DOCSLIB.ORG

Crow Indian Medicine Bundles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crow Indian Medicine Bundles E 51 .N42Z CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN V. 17 HEYE FOUNDATION NMAIREF VOL. XVII CROW INDIAN MEDICINE BUNDLES BY WILLIAM WILDSCHUT Edited by JOHN C. EWERS NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1960 wildschut: crow medicine bundles Frontispiece CHIEF ROTTEN BELLY S SHIELD THE MOST FAMOUS CROW INDIAN WAR MEDICINE CAT. NO. 11/7680. DIAM 24 IN. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION VOL. XVII GROW INDIAN MEDICINE BUNDLES BY WILLIAM WILDSGHUT Edited by JOHN G. EWERS NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1960 B0source Cent§r NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMOICAN lflO!AN 3753 Broodway at 155fh Street New York, NY 10032-1596 PRINTED IN GERMANY AT J. J. AUGUSTIN, GLUCKSTADT . CONTENTS PAGE Foreword vii Introduction i Concepts of the Diety and of Supernatural Powers . i Origins of Medicine Bundles 4 Dreams 4 The Vision Quest 6 Medicine Bundle Covers and Contents 9 Testing the Medicine Bundle 12 Transfer of Bundles 14 Classification of Crow Medicine Bundles 16 The Collection of Crow Medicine Bundles 18 Sun Dance Bundles 20 Origin of the Sun Dance Bundle 20 Number of Crow Sun Dance Bundles 25 Two Leggings' Sun Dance Bundle 26 Sees-the-Tent- Ground's Sun Dance Bundle 29 Other Sun Dance Effigies 30 Conjectural History of the Sun Dance Bundle 33 War Medicine Bundles 34 Crow Leadership 34 War Honors and Insignia 37 Acquisition of War Medicine Bundles 39 Types of War Medicine Bundles 40 Hoop Medicine Bundles 43 Origin of the Hoop Medicine Bundle 43 Bull Show's Hoop Medicine Bundle 47 White Shirt's Hoop Medicine Bundle 47 Arrow Medicine Bundles 48 111 iv CONTENTS PAGE Origin of the Arrow Medicine Bundles 48 Arrows from Arrow Medicine Bundles 51 Individual War Medicine Bundles 51 Two Leggings' War Medicine Bundle 51 Fat's War Medicine Bundle 53 Big Shoulder's War Medicine Bundle 54 Long Otter's War Medicine Bundle 55 Iron Fork's War Medicine Bundle 56 Big Forehead's War Medicine Bonnet 58 Buffalo Bull's War Medicine Shirt 60 Sees-the-Living-BuU's Moccasin Bundle 61 No Tears' Wolf skin War Medicine 63 Shields 65 Hump's Shield 67 Red Woodpecker's Shield 68 Yellow Brow's Shield , 70 Rotten Belly's Shield 71 Miniature Shields 73 Skull Medicine Bundles 76 The Braided Tail Skull Medicine Bundle ']'] The White Child Skull Medicine Bundle 79 Other Skull Medicine Bundles 80 Skull Bundle of Takes-Back-Twice 80 Skull Bundle of Never Dies 81 Pretty Blanket's Skull Medicine Bundle ^-^ Strike's-the-Hat's Skull Medicine Bundle 84 The Rotten Belly Jaw Medicine 86 Tooth and Hair Medicines %"] Rock Medicine Bundles 90 Powers Attributed to Rock Medicines 91 Ornamentation of Rock Medicines 93 Origin Legends 94 Opening of Rock Medicine Bundles 97 Ceremony of the Singing of the Cooked Meat 98 CONTENTS V PAGE Opening of Individual Rock Medicine Bundles 104 Little Nest's Rock Medicine Bundle 105 Smells' Rock Medicine Bundle no Big Sky's Rock Medicine Bundle 112 Pretty Coyote's Rock Medicine Bundle 113 Medicine Pipe Bundles 114 Origin of the Medicine Pipe Society 114 Ceremony of the Medicine Pipe Society iig Rotten Belly's Medicine Pipe Bundle 120 Pipe-holders' Pipe Bundles 121 Standing Bull's Medicine Pipe 122 Pretty Coyote's Medicine Pipe 122 Love Medicine Bundles 123 Weasel Moccasin's Love Medicine Effigies 123 Travels' Love Medicine Robe of Elkskin 123 Fog's Love Medicine Robe of Elkskin 125 Standing Elk's Love Medicine Flute 126 Flat Lip's Love Medicine Flute 129 Long Tail's Love Medicine Flute 129 Long Tail's Love Medicine Effigy and Headdress .... 130 Old Crow's Love Charming Belt 130 Elk Love Medicine of Short's Wife 130 Antelope Love Medicine Power 131 Witchcraft Medicine Bundles 133 Healing Medicine Bundles 136 Slippery Eyes' Snake Medicine Bundle 136 Long's Buffalo Medicine Bundle 139 Buffalo Tail Wound-Treating Medicines 140 Buffalo chip Medicine of Big Ox 141 Medicine for Treating Barren Women 142 Medicine for Treating-Women's Diseases 142 Big Forehead's Wolf Medicine 143 Dream Origins of Herb Medicines 143 Stomach Kneaders 144 VI CONTENTS PAGE Buffalo Hunting Medicines 146 Historical and Comparative Survey. By John C. Ewers .... 147 The Prehistoric Crow Indians 147 Evidence of Medicine Bundles in the Prehistoric Period 149 The Archeological Evidence 149 The Evidence of Mythology 151 Crow Medicine Bundles in the Early Historic Period . 152 Medicine Bundles Among Other Upper Missouri Tribes 155 Sun Dance Bundles 155 War Medicine Bundles 157 Arrow Medicine Bundles 158 Shields 158 Skull Medicine Bundles 159 Rock Medicine Bundles 160 The Medicine Pipes 161 Pipe-holders' Pipes 162 Love Medicines 163 Witchcraft Bundles 164 Healing Medicine Bundles 165 Hunting Medicine Bundles 166 Adoption of "White Men's Magic" as Crow Medicines 167 Conclusions .