urgency to acquire more gender Station may not be professional, but may sensitivity. depend upon many extraneous factors. 6. By and large, the interviewed police personnel feel that police Conclusion personnel have become better gender sensitized in recent years The result of the analysis can be due to Government Policies, summarized as follows: Departmental Circulars, 1. The Grass Root Level Personnel intervention by other agencies, paint the Department in brighter etc.

108 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Perceptions of Police Personnel about their Customer Orientation towards Women

7. Police personnel in general, do not towards women in particular are feel fully confident that they concerned. At the same time, they do not themselves will get a fair deal perceive the urgency for further changes, from a Police Station in a CAW in spite of the fact that they perceive the case, i.e., they are not fully inadequacy in the Service Delivery of the confident about the service Department to women customers. delivery from a Police Station towards women customers or to References: customers in general. This is in 1. Gopinath, Santha. (1980) Customer actual contradiction to their Satisfaction in the Postal Service, New Perceptions mentioned as point Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. No. 5 & 6 above, i.e., in point No. 5 2. Kotter, John.P. (1995). ‘Leading Change: they perceive that they have Why Transformation Efforts Fail?’ Harvard adequate perception about their Business Review On Change Series, Vol. role in CAW while in point 7, they No.73-Issue No.2, March admit that what they could expect 3. Mathis, Robert, L. and Jackson, John, H. from their colleagues in Police (1999) Human Resource Management. 9th Station will be different from what Edition, Australia: South - Western College is contained in gender sensitivity Publishing. programmes. 4. Moore, Chris. (1978) How to Handle Thus it can be concluded that the Customer Complaint. England: Grower Press. police personnel have started breathing 5. Senge, Peter M. (1990) The Fifth Discipline the air of change as far as gender - The Art & Practice of the Learning sensitivity and service delivery culture Organization, New York: Bantam in general and Customer Orientation Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 109 Book Review

Manners and Etiquettes regular practice during the training programme has powerful potential of The book "Manners and Etiquetter" grooming the officers of the Police who written by Dr. G.P. Bhatnagar, IG, BSF constitute public face of the Police (Retd) and forward written by Sh. Ajai Department. Therefore, it is strongly Raj Sharma, IPS, DG, BSF (Retd). The recommended for all Police Libraries book published by M/s M.B. Publication and Training Institutes. in association with Learning Wheels, Maharajpur, Gwalior (M.P.). Book 2. Nagpur Police Through Ages-A Contain 126 pages and its price is Rs. 150/- Micro Study in Macro Setting. and reviewed by Shri R.C. Arora, IG/ The book, “Nagpur Police Through Director, BPR&D. Ages – A Micro Study in Macro Setting”, It is Second Edition of the book appears to have been written after a authored by Dr. G.P. Bhatnagar, a retired through research. In the first chapter, IG of BSF. It extensively covers the the author begins the sojourn through Manners and Etiquettes which are the ancient and medieval ages in order to observed on different formal and allow the reader to have a glimpse of the informal occasions in various societies. It ancient and medieval police traditions. is one of the tool which one needs to have The author, Mr. Joshi, has thrown light mastery over to bridge the gap between on the police tradition during the Pathan one’s potential and achievement level. rule, Mughal rule, as well as the Peshwa rule by taking generous assistance from The book highlights the need for and various historical works related to the importance of manners and etiquettes Medieval Age. appropriate for different occasion. The illustrations are to the point while the The second chapter of the book on expression is very convincing. Tips like Bhonsle Raj gives few unnecessary “Grace will last, favour will blast.” details about the administrative “Learn to listen than listen to learn.” structure of the Bhonsles – details about “Good manners are small coin of virtue” kamavisdars and the courtyards could etc. appeal the readers at the very first have been avoided. The third chapter of reading. the book gives a fair idea of the nature of ofences, as well as the nature of The book is a valuable compendium of convictions in and around Nagpur during such manners and etiquettes as shall add British superintendency. grace to the occasion and conduct of the individual alike. The knowledge of The fourth chapter mainly deals with contents of the book and its conscious the political history from 1826 till 1853. practice over a short period can do Though this chapter is supposed to deal wonders for the public servants with police administration from frequently in touch with people in restoration of the territories of Raja till general and the police officers at the annexation, it appears that too much of cutting edge level in particular. Its political history has been dealt with in introduction in training institutes and this chapter. The fifth chapter throws

