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Home , Alcetas, Alexander Jannaeus, Asander, Herodian dynasty, Paeonia (kingdom), Peithon

The Judges Period in

This chart is based on Andrew Steinmann, "The Mysterious Numbers of the Book of Judges," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 48/3 (2005): 491-500.

CANAAN 1420 1527-1406 Amenhotep II 1425-1400 Judges 1-2 Berlin ‘Israel’ inscription 1400 Joshua and the elders 1406-1379 Amenhotep III 1390-1353 1380 1378-1371 Cushan-rishathaim Soleb inscription, ' of Yahveh' Judges 3 1360 Othniel 1371-1332 Judges 19-21? 1353-1336 1340 1336-1324 1320 1332-1315 Eglon of

1300 18th Dynasty Ehud, Shamgar 1315-1236 ------19th Dynasty 1280

II AgeBronzeLate 1290-1279 Amarah inscription, 1260 'Shasu of Yahveh' II 1279-1213

1240 1236-1217 Jabin of Hazor 1220 1213-1203 Merneptah inscription, Judges 4-5 Deborah & Barak 1217-1178 1200 ‘Israel is laid waste’ 19th Dynasty Judges 17-18? ------20th Dynasty 1180 1178-1172 Midianites

Judges 6-8 1160 Gideon 1172-1133 Ruth? 1140

Judges 9 Abimelech 1133-1131 Tola 1131-1109 1120

Judges 10 Jair 1109-1088 1100

Eli 1109-1068 IronI Age Judges 11-12 Jephthah 1088-1083 1080 1088-1071 Ammonites 20th Dynasty Ibzan 1083-1077 ------Elon 1077-1068 21st Dynasty Judges 13-16 Abdon, Samson 1068-1061 1060 1088-1049 1 Sam 1-9 Samuel 1060-1031 1040 1 Sam 10-31 1048-1010 1020

1000 2 Sam 1-24 1010-970 980

Solomon 970-931 973-954 IronII Age

The Judges Period in Israel

Samson was one of the last judges of Israel. He lived during the 40-year Philistine oppression (Judges 13:1) and judged Israel for twenty years (Judges 15:20). His life likely overlapped those of , Samuel, and Saul, and he would not have predated David by much.

Ammonite Oppression 1088-1071

Jephthah Elon Jair 1088-1083 Ibzan 1077-1068 Abdon 1109-1088 1083-1077 1068-1061 Samson uncertain dates Philistine Oppression 1088-1049 1100 1090 1080 1070 1060 1050 1040 1030 1020 1010 1000

Eli 1099-1060 Samuel 1060-1031 Saul 1048-1010 David 1010-970

The overlap of the Ammonite and Philistine oppressions is indicated by Judg 10:7.

Judges 10:7 And the anger of the Lord burned against Israel, and He sold them into the hands of the Philistines, and into the hands of the sons of Ammon. 8 And they afflicted and crushed the sons of Israel that year; for eighteen years they afflicted all the sons of Israel who were beyond the Jordan in in the land of the .

Judges 13:1 Now the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the Lord , so that the Lord gave them into the hands of the Philistines forty years.