^ 169 Editor's Bibliography 174 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate I. frontispiece Plate II. facing page 30 Plate III. facing page 80 Plate IV. facing page 120 Figures follow bibliography FOREWORD The late Robert H. Lowie, foremost student of the Crow Indians, has defined Crow medicine bundles simply as "wrapped-up aggregations of sacred objects." To the average white man, the miscellaneous assortment of strange-appearing objects contained in many of these bundles is meaningless. But to the student of American Indian culture these same materials are rich in sym- bolism. They are the objective expressions of the traditional religious beliefs and practices of a vigorous and deeply religious people. Scattered references to the sacred bundles of the Crow Indians have appeared in the writings of white men for more than 150 years. In fact, Frangois Larocque, who traveled with the Crows during the summer of 1805, mentioned their medicine bundles in his Journal, the earliest known account of the life of these Indians. However, the systematic study of the role of medicine bundles in Crow Indian religion was not initiated until the first decade of the present century. In the year 1907, Dr. Robert H. Lowie of the American Museum of Natural History commenced intensive field studies among the Crow Indians during which he directed his attention primarily to the social and religious aspects of their culture. These studies culminated in the publication of a series of excellent technical papers on various aspects of traditional Crow life. Three of them dealt with medicine bundles. The Sun Dance of the Crow Indians (Lowie, 1915), described the sun dance bundle. The Religion of the Crow Indians (Lowie, 1922), described a number of different types of medicine bundles. And Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians (Lowie, 1924), included an account of the medi- cine pipe ceremony. Nevertheless, Lowie collected very few of the Crow medicine bundles he described in his writings. In the year 191 8, William Wildschut, a business man of Billings, Montana, near the Crow Reservation, began to take a serious interest in collecting ethnological materials among the these Indians. As had Lowie before him, Wildschut became espec- ially interested in Crow religious life. Probably Lowie's publica- tions furnished valuable leads in his collecting, for we know that Wildschut read Lowie's works and that he purchased for the col- vii Vlll FOREWORD lections of this museum some of the most important medicine bundles described by Lowie. From the owners of the bundles he collected, as well as from other Indians who possessed knowledge of them, Wildschut ob- tained information about the origin, history and uses of these sacred objects. Among his informants he numbered two of the most highly respected Crow chiefs, Plenty Coups and Two Leg- gings. Jasper Long of St. Xavier, on the Crow Reservation, served as Wildschut's interpreter during the nine years he spent in field research. Wildschut was very patient in his work with the older Indians. His correspondence with the late George G. Heye, during the period of his Crow fieldwork, repeatedly mentioned his satisfaction at being able to purchase a particular bundle for this museum's collection after two or even three years of negotiation with its Indian owner. Even so, there were Indians who were unwilling to part with their sacred bundles for the reason that they were still very important to them in their religious life. By 1927 William Wildschut had collected more than 260 Crow Indian medicine bundles. This is by far the largest and most representative series of such bundles preserved in any depository. It probably is the largest single collection of medicine bundles from any Plains Indian tribe. Over the years Wildschut learned of and collected examples of types of medicine bundles which were not reported in Lowie 's writings on the Crow Indians. Among them were the dramatic skull bundles which were not mentioned in the writings of any other student of Crow Indian culture. He also collected from Indian informants, not alone a large body of information regarding medi- cine bundles in general, but, more importantly, data on the origin, history and uses of particular bundles. A small portion of this information appeared in six short, illustrated articles written by Wildschut and published in this museum's Indian Notes series during the years 1925 and 1926. (See the bibliography at the end of this monograph). In 1927 William Wildschut wrote for this museum a lengthy manuscript on the Crow Indians the greater part of which dealt with the subject of medicine bundles. William Wildschut passed away in 1955. Two years later I asked John C. Ewers, formerly Associate Curator of Ethnology at the U. S. National Museum, who had engaged in extensive field work among the Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri region, to FOREWORD IX read Mr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Montana Governor Response
    OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR STATE OF MONTANA STEVE BULLOCK MIKE COONEY GOVERNOR LT. GOVERNOR August 28, 2020 The Honorable David Bernhardt Secretary of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C St. NW Washington, DC 20240 Dear Secretary Bernhardt: Thank you for your letter regarding the proposed National Garden of American Heroes and the request for potential locations, statues, and recommendations of Montana heroes. Montana has an abundance of public lands and spaces as well as heroes that we cherish and are worth considering as your Task Force contemplates the National Garden. I am aware that Yellowstone County, our state's largest county by population has put forward a thoughtful proposal that I hope will be given your full consideration. I would suggest that as you further develop selection criteria for the location and the heroes to include in the garden that you undertake a more robust consultation effort with county, tribal and local governments, as I am sure that other localities in the state may have an interest but may not be aware of the opp01iunity. Should Montana be chosen for the National Garden, my administration would be happy to assist with identifying further potential locations within the state, connecting you with local officials, as well as identifying any existing statues for the garden. The Big Sky State has a long, proud history dating well before statehood of men and women who have contributed greatly to both our state and nation. To provide a comprehensive list of Montanans deserving recognition would be nearly impossible. However, I have consulted with the Montana Historical Society, and they have recommended a short list, attached, of Montana heroes who would represent our state and its values well.
    [Show full text]
  • From Scouts to Soldiers: the Evolution of Indian Roles in the U.S
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Summer 2013 From Scouts to Soldiers: The Evolution of Indian Roles in the U.S. Military, 1860-1945 James C. Walker Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Walker, James C., "From Scouts to Soldiers: The Evolution of Indian Roles in the U.S. Military, 1860-1945" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 860. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/860 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM SCOUTS TO SOLDIERS: THE EVOLUTION OF INDIAN ROLES IN THE U.S. MILITARY, 1860-1945 by JAMES C. WALKER ABSTRACT The eighty-six years from 1860-1945 was a momentous one in American Indian history. During this period, the United States fully settled the western portion of the continent. As time went on, the United States ceased its wars against Indian tribes and began to deal with them as potential parts of American society. Within the military, this can be seen in the gradual change in Indian roles from mostly ad hoc forces of scouts and home guards to regular soldiers whose recruitment was as much a part of the United States’ war plans as that of any other group.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Documents Relating to American Indians in Montana
    Guide to Documents Relating to American Indians in Montana Identified and Collected by the Natives of Montana Archival Project (NOMAP) From Repositories in the National Archives and Records Administration, Smithsonian Institution & Library of Congress 2008-10 Helen Cryer (Saddle Lake Cree, ’08) Miranda McCarvel (’08-10) Carole Meyers (Oneida/Seneca/Blackfeet) (’10) Wilena Old Person (Blackfeet/Yakama, ’08-09) Glen Still Smoking Jr. (Blackfeet, ’08) Eli Suzukovich III (Cree, ’08) Richmond Clow (’10) David Beck, faculty advisor to project Steve McCann, Digital Projects Librarian Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………..... 2 National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C. …........ 3 Record Group 75 Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) .... 3 Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office ……… 5 Record Group 217 Records of the Accounting Officers of the. Department of Treasury …………………………………...... 7 Record Group 393, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920 ……………………………………... 7 National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland 8 Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives …………..... 9 NAA Manuscripts …………………………………………………. 9 NAA Audiotapes, Drawings, Films, Photographs and Prints ……... 20 Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian Archives …………………………………………………….. 23 Library of Congress ……………………………………………………….. 26 Appendix 1: Key Word Index ...…………………………………………… 27 Appendix 2: Record Group 75 Entry 91 Letters Received Index …………. 41 1 Introduction This is a guide to primary source documents relating to Indians in Montana that are located in Washington D.C. These documents have been identified and in some cases digitized by teams of University of Montana students sponsored by the American Indian Programs of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution and the UM Mansfield Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Honoring a Cultural Treasure