110 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Book Review interesting light on the changes in police bibliography at the end of the book and an organization in British India, as a whole index has also been attached for the though the emphasis was on Nagpur benefit of the readers. Police. Though the book gives a vivid picture The sixth chapter of the book deals of the different phases of transformation with the evolution of Nagpur Police. undergone by the Nagpur police during The formation of the Railway Police, the ancient, medieval and modern ages, Spl. Armed Force, the Spl. Branch and the book could have been made more the origin of imperial police are interesting had there been more beautifully brought out in this chapter. illustrations and by doing away with The seventh chapter outlines the some of the unnecessary and irrelevant organizational changes in Indian historical details. On the whole, the book Police. The establishment of the C.I.D. should be useful for anyone interested in and the C.I.B. has also been dealt with knowing a bit more about the history of in this chapter. Nagpur Police as well as the evolution of the police system in Central India during In the eighth chapter on the history of the British Raj. Many will not miss the police from 1919 to 1945, the author bold decision of the Maharaja of draws the attention of the reader to the Darbhanga as a member of the Fraser various historical events taking place Commission to give the dissenting during this period and shows the police opinion that the pay and recruitment response to all such events. Certain procedure of the Indian Police Officers interesting facts and figures related to and British-born police officers should be pay & conveyance allowance can also be equal though this opinion was finally found in this chapter. The origin of the rejected by the Second Police Spl. Armed Constabulary in 1941 as well Commission. as the establishment of night schools and training schools for constables have also This book may be considered not only been referred to in this chapter. as a review of historical evolution of Nagpur Police but also of the police force In the penultimate chapter of the of Central India as a whole. The book, the author refers to the various painstaking research undertaken by the political developments as well as the author in writing this book is important contemporary issues facing commendable indeed. police from 1944 to 1956. In the final chapter with the title ‘Epilogue’, the author stresses the journey of nagpur Note: For more details may be Police since 1956 till 2003. Annexure I of contacted to Sh. P.L. Joshi, MA, Ph.D, comparative crime statement of nagpur Rambag Complex Bunglow, Ramkrishna city (1959 – 2003) makes interesting Nagar, Khamla Road, Nagpur - 440015. reading. There is an elaborate Ph.: (0172) 2224813

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 111 From the Desk of Director (R&D) BPR&D has sponsored a study on the mindset that such evidence is merely Use of Forensic Science in corroborative in criminal trial has to Investigation and Trial of Criminal change. This can be achieved by Cases. It was conducted by The West introducing following means: - Bengal National University of Juridical (a) by laying more emphasis on Sciences. The study report has been collection of physical evidence in submitted on 30,03.2005. Dr. Amiya K. the police procedure code and the Samanta, DGP (Retd.), West Bengal was code of investigation. kind enough to make a presentation (b) through better training of officers, respecting the findings of the study investigating before a gathering of Senior Officers from LNJN NICFS, CBI Academy, Directorate (c) by making FSLs respond promptly of Forensic Science, CFSL, CBI and other and quickly to the needs, distinguished Police Officers. We are (d) the judiciary may also be more pleased to reproduce some of the views vigilant about forensic evidence, and findings of the studies in the and may ask for better quality of succeeding Para. the forensic evidence and The study was based on the Critical promptness on the part of the evaluation of forensic evidence collected Police and FSLs and used in recently tried out 115 cases of ii. The detective role of the FSLs has murder and rape which includes 100 to develop to make the analytical role cases, which came under the scrutiny of more focused and purposeful. So, there the Supreme Court on appeal. may be ‘Clue-teams’ or ‘Scene of Crime Endeavour was made to suggest on Teams’ for collection of forensic better utilization of existing resources to materials from the scene of crime. bring about qualitative improvement in iii Appointment of Scene of Crime the collection and analysis of forensic Officers (SOCO) and protection of the evidence. Efforts were made to find out scene of crime to guard against loss of reasons for inadequate use of forensic forensic materials. science in criminal justice processes as of iv. Benefit of the amendment of now. Suggestions have been given for Section 293 Cr.P.C. in the recently growth of forensic science facilities and amended Cr.P. C. (2005) can be availed by improvement in the skills of notifying the scientific experts in the investigating officers, to properly new fields of forensic science such as search, collect and preserve forensic DNA typing, Computer and Telephony materials. investigation for voice identification, On the basis of the empirical data Forensic Acoustics (speaker and field investigations the following identification), Forensic image observations / suggestions have been processing, Osteology and Odoxtology made in the study: etc. by the Central Government so as to i. For more extensive and effective make the experts opinion admissible in use of forensic evidence, the present the Court.

112 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 From the Desk of Director (R&D)

