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The original document from which this microfiche has been prepared has these imperfections:
{ I Missing pages/figures numbered: j | wrong pagination
poor overall printing quality INIS Clearinghouse IAEA P.O. Box 100 cut text A-1400, Vienna AUSTRIA
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The Nation.-.) Uranium Tnilinyr: Program has ccra .issioned a study to c-vfllyatc flexible membrane liners (gr.-ornerr.branes) as long-term barriers for Canadian uranium mill. taiJ i;:go. Colder Associates, together with their subconsultants Ontario Research Foundation and SErtE.S Consultants, have been retained by Supply and Services Canada to carry out Phase I of the study.
This study reviews the common liner types and addresses flexible liners (polymeric membranes and asphalt) in detail.
are reviewed. Conceptual designs are presented for basins to aceonuuodate 20 years accumulation of uranium tailings from mills in Klliot hakd and southeastern Athabasca.
The study concludes with an outline of a proposed Phase II test program to carry out a detailed laboratory evaluation of candidate materials.
Lincr Typoa
Nine polymeric and three asphalt liner types have been considered with xe.opuct t.o the physical and chemical environment in the uranium producing areas of Ci-wiada. 7*11 materials indie a': c g a o d c h •?. r:. i c a 1 i •?.~ i r~ t •? p. z e to vi r a n: um wantos but are subject, fio installation p July 19S-'. j; 3 Tfia liner typor. cc:!-jic:crc:d £?:c: 1. roiyovhylcnr (i.\-.:* 2. High iK-.ii-iiy Polyothy.' cne (III'?1;; 3. Chlorinated Poly.?thy3 ane (CPE) 4. Chloro:j\ilp;ionatod Polyethylene (CSV") 5. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 6. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (XPDK) 7. Butyl Rubber 8. Polychioroprene (CR) 9. Polyurethane 10. Asp I .ait Emulsions 11. Catalytic Airblown Asphalt 12. Asphaltic/Elastomeric Compounds Surface sealants, including asphalt, show very low laboratory permeabilities but are subject to variable rates of application, are difficult to inspect during installation and are susceptible to damage duo to differential movements, equipment traffic and cyclical cJirnate effects including freeze-thaw cyclic loading. Asphaltic membranes must be provided with a soil cover. Polymeric novnbranes offer wide ranging chemical resistance and are readily inspected. However, they are susceptible to damage during installation largely oue to improper subyrade preparation and vehicular trairic. They require verv careful i nstaI 1 «i" i.nrx ;->.r\i\ r.reir pnrforninnco i r? dpp-'-nder.t on careful arid succt'&Kfu •. fi^IJ s;-jr,i:L.Kj. P.icl;i s*;vu.'..i i*q is, in <":crerc>l, a dct«iilo.''. cind "^"f.i..<:••. vo oror::•.*:; or.. V7;~.il:hrr, .inolud.irjy t^^poraturc and procipi'i.^l.i-':;-:, in gen; rally t!i;: governing factor. In this regarct, the olsato-.ifiric liners corssiderred in cr.is study, »eun«jly, Butyl, Polynhloropr«ne and EPDM would t'ppcir to present the xaoat pxohlcms in field JL-.1V It-*' iii L'42-3015 r.c.:ur..i.r.g. Oi the: rcv.-.airuri' li'/:-x. ty^-Ji; c.'nsi^ercd, success- ful fic-iu r^a-uin? h.v; b-er, ;'<• ••••-.;-. -ci; J., •" :nt\: l.DV<-:, i~, C5VZ, CPE P.n-.l PVC. It i..- .-ic'cd r-,-''ver, \_:\.-><- '':cro ,,r;: snrio'ir- T.L-. cKcul tiic ionc;-tci.:.". •...?j.L.*:-.;r:.i:.,; ; j.'. y of T'\'C t'.iicx TV.. There art: no st,ar.diirdi.:t:d n<.U."-rial &;.•.-'CJ fications for polymeric or asph.aitic i:ie.T.brane linnj:^ in either Canada or tlie U.S.A. HovttiV'ir, recently developed documents by the National Sr.Nation Foundation (NSF) offer some proirise of standardization. It is recomin.endad that the r.'SF standards be used when specifying minimum material properties. Liner Environment me environment in wnicn the caiiings nasins are constructed is an important aspect of liner toquireir.ents. Tailings basins in Elliot Lake and southeastern Athabasca would typically be situated in topographic lows with groundwater levels at or near ground surface, Sites would typically be underlain by organic matter, soils of moderate permeability and moderate to low permeability bedrock. A significant chemical characteristic of the Elliot Lake uranium tailings leachate is the potential for oxidization of; sulphide bearing minerals and the generation of sulpha-te rich, acidic porewater. As a result,- the porewater could contain some dissolved radionuclides and heavy metals from the tailings. Liner Insta lie tier; Proper s>ibc?rade preparation and c:o»i.=ii-.ruci-.ioii is crucial for a successful liner installation and would typically consist of subexcavation of compressible materials, sterilisation of July lS'S''. tho .'";:byr,-:^s.. r'T.ovs] or all roots, KI.tc:> •;, ntri.c? end ^* .-1. i -...,• ^^'.vi,.4/ *... t- '" - - — - • - -^ / t. ... Jt...i.^.^.J^.^.^l w4_ i#t^ sar:'": cv.::':iio,"i, jircr arid rcil csvsr, i"r.:. ^axli t"' i-i. of ..h-t liner ana fit'J.d ::e.:-,dnq Lik'juid be- c^rrioti out by approvt-o. int-.L^s Ilr:r£5 r.j! ical'/Url y iol T nv.'i nq l.'riv.r supplier instruc- tions. Soil cover is desirable but will require liner inclinations flatter than about 3 horizontal to 1 vertical. Liner Performance With the exception of polyurethane the base polymeric resins and asphalt show promise for long term resistance to the major ant\cipated constituents of uranium tailings. Caution should be ncted with regard to the following: - CPE nay bs affected by WROK sulphuric acid solutions - while not employed at Elliot Lake, kercv.ena is used for solvent extraction in scrr-.e milling operations and was sre-rrified for consideration in this study. Most of the liners will offer satisfactory resistanre to the low keror.ene concentrations antif j -• mO^t liiitir:; would L^_ adv::rG£iy ^ZZi.ci.cd by hich kerosene concentrations asE.ocicit.ed with accidental epillage. CojfiOd i: "• hi. 1 i fy ff'^.t- i ivj i-3i-r i'"'' <-,iv>" '"'V r>^,«-;rir> 7,:.^i-(-!.v/»-«:t-. Laboratories (FNt) on CSfS, FVC. HD?K ar>o Cstawfcic Airblow Asphalt in the presence of simulated acidic July 1'JSv v 841-3015 ur;i!ntiiii t J.i 3'. ;if.'s leaeha^.c WAS r<~-.v?. c... .-(i. Tl.-r ciata iri'li <;;:'_ t:5.; !:i-..;t, v.'Ll-h tnc •:':;••.'-''ptinn of PVC, <-!•<:.-• r..i i..;>• i.-:!.1; vere relative!/ uji.if Locccd by the 3 t_-ac.-M.?.t-- ' nr the short ten; periods. A review of published information acldrassincj t,ha effects of high levc-Js of garcna radiation on the physical properties of polymeric liners indicated that HDPE was least effected, followed closely by CSPE, EPDM, CPE and CR. PVC and Butyl showed the greatest reaction to gairuna radiation exposure. PNL estimates of the effect of gamma radiation on asphalt indicated that no physical defects were observed under the conditions of testing. Thin flexible membrane iJ.ners are susceptible to overstress- ing by stz-ains associated with larqe differential defornotions in the subgradc. It will therefore probably be necesotry to subexcavate and replace coroprassible materials encountered over the subgrade prior to liner installation. Similar concerns exist for liners placed on slopes and dam sections and wherr- there is a potential for excess hydrostatic or gas pressure buildup beneath the liner. Rates Scr>r>x.rji through liners is priivi-3rilv throuuh liner defects. A rational apprr-'-'Th to evaluating apparent cr field Itnec iti .:3 is ;.!.--.-u-;r. ictailr^ ™o:-:i r.^rj n-j of ov'.rtir.a 1 ior.s. ReviL-.-. o/ s-ich dr.t.3. ••;;;; in j tie.i.-?d diiriry tnir. siaicV/- uiate.s of liiiar releast ret... . 'o undertaken a^iiiiiitng permeable subsurface conditions ;. -T:T:ability great-r-r than 1 x 10 "* ciii/sec) and tailings per;;.. -.lity of 1 :-: 10 cs\/s The analy^..;:; li-.Ciccto tL:it on n::phaJ l-.i c "<....:oi\ir.<» would i^fiucc cc'cpni:'' to v-bou* r,Q ccr c>:nt of ,-;, u.-3 i;..---i basin — P for a fjcl'.i lir.vr p*-r::.",-bl .1 i ty nf 1 x .10 ' o?"-" iKotrc;. p-^r Ei'cor:i. "-')i yr-'-ri.c lirst'r.- with ^n r.i fee': i.v.; p<- rr.;t- «-bi iity of 1. x 10 A ce-r.t iiiicstiT'-s p'.ii" acco!1.': would rrriucc seepage to J.o£;a than 10 par ciTit of an i;nli.r,cu b.i^jr.. Costs Cost estimates for lined tailings basins indicate that while liner costs are large, they are overshadowed by the cost of the related civil works. Asphalt, CSPE and HDPE liners, installed at Elliot Lake, are estimated to cost 1/5 to i/3 of total facility costs of $74 to $39 million. The reduced tailings volumes associated with the high grade ore in southeastern Athabasca results in substantially lover liner and inipoundir.ent facility costs. AsphaJt, CSPE and HOPE liners are estimated to cost 1/5 to 1/3 of total facility costs of $15 to $17 million. Warranties provided by liner suppliers only cover a portion of the cost relating tc- supply arid installation of tlie membrane. They do not cover the con.sequential costs of failure or the cost of related civil works. These latter costs alone can exceed liner costs by 3 to 4 Ph-jf!" T7 Tf»st: pro Tr> order: to select nn-1 preclir;!: v'.t.h reancr.able confidence long tc.-"«i lii"i<=}." p-;r f ori-.^nc »J / .il- i.~ '•.r'tcr-.^surv to Co.ri.~y out further study. A ctrcly h23 b'.'en propound vhich vould consisc of detailed laboratory testing and continuation of the industry user survey. Six candidate jr.aterie.is wculd be July 10?'-. vii ?4I-3C2 !3 init.ii-.2iy .' •:r--i-i:o£. ri..r".i ac-je.lcra-.'.-d r.-'Jtir;q wouJo h»< cs T •'..'"'• out on [< 'firx-.r wi-.'ri"-'!'. .": t '' *p-'r'--rfl(t,'(-:., ."5 would - .'ijiii.r'.f 2'j year :> w.i1. ;» t-n It in reccrjncndcd that ;;n expanded survey of. industrial users of flexible minors !:o carried o'-t before ^inal ir. j ny the Phase II program. Jui.ll'. t, I'.-Sv \ 841-203-> KKSU'-:S-: )-:x;:crj'i : r Lo l'ïO'ir;;:1::-.: .'•i-:. u .-. 1 ;:-; l'.cjpt:; i:'l)r.'Mia..i a cc:.:: :;. <•;ei oriö une '5i.,i!]e po-ic r1'.; i'.i// 1 'efli f\ici u; de i ' u ; i J iija^ion GCÜ rove Leihen tri c<- iTVjm't'rdr.o:: souples (çéor.iovbr cine;:) '.;o;vjr.e cloisons a )ür» Cette étude passe en revue les genres de revêtement les plus connus et examine en détail los revêtements souples (membranes polvmériques et <1'asphalt«3.'