    Linfield Magazine Volume 6 Number 2 Fall 2009 Article 5 Fall 2009 Honoring a Cultural Treasure Mardi Mileham Linfield College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/linfield_magazine Recommended Citation Mileham, Mardi (2009) "Honoring a Cultural Treasure," Linfield Magazine: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/linfield_magazine/vol6/iss2/5 This article is brought to you for free via open access, courtesy of DigitalCommons@Linfield. orF more information, please contact [email protected]. Joseph Medicine Crow ‘38 displays some of his Linfield memorabilia along with some of the many awards and honors he has received throughout his life. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is second from the left. Joseph Medicine Crow Honoring a cultural treasure In the fall, the wind blows cold along the Little Bighorn, sweeping through the dry grass along the river where the Crow have lived for generations. This area plays a central role in the story of the Plains Indians and in the mythology and folklore of the settlement of the West. It is here that Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Here myth and legend became intertwined with fact and history. And here, in this small portion of what was once hundreds of thousands of miles of “Crow Country,” you can literally touch a link to the 19th century. Joseph Medicine Crow Stories and Counting Coup: Becoming a Crow Chief on the ’38 may be small in stat- Reservation and Beyond. In 2000 he performed the open- ure, but he is a giant in his ing song for the United Nations summit conference knowledge of Native Amer- for spiritual and religious leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment, Cultures, and Social Change on the Great Plains: a History of Crow Creek Tribal School
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2000 Environment, Cultures, and Social Change on the Great Plains: A History of Crow Creek Tribal School Robert W. Galler Jr. Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Galler, Robert W. Jr., "Environment, Cultures, and Social Change on the Great Plains: A History of Crow Creek Tribal School" (2000). Dissertations. 3376. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3376 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENT, CULTURES, AND SOCIAL CHANGE ON THE GREAT PLAINS: A HISTORY OF CROW CREEK TRIBAL SCHOOL by Robert W. Galler, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2000 Copyright by Robert W. Galler, Jr. 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people provided assistance, suggestions, and support to help me complete this dissertation. My study of Catholic Indian education on the Great Plains began in Dr. Herbert T. Hoover's American Frontier History class at the University of South Dakota many years ago. I thank him for introducing me to the topic and research suggestions along the way. Dr. Brian Wilson helped me better understand varied expressions of American religious history, always with good cheer.
    [Show full text]
  • Those Who Spectate Are Bound to Murder
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses May 2020 Those Who Spectate Are Bound to Murder Kaitlyn Michelle Samons Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Samons, Kaitlyn Michelle, "Those Who Spectate Are Bound to Murder" (2020). All Theses. 3291. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3291 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THOSE WHO SPECTATE ARE BOUND TO MURDER A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History by Kaitlyn Michelle Samons May 2020 Accepted by: Rod Andrew, Committee Chair Joshua Catalano James Jeffries Abel Bartley Matthew Hooley ABSTRACT This thesis is a criticism of chroniclers. As is said at the end of the introduction, this research not only criticizes poor investigative work (whether it be intentionally malicious, or simply lazy) from the past, but also reinforces a standard of expectation for those who wish to go into any field of research and/or writing. As writers are the last defense against the erasure of history, it stands to measure that there should be a higher expectation of those of them granted the authority to chronicle history. However, it is obvious based on the case studies of Native American lynchings throughout the thesis, that there continues to be a problem with accuracy and execution in the field of historical chronicling.