v. Changes in the existing on a regular and compulsory basis. They procedure of dispatch of forensic may learn how to dispose in a court of law. materials to FSLs. Except in cases where xii.The scientists should receive a section 5 of the Identification of feedback of their work from the Prisoners Act, 1920, is applicable, in all investigating officers after the disposal other cases, the investigating officer may of the case. send the forensic materials to the FSL, without going through the court. xiii. The induction-training programme of investigating officers may vi. Forensic awareness among the put more emphasis on forensic evidence police officers, prosecutors and judicial and this may be sustained by in later officers, through training courses and career, by periodic meeting and co-ordination. vii.To streamline the medico-legal a) Supply of forensic kits to the aspect in investigation, a time frame for Police Stations medico-legal reports may be set, with b) By supervising officers’ legal and procedural compulsions. A mandatory instructions and similar timeframe may be devised for directions on collection and use of various types of forensic examination forensic evidence. and may be brought within legal and c) By periodic training in scientific procedural directives. evidence and making them viii. Association of forensic acquainted with new scientific scientists with postmortem examination developments in the field. will eliminate avoidable complications. xiv.Along with this the infrastructure ix. While the budget and shortage of facilities like, better preservation of manpower may be taken care of as forensic materials and easier and hassle- suggested above, the priorities for the free procedure for dispatching materials CFSLs in the Forensic Directorate, New to the FSL will encourage investigating Delhi, may be suitably set in the light of officers to use forensic evidence more the status of Forensic Science as an and more. altruistic science. More emphasis should xv. The Public Prosecutors should be on the ground spread with participation in detection and prompt know the technique of eliciting relevant and professional disposal of cases. points from the expert” and should protect the expert from the defense x. By wider ground spread, the lawyer’s scurrilous references. forensic awareness and better co- ordination may be achieved. Examples of xvi. In a demand supply scenario, the Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and to some consumers” preference will determine extent in Haryana are encouraging in the quality of the product. The judge and this regard. public prosecutors may be explicit and xi. A training programme for the vocal with regard to the deficiencies, forensic experts especially in the Law of inadequacies of forensic evidence and Evidence and Criminal Procedure Code their expectations in this regard.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 113 xvii. The Research and Development those valuable suggestions made to Projects of the Directorate of Forensic improve utilization of Forensic Science Science, MHA, may explore the avenues in Crime Investigation Work. I am sure for more creative application of science these suggestions will help the Forensic in the field of crime detection and Scientists, Police Officers and policy investigation. makers to take necessary steps to This Bureau appreciates the improve the use of Scientific Aids in excellent study carried out by Bengal investigation in order to increase the University of Juridical Science and for conviction rate and bring more professionalism in the service.

114 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Technology Up-date A History of Body Armour -Bullet Proof Vests

How Does Body Armour Work? This Bureau appreciates the When a handgun bullet strikes body excellent study carried out by Armour, it is caught in a “web” of very West Methods of Construction strong fibers. These fibers absorb and Typically, concealable body Armour is disperse the impact energy that is constructed of multiple layers of ballistic transmitted to the vest from the bullet, fabric or other ballistic resistant causing the bullet to deform or materials, assembled into the “ballistic “mushroom.” Additional energy is panel.” The ballistic panel is then absorbed by each successive layer of inserted into the “carrier,” which is material in the vest, until such time as constructed of conventional garment the bullet has been stopped. fabrics such as nylon or cotton. The Because the fibers work together ballistic panel may be permanently sewn both in the individual layer and with into the carrier or may be removable. other layers of material in the vest, a Although the overall finished product large area of the garment becomes looks relatively simple in construction, involved in preventing the bullet from the ballistic panel is very complex. penetrating. This also helps in Ballistic fabric is available from a dissipating the forces, which can cause number of manufacturers in various non-penetrating injuries (what is styles and compositions, each type commonly referred to as “blunt trauma”) having unique ballistic resistant to internal organs. Unfortunately, at this properties. The body armour time no material exists that would allow manufacturer may construct a given a vest to be constructed from a single ply model of ballistic panel from a single of material. fabric style or from two or more styles in Currently, today’s modern generation combination. The location and number of of concealable body Armour can provide layers of each style within the multiple- protection in a variety of levels designed layer ballistic panel influence the overall to defeat most common low- and medium- ballistic performance of the panel. In energy handgun rounds. Body Armour addition, some manufacturers coat the designed to defeat rifle fire is of either ballistic fabric with various materials. semi rigid or rigid construction, typically For example, the manufacturer may add incorporating hard materials such as a layer of non-ballistic material for the ceramics and metals. Because of its sole purpose of increasing blunt trauma weight and bulkiness, it is impractical for protection. Even composites of two or routine use by uniformed patrol officers more different ballistic materials are and is reserved for use in tactical available. As a consequence, it is situations where it is worn externally for impossible to compare one product with short periods of time when confronted another based solely on the number of with higher level threats. fabric layers in the ballistic panel.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 115 The manner in which the ballistic weight, high chemical resistance, and panels are assembled into a single unit high cut resistance. Kevlar is also flame also differs from one manufacturer to resistant; does not melt, soften, or flow; another. In some cases, the multiple and the fiber is unaffected by immersion layers are bias stitched around the entire in water. edge of the panel; in others, the layers are Kevlar 29, introduced in the early tack stitched together at several 1970s, was the first generation of bullet locations. Some manufacturers assemble resistant fibers developed by DuPont the fabrics with a number of rows of and helped to make the production of vertical or horizontal stitching; some flexible, concealable body Armour may even quilt the entire ballistic panel. practical for the first time. In 1988, No evidence exists that stitching impairs DuPont introduced the second the ballistic resistant properties of a generation of Kevlar fiber, known as panel. Instead, stitching tends to Kevlar 129. According to DuPont, this improve the overall performance, fabric offered increased ballistic especially in cases of blunt trauma, protection capabilities against high depending upon the type of fabric used. energy rounds such as the 9mm FMJ(Full Body Armour intended for routine Metal Jacket). In 1995, Kevlar use is most often designed to be worn Correctional was introduced, which beneath the normal uniform shirt. Again, provides puncture resistant technology manufacturers tend to design different to both law enforcement and correctional methods of attaching armour to the body. officers against puncture type threats. Hook-and-pile fasteners are common, as The newest addition to the Kevlar are “D” ring-tightening straps. With the line is Kevlar Protera, which DuPont exception of metal fasteners of any type made available in 1996. DuPont contends (which can deflect a bullet on impact and that the Kevlar Protera is a high- pose a hazard), the method of attachment performance fabric that allows lighter is a matter of personal preference. weight, more flexibility, and greater ballistic protection in a vest design due to Materials Used the molecular structure of the fiber. Its Several manufacturers have been tensile strength and energy-absorbing involved in developing and refining capabilities have been increased by the materials used in body armour. development of a new spinning process. DuPont has developed law enforcement protection products for Spectra fiber, manufactured by more than 25 years. Its Kevlar brand AlliedSignal, is an ultra-high-strength fiber, first developed in 1965, was the polyethylene fiber. Ultra high molecular first material identified for use in the weight polyethylene is dissolved in a modern generation of concealable body solvent and spun through a series of armour. Kevlar is a manmade organic small orifices, called spinnerets. This fiber, with a combination of properties solution is solidified by cooling, and the allowing for high strength with low cooled fiber has a gel-like appearance.