II 359 -

404 400

Artaxerxes

404 -

Malachi

423 Darius II Darius Nehemiah

Ezra I of return

– 423

-

445

return of return 465

–

Artaxerxes , Joshua ,

458

Sheshbazzar

Zerubbabel 465

-

Esther 486 I Xerxes

Return & Exile

rebuilt temple

500

486 –

-

522

- 522

I Darius

516

Zechariah

Haggai -

522

530 –

– 520

first return, temple foundation laid laid foundation temple return, first

–

Gaumata 530

-

Cambyses

Cyrus 539 538

560

-

556

539

556

- -

-

561 Ezekiel

555

559

Nabonidus –

–

Marduk -

Daniel Marduk -

Daniel

Neriglissar

Labashi

sacked Amel

Jerusalem deportation, third –

562

-

second deportation deportation second

605

587

Ezekiel

–

first deportation deportation first

Jeremiah

–

Nebuchadnezzar

597

600 605

486 - 510

516 Darius I 521 I Darius

-

rebuilt rebuilt

Temple Temple 520

522

AGGAI

520 H

ECHARIAH Z

Smerdis 522

- 529 Cambyses

530

530 - 536 end, the of Vision

Dan 10 Dan -

12

1 return, led by by led return, Sheshbazzar , 538 ,

Dan 9 9 Dan

Prayer, 70 Prayer, - 7s, 538 7s,

st

Dan 6 6 Dan laid foundation Temple

Cyrus 539 Cyrus 538 , Lion’s Kings of Persia Kings of

Dan 5 5 Dan wall on Writing

540 539

- 536 - 556

556

Vision of ram & goat, 551 goat, & ram of Vision

Belshazzar 553 Belshazzar

550

553 beasts, four of Vision

Nabonidus Dan 7 Dan

-

8 marduk

- 557

- Labashi

559 usur

-

560

560

- shal

- 561

Nergal DANIEL

marduk -

Amel

The tree dream, c 571 c dream, tree The

570 4 Dan

of Life Daniel

in Egypt in

562

- refugees

580 against

Prophecy

Jer 44

Forced flight to Egypt, 585 Egypt, to flight Forced 585 c furnace, Fiery

3 Dan

3 Deportation, 587 Deportation,

rd

587

-

Nebuchadnezzar 605 Nebuchadnezzar ZEKIEL

E 590

EREMIAH J

597Zedekiah 2 Deportation, 597 Deportation, Message to exiles, 597 exiles, to Message

nd

Jer

29 597

-

598

- 600 603 dream, statue The 608

2 Dan 609 Dan 1 Dan

Prophecy of captivity, 605 captivity, of Prophecy 1

605 Deportation, 609 st

Jer 25 Jehoiachin

Jehoiakim

Jehoahaz

610

605 609

- -

625

Judah Kings of

Kings of of Kings 641 Josiah

620 Babylon to

What happened to Alexander’s empire after he died?

Daniel 11:1 "And in the first year of Darius the Mede, I arose to be an encouragement and a protection for him. 2 "And now I will tell you the truth. Behold, three more kings are going to arise in Persia. Then a fourth will gain far more riches than all of them; as soon as he becomes strong through his riches, he will arouse the whole empire against the realm of . 3 "And a mighty king will arise, and he will rule with great authority and do as he pleases. 4 "But as soon as he has arisen, his kingdom will be broken up and parceled out toward the four points of the compass, though not to his own descendants, nor according to his authority which he wielded; for his sovereignty will be uprooted and given to others besides them.

Perdiccas , 323-320 Antigonus (w estern Asia Minor) 288-285 () 301, after Ipsus (, ) Archon (Babylon) Lysimachus (Anatolia, Thrace) (Egypt) () Ptolemy (Egypt) Seleucus (, N. ) Atropates (northern ) 315-311 Seleucus (Babylonia, N. Syria) (, Pontus) vs. 318-316 Cassander (Macedonia) Laomedon (Syria) Lysimachus Antigonus (Cyprus, Tyre, Demetrius (Macedonia, Cyprus, () Ptolemy Cassander , Agaean islands) Tyre, Sidon, Agaean islands) Lysimachus (Thrace) Seleucus () Ptolemy Bythinia () vs. Bythinia Seleucus Epirus Epirus Peithon (southern Media) Antigonus Greece Greece Philippus () vs. Aristodemus Heraclean kingdom Heraclean kingdom Ptolemy (Egypt) Demetrius Eumenes Paeonia Stasanor () Olympias Pontus Pontus and others . . . Peithon Rhodes Rhodes

