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TRADISI LISAN NANDONG SIMEULUE: PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DISERTASI Oleh TASNIM LUBIS NIM: 158107006 PROGRAM DOKTOR (S3) LING

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TRADISI LISAN NANDONG SIMEULUE: PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DISERTASI Oleh TASNIM LUBIS NIM: 158107006 PROGRAM DOKTOR (S3) LING TRADISI LISAN NANDONG SIMEULUE: PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DISERTASI Oleh TASNIM LUBIS NIM: 158107006 PROGRAM DOKTOR (S3) LINGUISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TRADISI LISAN NANDONG SIMEULUE: PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DISERTASI Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar doktor dalam Program Doktor Linguistik pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah pimpinan Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Dr. Runtung Sitepu, S.H., M.Hum. untuk dipertahankan di hadapan sidang Terbuka Senat Universitas Sumatera Utara Oleh TASNIM LUBIS NIM: 158107006 Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi) Tanggal: 14 Januari 2019 PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI Pemimpin Sidang: Prof. Dr. Runtung Sitepu, SH., M.Hum. (Rektor USU) Ketua : Prof. Dr. Robert Sibarani, M.S. (USU Medan) Anggota : Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. (USU Medan) Dr. Phil. Ichwan Azhari, M.S. (UNIMED Medan) Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed.TESP. (USU Medan) Dr. Mulyadi, M.Hum. (USU Medan) Dr. Dwi Widayati, M.Hum. (USU Medan) Dr. Bukhari Daud, M.Ed. (UNSYIAH Banda Aceh) UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TRADISI LISAN NANDONG SIMEULUE: PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK ABSTRAK Nandong Simeulue (NS) adalah tradisi lisan dalam masyarakat Simeulue berupa pantun dan puisi yang mengandung nasehat-nasehat dan cerita-cerita. Untuk menganalisis tradisi lisan NS, digunakan pendekatan antropolinguistik yang merupakan interdisipliner antara bahasa dan perilaku (praktik) berbicara. Dengan menggunakan parameter antropolinguistik yaitu keterhubungan, kebernilaian dan keberlanjutan, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan performansi NS, mengevaluasi kandungan tradisi lisan NS, dan menemukan model revitalisasinya agar NS dapat dilestarikan dan diwariskan kepada generasi penerus. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode etnografi yang dikemukakan oleh Spradley. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas data primer dan data sekunder. Sumber data primer berupa rekaman nandong, hasil wawancara dan hasil observasi. Sumber data sekunder berupa teks-teks pantun secara tertulis dan buku-buku yang memuat informasi nandong.. Temuan performansi berupa bentuk praktik berbicara yang mencakup struktur teks NS, tahapan performansi NS, komponen performer dan fungsi tuturan teks NS. Temuan pada kandungan NS menjelaskan makna, fungsi, nilai, dan norma yang terdapat di dalamnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa performansi NS merupakan performansi nasehat yang terdiri ungkapan persuasif dan naratif. Ekspresi persuasif mencakup kalimat imperatif, ajakan dan sindiran sedangkan ekspresi naratif terdiri dari kalimat-kalimat deklaratif. Konteks performansi terdiri dari situasi formal, non-formal, dan impromptu. Formula performansi dalam acara formal tersiri dari seramo, nandong pembuka, nandong isi, nandong penutup dan seramo sedangkan dalam situasi non- formal dilakukan secara spontan. Komponen performer bisa terdiri dari kelompok besar, kelompok kecil dan solo. Makna NS dalam masyarakat Simeulue adalah nasehat dan memiliki fungsi sebagai “alarm”/pengingat tentang tata cara menjalani kehidupan sesuai dengan ajaran agama. Nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam NS adalah nilai hormat-menghormati, menghargai, sportifitas, tanggung jawab, dan tangguh (survive). Norma- norma yang terdapat dalam NS mengikuti tiga aturan yang telah ditetapkan sejak dahulu yaitu: Tullah, Mahkamah dan Tunah. Selanjutnya, model revitalisasi terdiri dari dua yaitu jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Untuk program jangka pendek, mengaktifkan kembali kelompok (sanggar) nandong agar dapat tetap eksis/bertahan untuk pengelolaan jangka panjang. Selanjutnya untuk program jangka panjang, NS akan di dokumentasikan secara audio-video, diarsipkan (archive) dalam bentuk digital, buku, dan kamus agar dapat bertahan dan dipelajari oleh generasi muda dan seterusnya. Kata kunci: Nandong, antropolinguistik, performansi, masyarakat Simeulue i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE ORAL TRADITION OF NANDONG SIMEULUE: ANTHROPOLINGUISTIC APPROACH ABSTRACT Nandong Simeulue (NS) is an oral tradition in Simeuluenese. It consist of pantoon and poetry that convey advice and stories. Anthropolinguistic approach as interdisciplinary was used in this study to analyze NS in order to find out the relationship between language and language practice. Based on the parameter of anthropolinguistic that