116 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Technology Up-date

The Spectra fiber is then used to make Akzo Noble maintains that the use of Spectra Shield composite. A layer of TWARON in body armour significantly Spectra Shield composite consists of two reduces the overall weight of the finished unidirectional layers of Spectra fiber, product, thus making vests more arranged to cross each other at 0- and 90- comfortable. Akzo also contends that degree angles and held in place by a stitching panels made from layers of flexible resin. Both the fiber and resin TWARON is largely unnecessary, and layers are sealed between two thin that the lack of stitching contributes to a sheets of polyethylene film, which is lighter weight and softer feel while similar in appearance to plastic food affording the same protection. wrap. According to AlliedSignal, the Another fiber used to manufacture resulting nonwoven fabric is incredibly strong, lightweight, and has excellent body Armour is Dyneema. Originated in ballistic protection capabilities. Spectra Netherlands, Dyneema has an extremely Shield is made in a variety of styles for high strength-to-weight ratio (a 1- mm- use in both concealable and hard Armour diameter rope of Dyneema can bear up to applications. a 240-kg load), is light enough that it can float on water, and has high energy AlliedSignal also uses the Shield absorption characteristics. Technology process to manufacture another type of shield composite called Gold Shield. Gold Shield is Liquid Body Armour manufactured using aramid fibers in Liquid armour for Kevlar vests is one place of the Spectra fiber. Gold Shield is of the newest technologies being currently made in three types: Gold developed at the U.S. Army Research Shield LCR and GoldFlex, which are Laboratory to save Soldiers’ lives. This used in concealable body Armour; and type of body armour is light and flexible, Gold Shield PCR, which is used in the which allows soldiers to be more mobile manufacture of hard armor, as plates and and won’t hinder an individual from helmets. running or aiming his or her weapon. Another manufacturer, Akzo The key component of liquid armour Nobel has developed various forms of its is a shear thickening fluid(SRF). STF is aramid fiber TWARON for body Armour. composed of hard particles suspended in According to Akzo Nobel, this fiber uses a liquid. The liquid, polyethylene glycol, 1,000 or more finely spun single is non-toxic, and can withstand a wide filaments that act as an energy sponge, range of temperatures. Hard, nano- absorbing a bullet’s impact and quickly particles of silica are the other dissipating its energy through engaged components of STF. This combination of and adjacent fibers. Because more filaments are used, the impact is flowable and hard components results in dispersed more quickly. Akzo claims a material with unusual properties. their patented Microfilament technology During normal handling, the STF is allows maximum energy absorption at very deformable and flows like a liquid. miminum weights while enhancing However, once a bullet or frag hits the comfort and flexibility. vest, it transitions to a rigid material,

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 117 which prevents the projectile from that aren’t protected by ballistic vests penetrating the Soldier’s body. To make but need to remain flexible. We could also liquid armour, STF is soaked into all use this material for bomb blankets, to layers of the Kevlar vest. The Kevlar cover suspicious packages or unexploded fabric holds the STF in place, and also ordnance. Liquid armour could even be helps to stop the bullet. The saturated applied to jump boots, so that they would fabric can be soaked, draped, and sewn stiffen during impact to support Soldiers’ just like any other fabric. . ankles.” The goal of the technology is to create In addition to saving Soldiers’ lives a new material that is low cost and liquid armour in Kevlar vests could help lightweight which offers equivalent or those who work in law enforcement. superior ballistic properties as Prison guards and police officers could compared to current Kevlar fabric, but also benefit from this technology. Liquid has more flexibility and less thickness. armour is much more stab resistant that Liquid armour is still undergoing conventional body armour. This laboratory tests, but scientists are capability is especially important for enthusiastic about other applications prison guards, who are most often that the technology might be applied to. attacked with handmade sharp weapons. “The sky’s the limit,” said scientists. “We would first like to put this material (Abhijit Sen) in a soldier’s sleeves and pants, areas S.S.O.(E), BPR&D

