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Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction Towards a disaster free India Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction Edited by Anil K. Gupta Sreeja S. Nair National Institute of Disaster Management (Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India) Towards a disaster free India IIPA Campus, New Delhi - 110 002 India Copyright @NIDM, 2012. Contents of the book can be freely used, cited, translated and referred in any academic, research and capacity development purpose with proper citation of this publication and the respective chapter contributors. Citation Gupta, Anil K. and Nair, Sreeja S. (2012). Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction, National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi, Pages 202 International Training-Workshop Organized by NIDM, UN-PEDRR, UNEP, IUCN, CADRI, UNDP Published by National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction iii Foreword Available data regarding disasters and their impacts during last decade clearly indicate an exponential increase in the vulnerability of the society and land to disasters Environmental degradation epitomized by deforestation, loss of biodiversity, deterioration of drainage pattern, unscientific development, etc have been some of the major factors for the increased vulnerability of the society and the land to natural disasters besides aggravating their causative hazards. The capacity of a society to resist the impact of these forces decides the degree of loss to it by hazard and this depends on the precautions the society has taken during various stages of development. Thus, disasters are inextricably linked to the development and it is up to an extent on how the development pattern takes concern of environment. A development ignoring environmental aspect always lead to disastrous situation. The deterioration of overall environmental sustainability is one of the main causes of increase in both physical and socioeconomic vulnerability. Environmental degradation increases the intensity of natural disasters and is often the factor that transforms a natural hazard or climatic extreme into a disaster. In the recent past the unscientific developmental activities all over the world and especially in the developing countries, without giving much consideration to the local geo-climatic conditions and other socioeconomic issues have very adversely affected the environment, resulting into exponential increase in fragility of ecosystem making it more susceptible to climate related disasters. The deforestation and degradation of forests during the last few decades has been the most prominent and major reason for the present state of deteriorated environmental situation. The tremendous population pressure and increasing needs and greed has diminished our most valuable natural resources, below the threshold level resulting in increase of vulnerability to natural disasters. NIDM and The Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction (PEDRR) are jointly organising a 4 days International Training Programme on “Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)” during 12-15 December 2011 at NIDM, New Delhi. It is pleasure to present this edited volume developed by our faculty members by inviting expert contributions on various aspects of Ecosystem based Disaster Risk Reduction. I am sure that this publication shall be of practical use for training, research and policy-planning related activities at various levels, especially in guidly the main streaming of disaster reduction in to environment and developmental planning. National Institute for Disaster Management Dr. Satendra, IFS (Ministry Home Affairs, Govt. of India Executive Director IIPA Campus, New Delhi Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction v Editorial Evolution in the paradigms of disaster management concept and framework from ‘response and relief’ to ‘mitigation and preparedness’ has brought in the light four major approaches, namely – (1) Engineering based solutions, (b) Community based disaster risk reduction, (c) Ecosystem approach to disaster risk reduction, and (d) Externality based response and relief approach. The interception of ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approach manifests conflicting situations in ground despite of visible synergies in top level policies. ‘Sustainability quest’ is the emerging concern in disaster management as a consequence of improved understanding of ‘disasters’ as environmental processes or rather as ‘environmental extremes’. Challenges of water, climate-change and increasing pressure over the finite land have intricately woven the natural geo-environmental processes to aggravate and turn into disasters. Recognizing the benefits of the new epoch of 2nd paradigm shift in disaster management, that is ‘ecosystem approach to disaster risk reduction (Ecodrr)’ offers the benefits of community based approach as well due to its emphasis on livelihood, health and food security within the framework of vulnerability reduction. The suggested planning framework at district level, to have an integrated district plan, opens avenue for a much awaited ‘environmental action plan’ mandate at state, district and local levels. This shall help facilitate the DRR infusion with sustainable development agenda in much acceptable sense – in the governance as well as in community actions. It aims at reducing externality in dependence, improving self-reliance and local strengths for disaster mitigation and preparedness. India has the credit, indeed, to have initiated the ‘Environment Based Disaster Management Module’ formally starting in 2009 at National Institute of Disaster Management, addition to ‘climate-change and disaster management’ module launched in 2007. The simultaneous global initiative formalized as an agenda during UN-PEDRR (Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction) meeting at UN Campus in Bonn in 2010. First ecoDRR course was piloted in Sri Lanka in 2011 May which was also an occasion for release and recognition of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the North-province area for disaster reduction based sustainable development in Sri Lanka. The international course by UNEP and NIDM during 2011 December opened the door for journey towards ‘sustainable disaster management’ and ‘green recovery mechanism’. The book developed with the invited chapters on different aspects of ecoDRR is an attempt to offer standard literature for the practitioners, academicians, students, researchers and policy makers. Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction vii Contents Message iii Forward v Editorial vii Understanding Eco-DRR: Introduction to the book Anil K Gupta & Sreeja S. Nair 1 Part I: Environment Management and Disaster Risk Reduction 1. Ecosystem Management for Disaster Risk Reduction 5 Marisol Estrella & Nina Saalismaa 2. Natural Resource Management Strategies for Disaster 45 Risk Reduction Vinod K. Sharma & A.D. Kaushik 3. Traditional Environmental Wisdom and Disaster 57 Risk Reduction Shiraz A. Wajih Part II: Specific Issues in Eco-DRR 4. Environmental Management for Coastal Hazard Mitigation 65 Shailaja Ravindran 5. Environmental Concerns for DRR in Hindu-Kush 85 Himalaya region Hari Krishna Nibanupudi & Pradeep Rawat 6. Ecological Approach to Landslide Risk Remediation 95 Ashish Rawat, H.B. Vasistha & Prafulla Soni 7. Ecological Approach for Mitigation of Urban Flood Risks 103 T.V. Ramachandra, Uttam Kumar & Bharath H. Aithal 8. Managing Fire and Pests in Forestry: Approach to 121 Ecosystem-Health Anil K Gupta & A. D. Kaushik Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction ix Contents 9. Integrated Water Resources Management for Climate 137 Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Indrani Phukan & Sanjay Tomar 10. Environmental-health Disasters: Disease outbreak related 151 to water and wastes Jugal Kishore & Indu Grewal Part III: Strategies and Tools 11. Environmental Impact Assessment: Elucidating Policy- 163 Planning for Natural Disaster Management Anil K. Gupta & Sreeja S. Nair 12. Ecological Approach for Post-Disaster Recovery and 187 Mitigating Future Risk Ram Boojh x Ecosystem Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction Understanding Eco-DRR: Introduction to the Book Anil K. Gupta and Sreeja S. Nair After decades of neglect, the importance of protecting and improving ecosystems for reducing disaster risk started receiving attention in the recent years. Until now the term ‘ecosystem’ and ‘ecosystem services’ were primary been dealt by biologist only. Human activity poses significant impact on the biodiversity of world ecosystems, reducing both their resilience and capacity. Humanity is, therefore, all set to experience the impact of ecosystem devastations in the form of increasing climate vulnerability and risk of hydro-meteorological disasters. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 (ME) refers to natural systems as humanity’s “life-support system” providing essential “ecosystem services” for existence and socio- economic well being. In the ME 2005, twenty four services are classified under 4 major categories, viz. • provisioning services, the material that people extract directly from ecosystems such as food, water and forest products, • regulating services which modulate changes in climate and regulate floods, drought, diseases, waste and water quality; • cultural services, which consists of recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits; and • supporting services, such as soil formation, photosynthesis and nutrient recycling. The assessment measures 24 ecosystem services, concluding that only four have shown improvement
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