. La f abri r^<-i <~>*i, la conception, l'installation et la performance des revëterrients sont révisées. Des études conceptuelJc:; sont présentées pour de parer, à rejets qui permetteraient l'entreposage de 20 ans d'accumulation de rejets des broyeurs d'uranium qui se trouvent à Elliot Lake et au sud-est de l'Athabasca. L'étude se termine avec une série de propositions pour la deuxième étape, ayant en vue d'entreprednre un programme d'essai pour évaluer railaboratoir e les matériaux considérés. "euf genres de revStonr.cnt poi;/.r.5riqi:r. c-t trci:-:- d'acph-lto one ete considered pour ce qui eat de I'environnemcjit physique et chii.iiqun qui i.o urcuyc dans 3.ss rSgion.c 3 ' c-rp'J c-:>. ti.^ti.ori •:i' )irani«m au Canada. Tons l&r, Tn<~t.*~>ri O:JX fi^s.i: rxcif. une bonne resistance ^liiiaique au rejefcs d*uraniurr- mair; ils sont j«jcts a des di£ficult5t; <3'installation. J'.i 1 let, if" li-j*: cjonrcr. fie ;\'Vetcn.r>nt^ consider.-:: .'-• «r*f. ion .;•.;:/snL.1 : 1. Poly./U.yli'MHj (I-.-;) : : 2. l -ojycthyi ~rr. dc huutc 'J-.-;-.->i .'.:.'• (JUJI-I-;) 3. Poiy<-thyl?T.R Chloiurc {Cr'C} 'I. Polyethylene Chloru^ulpliop.'; (C:'W{.) 5. Cliloruro de polyvinyle (PVC) 6. Monomere Diune de Propylene Ethyl fine (EPTiM) 7. Caoutchouc de Butyle 8. Polychloruprane (CH) 9. Polyureth&ne 10. Emulsion D'Asphalte 11. Asphalte Catalycique A Pressioa D'Air 12. Composes Asphaltique Elastomerique I-es materiaux qui sceilent la surface tel que los aspra)t«s, dt'rxntrent oii laboratoira des perrneab.vlites qui :jont tr;;phaltique<3 doivent 6tre rocouvcrtes de ^.jl. Los. rr;c:ifbrai.oG poly;r;Sr i.qu^c of front une grsrjdf rr^j.-^tanrrs chimique et c>l"!t;-j r-cnt nxs&.h'^nt inspectees. Tou':erois, elles pau/--nt £tre cnthtoiwgiies cli taiit 1' iiistall.^Lion uue, en gra::de p.i):tie, &. la propnratioii inadequate du substvatara et S la dvCuIttLion, Lcju.r '.na I j • If- ;:i»>n aoit otic cii'cc:t.u£2 avee sci n c*" 3 cur per f crrr.arico t'-'oenrj s'irto1.:1. t?.o 1' att-7 •"••:'.•?-" T^oj't".4-Q A fabrication df -joints cur chanv.ier est une operation c£3 icate qui necessite ure attention scrupuleuse aux GStetils. Les Juillct, I-;.:"; iii 8 4 1 - 2 '•- 'j. V. condition.- u!./:o::p!ier;qu::c, soil In Lor-p'-rc turo r;t la P VK: - i JJJL t<.» t. i '-'.J , bOlit Lit Prtsentement, il n'existe aucunes specifica'riens star.c'ardisses des '.lateriaux pour los rcvctemer.r.s de racnbrs.nos polymeriques cu fispb.all.ic or:.-, au CrinarJ."? o>) ai'x n ',-n.'.: s 'Jr. I:.. Ceruin.s docurr.ents rdcarrirnent produits par l.s Fonda tio:> National Sani';rition off rent nGciraoir.^. la poi.siblilit.C: rh normal isat ioa. Il >:st recon.j-'iancie que ies standards HJK f-oicr.t utilise-1; loi's de la specif j.cacion des standards minimums ties matoriaux de r'Rvetemcnt. Rr.•/i.ronnemont _do;-> Revel:einr;nts_ L'invironr.rmcit oC l(?t: pores St i"oj'-t3 -ovoni: coistrints fist, un aspect irr.portar.t d-i:i:i la f.lC+'crmir.at.iot; dr_s «y.iq"nccy en 1:crsr.es do ravGtcnents. Cr, jdricr^l, ic^ p.-res £ : .• ]-:tr ^ r:" "• •; ov; l.rt* T «t au sud-ect do 1' Athabasca i;or.-,: r:nt. sif.r'-r; dp .s r\<-z regions bissoj: an nivciiu topoyrapiij uu;; ou id uq.j"- p!: r-%i i. j -.jut- >i? tro'.'ve soi au nivoa-j du sol on f-r&?j pro-,. L'-'fi sines ..i.- . ^. »... < ~ v. * i] It;; , i-j':'.-'• )V d 41 - J U1 i U/iO cj,'i;^'.t':'j;.i i>:ue i.-pport .iT'.to du I j ::: vaqo fle r^jei.n d 'uran; ':;n S. L ] 1 iot Lake c;c lo potent j.f.-1 pour 1 ' oxid.s ti or. ; do uii;;cn>i sulfv;;-.: ct .1 .i p;:o;;---.c: ti c;r. ; '.;::u intern r i tic-lie , riche < n suiiat,'. En sei:.r.. , l'tai: i :; t-.:r3 titiell c ponrrait cont.enir JCJ ra^.i r,r.uci. i i oor, IiutaJ. la f. i^-^' i_ vl c_rr. ncvet-:Hii on 1: s Pour assurer le succ&s do 1'installation des revotemonts il est absolument ncccssaire que le substratum soit prepare et construit de fa L'execution des travaux d'installation da revStement ot la fabrication des joints doivent ctre cntrepris par dos travail.1 cars experts darib ce metier ot ]es instructions 6ar, fournis^eurs de rsvefceraents doivont otro suivios a la lettro. Quoiqui'il soit preferable ^.e rccoiivrir ]e rovetcmont do terre, 1(.::J inclinaisons pour les pente^ revenues ceront par nccessitfi au liioins d' environ 3 i:ori::cnLal pour 1 /::rtic£:l. i'frtoriii-Hiico dos Kovdtnr.viius Lan .^••-'•:.'S de bases po\y.'ne)L i-jue OL i'.icphal LC soitiblrnt clO:; irabier pour co qui •-»"!" dc lour rcsictaiino !: Icr-j t':rrnc c;v-x i'lesc::ts «,^-,.-•-** ~. 4. *- ..._^^,.,.^ ... *. rT,.t > .^ -., .••»i v "^.r. v- .•- ^ ^ *- /- .-» 'Mfini nm 1 OP precautions suivantes so:\z v notoes: Juiljct, le f'PK pout Gi.re alloci 6 par de. fdiblos :;:.•! ut ions (3 'i)':iup su'lf!iurique - lo k0ro.c^ji>; n'or.t pas u'ulise a Elliot ha'rc maj.s i\ sci/l: roulufois dans quelques c; >.-rat LOHS Uv broycuir ot ::.on uriiir.ation a Cite cortziO.Cr•'-•:• danij cottc etude. La nia'jorite dos revetenients offrent une resistance satisi'ai ScinLu aux faiblcs concantratioiis de keros&ne prcvuois. - la ma^orite des revetements serait affectee de faijon adverse par de fortes concentrations d^ kerosene qui pourraient se produire lors d'un debordoment accidentel. Des ossais >.Ie cuiiipatibilito unt ete effectues par Pacific Northvest Laboratories (PNL) sur le CSPE, lo PVC, le HDPE C3t 1 ' of.pnalto catalytiquc- S pression d'air dans la presence do lixivagc do rcjets d'uranium acidiuue ciraule. Los resultats de ces essa.is ont i':ta passos on revue au cours de cetto etude ot les donnees inrfiguent que ces materiaux sent rolativernont ir.af-Tecl;<5s par la lixivage durant les courtes periodes d'essais a 1"exception du rvc. I-1 informal ion publiee au sujot de 1'effct de nivesux r.uperieurs de rayonncKcnt gaiiuna Gur les propriety.:-; physiques der, revcternent pel .yinoi iivufs iiiditjin? qaa le i^niT. t;>t 1<: i.ioiii.11. sibio suivia de proa par 1c CSTK, 1c i:i';)M, le CPH ct "'.c' CR. Le PVC et le Jiutylo riOinontrcnt ia plus grar;jc reaction a 1 "• expo:; it ion du rayo-MficniorU; yn:r,r.-,r.. V'N)., esti:r.u que sour ]er> cor.ditior.f3 des CBsain, iiuciiic aoiCi:tuosi::.L: n:a etc obs'jrvuo p^i auiv.c dc-:-. xay oili!.._ii".ciiL dii sv.bst v.i i II:D.. >•>!.->• !•.->•'•.•"(.•• lit. 3 ' ii;:;'.. ri] 1 ;;i. i.Oi'j :;era d' a he r'.' pi obab] P::-.:.MI t r.C'Ce.siiai r<- d' or. lever ft de 1'C-;.;JJJ acar lo;.-. i.;..ii.i~r i .'HJ:-. coiupi/i'sti ibi .-.... L;\;.IV. J ..ui ie substratum. I'VJ-, co:):, i .iej a L'i on:-, sernb irb i •::: e>:i:U.enV. pour Jos rov*' teniciit;- coi'.f. trr.it.-, si;r les p'T, !•-•.:, r.i.." les ucctioiis do bariraqcr; <"-t anr.f.i aax eridroit^ oil If potu' n'.io 1 existo pour 1' accurr,;]) at.ion tie; pniasion oxcisivfi d ' hydrosta tiqu<» ou do yaz sou:.; le revOtcmcnt. Tf-nix D'Echappemcnt Les ddEectuosites dos revetements sont la cause primaire da suintement a travers ceux-ci. Unfi fagon d'evaluer la permeabilite apparent.e ou sur place des revetements est par un programme de sur /eillanco dStaille des installations act.ucllCE.i- Ui'iC revuf <.le Lvllt's doi":;ioc-s a €t.& Cilicpriso au cours de cetv.e etude. I»'t'-valua t; on des taux d ' echappement des roveLer.icnt. a c'to entreprise en presuiiiant dej conditions de substratum permeables (permeabilite superioure a 1 x 10 cm/sec) et une permeabilite do rejets do 1 x 10 cm/sec. L'analyse indique qu'un revetement do membrane asphaltiquo avec une permeabilite de 1 x ]0 centiinfltre par seconds ri'duirait le auincerr.ent d'un ba::in de rejeLs nan:: rcvC-tcrinent a 50 pour cent. Los rcvi5 tements jiulymeriques ovee une pc-rrr.Sabili 11'~ effective dc 1 x 10 "..Tiie tic*:? i>vtx s» sC(.? i KJ '._• / i.vi'.j j iVLieiiL 2A: Rcir.r, de .1.0 uour cent, da cclv.l d' i:;: bs:;ir: san^- revC:ternent. CoQt<:. associ£-.s (i.ux pro jets * Le cotlt de? rev^ toinen ts d 'asphalts, vii 841-301J iK: C!'i'l\ et de 1!L:''K qui ont 6tC i ns tal ler; :i '"lliot Lake conr. i r. t c ?>p;. :::.v i ir.u tivt.-ruMit de v:r. 1/5 a 1/3 du enflt global i lies l.u;.'.''n..u;c !i..:n i.:: ( * 7 • 1 a ^f>S Lei' volun/js inf 0-.fi eurr. do ri.-jci.rj qui r.om iriioc ii;r; avr^c lor minoi-a.is ?l ]-,:iutu icnour dn sud-ost do- 1 ' Al:habc:;c:c< result.ont en des cofitc do revetment et d' amiinaqomfnUs do stockaqo consjid?rablerr.ont roduits. Ici, le cofit di. s revetements ri'asphalte, dc CSPE et de HOPE sont cvaluys, dc 2/5 'A 1/.1 du coOt global des arnenageinents ($15 a 17 millions). Les garanties offertes par les fournisseurs de revetements ne couvrent qu'une portion des coOts relies a 1'approvisionnement et 1'installation des membranes. Tls ne suffisent pas lorsqu'il s'agitde couvrirle coO.t d'une defaillance du revGter.'.ent ou le coD I dt_-t> travaux civili: asbocids au:-: projets. I,r. coQt de ces travaux, par exeinple, pt'Ut etre de 3 a 4 fois plus Sieve quo Je ccOt des; rcvetemcrits. Programmo D'Es pa i - Deux i 5me Etnpg Afin de choisir et de prOidire, avec un certain niveau de cont'iance, In. performance a lontj term'? d'un rovetem-?nt, il est nfeessaire d' enl.reprendre uno T'tude plus approfendie. Ceti.e etude com;isto.rait. d'c-s.sais dotailles en lahoratoire et do la continuation du ix;r,da^o do.^ utiliseurs dc 1' industrie do revi'tpmc-nt. Ao dii'uut, :si.>: id..; Lor. iuiix ;;<-:!.ai c.-n t co;\si£i6r5" . Par la -suite, dos essnis di'f. -i ni fc.i fs c-t •-.ccC-icrCo scraitvnt cntrepi; i.s sui: troii? mat.r:.riaux dc revoiciMrit, a de temps. Cotto et.uae serait uttcctvieo au courr. d' un>i pC*rioil«i dt- 2^ rtiis, le C(.JQ L. pjroitiLe ('tcinfc. du $'<3!),GGC. Il est roeommande qu'un sondaye da plua grande cnvergure des utiliuours industriela de revetements souples soit entrepris avant dc coir.pleucr ia deuxicme dtapc du programme. T/\BL2 C:? CON7T.VPS Page No. EXECUTI7" SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE 3 3. OVERVIEW OF LINER TYPES 6 3.1 General 6 3.2 Polymeric Membranes 7 3.3 Surface Sealants 9 3.4 Native Soils 12 3.5 Soil Additives 14 3.5.1 Cement 15 3.5.2 Lime 15 3.5.3 Bentonite 16 3.5.4 Dispersants 17 4. POLYMERIC MEMBRANES 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Manufacture 20 4.2.1 Description of the Polymeric Liner Industry 20 4.2.2 Polymerization 21 4.2.3 Film Manufacture 21 4.2.4 Liner Fabrication 24 4.2.5 Reinforcement 28 4.2.6 Quality Control 30 4.3 General Characteristics of Lim-r Typos 33 4.