118 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 President’s Police Medal For Distinguished Service- Republic Day-2005. Andhra Pradesh 10. Shri Onkar Chand Thakur, DIG/CR, 1. Smt. Aruna M. Bahuguna, Mandi,Himachal Pradesh Inspector General of Police, Controller Legal Metrology, Jammu & Kashmirs Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. 11. Shri P.K.Gupta, IGP, 2. Shri T.Ananthaiah, Crime & Rly, Commandant, Jammu & Kashmir Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. Jharkhand 3. Shri I. Raghava Rao, 12. Shri Shivaji Mahan Cairae, Dy.SP, A.P. Police Academy, DGP, Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh Jharkhand, Ranchi Assam 13. Shri Ram Lakhan Prasad, 4. Shri S.N.Talukdar, Commandant JAP-3, Supdt. of police, Govindpur, Dhanbad, Jharkhand SB Khilipara, Guwahati, Assam. Karnataka Bihar 14. Shri D V Guruprasad,ADGP, 5. Shri Subodh Kumar Singh, State Intelligence, DIGP, Bangalore, Patna, Bihar Karnataka 6. Shri Masum Aziz Kazmi, 15. Shri K S Suresh Babu, DIGP, Inspector General of Police, Mongyr, Bihar BMTF Bangalore,Karnataka Chhattisgarh 16. Shri K S Thammaiah, 7. Shri Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Deputy Suprintendent of Police, DIG/SSP, Nanjangud Sub-Division, Durg, Chhattishgarh, Karnataka 8. Shri Gurumej Singh Bambra, Kerala CSP, Urla Raipur, 17. Shri Jacob Punnoose, Chhattisgarh Addl DGP, Himachal Pradesh Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala 9. Shri D S Manhas, 18. Shri R K Madhekar, ADGP/AP&T, Addl DGP, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 119 19. Shri B. Sasidharan, Mizoram DY Supdt. of Police 29. Shri Zorammawia, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala AIGP-I,Mizoram. Madhya Pradesh Orissa 20. Shri O.P.Garg, Addl. Director General of Police 30. Shri Sarangadhar Raiguru, ( Railways), Bhopal, IGP( Trg), Cuttack, Madhya Pradesh. Orissa. 21. Shri A.K.Soni, Punjab Deputy Inspector General, 31. Shri Chander Shekhar, SB, PHQ, Bhopal, Addl.DGP, Madhya Pradesh. Chandigarh, Punjab. 22. Shri L.L.Sharma, Reserve Inspector, Rajasthan Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh. 32. Shri S.N.Jain, 23. Shri Tej Singh Panwar, IGP, BSF, Rajasthan Frontier, Sub-Inspector, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. SB,PHQ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. 33. Shri V.K.Godika, Inspector General of Police, 24. Shri Vishwakant Vyas, Head Constable, Udaipur Range, DSB, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Sehore,Madhya Pradesh. 34. Shri Thawar Chand Damor, Maharashtra Supdt. of Police, 25. Shri Jeevan D Virkar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Addl.DGP, HQ, 35. Shri Damodar Vyas, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Dy.SP, C.O. East Jodhpur City, 26. Shri Abdul Rajjak Abdul Karim, Rajasthan. Inspector, Nagpur,Rural, Maharashtra 36. Shri Kailash Chand Pareek, Asstt. Sub-Inspector, Manipur Crime Branch, 27. Shri Ngamkhohen Kipgen, Bhilwara, Rajasthan. Supdt. of Police, Vigilance, Imphal, Manipur. Sikkim 28. Shri Kh.Dhanachandra Singh, 37. Shri C. M. Ravindran, Assistant Commandant, Addl.DGP, 2nd MR, Manipur. Gangtok, Sikkim.

120 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 President’s Police Medal For Distinguished Service- Republic Day-2005.