    [Show full text]
  • Balancing Accounts Crow and Gros Ventre Indian Ledger Art by Gordon Mcconnell
    Balancing Accounts Crow and Gros Ventre Indian Ledger Art by Gordon McConnell In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the American Their work, which has a strong quality of modernity to it, Indian tribes of the Northern Plains were gradually confined accommodates dramatic historical changes and direct links to reservations and subjected to the authority of the United between the warrior artists who made ledger drawings States government. After years of constant conflict and and the first generation of academically trained American warfare, Indians were faced with the loss of an entire way Indian artists. Today, countless American Indian artists — of life. Their autonomy, territory and sources of spiritual and Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Kevin Red Star, Arthur Amiotte, Balancing Accounts physical sustenance were all imperiled. Confronted with Francis Yellow and Colleen Cutschall among them — revere Crow and Gros Ventre Indian Ledger Art coercive acculturation and ledger art as a vital link assimilation, many Indian to their rich heritage. from the Charles H. Barstow Collection, Special Collections, men turned to art as a Pictorial art was the Montana State University–Billings Library means of preserving and traditional province passing on stories of their of Plains Indian men BAIR MUSEUM personal deeds and — portrayals of warfare experiences, records and hunting, along with of tribal history and visionary and totemic traditions, and responses imagery, adorned lodge to new circumstances. covers, tipi liners, The pictorial art of this
    [Show full text]
  • Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds and the Saint Patrick's Day Celebration On
    COLONEL JOSEPH J. REYNOLDS AND THE SAINT PATRICK’S DAY CELEBRATION ON POWDER RIVER: BATTLE OF POWDER RIVER (MONTANA, 17 MARCH 1876) A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Military History by MICHAEL L. HEDEGAARD, MAJ, USA B.S., Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 1987 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2001 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. i MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: Major Michael L. Hedegaard Thesis Title: Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds and the Saint Patrick’s Day Celebration on Powder River: Battle of Powder River (Montana, 17 March 1876) Approved by: _________________________________________, Thesis Committee Chair Jerold E. Brown, Ph.D. _________________________________________, Member Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. Gleason, M.A. _________________________________________, Member Lieutenant Colonel John M. Koivisto, M.A. Accepted this 1st day of June 2001 by: _________________________________________, Director, Graduate Degree Programs Philip J. Brookes, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) ii ABSTRACT COLONEL JOSEPH J. REYNOLDS AND THE SAINT PATRICK’S DAY CELEBRATION ON POWDER RIVER; BATTLE OF POWDER RIVER (MONTANA, 17 MARCH 1876), by MAJ Michael L. Hedegaard, USA, 102 pages. The Battle of Powder River occurred on 17 March 1876 in southeastern Montana. Historians and researchers have consistently overlooked the importance of this battle on the outcome of the Great Sioux War of 1876.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Negroes and the Spanish American War
    Indiana Negroes and the Spanish American War Willard B. Gatewood, Jr.* From the beginning of the Cuban revolt against Spanish rule in 1895, Negroes in Indiana as elsewhere in the United States manifested considerable sympathy for the rebel cause. Confronted by a rising tide of Jim Crowism and oppression themselves, black citizens had little difficulty in equating the Cuban struggle with their own quest for justice. No less im- portant in explaining their sympathy for a free Cuba was the belief that a “racial affinity” existed between black Amer- icans and a majority of the island’s inhabitants.l The two leading black newspapers in Indiana consistently called at- tention to the conspicuous role played by “Colored Cubans” in combatting Spanish tyranny. The coverage of the insurrec- tion in the Indianapolis Freeman, an editorial mouthpiece for black Republicans, was lavish in its praise of “colored” rebel leaders such as Antonio Maceo and Quintin Banderas. Maceo, in fact, was described as a noble patriot “around whom the aspiring Negro may twine his brightest hopes for the future.” The Indianapolis World, one of the few black Democratic newspapers in the nation, noted that the absence of race prej- *Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., is professor of history at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. The author acknowledges the financial as- sistance of the American Philosophical Society. Appreciation is expressed to Mr. L. G. Meldrum of the Archives Division, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, and to Dr. Elfrieda Lang, Curator of Manuscripts, Lilly Li- brary, Indiana University, Bloomington, for their generous help. 1George P. Marks, 111, ed., The Black Press Views American Im- perialism, 1898-1900 (New York, 1971), 7-5.