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) 34 4.3.2 High Density Polyethylene (HOPE) ' ' 36 4.3.3 Ch.loraua.rea Paiyethyiene (CPE) '. 41 4.3.4 Ch.'iorosnirhonated Polyethylene (C5rE) 41 4.3.5 Pol y v x n y i Ch lo r i da {T VC) ;'< 5 4.3.6 Fthylone PTo^yjori" 0;--r>!» Honoc'.ei" fiiPDH/ 47 4.3.7 «\v_yj R.\:-'.-r 50 4.3.B Pol'/'.-hioronrene (CR) 52 4.3.V* Poiyuretnane 54 4.4 Liner HAter.ial 3p«ci £ icdtlorts 56 Julv 1934 i>; :J-'l-3015 ?AT>Lr. OF QOlWC.rVE (Continued) Pscrc No. 5. ASPHALT IC Hi" GRAVES 78 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Asphalt Emulsions 31 5.3 Catalytic Airblown Asphalt 82 5.4 Arjphaltic/EIaatcmeric Compounds 84 5.5 Material Specifications 86 6. LINER ENVIRONMENT 91 6.1 General 91 6.2 Background 92 6.3 Site Considerations 94 6.3.1 Introduction 94 6.3.2 Site Conditions and the Requirement for Seepage Barriers 94 6.3.3 Elliot Lake Area 96 o . J . t aoutu Ldbteni Aunaj-iiiaCd Region 1Q 7.5.5 Fin.ishj'na 138 V.b Liner installation *-*? 7.6.1 Polymeric Lim-rs 139 7.6.2 Field f-er-rainq 1^3 7.6.3 Asphalt Liners 144 ?.? Scil Covei* 146 7.8 Quality Control -Js.ki.A211 * ? TA'-'-LE O.F_crN'Vl-:W7.;S (Continued) Page 1-io. 8. PE?.?O"HANCE CRITERIA AND FAILCP.S MFCH^USMS 152 8.1 Introduction 152 8.2 Performance Criteria 152 8.3 Liner Compatibility ana Durability 153 8.3.1 General 153 8.3.2 Polymeric Liners 156 8.3.2.1 General Chemical Resistance 156 8.3.2.2 Resistance to Uranium Tailings 161 8.3.2.3 Resistance to Radiation 164 8.3.3 Asphaltic Liners 163 8.3.3.1 General Chemical Resistance 168 8.3.3.2 Res is t-.a.nce rr> Uranium Tailings 169 8.3.3.3 Resistance to Radiation 170 8.4 Failure Mechanicms 171 8.4.1 Physical failure 171 8.4.2 Chemical Failure 175 8.4.3 Biological Failure 176 8.5 Mechanisms and Rates of Liner Degradation 176 9. RESULTS OF INDUSTRY SURVEY 185 10. RELEASE MECHANISMS AND RATES 192 10.1 Release Mechanisms 192 j.0.2 Release Rates 193 10.3 Elliot r,aJ:e 196 10.4 Southeastern Athabasca 198 11. LINER COSTS 200 11.1 Elliot L--:ke 200 11.1.1 General 200 11.1.2 Draiii«9e 201 11.1.3 Site Preparation 201 11.1.4 Dans " 202 11.1.5 Liners 202 •July I9S4 xi 341-2315 LE 05' cr'r:r*.T3 (Continued) Page No. 11.2 Southeastern Athabasca 204 11.2.1 General 204 11.2.2 Site Preparation 205 11.2.3 Da;r.s 205 11.2.4 Liners 2C5 11.2.5 Soil Cover 205 11.3 Sammary 206 12o WARRANTIES 209 12.1 Polymeric Liners 209 12.2 Asphalt 212 12.3 Summary 212 13. TEST PROGRAM FOR THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF FLEXIBLE LINERS 13.1 Requirements of Test Program 214 13.2 Approach 214 13.3 Methodology 216 13.4 Anticipated Degree of Success 217 13.5 Program Costs 218 14. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 224 ,: JH;-±^_ l''''! 4 iiii R4!)-3015 , j W LIP? or ^J)L}]J±JI Page No. rj ii TA3LC 4.1 Methods o': Construcr.i.r.o Geo;.v:mbrar:e Seaiiis «-6 r< J 4.2 NSF Rucornrr.ended Te:;t Mfithcds Therraoplasti.es ^6 •I f] 4.3 NSF Recommended Test Methods Crystalline Thermoplastics 68 f| 4.4 NSF Recommended last Methods » Supported Thermoplastic Elastomers 70 S 4.5 NSF Recoimaended Test Methods Elastomers 72 \i 4.6 Properties of Polymeric Barriers ~4 f| <>4 4.7 Specifications for High Density Polyethylene Supplied •7 By Gundle Lining Systraes Ltd. 76 ;j 4.8 Specifications for 60 Mil T» Reinforced Industrial Grade | Hypalon Supplied by J.P. Stevens * & CO. Inc. ~7 \ 5.1 Tentative Specificaticna for -» Asphalt for Hydraulic H^inbrance Construction as of Decc:nbcr ? 1965 89 .i & 5.2 TenLative GpsiCj.fiC(.i!:i.wiw Tor j Asphalt for Use in Water Proof =; Membrane Construction foi" Canal, " Dj.tch, or Pona Lining &0 ' 6.1 Chsmicni Characteristics of •* Tailings i.:'ort?.watar h 11 .i r>r. Lake Arf:r. J- 24 I 6.2 mill Final nffluenc ftri.iij'ses Midwast Uraiiiuui rrcjG\ct 127 6 I 7.1 Available Kor.-destructive Test- Mi=> Hi CHIPS fnr Kva. , Polymeric Lining Seams July 1*-0 ''. v i i i P,! x- " 01 ^ LICT Or •;;..I>.;..K.-5 (Continued) Paoe Ho. 2LE 0.1 Cor...-rf;i r^nic^I Rc;r;iKLrnce of Liner Matcri alfj 159 8.2 Effect of GiMT.a .Ra^ ' aticn on Phynical Properties of .'vfjjocted Polymeric Linora 166 8.3 Mt- Elbert Forebay Reservoir Test Section Results 182 9.1 Liner User Survey 188 11.1 Liner Cost Summary (Elliot Lake) 207 11.2 Liner Cost Summary (Southeastern Athabasca) 208 13.1 Ph.:,:;-. II Test Program Coct 220 .?u •>».- :• x.iv FICUI'.Jj 2. StructA-.rrj of Po.l>r.:oric ),i.:v.:-r Industry 2. Areas in Can-i-da Favourable lor the Occurrence of Uranium Deposits 3. Grain Size Distribution - Elliot Lake Tailings 4. Grain Size Distribution - Midwest Lake Tailings 5. In Situ Properties of Silt and Sand Tailings 6. Results of Industry Survey of Flexible Liner Users 7. Plan of Tailings E^sis; 3. Cross-Sections A-A and B-B 2. Cross-Section C--C 10. Schematic Illustration of Dam Section 11. Installed Cost of FJexible Ksnbrane Liners 12. Estimated Release Rates for Polyneric in Asphaltic Liners (Typical of Elliot Lake', 13. Estimated Release Rate::- for Polymeric in A'si-bcj.t.i c t.irif-r.'- i?'-nj.CtiI 'jf Soutfi- _Jul.V_]JJ_8f _ £41-?. 01 5 LIST OF ftpPKj^OJCK5 APPENDIX A StatciTcnt of l.'orr: B Polymeric Flexible Membrane 3" ir.crs Kat.erii.1 Property Speciflotions snd Special Tost Methcna and Tfinu Procedures National Sanitation Foundation (h'SF) Standard No. 54 C Representative List of Organizations in Liner Industry D Liner Suppliers E Liner Users F Typical Warranties J u ?. •/;•:•,:". i 8 /. i -121 s Goldc-L" A'ssaci:: t^s has be; on r«'t:;. ir.d ny '.Iw.ply and 5.?r vi..-es Canada to carry out Phase I ot A strjey co ^VBIUJH. £ 1 I; ;•. i b J. <_> membrane liners (gtjo.iiembrjnes) ,-.c ion^-i'^r-i barrier;; for Canadian uranium mill tailings. Tho stuay was ^nitiatc-J by a request foe proposal, OSS File N'o. L4SQ.23241-3-1662, to which Golder Associates, together with subconsuitants, Ontario Research Foundation and SL'N'ES Consultants responded. [| As outlined in the request for proposal. Phase I of the study involves th~ gsr.eration o' -.r. ! r.Ccrrnaticn base and "? ' focuses on commercially availabl..- f. xible liners (,ilso referred to as tir-mb rent's ot y^c.-.; v:u: fines) , their properties, p manufacture, installstion, anticipated ptri'oi.T.ar.ce and U associated coats. Phase I alrr-^ includes the preparation of a technical proposal and cost estimate for Phase II of the j,| study which would consist of a laboratory test programme to evalute the long-term perfoctnar.ee of flexible liners exposed ;, to se1. acted wastes. f] The information provided in th,\;; report hes bean co? ic-ctod from a number of souices incl UL I«• •-j : ,-i ° i) iRcsnstries with Iinc-c; facilities in operstior; Li i>.) f'.'iPUi nctutf'L's ii«>.; suppJ. icrs of lining systems iii) Csnauian and uiiin^d itdtea ycvetsiaienc July 1.924 iv) Inriepen^-Tit publications v) Internal files and private sources. These sources vary \ idely in the nature, quality, and subjectivity of the information provided. This report attempts to present the gathered information in a comprehensive and objective manner. The study commenced with a review of liner types presently in use and their general availability. Following initial discussions with the Scientific Authority (National Uranium Tailings Program), the following flexible liner types have been selected for relatively detailed consideration and are addressed in this report:: i) polyethylene (P.E.) ii) high density polyethylene (HOPE) iii) chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) iv) chlorosulphorsated polyethyl.-r>» (CSPE) (commonly known by the Dupor-t trade rnark- HYPALOK) v) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) vi) ethylGne nropylene dione monomer (LFDM) vi i) butyl rubbiii viii) asphalt The roDort also addresses nsoprene aod polyutechane in s on•':w hat lose detail. TF.I-.MS The terirs of rtrereace :or the Phn.-c I v-tudy were outlined in the Sf".at<:-;''''nr of Work attached to th1? conl-.rjct and included with this report as Append i x A. The terms of reference require preparation of an inf ortia c ion base and recommendations for a Phase II test, programme. Phase I of the study focuses on the properties, manufacture, placement, performance and cost of flexible membrane liners. The study assumes that the liners are to be provided with a soil cover and that the materials may be used as both dam membranes and complete tailings basin liners. The study concentrates on the two main uranium producing areas of Saskatchewan and the Elliot Lake - Blind River area of Ontario. The study also addresses other potential uranium producing areas of Canada including areas of continuous permafrost. The design period of consideration for this study is up to 1000 years. Consistent with tne terns of reference:, the Phase I sf.idy includes the following: i) A description oC the pt oper i: ies of S comrtiercial ly available materials which may be suitable as floxible linor."; for uranium tr)i 1 i ncjs. ii) .'•. •!;••::! i pt ion or the laanuf r.ictur i v.r, retnod ^cr ths'.1 rev in c-.r.a sheet for the ru't.et i ."• i r m: Ice ted for chc study as wf.ll as the necessary quality control :TIP3scr:f v,, iii) A description of the site prf?p«ra': j on and installation procedures requir.-.-ii for continuous liners, including field seaming techniques and field quality control. iv) Estimates of the rate of release of contami- nants through the liners selected for study as a function of time. vj H uiscussioti, oasea on ava of the anticipated failure mechanisms and rates of degradation of thw lir.er matoiri.iln in the? expected tield condition;;, including a descrip- tion of the potential failure mechanisms o'i factory and field seams. vi) Estimates of the installation costs of the se lee tod liner material at the two .T.ain uranium producing areas. vii) Tbr- preparation o'J a t-^rbn i c^ 1 pronor.al and cost oatiirsate fer the ?hase II tost programme. There i & prf.aentiy only limited inf orr.ij 11 or: available a.ssoci.fl 5"'\"J wi v.h tho actual perforr.ir-.nce of flexible liners to contain lirdin ur;! tailings. ri?.r,ed or. the i r» f o r rr: a t i <-P. collGctt'o in Phr.-r.--' I, a rh«:.;e II prc-j::.