Tamil Nadu 49. Shri Y.K. Pachauri, 38. Shri Anoop Jaiswal, Supdt. of Police, Railway, Joint Director, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. V& A.C. 50. Shri Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Chennai, Tamilnadu. Inspector General, Security, 39. Shri Narinder Pal Singh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Inspector General of Police, 51. Shri Udayan Parmar, WZ, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. IG/Principal Police Training 40. Shri S.G.Rajendran, College, Moradabad, Dy. Inspector General, Uttar Pradesh. Chengalpattu Range, Tamil nadu. 52. Shri H.S Balwaria, 41. Shri K.Periasamy, IG/Director Prosecution, Dy Supdt. of Police, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Salem, Tamilnadu. Tripura 53. Shri Om Prakash Dikshit, 42. Shri Debjan Chakma, IG Power Corpn.Ltd., Inspector, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Udaipur, Tripura. 54. Shri Shive Narayan Singh, 43. Shri Rabindra Bhattacharjee, IG Human Rights, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Head Constable, Tripura. Uttar Pradesh 55. Shri B.M.Tripathy, Supdt. of Police, 44. Shri Babu Lal Yadav, Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh. Addl. DGP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. 56. Shri Hari Singh Gurang, Platoon Comdr,PAC Band, 45. Shri P.C.Sabarwal, 35 BN PAC, Inspector General, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Karmik,UP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. West Bengal 46. Shri K.N.D.Dwivedi, 57. Shri Debendra Nath Biswas, Dy Inspr.Genl of Police, Bareilly, Inspector General of Police, Kolkata, West Bengal. Uttar Pradesh. 58. Shri Sandhi Mukherjee, 47. Shri Amar Dutt Misra, Inspector General of Police, DIG Railway, Intelligence Bureau, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata, West Bengal. 48. Shri N.K.Srivastava, 59. Shri Joydeb Chakrabarty, SP, Intelligence, Inspector General of Police, Intelligence Hqrs, Writers Buildings, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata, West Bengal.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 121 60. Shri Parimal Kumar Mitra, 69. Shri Mohan Lal Verma, Deputy Commissioner of Police, DIG, FHQ, BSF, 7th BN KAP, CGO Complex, West Bengal. New Delhi. 61. Shri Chayan Kumar Mukherjee, 70. Shri Mohinder Lal, Inspector General of Police, DIG CSWT BSF, West Bengal. Indore, Border Security Force 62. Shri Nirmal Kumar Das, 71. Shri Wazir Singh Panwar, Assistant Commissioner of 2 I/C , Udaipur, Police, Central Division, Border Security Force West Bengal. 72. Dr. Samir Kumar Das, Chandigarh UT CMO, FHQ BSF Medical Dte,, 63. Shri Rajesh Kumar, Border Security Force Inspector General of Police, 73. Shri Krishan Ram Chakoti, Chandigarh Administration. Inspector, FTR HQ BSF TRA, Chandigarh. Salbagan, Border Security Force N.C.T. of Delhi 74. Shri P.B. Chhetry,. Inspector, BSF Academy, 64. Shri Rajinder Singh, Tekanpur, Border Security Force Inspector, West Delhi, NCT. of Delhi, Delhi. (BPR & D) 65. Dr. U.N.B. Rao, 75. Shri Jagdip Singh, Jt. Commissioner of Police, Vice Principal,CDTS, N.C.T. of Delhi, Delhi. Chandigarh, MHA (BPR&D). Assam Rifles C.B.I. 66. Shri Kaziman Gurung, 76. Smt. Archana Ramasundaram, Sub Major, Kimin Ghaspani, Joint Director, CBI, Assam Rifles. New Delhi. Border Security Force 77. Shri Deo Kumar Choudhry, Supdt.of Police, EOW,CBI, 67. Shri B K Dey, New Delhi. IG/Director, 78. Shri Tarini Prasad Jha, BSF Academy, Supdt. of Police, Tekanpur, Border Security Force BS&FC,CBI, 68. Shri Suresh Kumar Dutta, Kolkata IG FTRHQ BSF NB, 79. Shri Sivaji Rajagopal, Kadamtala, Addl Supdt. of Police, ACB, CBI, Border Security Force Chennai..

122 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 President’s Police Medal For Distinguished Service- Republic Day-2005.

80. Shri Nirmal Kumar Mukherjee, 92. Shri M.S. Aggarwal, Addl Supdt. of Police, DIGP, Pallipuram, CRPF, BS & FC,CBI, Mumbai. Thiruvananthapuram, 81. Shri Tridebeswar Das, 93. Shri B.D.S. Chauhan, DSP,ACB,CBI, ADIGP, GC-I, CRPF, Kolkata. Ajmer, 82. Shri Kumar Amar Singh, 94. Shri Raghubir Singh, DSP,AHD,CBI, ADIGP, CRPF, Jammu, Patna. 95. Shri D.R. Pathak, C.I.S.F. ADIGP, GC-CRPF, 83. Shri Vinod Kumar Bakshi, Gwalior. DIG,NISA,CISF, 96. Shri S.P.S. Nagar, Hyderbad. Commandant, 136 BN, CRPF 84. Shri Jai Bhagwan Kaushik, Nalbari. Sr. Commandant, GPHQ,CISF, 97. Shri Chandras Sekharan Guwahati. T. Commandant, CTC-II, CRPF, 85. Shri Chaman Lal Bhatia, Coimbatore. Dy.Comdt.CISF, 98. Shri Jogindra Singh, 86. Shri Dhan Singh, Commandant, Asstt. Comdt., NISA,CISF, DTE. General, CRPF, Hyderabad. New Delhi. 87. Shri K.A. Nancharaiah, I.T.B.P. Sub-Inspector,BHEL,CISF, 99. Shri M S Bhurji, Hyderabad. DIG, CRPF I.T.B.P.,Academy, 88. Shri S.C. Sharma, 100. Shri J V S Chaudhary, Inspector General of Police, ADIG, CRPF, Shillong. SHQ, J&K, I.T.B.P. 89. Shri Man Singh Rawat, 101. DR. Pratap Chandra Panda, DIGP, Dte. General, CMO (SG), Brijbehra, CRPF, New Delhi, I.T.B.P. 90. Shri Dulal Chandra Dey, 102. Shri Mahendra Kumar, DIGP, CRPF, DY COMDT.(ENGG), Agartala (Tripura), Kullu, I.T.B.P. 91. Shri Harbhajan Singh, 103. Shri Kanhaiya Lal Pokhriyal, DIGP, RTC-I, CRPF, DY COMDT. Telecomn, BN., Neemuch. I.T.B.P.