    [Show full text]
  • National American Indian Heritage Month 2013
    Serving Our Nations NATIONAL AMERICAN INDIAN HERITAGE MONTH 2016 National American Indian Heritage Month 2 November is National American Indian Heritage Month, honoring American Indians and Alaska Natives. This year, the Society of American Indian Government Employees has selected the theme “Serving Our Nations.” National American Indian Heritage Month 3 This presentation reviews the historical milestones that led to the establishment of National American Indian Heritage Month. It also describes American Indian and Alaska Native population, tribes, and national sovereignty. Finally, we include the stories of the Code Talkers who served during both World Wars, and four distinguished individuals: Joe Medicine Crow, Nathan Jackson, Molly Hootch, and Michael Thornton. National American Indian Heritage Month 4 Here are the stories of the Code Talkers who served during both World Wars, and four distinguished individuals: Joe Medicine Crow, Nathan Jackson, Molly Hootch, and Michael Thornton. National American Indian Heritage Month 5 At the turn of the century, efforts began to implement a day of recognition for Native Americans’ contributions to America. National American Indian Heritage Month 6 One of the early proponents of an American Indian Day was Dr. Arthur C. Parker, a Seneca Indian. In the early 1900s, he persuaded the Boy Scouts of America to set aside a day to honor the first Americans. National American Indian Heritage Month 7 In 1914, Red Fox James, a Blackfeet Indian, rode on horseback from state to state, seeking backing for a day to honor American Indians. In 1915, James presented the endorsements of 24 state governments to the White House. However, there is no record of a national day being proclaimed, despite his efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Heroes of Native Resistance
    Fight the Power: Heroes of Native Resistance By Vincent Schilling There were many Native resistance fighters from the 1500s to the 1800s who made a name for themselves during our country’s volatile history. Here’s a guide to some of the more notable. Dragging Canoe Dragging Canoe, born around 1738, was a Cherokee war chief. The first battle he fought in was during the Anglo-Cherokee War (1759-1761), and that earned him the reputation of being a strong opponent against encroachment. He then led the Cherokee against white settlers in North Carolina with Abraham of Chilowee in 1776. During the American Revolution his forces were often joined by Upper Muskogee, Chickasaw, Shawnee, Indians from other nations, British Loyalists, French and Spanish agents. He was a prominent war leader during the Chickamauga Wars (1776-1794). He died in 1792 after an all night celebration. Dragging Canoe was a prominent Cherokee war chief. Mike Smith Tecumseh Tecumseh, born in 1768, was a Shawnee leader who not only resisted, he tried to unite all Native Americans so they could defend themselves against the growing United States. He and his warriors fought well. During the Siege of Detroit they joined the British and Tecumseh had his warriors parade out from the woods, circle back and come out again from another area, making it look like there were more warriors. The other side surrendered. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of the Thames, though the circumstances of his death are murky. Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, tried to united all Natives against the growing United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Explore Indian Country
    EXPLORE INDIAN COUNTRY Scenic. Sacred. Storied. WELCOME TO INDIAN COUNTRY Table of Contents Road Trips Welcome Warrior Trail Highway....................5 A northwestern state of breathtaking mountain ranges and rolling prairie lands, scattered with colorful Peaks and Valleys.........................6 Sleeping Buffalo Trail....................7 wildflowers and golden wheat fields, and set with scenic backdrops of bright blue skies, Montana is a dream destination for unforgettable experiences and outdoor fun. Reservations Blackfeet.......................................9 Traditional Societies Crow............................................10 Home to seven Indian reservations and the state-recognized Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians, there is a total of twelve tribal nations that are either federally or state recognized in We invite you to create a new Flathead......................................11 Montana. The seven federally recognized tribal nations have been granted tribal sovereignty, vision of Native Americans, and Fort Belknap................................12 which means they have the authority to govern themselves, with some limitations. These tribal open yourself up to the rich and Fort Peck.....................................13 homelands have miles and miles of unspoiled landscapes with sweeping views and hidden time-honored cultures behind the Little Shell Tribe...........................14 treasures waiting to be discovered. We encourage you to journey off the beaten path to explore traditions and customs that have
    [Show full text]