-:':: has been proposed whicli will involve a detailed laboratory test progratr.rne and associated atuil y;;e.s. The tost pcogrc:^:..c would be carried out on selected i infer materials in contact with poteriti^l contaminants in order to assers failure mechanisms, degradation rates and rates of contaminant release. TYPES 3.1 Conors]. There are gone-rally two ma jot techniques utilised to minimize subsurface flow of cont.irr,inants from uranium mill (1) tailings disposal facilities: i) techniques which take advantage of favourable site hydrogeology and subsurface soil and rock conditions to minimize contaminant transport ii) techniques wnich involve the construction of barriers (pond liners) to contain and thus minimize t-iit encty UL wuiaonniidL^ IUCO aunticii uz gtounu— water. Where less than ideal hydrcyeological conditions prevail at a prospective waste disposal .-site, a reliable seepage control mechanism in the form oE a pond liner is oftan considered. A large variety o£ liner types rt.ay be considered during the selection, of a liner materiel to meet specified criteria and installation requirements. Most of the available and generally flexible liner types are briefly addressed in the following sections with respect to their potential for ^application a.r. tailings pcr.c liners. For discussion purposes, liner materials are separated into four categories : i) nnl uiwrir: j u i y i y y« i i ) 3ur £' ?. co seal a n t. r, iii) natural soilr; iv) ' rr-tura3 <>oi)n with additives Thi; nucpcoc: of: this stuJy is to study flexible- rvin-nbranc Liners (gc-osembranes) whor,o base product is a synthetic polymer or asphalt. 3.2 Polymeric Membranes The most common synthetic polymers j ^sently used as base products in the manufacture of polymeric membranes may be classified as: i) thermoplastics ii) crystalline theirmoplast: cs iii) thermoplastic elastomers iv) elastomers The membranes manufactured from the above grojp of synthetic- polymers offer considerable variation in their chemical and physical properties, methods of installation, costs and interaction with various wastes. In addition, there can be considerable variation in the membranes fabricated from the same polymer due to differences in compounding and methods of construction. Col 1 t.-cti rel y r r.ynthet.'lc linorr. di.;:.pl:;v a p.y.irber of advantages and disadvantages wruch may ne suniwi i i-rd as follow;;: a) can ccr.f.:in a ivico variety of fluidr, with mini ;;iu:n sc-rpnge due to very low reported ifi-eabi i i tics of typically 1 >• in centimetres per second or less b) have relatively high resistance to chemical and bacterial deterioration c) are readily installed for many applications d) are relatively economical to install and maintain. D i sadVantages a) are relatively vulnerable to attack from ozone and ultra-violet light b) have, limited ability to withstand stress from heavy machinery c) have not been in service long enough to evaluate long-t> rrrt performance d) are comparatively susceptible to laceration, c) iio.T.c r.'a12t i uID i'.ve iir">'P' f"'."' c< '••."!•. i r," and crasi.rKf et: .low ?:.--r.Tr>.^r;.-;-:uT.or; oi yiiL'fc'fcchisv cinrf (.?i'!i-ftrt-ion a'r. hi'.ih te.:.iO>jr3i:u cc" Julv 19!-"i 9 841-2015 f) although readily installed there are often d i £ 1'. i cui t ie£> assoc i a t<;U with ilitiic. .jEcrniric . 3 . 3 S u r f <'ce Sea] ants Sealants, many of which are sprayable, can be installed as flexible liners to provide impoundment and containment of wastes. Because these products are placed on the exposed soil surface of the containment area they are referred to as surface sealants. A number of products are available including: - Alkyd - Asphalt - Concrete - Epoxy - Polyester - Polysulfida - Polyurethane - Silicone - Synthetic Rubber - Thermoplastic Molten Sulfur - Vinyl These materials have, in general, been developed for applications such as caulking Roslanfcs, coil stabilizers, waterproof barriet;:, and co^ro:*icn protective- caatir;cc. Their application to date, for waste or tailings containment, is limited. Surface sealants can be formulated to produce either flexible or riyic? lining structures. As a class, these July materials <.";;•• not interact with the oJ:i.r;11:i? .~uLar-(-;c of tha tai lir.-jrj ponds or czinr-, but provide a rmrfece coating over the prc-pato-ii ".ni.yr^c1.r:. Surface sealants c«n ba instnlltd with three basic techniques: (i) In Situ Chemical CUT.Q The materials chemically cure or harden after being applied to the surface. These materials usually involve more than one specific chemical. (ii} Heat Application Materials which ara solid in th«a desired operating temperat me cange are applied at elevated temperatures to improve ease of appl icrition. ( i i i) Surface Drying The rnaterial is formulated in a water emulsion or diluted in a solvent carrier fo£' c ppl ictition . The eatrifcr svapordtus leaving a solid coating. Corrbinations of the above techniques are also ilearfible in marvy ca.;e^. The object is to prepare the material fo" esse of application usually with conventional wpcaying tquipnvrnt. Tha actual technique tor application is a 1: once ion of i:'ne specitic matariai. July 1984 11 841-3C15 Ir>. soi:ia C2t;es scrim (fabric reinforce.aont) supports are reqo.ii.fea for strength, ^.niJe in others, the material must be placed on ^n ;<^di. tio-.i^l i-npervious Ivitrj i-ir tc prevent interaction with the substrata. Thi"; is particularly true for sor..e of the chemically rured co;;tings. The primary advantages and disadvantages of surface sealants are: Advantages a) either sufficient flexibility to conform with or sufficient strength to support the design load bparina (oede.str i an or vphifiiff traffic for example), b) good veatherabi1ity and service life, c) compatability with the stored product, d) immunity to biological attack, e) sufficient puncture and abrasion resistance, f) capability of being placed with minimal defects g) easily f-paircible , and h) onsf- of <=!pp] ication 3nrS prodi.ir-os an integral liner with no joints. July J^84 12 341-2f!!S a) Relatively difficult to regulate: the rate of application end thus the thickner.s and uniformity of the sealant. b) As a class these materials are relatively expensive. The high initial cost versus relative ease of application for the spray-ons shoulu be considered for specific applications. 3. 4 Native So.i Is The obvious advantage of local native soils for use as containment pond liners is one of economics. The use of local soils would preclude the purchase and import of a synthetic or other form of liner. The costs of liner construction would be limited to the costs of preparing an existing depot-.it or the costs associated with mining a suitable local deposit and hauling and placing- it at the chosen containment site. The advantage of using a native soil liner would of course diminish as the distance of the suitable dapor.it from the disposal site iociedie;;. Per:;ie.abili ty of potou:; wria is defined by Darcy's Lzu which rtatcr. that "eepoae velocity is linearly rtvlsted V.o hydraulic hzc.3, and gradient. Liquid vircosity and density will also intluencp seepage velocity br.c in most civil engineering applications the. liquid is water and the minor July iSC-i 13 E41-331r> variation1- in viscosity and density ai:o icjmrod. By these asfiun-pLiot'ii; permeability has I'.nits of vi-Ioc'cv and is synonor.cii.is ivith hydraulic conductivity. The most often cited disadvantage of native soil liners is their relatively high permeabilities compared to synthetic membranes. There is considerable variation in opinion on the required permeability for an effective liner ranging from 10 to 18 centimetres per second . A specified permeability in the order of 10 centimetres per second is often considered applicable for natural soil liners. Evaluation of natural soil for liners should *-. ~._~;,a ; — -A^i*-l,-*~ + *-. »_.«.. u ^ t r *— *-••*:- /- v- .: ~» ~> ~ £ *-*— natural soil liner or deposit as well as its contaminant attenuation capacity and propensity for geochemical immobi1izat ion. Due to their relatively low permeabilities, clay or soils with high clay content are commonly considered for use as liners. It is known, however, that the relatively low perrceabi 1 itie.s of natural clays can be adversely affectod by wastes with high cation content, low pH or organic 1 iquid-be.tring wast.es The variable nature of natural soil deposits has also been ci': of f*h~-ir rii sntiv^ni-.^npr.. V^inn or ntririoora of mote pe'ciiiesult.' iPtiter in i s :nyy run tljfou since the rr.r.ul t. ing ini;r:ng would rid V.he u»rcti^l of iniioii ^i. r. ii vj^-r-. V.'h^i.'o .. i. ".tur.il ,oii ir, ;.c b: -iu a iinc-L in .:ilu :,nd wiic-re L.';:rr;pr.: aie z. concern it would be necessary to properiv rc-ori Lne soil to an ad'.i'unt'j depth to product.- a lioitogentio::.: ..riitorn l.ner. "his would, ou course, incceucs the cor;t of this, metmd of waste contuinment. 3, 5 Soil Additives Soil stabilization using additives is defined as a treatment to modify thi? physical properties of the soil. Because of the great variability of <5oil types, no one addicive is universal. The main properties of a soii which can be ncdlTied with aodicives are; volume stability (shrinking and svellirig), strength, permeability, durability, and a reduction in frost susceptibility. The wore corr.moii additives utilized to stabilize or alter the chai. icter istics of ^oi'.s inclurio: i) cement i i) 1ime i ii) bunionjte iv) dispercantr.c Bituminous {aroh.v;! t) r,tabil i-^ai: ion --nay !••-• L1:;*'^ in gr^n.ulsr soils to increase .strc-nqtn and decrease pei.tieabili ty but bi turr:inoa5 stabi. 1 i zed soj li: havy £>ppar en \. ly not boon used for liner construction in taiiinyi> basins. !iow«rvei:, asphaltic r^^nibrarcr; (cj!:rscf! SPALOHV.S) have oe-^ri J.S*O «».s liners and are discussed elsewhere in chic report. J u1v 1Z3 4 15 8 4 i - 3 " 1 r. 3.5..' Portloi!;1 '.' .'neni: Portland n-r..- is the TIOV. t- eor-.on <•<;'-! i t: IVP -jr^.'-J. to stabilise cr • .provf soil proper t ion. It rv.s primarily b-H:n us^d for cod'-i construct j on but has b^-tri successfully used fcr water bL.-.:iers . !.rst natural and crccrr.scd so; 1;. c;in 6) be treated w.