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 123 Ministry of Home Affairs 116. Shri K.P. Singh, DCIO, 104. Shri Rajiv Jain, Ministry of Home Affairs Joint Director, Ministry of Home Affairs 117. Shri B.B.Magotra, ACIO, GRADE-I/G 105. Shri Udayan Mukerji, Ministry of Home Affairs Joint Director, Ministry of Home Affairs 118. Shri S.P.Panda, ACIO, GRADE-II/G 106. Shri V.V.Krishna Kumar, Ministry of Home Affairs Addl Dy. Director (Tech.), SSB Ministry of Home Affairs 119. Shri Yashvant Malhotra, 107. Shri Aditya Kumar, IG, Force Hqrs SSB, Joint Dy. Director (Tech.), New Delhi Ministry of Home Affairs SVP NPA 108. Shri S.K. Verma, 120. Shri Man Singh, Joint Dy. Director, HC/ASSTT Drill Instructor, Ministry of Home Affairs SVP NPA Hyderabad, 109. Shri S.K. Sharma, M.H.A. (NPA) Assistant Director, Ministry of Home Affairs 121. Shri S K Jain, IG, SPG, New Delhi, 110. Shri A.N. Jha, CAB. SECTT. (SPG) Assistant Director, Ministry of Home Affairs M.H.A.(NSG) 111. Shri G.T.Bhutia, 122. Shri P K Thakur, Assistant Director, I.G, CGO Complex, Ministry of Home Affairs New Delhi, 112. Shri S.K.Seshadri, MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS Assistant Director, 123. Shri Anil Sharma, Ministry of Home Affairs Chief Security Commissioner, WCR/Jabalpur, 113. Shri K.C.Karlupia, Assistant Director, Ministry of Railways Ministry of Home Affairs 124. Shri U. Hayavadana Char, 114. Shri V.Karthikeyan, ASC Rrly, Railway Board, DCIO, Ministry of Railways Ministry of Home Affairs 125. Shri C. Panneerselvam, 115. Shri T.K. Guha, Inspector, CIB/Hqrs/ DCIO, Chennai, Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Railways

124 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Subject of Index of Articles Published in I.P.J. During the Year 2004 Sl. Name of the Article Name of the Quarter/ Page No. No. Author Volume No. 1 A Study: Involvement of women in S.P. Singh Jan-March 04 100-106 violent crimes LI, No. 1 2 A World With in: A Sociological O.P. Mishra Jan-March 04 38-59 Study of Red Light Area G.B. LI, No. 1 Road – Delhi 3 Analysis of the Accidents due to K.D. Theng April-June 04 103-115 Failures of the Propeller Shaft LI. No. 2 System 4 Analysis of the Physical P. Borgohain, July-Sept. 04 50-55 Characteristics of Audio Cassettes R.N. Khound LI. No. 3 using Computer Software and the Standard Instrumentation Technique. 5 Application of Fourier Transform Durga Prasad, July-Sept. 04 97-104 Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) to M. Baskar, LI. No. 3 Forensic Discrimination of Automotive S.Ramakrishnan Paint/Re-paint 6 Armed Police in India: Doctrine, Jayanto N. July-Sept. 04 9-17 Organization & Culture issues Choudhury, IPS LI. No. 3 7 Application of NDPS Field Test K.M. Varshney Golden Jubilee 40-44 Kit for the Police Modernization LI. No. 4 8 Bridging the Divide-the Karur Sandeep Mittal, Golden Jubilee 23-31 Experience Policing the community, IPS 2004, LI. No.4 the community policing way 9 Community Policing in Jammu & Navin Agarwal, Jan-March 04 73-76 Kasmir IPS LI. No. 1 10 Contradictions in Motor Vehicle Banibrata Basu, Jan-March 04 85-89 Act & Dilemmas of Traffic Police IPS LI No. 1 11 Counselling and Interpersonal Rakesh Kumar Golden Jubilee 04 57-63 Skills Training: To Manage Singh 2004, LI. No.4 Potential of CRPF Personnel 12 Crime in Ancient India (Early Umesh Kumar April-June 04 43-68 Times to 647 A.D.) Singh, IPS LI. No. 2 13 Crime Reduction through G.S. Bajpai Jan-March 04 90-99 Situational Crime Prevention LI. No. 1