330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250

Antipater, 320-319 and ( ) (Susiana) Antigonus (army in Asia) (Phrygia) Cassander () Cleitus (Lydia) 250 Laomedon (Syria) Antigonus II Gonatas (Macedonia) Menander (2nd under Antiochus II (Asia, Syria, Babylonia) Kings of 307 281 Ptolemy II (Egypt) Antigonus) Peace of 311 Cassander (Macedonia) Antigonus II Gonatas (Macedonia) (Cappadocia) Antigonus (Asia) Lysimachus (Thrace) Antiochus I (Babylonia, northern Syria) Bactria Olympias (Epirus) Cassander (Macedonia) Ptolemy (Egypt) Ptolemy II (Egypt ) Peithon (eastern satrapies) Bythinia Lysimachus (Thrace) Seleucus (Babylon) Epirus ( &Susiana) Ptolemy (Egypt) Bythinia Philippus () vs. Greece Epirus Heraclean kingdom Ptolemy (Egypt) excluded - Antigonus (Asia) Greece Paeonia Seleucus (Babylon) Polyperchon (Corinth) Demetrius (Asia co-ruler) Heraclean kingdom Stasander (Aria) Parthia Seleucus (Babylon) Paeonia Pergamum Stasanor (Bactria) Greece Pontus and others . . . Pontus Greece Paeonia Rhodes Rhodes

Contrary to popular perception, Alexander’s empire was not split into four kingdoms or among four of his generals (contra NIRV “It will be divided up into four parts”). Rather, the phrase “to the four points of the compass” (NAS) or “to the four winds of heaven” (ESV) is a common biblical and ANE expression that indicates the empire will be fragmented in all directions.

Intertestamental Rulers of

After the return from , the , now called “” was administered by the Persian Empire. This empire was conquered by the Greeks under . Upon his death, Judea became a province under the rule of the Ptolemies in Egypt, although the region was contested by the northern kingdom of the Seleucids. The land came under Seleucid rule after the Battle of Panium in 198 BC. The offensive activities of Antiochus IV Epiphanies sparked the Maccabean Revolt in 167.

320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 BC AD 20

Ptolemaic Rule

63 Seleucids conquers 198 Antiochus II 142 Independence Alexander the Great defeats Ptolemy V of the Roman Rule

Maccabees

167 Maccabean Revolt

Priests

Pharisees Hasidim Essenes

320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 BC AD 20 This period also saw the birth of several religious groups that appear in the NT but are not known at the close of the OT. These include the sects of the Sadducees and the . The Sadducees seem to have arisen from the priestly class, while the Pharisees appear to have come from a pietistic group with uncertain roots during the intertestamental period.

539 - & Persians 333 - Alexander the Great Jerusalem Destroyed - 70 sack Babylon 167 - Maccabean Revolt 63 - Pompey’s Invasion

600 500 400 300 200 100 BC/AD 100

Babylonian Persian Hellenistic Hasmonean Herodian Roman Maccabean Rulers

170 Mattathias - "King" Judas Maccabeus 167 - 166 - High Priest 160 150 Jonathan Judas Simon John 160 - 142 166 - 160 142 - 134 140 Simon

130 John Hyrcannus I Judas Mattathias

120 I 134 - 104

Aristobulus I 110

Alexander Antigonus 100 Janneus Alexandra 104 - 103 103 - 76 76 - 67 90

80 Aristobulus II Hyrcanus II 67 - 63 63 - 40 70 Aristobulus II

60 Antigonus II Alexander II Alexandra John Hyrcanus II 40 - 37 50

40 Mattathias Antigonus Roman Rule Roman Mariamne Aristobulus III

Herod the Great 37 - 4 30

Some important dates and events in the Hasmonean Period:

164 - Rededication of the temple in Jerusalem 142 - Independence of the Jews granted by Demetrius Nicator of Syria 141 - The Akra in Jerusalem was finally captured by the John Hyrcanus I grew the kingdom significantly when he annexed Idumea, , and . Alexander Jannaeus crucified 800 Jewish rebels, and may have minted the first Hasmonean coins. Salome Alexandra constructed twin palaces at for her two sons. 63 - Pompey invaded and conquered Judea, beginning Roman rule 40 - Antigonus was installed as a puppet king by the Parthians; Herod fled to Rome