-.'jh cement with the following eycej/tions: i) hiohly organic soils ii) clean gravel and crushed stone iii) soils with in excess of 50 per cent passing limits in excess ol 5fi and 1C per cent, r cspecti ve1y. T*ie properties of cemen. stabilized soils depends on cement content and degree of compaction before hydration. Cement treated soils generally show increases in strength and durability. In cohesionless soils tno permeability decrci:.js with incrcasiny cetr-crit coR':>;nt, Permeabilities for siity sand and Cine sand soils created with 2-6 net cent -6 -? * {5, /) o:fr,er:t range trorr. 13 to IS centimetres per second 3.5.2 Li me C tahi L izaticn v/it'.i hydr.:tod hint is c-xr.nler. to cogent Si..' ': *• i 7. X 1-T • v,-, \i; !;!•.-, t M,e •'•}.',:•• t. •>. :•;•'-) r.g ;*,".d Construction tfc-.-.r) iq'-'cs ate usiw. It in i^s,^ ^uir^bla £oc yrifiuidr materials than ccr.ont and z-.or.-2 ^ffecti-e on clcycy soils. It is often, used Liifie i.i a v;t'il jirrjvcn .'. tabi 1 i acjr an 3.5.3 Bentonite tsentonite is a naturally occurrmy ln'iL'junx-j sweiaiH ciu; which is marketed under various cruda names. Bentonite can swell up to 15 timer its dry volume in water and w'uen mixed with in situ soil can form a seepage bsrricc o£ low permeabi1ity. The level of ionic salts found in certain wastes is often sufficient to reduce the swelling of Hunter.it;- «uu therefore reduce its offoctivtness .is a scr.lar,L. tven v^here the bentonite ii nr^NyiJcatc-d with fresr: wauer . tne presence of large qnantitic^s of." di~?olved sa'tn could ieijd to the dot:'irior.it:i|"'i of the pT-hyrlratec* clay. The use of specially f octr.u la ted types o£ ben ten i to, .vuch as "Saline Seal" J ,v .-', >- .** \.- ^-.i.v-'.-.,— <~ ^-T1 — -* ' <""*•....»*-*-*.*. w ^- i-. ^. ^ i. f- ,1 "i , r "v^"nrnc ; ilioti-.i:'.'.:^ W'I '-.Lie!! .L_I^ I w -^ - i. u *- - .. - • i.-~- s. / » J. C [- .. .. s * ' j •- * - * * -• • ^ that after rjceh^ritation, the herittnita rerrtct it»<; swollen and t;o-'3 net ur-;tcr icrai.o a^ r.;;^idly ;.h^r: •;-ypOi:o-:5 <:o high ''-vels July 193-1 ''' * ? -i 1 - :> v5 i 5 The USE ct" bontor:i£^ is usu-'J.ly restricted to sealing siLudUcn:; wharcj the :joii. ha:, a rcl --i': i ^n'! y hir.n void ratio, such as in sandy and opi.-ii !.:cx'rured joils, uiid where strength is not an important -io; :..:•„: LIOT. Vis i JO solt and susceptible to traffic •:;.>;'.1< •:..-, a bene (.: ioi a 1 property of bentoni to ' « plastic nature is itn :;el i-iieal: ng ability. when saturated the consistency of bentonj.te is such that (8) minor: breaks or tears will heal theirselves. Permeability testing carried out by the American Colloid (9) Company indicates that sandy soils treated with 2 kilograms per square metre of Saline Seal worked into the top 50 millimetres of soil had permeabilities ranging from 4 x 10 to 1 x 10 centimetres per second, The liquid used represented up to 5 circes the conca^inaiii; concentration (dissolved salts) of a sanitary landtiJl leachate. American Colloid Company also reports that ion a polyrrier-bentonite sealant applied at rates of cetween tt.6 and 6,, 9 kilograms per square metre, permeabi 1 j. t ies of bftveen 1 ;< 10 -a centimetres per second and 1 x 10 centimetres per second, respectively, could be anticipated. s arc inorganic compounds which mouity tlio ir.'terpsrt i c i.e forces associated witn citiy misierals KUC'D that ccn;p;sct;:d dansitics are increised. Dir.porsar.ts ti^v^ thi? effect: of blocking the-- se^ciaqe paths with clay fines but they do not have a ce-rr -ritirsq effect: and do not provide w.itor repel lency to the r>oi' 9 aius. Typical di spetaants a:« tetrasodiurn pyrophosphatc, sorfiun ti: • poiypho.cphate ana sodium hextinit>hHiohoRnh'"i Hi ?.f\-' Secau.vr- .J i iper.';.;•, nta <- Dispersants are commercially available ar.d since they ara used in trace quantities, they permit lou- cost treatment. For liner construction they could be used to decrease -he permeability and frost susceptibility of fine grained soils, Houpvpr rMr.nprsants have a short 1 i f c scan. less than 10 years; thin can be attributed to continual ion exchange, resulting in loss of swelling capacity/ and the water solubility of salts. In addition, the use o£ is relatively undeveloped and unproven for containment of uranium tailincs. 4.1 I_n t r n cV.ict_i on Polymers are chemical compounds of high n.uleculdir weight. The synthetic polymers used to manufacture rcettbtanes or lir.ecs arc- generally classified as thermoplastics and elastomers. As noted in a previous section they may be further subdivided into crystalline thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers. As a group, the basic advantages of polymeric membranes include very low permeability, the ability to conform to resistance. With respect to perireabi li ty, values for intact .-.-implex of polymeric linors in the order of 1 x IS to 1 Y. — i 2 1.3 centimetres per fsecond or Lower are often quoted. It should be noted that these values for permeabilities of liner specimens are generally oignificantly lower than permeabilities considered operative or representative of installations as a whole. Thi.3 very important aspect is addressed in sr.ore detail in subsequent sections of chis roport. Polymeric linc-rs are susceptible to liamaqe duninq installation oc to ground subsidence. They can also bo P'jp.c'''.1 vfd duT.'im r»i>«»r •"• t I T*. ox'9t to n* In this section the polymeric lining industry and the manufacture of the membranes are briefly discussed and general comments associated with the materials selected for the study are provided. Finally, liner properties provided by manufacturers and suppliers as well as from independe.it studies are addressed. 4.2.1. Description of the Polymeric Liner Industry The structure of the polymeric liner industry is illustrated schematically on Figure 1 and can be seen to break down into four main segments; they are: - raw material producers - manufacturers of sht;etinq or roll goods - fabricators of liner panel;; - installation contractors n pcVi.~ t icu 1 ox. cc;.iOctr»y iw LUIJ iPtw^ctvy rr.cy p^rnorrv. t^'c or r^ore of these functions; e.y. a sheeting ~.aru>f;ctu:ct mighc also labmcaze and ir.st.iil p:.r,d liiv-.rc. '"ha ir't«r:r 4.2.2 rolynecization All thin ffieabrane linings ar n ;/^j*i3i^rtur^t in-13^ 1 ly c^---- T our.o:» t?»e resins with addi.tivs.-s, ni'o slii:.-pvu to processors to be converted into the fin:-.] product. Additional cJc.i'civ^-3 arc usualiy included in t.v? r.sic compounds by the processors. Additive:, which jr-.- typically compounded with the b^se resinn are fillers, fibres, processing aids, plasticizers, carbon Mack, stabilizers, antioxidants and fungicides. Typical filler materials would include mineral particles, metallic oxides, ground polymers and/or sawdust with the ratio of filler to total polymeric compound (including filler) typically 0 to 20 per cent for thermoplastics and between 10 and 50 per cent for (12) elastomers. Processing aids are used to reinforce or soften the compound during manufacturing while plasticizers provide uexiDUuy. u-. _< cio or piascic.1 zer to oase product is typically 0 to 2 per cent for elastorneric compounds and can be up to 55 ner cent for PVC (12) compounds. Carbon black is typically addod to concentrations of less than 2 per cent lor thermoplastics and up to 45 per cent for elastomers to provide colouring to resist the aging effects of ul traviolf.'t light and for ir. case of elastomers, tc increase stiffness. Stabilizers and antioxidants help reduce aging and provido stability during manufacture and fungicides prevent fungal ?,nd bsctocial attack. She r-t Pro due t_ion Following compounding, including i:lur addition of additives, coating« J u i y S;".- i •.<} coatino which c:or:si:its o£ c-.pti2.idi ng a >->oIy;.*«r en a fabric or f:ii.-«t of paper i*; seldom utilizer] fcr co-.rron lin'jz rn^tc-i: i oi.-; ->o will net bo di rcu.r:c^d £u;:ii.'i. Of the lirK?r iMfcerials to b-.: considered in this study only polyethylene is lenovn to be produced by r-xtrusion. In thic ptocfSo a molten polymer, usoa]ly of the polyoicfin family, is extruded into a non-neinforcc?d sheet. Calendering ia by far the most frequently used method of producing the sheets. Calendering consists of passing a heated polymeric compound through a series of highly polished steel rollers. Calendered unreinforced membranes are often produced by simultaneously running more than one sheet of compound through the calenders to minimize the effects of pinhole= caused by grit or othpr impurities. Calendered reinforced membranes are produced by running sheets of compound and reinforcement through th& calenders. A 3-ply membrane would have one sheet of reinforcement between two sheets of compound while a 5-ply membrane would have two sheets of r< : forcement covered by and separated by three sheets of COD; jnd. The membranes arc usually manufactured in sheets typically 1.2 to 1.8 metres wide, but in SOITK-; cases up to 10 metres wide, and in varying thickness. The thickness oc the me-.rnbrune is usually specified in rr.ilr: vhich 3r^ units equal to thousandths of an inch (P.RfH inches or 8.C254 mi il irastre:;} ,. July I-<:••• /• i 4.2.4 Liner fabri The r.oisbtan.-s produced in wide (5 to 1G ir.etrr-^) <.-r.d heavy rclis £te qeiv.'i'aity shipped to the site !:c t-e i: eld-seamed to produce the liner. The lighter narrower tollr. would be shipped to a fabrication factory where they are factory seamed into large blankets. The size of the factory fabricated blankets is usunlly only limited by handling weiyht and dimension. The liner is fabricated on the site from either the larger rolls as noted above cr the factory produced blanket. The technique used for seaming the rolls or blankets in the field and factory is dependent on the composition of the liner m.-Jtet'io 1 „ Seme materials can be sesrr.ed by a r.urr.bcr of techniques. The methods of seaming are categorized as follows: i) Thermal, including electronic (dielectric) bonding, hct air bonding, hot wedge or knife bonding. ii) Solvents or cements including solvent bonding, bodied solvent adhesives, solvent cements and contact cements. iii) Tapea only including polyethylene tape or uncured gum tape. iv) Vulcanization using uncured tape ot achesives. v) Extrusion or fusion weiuing. July l*3--i 2b 841-3C15 vi) iV.