consist of interconection, evaluability, and sustainability, the objectives of the study were describing performance NS, evaluate the content of NS, and to find out the revitalization model of NS. The revitalizaation model is important in order to sustain NS as one of Simeuluenese herritage. Ethnography method which is proposed by Spradley was implemented in this study. The data were primary and secondary. Primary data source were video recording of NS, the result of interview and observation and secondary data source were transcript of nandong and books that consist of information about nandong The findings of performance was the form of speaking practice that covered text structure, NS stages, performer component, and speech funcion of NS. The finding of NS content explained the meaning, function, value, and norm of NS. The result of the study showed that performance NS deals with performance of advicing. It delivered through persuasive and narrative expression. Persuasive expression covered imperative, request, and satire sentences. Narrative expression encoded by statement sentences. The context of NS performance were formal, non-formal, and impromptu. The formula of NS performance in formal situation are seramo, nandong pembuka (opening), nandong isi (content), nandong penutup (ending) and seramo. In non-formal situation, nandong is sung spontaneously. Component of NS performer occure in big group or small group or even solo. The meaning of NS in Simeuluense is advice. It means nandong is advice. Generally, the function is an alarm (reminder) for Simeuluenese about how to behave in their life. the values are respect, honor, sportifity, responsibility, and survive. Norms are belong to rules; Tullah (based on Islamic religion), Mahkamah (based on government), and Tunah (custom). Based on performance and the content of NS, the revitalization model will be done in two term; short term and long term. For the short term, it focused on activate NS performer group due to the trainer of NS. For long term, NS will be documented and archived digitally, in a book, and dictionary or lexicography. Keywords: Nandong, anthropolinguistic, performance, Simeuluenese ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji dan syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT atas segala nikmat dan karunia-Nya. Shalawat dan salam semoga tersampaikan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW., beserta keluarga dan sahabatnya sehingga penelitian ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Disertasi ini ditulis dalam rangka memenuhi sebagian persyaratan untuk memperoleh gelar doktor linguistik pada Program Studi Linguistik, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Penulis telah menyusun disertasi dengan judul: TRADISI LISAN NANDONG SIMEULUE (PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK). Penulis menyadari masih banyak kekurangan dalam penyusunan penelitian ini. Untuk itu penulis mengharapkan masukan dan saran untuk perbaikan. Dalam kesempatan ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung yang telah memberikan kontribusi dalam penyelesaian disertasi ini. Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada nama-nama yang tersebut di bawah ini: 1. Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara, Prof. Dr. Runtung Sitepu, S.H., M.Hum., yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk menempuh pendidikan doktor di Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk belajar di Program Studi Linguistik, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Prof. Dr. Robert Sibarani, M.S., sebagai Promotor sekaligus Direktur Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis dari awal hingga disertasi ini dapat diselesaikan. Terima kasih telah memperkenalkan dan mengajarkan antropolinguistik dan memberikan kesempatan berharga untuk berdiskusi langsung mengenai hal tersebut. 4. Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., sebagai co-promotor yang sabar dalam membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis sehingga disertasi ini dapat diselesaikan. 5. Dr. Phil. Ichwan Azhari, M.S., sebagai co-promotor yang telah membimbing dan berkontribusi dalam membuka wawasan penulis sehingga disertasi ini dapat diselesaikan. 6. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed.TESP sebagai penguji sekaligus sebagai Ketua Program Doktor Studi Linguistik, Universtas Sumatera Utara yang selalu memberikan motivasi dan pencerahan serta wawasan mengenai perkembangan linguistik melalui diskusi dan buku-buku yang diberikan. iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 7. Dr. Mulyadi, M.Hum., sebagai penguji sekaligus Sekretaris Program Doktor Studi Linguistik, Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah memberikan masukan dan saran-saran yang membangun dalam penulisan serta memotivasi penyelesaian disertasi. 8. Dr. Dwi Widayati, M.Hum., sebagai penguji yang banyak memberikan masukan untuk perbaikan disertasi dan memberikan semangat dalam penyelesaian disertasi. 9. Dr.
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