The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 125 14 Decipherment of Faded Printed Jayashanker. G July-Sept. 04 36-42 Matter from Thermal Fax Paper LI. No. 3 & Its Mechanism: 15 Detection Technique of Video Tape C.P. Singh and July-Sept. 04 29-35 Alteration on the Basis of Sound S.K., Choudhary, LI. No. 3 Track Analysis 16 Developments in Information Dr. Sumita Sarkar April-June 04 30-42 Technology and Criminal LI. No. 2 Vulnerability: an Emerging Challenge in Urban India. 17 Development of Creativity and Dr. A.K.Sexena, Golden Jubilee 45-56 Leadership in Police Personnel Ms. Avantika 2004, LI. No.4 (Top Leadership Views) Sexena 18 Disguise (New Trends in its abuse) B.R. Sharma July-Sept. 04 56-67 LI. No. 3 19 Discourse on police Reforms in Ajay K. Mehra Jan-March 04 9-24 India LI. No. 1 20 Forensic Examination of some Johny T. Abraham, July-Sept. 04 68-85 Textile Fabrics using XRD and J.S, Chauhan,P.N. LI. No. 3 XRF Ramakrishnan 21 Forensic Scientist at Crime Scene: Dr. B.P. Maithil July-Sept. 04 105-110 An Essential tool to solve Mystery LI. No. 3 of Homicide Cases 22 Good Policing Competition Rohit Chaudhary, Golden Jubilee 107-117 IPS 2004, LI. No.4 23 Growing Organisations: the Art of A.P. Maheshwari, Golden Jubilee 102-106 Image Building IPS 2004, LI. No.4 24 Hot spot of Property Crimes in Dr. K. Jaishankar Jan-March 04 107-116 Chennai City LI. No. 1 25 Human Rights and Criminal A.M. Bhattacharjee April-June 17-29 Justice Administration LI. No. 2 26 Human Rights- A Reconciler of Dr. S.D. Sharma Golden Jubilee 32-39 Police-Public Relations 2004, LI. No.4 27 Investigating External Network Lok Nath Behera, Jan-March 04 25-37 Attacks IPS LI. No. 1 28 In Defence of Indian Police Kalyan Rudra, Jan-March 04 69-72 IPS (Retd.) LI. No. 1 29 Overview of GSM and Forensics M.Krishna, July-Sept. 04 18-28 R.K.Jain, LI. No. 3 Dr. M.S. Rao

126 The Indian Police Journal ♦ January - March 2005 Subject of Index of Articles Published in I.P.J. During the Year 2004

30 Paper on Cyber Crime: Concept, Dr. Shikhar Sahai April-June 04 90-102 Modus Operandi, Counter LI. No. 2 Measures and Law Enforcement. 31 Poisons And Indian Criminal Law Dr. D.N. Bhardwaj Golden Jubilee 04 71-76 2004, LI. No.4 32 Post Victimization Consequences in G.S. Bajpai Golden Jubilee 84-92 Rape Cases: A Psycho-social 2004, LI. No.4 Perspective 33 Psycholinguistic Phenomenon as an C.P. Singh, Golden Jubilee 77-83 Important Clue for Forensic Speaker R.K.Srivastava 2004, LI. No.4 Identification 34 Quantitative Analysis of Vegetable Oil M.Baskar, July-Sept. 04 86-96 Mixtures by Fourier Transform Durga Prasad, LI. No. 3 Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometry S.Ramakrishnan 35 Reconciling “Officer Oriented Kumar Rajesh Golden Jubilee 64-70 Work Culture” and “Constable Chandra, IPS 2004, LI. No.4 Oriented Manpower Structure” in Police 36 Role of Communication and Lalit Das, IPS April-June 04 69-89 Information in Disaster Management LI. No. 2 37 Role of Police in Communal Riots: Dr. Anupam July-Sept. 43-49 A Case Study of Meerut Track: Sharma LI. No. 3 38 Sexual Abuse of Children B.K. Sharma Jan-March 04 77-84 LI. No. 1 39 Terrorism and Homicides by Poisoning: Dr. V.V. Pillay July-Sept. 04 111-115 Why Indian Police Must Know LI. No. 3 More About Toxicology: 40 Tourism: An antidote to Terrorism Dr. Sitikantha Jan-March 04 60-68 an analysis Mishra & Mrs. LI. No. 1 Adyasha Das 41 Utility and Efficacy of open Prisons Saubhik Sengupta Golden Jubilee 04 93-101 for Rehabilitation of offenders-An 2004, LI. No.4 Indian Scenario 42 Victims of the system: An overview Beulah Shekhar April-June 04 8-16 of the Pyrrhic Defeat Theory LI. No. 2

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