-ch.'snical (friction or sewn). Of the above noted methods, dielectric bonder..-; w« -j3.imt required. Extrusion welding is only used with hiqh density polyethylone. A summary of available membrane seaming methods is presented on Table 4.1 METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING AND EVALUATING GEOMSKBRAME 5£Ll:.S RSI ERENCE (13) (Thermal and Mechanical Methods) Thermal j:t hods Extrusion Basa poiyiisr of common geoir Folyvinyl chloride (PVC) X X X i Nitrile - PVC (TN-PVC) X X X X Ethylene s-nterpolymer alley (SMA) rnopJastius Low-density X X X (LDP£) X C Hicjh-dens.ity polyothylenu (HOPE) X X X Butyl rubliar (IIR) Ethyleno propylene dione mouorcr (7JPDM) Nooprenui (pclyc hlorc prano) £pichlorohycii:i rubier (CO) '. Lan t crv.:rg I Chlorinated polyethylana If.' o (CFE) X X X Hypalon (chlorosulfor.atad polyethylene) (CS?K) X X X EPDi.' X X NOTE: M « Hanufantured or factory seams, v » Field fabrication TABLE 4.1 (continued) (Adhesives anc Tapes) !3odisd So Lvent Contact Vulc^.niz me Solvent Solvent Adi eaive Adhesive Tar.o/t'.d'r.'r. :.i.v Tar -2 -, H F M t- M F M F •A Thermoplastics Poiyvinyl cblorida (PVC) X X X X X X Uitrilfi •- rVG (TN-tVG) X X X X X X Ethylene in.terpolyr.-fir alloy (liI/;; Crystalline tlrarmop 1:-;st'i.cs Low -de n s;;. ty go lye t' .y lena X X y. polyethylene (J1DPE) X X > F.laston-3::s Eutyl rubber diene lWincnar (CPLM) X X I'coprcna (pclychloroprene) X X Epichlorohydria ru!.b-;r (CO) X X Chlorinated polyethylene (CPK) X X X X X X X Uypalcn {chlorcsulfonatad polyethylene) (CSTE) X X X X X X X X Thariroplastic EPiJM X NOTE: M - ilanufacturec or factory eeam3 F - Field fabrication July iSr,4 23 3-51-3aij Factory ne;:rrii: grr:e tally are considered to have; higher UMiiuv.^ quail;7 i-.-.ari ti'jlo.'--i^bricat :,• ^.-.I.J ,O desi fable to prooLCu iai.y;.- iin 4.2.5 Reinforcement Both reinforced and unreinforced polymeric liners are considered in this report. The introduction of reinforcement or serin to a liner generally improves the sheer st-iran-^jth of the liner and therefore wou'd iiujjso-.'e its resistance to failure du3 to shrinkage, creep, tear and puncture. It may also facilitate handling and seaming o-' tne membrane both in the factory and during field installation by improving dimensioral stability. Polyester is new the dominant scrim material, having generally replaced ryJon due to its better jcia and sunlight resistance. The principal disadvantages of reinforced liners ace lover elongation to rupture, less ability tu conform to ground irregular i ties, less flexibility, increased po-.&nti».l for dejlandna cion oC calendered sheets and wicking, and greater costs. There are differing philosophies related to the most desirable ixner property to resist imposed stresses. Julv 20 I-'. 1-201! •;.: j'.,••.•• ::c:-; tiv:- II;.' r s)i : -.J.O ;• •;..-:-.-> hi;:; -trer;c,t_h r. a do;ni:,r..-. i:o L'.'jctor ic'c ic wViilf* .•:;•- v.'v.r :;i.v-^ost3 the Liner i'O ci. ii L x c. 1 r.oi: iijO.i i iou'-'j :. I'yfi • ';'!>•.-_• *J i ^i: x Z tC<::;-3 of i:hij is --i ;;cLi:iScd in saj'/.-qui .''!. -ic-ct 2 ;>i:.-> ol thii? rcDot;:. Provided th'i qubgradtt of tlic tailing'; hasin is properly prepared no thnt it is relatively c;: ooth aiid will not transmit Lo.id to the liner duo to novf.-rviKnt or require it to carry excessive hydrostatic stresses, the liner would probably be subjected to the most significant stresses during installation. Careful planning will be required to minimize handling stress on the liner. It is desirable, however, that the liner possess sufficient tensile strength to permit ease in handling and to resist unavoidable stresses. Further, due to the potential for some polymeric liters tc creep, it would pzotabiy be desirable to have sctne rainf or cement in linors susceptible to creep when tfjcy are placed on slopes. As notedr reinforced liners may be more susceptible to ^elimination„ It is considered that this is a function of scrim size and spacing. The polymeric sheeting depends on coMpourtd strike through to adhere to itsell. Heavy, tightly-woven scrims, would nrcbably reduce the percentage o strike area and t'no inte-rpiy bond may be lessened. in an effort to enhance strike through, so?e manufacturers use heavier ncrim with lower thread count vh.ich provides a 1c :gr-r weave opening. The'. 1 ther potential problem or-socist2d with linsc reirsf orcen ent noted above is wickinq. Wicking is a process v;hich causes dolcsmination when the scrim material is exposed to the waste effluent. The scrim strands absorb effluent July 1004 3? 841-3315 r.i-:: It may be noted that a scrim is characterized by its count and the linear density of its yarns. The count is the ..V....U, ..r ,-*..-.., poi: unit wiJth i;. c^l J;j.-..--.i;r. iizzri^^f a;j ths warp direction and filling direction (machine direction and cross machine direction). Linear density is uiass per unit length with the traditional unit being the dernier which is; equal to 0.11 nill iyr^sns per metre. Examples of common scrims in North America are: i) 10 s 8/inch; liS dernier x 2S0 dernier; lino v-oave; often called 8x8, 250. ii) 13 y. 10/.inch; 1L'(?S dernier (both directions); plain wnaje; enter) called IS x 13, 1080. p •• -•; ] • ';••• nssrj on in;-/;.' ••'•ion c o ] 1-• ^ *; c c'i fr;? •!.••;' '.v^r v-r ;:;• t ?. on - with liner r::a'iv!f j^t-JC v: •; J^ii; «/O0.1J (^;vo:: 'w V-r Ic.c, VaC icjt:. ons in th,; quality ccr _rcl pfc-;;r?.-:-"'1.'; r^"* t i nely carried cut during factory fv.br i •::-:*. t ion of Vv«er:i. riie.>e or f.c r ,•> TI,I>.>S -;.:u:ri vciry fro.!, visual (.•>:.-..r:ii no'. ion c: vho s.i.r:ibran:;i u.:r ;!:••; ^abricji '^n to dc-t.-2 i i. e-3 t.rv. *• i n-g inci.u<:i i) cuv/ r.:-t.~rial tor.tlrr.' to " j" 2:- -j —• rr pr •:•!•" l'~-? .'(•• a 11- r 1 c 1 s ij pp i i r-., 11) con11 nIJo'.:s visud] inspection dLirino film maivj facture iii) physical property determination of random samples from the sheet rolls iv) visual inspection and testing of all factory seams. Tests carried out tc"finger print" the raw material or verity coo? iste-ix. ,,uCuct quality nucj'-st include: i) the xp.lt index (ASTM D.12 30) v;hich is a numerical cual1tiration of the molecular weight ii) the density of the materiJl which is -3d indication o£ 3 range or properties including Lensile strencth, hardn^ss snu cl)»"-m i ca 1 res i s f.juci' LIJ) moisruru content. Visual inspection is carries! out to identify pos^iUle t.ir.ur.antu or thfl rrc-r;enco of oi nhol :?.-j or oV.'ne?. defact Citlilib* AC.2A.- 8 < 1 - ?, >'« 15 c i T!if _o. t i m c:. rr !•:•:' c.iH f.> •-'.:• t>i r:?.i no [::••/:;':.•;: ;>: •,;. r:r t ies o* r ..'::-.k. ";> i.ipii.Of.'S nj-jijt; i n-..: i r.d<;: i) t.h i c!>:;)••. :"<''. J<4 to c™ i ;:JI t ion i i 5 car bon •:o;11.• n t iii) tcn;.ilc strength -T^.d elcngat ion testni., iv) carbon bl;.ck content v} tensile impact testing vi) stress crackinc resistance It is anticipated that the larger more experienced liner manufacturers would have in effect a more detailed quality control programme including many of the tests outlined above. In any event, following selection of a lining material for a particular installation, a mini.;.urn quality conti.ol pui'jti.^tf during liner fabr icet i--o «t;uld incluio the LOllowir.q : i) "finger printing" o^ each batch of raw material ii) independent verification of the chemical composi- tion of.' e.= ch new batch oi polymetic cof-povind. j. i i} routine rx\d fccqueiiL v ' .-. i'.a to the r^"iof actuiror to i nspec t ttit- i:i• sU i n iv; r;:ir c i i i •,:-.'. 1 jboiriityry t>-vt r---'.i!t:- provided for 'Men nay's production of hnc: rrater i,-) . v) continuous testing oi' Ail factory t;eaiTi.> by a •^rthoc! si.J"!) as aic iaociny. Cua 1 i t:y cent; ol Jut-inn liner in:; t-i 1 K* t ; ~r: is di^cuLLcci in St'.cti^n 7 . Various ther.T.oplast ics and elAsLorrers nave found application as lj.n-.ar materials; nine differsnt r.iatc?rials 3re considered in this study. The following is a ijeriur^l discussion of the characteristics ot" the various niaterials. The discussion considers the base polymer but not the possible effects of varying concentrations and types of additives used by different suppliers and manufacturers during the compounding stage of production. Specific material properties ara not. discussed in this section but wnera information is available related to liner permeability,- values are quoted. There is significant variation, in the valuc-j quctud, which may, in part, be duo to: i) difference in polymeric compounds ii) variable laboratory testing techniques and test fluids iii) permeabilities which are representative of fif.*lei conditions but which iv.p.y not represent the value obtaineo by testing on \nti-ct pieces of lir-^r. It must: of* nttnr throu-.jh sfii'i i i: th.-l; Percy's "UJV dii:s not ;:tri. c t) y >":nply. i It is wry cnnvcr.iont, however, !:o de;;;:r ibe liner I petuu.rrtbi 1 i Ly : :"i t<"jtiii3 usually i; <.; s o t \ o ioi :.;ui].\>. ZTiiially, it is iTpoc fc..snt i.o note foot t^i.ich cu li,-j reported i perivit?^bi 1 i l.y u.'ta relates to ccftnr) in the presence ot a i Leachate of i. ritei'cj.*it. Where a lining ni^':eria! ir, not I particularly compatible with t'r.'.f leachate, pc-rn.<»abi 11ty j could be significantly higher. •' i 4.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) ! i Polyethylene is produced by the polymerization of ethyler.;? | and is classified as a crystalline thermoplastic. | Conventional (low density) polyethylene in pr~.';ncdd witT ! high pressure polymerization giving a non-linear chain. i'oiyotliy .ene doez not contain plaatici^yti zo increase flexibility so it iv, produce:', by extrusion with thicknesses limited to the 4-17. mil range. i-iaterial pconertios cor this class of liner can be modified by various processing techniques producing cross-iani'nated or pro-."t^essed lining mater ials. The following properties have been noted for polyethylene: (14) - low initial cost (14) - law shipping weight a"" '"'•' '" "'(3'7) "° •- few restriction:: on chc-iiea I rKno.iuie /" •" i - ooo'3 low cc-i".iX'r;it.ijti» character i r-f.ics - (s^b-c i tfc 1 od Ly o.\p-v;-uie to u'. i.rav iclo - iJ1 (17) - po *j u ijiuuv. Laic £ t'* J A --> i_ c* i»C o . . (14) - pcoc .•iljr.. sion resistance {i b) - pooz tear strength - uu'U-nptib'i.e to stress cracki-o - very ~i'.i££ to 'lap.csie, except in thickness unch--r 8 mils, f:f;p'icially ?n s;ib- frees m.] . . U4,1C) cotsdi t ions -0 - ^rrr.eabi 1 i cy of 1.5 x I? centimetres per second Polyethylene has a crystalline structure and becomes brittle (18) when exposed to weathering . The characteristics of poor weatherability and poor puncture resistance can be offset to some extent by using a soil cover over the liner (16, 19) , thus polyethylene liners are not considered for " ., (8) Polyethylene can be heat-sealed in the faczTy, producing good seals betv.:jen panels. In the field, scs;«s are usually US) scaled with self-adhesive tapes or ceisants. These joints have low shear strenqth &nd adhesion can deteriorate (1R) under continuous liquid immersion (8) Polyethylene is inert to most solvents and is generally cons ifitr^d to ritoc fair to cood cvor<-ill hydrocarbon ccsiut.'inco: ' . Tru-ue linec?7 .K-'.1 -also relatively inexpensive, however, lifa expectancy is proportionally ahCi'c.-E i:._*L;i'civ'-.' tu li.t> ii.orv- ex[.eii.~s i v.j liiiei" iViattcials. fioid Rplicxoe atf j-srs to i"'". th1? ir^-ioc drawback of July 1904 3C 4.3.2 ilirjh r •:: p. s i. V y Polyethylene il,'u?B) Many cf the o.-iuc'iirable f.'-.atutcs o£ 3tai.uci.u j.K/ivet'iyiene mr.y bs avoided by modifying the material u:>i;,g liiijh density oolyethvlenc pclymars and low pressure polymerization to {22} produce Linec-r chains. Like low density polyethylene i-IDPE does not contain plastici^ers; it is octrudec] in sheet thicknesses of 20 to IBS rr.ils. The following general properties of HDPE have been noted: (i) Chemical resistance to hydrocarbons oil, acids and alkalies is superior to that of rubber (butyl and polychloroarene) (23,24) membranes. (ii) Material ."nay ha placed on slopes with the stability of the soil and not that ai th« (23,24) liner being the limiting factor* (iii) The material has excellent puncture and tear resistance and personnel and rubber tired vehicles can move freely on the sheet durirso installation,- maintenance, and " . (23,24) inspectlon. (iv) 'A" he; T33 X: a r i a 1 of tors exctO. Ipnt ui tzn-violr. t resistance. Hcsthoro.r.stsc 'costing inuicatoss an unnioterrted lit*; (v) l-'i.'-ld welding of r.r,iins i;j by ;noat::', of Euaicn or extrusion joining ap.'.?rati.is which extrudo' a ribbon of M£L'£ which ic th^n ?•.;::?-••; by c- roller c'ain; thus, gluf.s, ijoivcnta and (•"iu.'jssivr;r; are not required. (vi) Non-destcuctive quality control o,r all soams can be carried out by ultrasonic testing methods. (vii) The lack of plasticizers reduces: concerns (25) about microbial attack. (viii) Superior strength and elongation (22) properties. (ix) Rat'jd to 203 degrees Fahrenheit continuous (22) exposure. (x) Rated to -76 degress Fahrenheit continuous (22) exposure. (xi) Good resistance to exposure to qamma . . (25) radiationa „ (xii) Permeability teportedly in the order of , -13 . ' (24) 1 s it? centimetres per n;;eoncu Cost of iiDPE KiHy t><; tto.-ir.c;.viiiat hiqher than the other lining i~5terials be in-9 cons io.es:'.vu. The; other noyativs characteristic of thi.3 product ia its sti££n«ss, its high coefficient at fciiera^l exosnsjon and its ooor uly I'MUi • 38 r?.tl-?C3 >-f---Kii l ; t"'_, •''•; ~h r'-- n •••' <••• ••:•=. it- co—b°f '.prr- ?"•';: h.^odJ. i im v><] placing i'i t::'J iioI'J, Until celfltiv^-iy i«et.-nLly HDP^ hc.u Iirait...J u>;o in l^i-jc i >ii: tal Is t ions in Worth America. How^veit . tho installation ot HDPC f&i: uEtinium ••railings pond liners ct the Dawn Uranium Mining faci. ii tier, in Ford, Washington (11.3 hcctrices in 1?81) and at other large installations such as the Public Service Company o£ Colorado's Power Station facilities (26.9 hectares in 1979 and 1S80), has generated considerable interest in the use of HDPE. 4.3.3 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) was introduced commercially in 1S65 by Dow Chemical Company for applications between vinyl and butyl and is classified as a v.herii5opidstic elastc-fGr. It is cier.c-_"ally specified in thickrtojrces between 20 and 45 mil:.. it is an inhecently flexible; therraoplastic produc" d by chlorinating high density polyethylene. Compounded CPE sheets commonly contain between 2~5 per cent additives. CPE formulations contain little or no (26) plastic7.i.ers but may contain a controlled amount of PVC polyrr.er to aid dinonsional stability and processabi 3 i. ty. Alternatively, these polyrc&rs can be reinforced with nylon "(IS) or polyester . CPE is comp^tible with many other plastics and rubbers while retaining most of its desirable character i.st ics. It YIP?, be Tho foilowiiirj properties hsve been noti.d for CP3 resin.' - since Ct>b' is a ccmpiereLy satut.at^u pol^Her (no double bonds) it is not cur.eeptiuls to ozone attack and it displays excellent (27, 28) wea t h 12 r a b i 1 i ty - because it contains little or no plasticizer CPE has good resistance to growth of mold, {27, 29, 28) mildew, fungus, and bacteria , ., (29) - non-volatile (16) - good tensile and elongation strength - good resistance to ultra-violet light (29) - serviceable to low temperatures - excellent crack and impact resistance at (8) low temperature - good resistance to deterioration by many {28 } corrosive and toxic chemicals - limited range of tolerance for aliphatic hydrocarbons and oil? but cv-n bp fcr^ul^t (0, 20) to improve resistance - tend:? to swell in oil vtv.n irc^cn.^.d, but r(-•"!• 111-a•).*• losn in tensile sticonoth still within auitibls working range' Jul:' 1934 •>:••.•••• li;>';ir swell in hicrhiv aro.r.Atic , , . (15) ' ' hydr oca x. tons (18) low i.-'.-covv-ty when .•iubjoccc-o to t -ir:.'.•>; 1 <- sUois permeability cjenersllv reported to be less -12 than 1 x 10 centimetres per second (25) limited resistance to acids - requires reinforcement on slopes limited to i.5 horizontal to 1 vertical Th& propstties of CTE aie similar to those of HYPALOM (CSPE). Sines CPK is generally unvulcanized it can be seamed by sdhesivc-s, solvent welding, or dielectric heat (31) sealing. Field joints are corriraonly solvent welded, often with xyleno or a mixture o£ tetrahydroCuran and toluene. Fiold joints are difficult to aakc at temperatures Ie5;s than IS degrees Celsius due to the high flash point of the solvent wold ing solution, in other words aarly adhesive (IS) strength cf the jointing surfaces docs not develop. The overall intcsnr it*.' on thes;c: solvent voU:.:d joints; has been , (13) ' questioned. Whwtvf there wi'. 1 bs no dancrcr of r-vch~:iical ds^iigi-.-, CP£ linc-i..-; co.ri bo uced exposed. S aiv.pl es t'spos;ed ir« Pirisona ici: nearly ten yoas:*-? cec-riinr.-d 3? per cent of their tensile i*nd oiorwafcion properties, with little or; no ciianye in low t>'iiii.«£-r ^ tore nc^sct resistance. fts ar. ?>>:pos&d conta iim^nc m.ribcari&r CT" is expected to Ic>.-it more thc.n ':e.n years, cased . . . (21} on no i.iecii^nica 1 azr..zq™. CPD Iinere" a\c; in the lo^/ to radium price r.cr.^v.- for comparable :->nLhetic liners. * 4.3.4 chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSPti) Chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSPE) is a family of polymers prepared by reacting polyethylene in solution with chorine and sulphur dioxide. Presently available polymers contain 25-43 per cent chlorine and 1-1.4 per cent sulphur. CSP)3 is commonly known by the DuPont trade name, HYPALON. Although the polymer was developed in the early 1940*s it until I960. In liners, it is used in unvulcanized compounds containing at least 45 per cent of the base resin. Other ingredients are predominantly fillers. CSPE may be both a plastic and an elastomer, depending on the degree of curing. It is classified as a thermoplastic elastosar. Most CSPE lir.on sheeting is made with fabric reinforcement { 9 Q " (nylon scrirp.) . After PVC, it ir, the roost common of the ( 2'! ) polymeric flexible liner materials ' . The minimum and most po-mlcr shc-at thickness is ?/J nil but it is available The use of unsupporecu fiyf-alon is generally iv. u recor.usr.de^. fcha iinc?:yrrn ststr; ^r;d rn^L'.I ti r.tj i?i:ii;;-;I l.-i t ion c-:id crcc-p metre u-idc- .st_-:ni-cur-. J panels, and cun be fuct'-\y fabricated in up to ISS'j square nacre panels "" . CSPE sheets arc rnorn.\-curcd w'u>r. installed cr^ li^ld > (vulcanizing pro ret" a) taker; a^;.-ro;;inatel y \.:-r, to ••.':tf months in relatively warm sunder temperature::; '. The following properties have beet) noted: (16, 29, 34) - good puncture resistance (32) - good resistance to microbiological attack - excellent resistance to low temperature cracking .. . (24) excellent weather resistance and aqi.r.q due to slow vulcanizing process good resistance to ozone and ultra-violet (8) light flexible and resilient, accoiunodates (32) movement due to settling (8. 16) low tensile strength but oood recovery of tensile strength uncut"«id CSPE is more thermoplastic than otheE elsntcriiars but after curing it 'acs good dimQnsion-'*! stability at hi«h (21, 28) :•••:• r i*" t; a o i i. J ty <•;-.'.-. • 15/ cr-crtoii co ho of the ovo •_•:•; or. i ^: I;: <•_ (. n t. j. ;r,: tr<--r. rcr r;oci>:id in w a t fc r - other inferences inuic-jte. perrieabi ii tv of -10 (11) " 1 x IS centimetres per second As the rcatetial cures in the field, tensile strength increases, elongation decreases and the film becoues less (33) vulnerable to puncture . Dimensional stability, creep resistance, and operating temperature are ail related; the material will tend to shrink and soften at elevated (15) temperatures . rsj>K sweiis in aromatic nvasrocacoons Milder hydrocarbons have a less severe effect and in some instances, CSPE shows resistance to certain hydrocarbons. The material will recover if cleaned of hydrocarbons within (34) a -few days of contact . As the material cares, its hydrocarbon resistance will improve. Higher t-.c-rrparatures, on the other hand, reduce hydrocarbon resistance. When first introduced t Q.Z7Z developed a poor reputation with respect to: • i) pinw.l-;-- j i} nhrin'r -;<;e PinhoI.e control hzs inrgoly L^^;; r.i;r. itved by la^iiaa t iori. Sani'"ic>;i::'j a rcirtfotcirsy [?rr ic b-vt-?^^-* th.^ I ami n.-.t i or: (14) A co-.ron'11 r,"-;.'i i ed rr.;."b-' r.v.-.? i'. P-ur':-.r -,'! i.ii. 1 .-i/.'-.uor t'.-d liypoion •.;;i*c'u ccnr; i:, i_:. ^i f.;,..; .1;. ;/....• r:/J :.: •_•,..;?•:. .7 u ::;--? 'ir-ni:'' ["•eiv^jtii i; »•:•••• i.-.ii •.••:; of Bypaiou. Dur>. _• •;'J r.m. :,!:/;M:tc:ci liy :•••-: ion coris j :.t:; o.c ti-.'o l;:-,'-;;r'. of :-of ,•/.)]• t i\\\) ^^ziin t'itwc;c-n r; pliiv" ;;i' H'ypalon. One o'.'. tV;e 1 inii ta t ions of CPP£ is the detailed se (li) technique which must be followed exactly . CSPE can be seamed by adhesiver>, heat welding or solvent welding The material is commonly sealed in the factory by solvent welding. Prior to installation, the liner should be stored away from ultra-violet light to ensure adhesion during field seaming . Field welds with solvent are best made on warm summer days and solvent seals must be applied before the Hind !-UL The solvent; ^!-:c>5 the uncorcJ material ia s a -^p^ r\s i '>n .;nd the lost ma tc=r i ..Us are replaced by t'm CSPH in the adhe?ive . This joiating system ia not affected by (lii) weather and produces a horaoqenious r>e-j.T.. CSPS lifiet have found application for both exponoa and uno-xno.srd service. The- above disease ion .^Jijc O.T."-' 3 C3PL in ^netal, Major suppliers do, howevti, ^ufiyiy Lwo qi:.".i.::v oZ ~.it•::r i..-i 1 often dosenbei 'js s'r.enci/itci o*. p'jv-.it/i •- »-.ii.*•.-,: ^u^w--: C.".:'C >;r.d 3 r ir'Ju^'.rrial Gr:' e or '.m, wt^r -•••;.-.-, L-r: t-i o;. CiTV!.:, 'he "u>::r distinction ii 'w;;jt the inuu:; Ur i-i J ', L •_'.-••••: <_.ji-'L. WL'J.C !IJ,'>; a rriur!; r-'.-cl JC-.M.*; U-!:o'^'/.y lo ::brrvcb wet';: (or ch-:nucsl ; loacituv-t:} r and thus wooifj w.- uiU'vCi.fcv .:o iiavc .ji^iijiicii'.cl characteristics. tor trie ;."j; pusa u.C :• ••:- •• '•'• i' di tcu;::j i o-i". , cnly (.he :;r opt. J: t i ••-•* ui i rdi;: i r i a \ .;r;:-i.; ur low water ;v-r,i;; pi; i 0:1 C^Pl1, will DO cufiii loe r •. ri *n .•••i.bsc-; 'j^c t sect i nils of tfiii; report. ^y^aIon Jir.-ers .JI-: in ir.no ir.^d i err. to hir;h ;:rice ranoe for coir.pa r \i)j \ •.- .".y :'i ';h-' L i c lii>;-Ci. 4.3.5 Foiyvinyi Chloride (.PVC) Polyvinyl chloride, classified as o thermoplastic, 5.s a calendered material available in a wide variety of thicknesses, colours, and compositions. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets contain 30-50 per cent of one or more pl£.sticizers, 2 per cent stabilizers, and some filler. Thicknesses oC 10-30 mil ace corrimori, and niost PVC films ^t.(- used ar ^r.ruppor !-•: ' ';!ie?rc. .r"/C can also be i'abric ^einL'orcoo if reouired. T!ie physical and chenucal proper t i v.-v. ot VVC riln arc J function of t!u-» specific pl.3d t ic i z..f r •; used in various compound^ The following properties have been noted: - poor resistance to ozone and ultraviolet light: resulting i:r» cross bciiaiiv] ;ir..l increased, stiffness hut car. be i'norcvoc o'ith proper stabilization[Li'2' ' pi .i." f. ic i 7.!-1,! '-'.'C fii;n ir, oui'co rt:;irl:.Tnt {2'M te pir.cturo; and i.-viac l voly e.'i.-;y to splice qt! tensile strc;;iL!i " 4 1 - 3 -.31 5 ;>e f;'jot x.o '"'"oc: . r.or.ios.M :: orv t.Cot. :> :';0W that :30:' •.' COIfi^Juno J f-."~.O t.O r.jr.-.r.-'r; ,*rj r.:.!;;: ink on cvJ i-•- c-jct--^: -i: •'• *o t:o :TU id•;:<•; and Cuvinuf; (I.'?) when co.i.'po'jnJod properly higher coat and shipping weight than polyethylene moderate oa.T.ma radiation oxposure results in (i'5) soft and tacky compound reported perrnpabi I i tos : ra/sne (lsndfiM le -13 7.3 x 10 cm/sec (20 mil sheet in The principal problems with standard T-\'C. liners are usually • •:.-'.jsed by the miqrat'on of the ncn-poi ynvjr ic plnctici zer s from the base PVC siieot. Mii;r.aticn of: the plasticizer results in a hard, brittle liner' reducing resistance to cold weather cracKir.o and jti^cr.inq el'j.^.oticn properties. Fxt^nrf'^J .'io;it iixposur-"1 t^rds to ^ccilncitc this nlast ici7.t:r (18)" 103^: and SC:-H planticirorr c.:n '--.: -Jr-ir.idvd hy „«. ^.^ ...w ...... __.. .. - -. . -. ^' , j(-, ' to sfirinx with tru? l.o;, s o\ pi ,v»: to r.'.cr PVC til iv. yen-.-ra i. i y iioi.ij up wc).i in bULi^i tc;t-u, 'r.-jwevvj, • - • • - • . • » • . . • (. », " «C , i.% vj!i' V* f. J L >"-••.» lid Vl* (if L^l! ilii 'il.CU i Ol \.'^>Ui-i^Lj^ V wl vi*« fc-U v * !'•- -j (J ^. V. * i. i July l?n-i 47 a pi ;•!:>':.» c* /or CO.::<: t-cor. :;.:-• ::'l:^ J t-"> i n c r ~ t r. i- life of Hvv rr-.a tt?£ i/-1 ULC:: volatile plar; t .loss and t'?oi y<:;r cit gradiit ic; factory jci:>t.<. ore- commonly heat s'';.k(i( while* field jcir.t art: usually n-..v.;e with a :;troni.j solvent' . Sealing tochniqui-'S can cause local izcJ loss oi: piA:itic uer. Cie effect of tbi.'» is degradation of filn tep^ icabil ity Cold weather installation can be a problem with PVC (16) liners . Low temperature flexibility and field jointing (1 o ) are potential concerns under these conditions Standard PVC films are low in cost relative to most other synthetic liners. Field joint integrity over long periods of time and the effects of plastici2 Where hydrocarbon resistance 15 required at a particular installation, oil-resistant, compounds of polyvinyl chloxiide are available. Since the Canadian uranium tailings see not expected to have elevated hydrocarbon concentrations, this grade oc PVC is not considered in this study. 4.3.6 Ethylc-ne Ptopylene Oione Monomer (EPOtf) EPC'M is a synthetic r^bbes: ,~3^a frorr. athylene peony 1 ene ait.'in: i!!C'.n.'.-'.»:i and i it ci.*«r; i i!" i«.-..» os ir. clr^r. terrier . C-Jrc-.4. SPDK i '•• I.;~<'<1 ;;c r.v.tmfacturc either unuiir^ortt'i or ?cr i w-p.nppor tod .vhetiting iu>, th»? ranqc oi" 2'j to t-t> iriil -cfii c.'r.e'>w. i'ii<* wst pcrv. Jar r.hcrit thick.•;<-'.--;.-, i. u {b csi 1, .-.r.d thfi fo? t sat:cer4«f ul ijppiiCaLions liavu L<-c n moasrar.v-s : JC :u<." i:n; si.."1 ic»r->i C>.KV r i r.) ii i ii J ' J'.':) V ±0H tV 8 A 1 - ?. i ] S Di:-Dvi :;vnih« '-, ie '. i'-^r-i aro- ;.•;: if-iar i i v (.''.•-:; ior.r-d for contact ' i :*•) w;i".b potrblv^ w,M'': and arc £abr icitcci fro.y calender 06 -h-uts 1 to l.L. .•;.?•: t-?s wioo. The f:o Licwi. ri3 propetti^ii have be on no;.v..d iros tlii;; clj.ar, of synthetic iinftt: good agina and weathering character- (16) lStlC3 (16) good low tetflpecature flexibility good heat resistance ~ superior to butyl rubber for ozone resistance slightly higher rate of water absorption than butyl rubber excellent resistance to vate.: vapour . . (26! transmission r«?&if»t«nt to nsililow, r.old, funnus and ,• , , (32, 25) ra 1 c r o b i (18) - low p.'.'-^x ;;p.o siifcit fcreiiot (72) ~ gocd gt;ri6Eal chemical Eeii - poor fiisists-nce to aroroatxc c-*i-2r-1r - E 1 ; rl l :*:.'. v 7.'•':*.; :"'"••:-;i c V.J rt t to uc; ;i:io!i - ;., p.;;: ted ^:.z.:--~^bi 1 i ti-Ji : - with i;aiuL' EPDM liners arc- not recommended for exposure to solvents or hydrocarbons ' . Laboratory tests show swelling in aromatic and other cyclic hydrocarbons. FPDM sheets are jointed into panels prior to heat curing. Factory fabricated joints are good, but the same jointing (18) ' process cannot be used for field fibrication . Field seaming techniques cosrnonly employ adliesi.'ti such as one or two-part c-.T;-jnt." and gummed tap". It is oi£Cicult to develop uooa peel strength with these field seaming techniques, arid fic-lrf searsiny in rGoist oc cold conditions is relatively difficult. Failures in EPDK liners h«ve been (12) reported due to field joints . These joints CAU de-toriorate fhon subject to i;ii«v>rsion under liquids for I:Ktended reriocla of ti"e> or ./nvn cubiectod to shear (ID) EPDM linarrj are i a the- racUiun to hicn pi ice range Cor corapar-i;'!.'.: !": y'ntho t ic iiitor1*. •<"'•; jr; coopi-jd v.'ith achnoi/lf'dg^ poor r.ar.i-.' 'i^-.t-.-.ii to ir-.:-:: •• c i : ':/;;rt:oitb3r::. cir-d f.ii fficu L L :-.•<> i field ?-n! i c i n^ , tedis-r-1?. tin- V'O t:>ro t s a V oi: lU'CM linecs Cor ; •T;,\Tiy co:i V •*. l ;;••:> 'ii t .if?:;l i •;. s V. i ?:;;;, /.ilhoc-jh i.\-v* vfixi f;olyr.--"ES of '.TO:-; aro rro:;^ ••;::>'• <.r,x\'''- to nrcrJucc, their u'iJ'.:;:o p t" ope cti •:-•-. «llo<«' thv.'fi i'o absorb a 1'"! " <7 C v->l :.>.-• of -"^ '• .."-os'.rj.ii po ci"-• .vicr'ilrt iinc) I''-;-, pro:JuCi.! -ii lc\«r co:;t Ciniaiv.-d product whet: '.-.•o.^p.-ir.-.^; fjo o-ai^'x 4.3.7 Butyl Rubbit although developed during World War II for automobile tubes- butyl was not applied to the lining fielu until 196S. Butyl rubber was the first el as tone c to antes: the lit,ing field some 15 years after polyvinyl chloride and polyef-.hyhleiie plastic materials. Butyl rubber sheeting is a copolymer containing appcoirir.:,-.to? y ^ r-.-r cent iscb;:tylene a.^d a fiiir.c*- ?"*.~:}rt '•>*: isoprene. Cured butyl rubber co>apounus -5i:e us=d to iiianufact:uc!: 1115 in the r.anq'3 of 2i' to 125 nil thicknessses. Sorae recent compounds contain SIH^II amounts of EPDM rubber to improve ozone resistance of tbe finished sheei:. Tbs following properties Si-ave b*!«n noted Cor this CI-J^S of synthetic liner: e-i:cc:llen'c r; -.; i.-:ta.--;o to watr-r ar.-i v-t^tr (2S, 14) [-••»*£inii't* 'C i till £ :•: c: e i .11.'n i\ CO:- istnnca to ul trcv : o ; :?t :.;•;?•::: t:o o;:o".-> 5'.i[;:-ril.'v •• o'.'.a well, r.Lthouqh 'r-o.uv c:c (2 'j) wili ozon-v crsclx on Long expocuio (8) hic;h tolerance? for tor-.'-.X'raturc- et (29) contains lov.f amounts of extractahle material - good ttMisile and tear strength, good resistance (27) to puncture (15) - poor resistance to hydrocarbons , particularly petroleum solvents, aromatic hvdroc-arbons and (8) halogens ted solvents (IB) - lnw nppl ^nci shear strffnoth - d.iffic:ult field jcintu - excellent elonqetion orocettios - reported pc-rin-.'abi 1 i tie« : -10 (36) 1 K 1.0 ra/£ec with landfill Jeaclutre !.l s 18 crr>/:;ec with water In outdoor w^tei; (nanaoc-rwen'c u:~'->, butrvl j.jh.c-efci rsg ht>a "(29) years of aorrvici? i-'ith r« dcgrad.3tion '. The overall w^atiit-rirtg tf- %i..-!;.;;,co .ip;^;-;;::: to bo c rurctiop. o£ the i 1' ic co'riroi.m;: I utj . .So^r.irKj, p»:r ticMl/ffl y fiield joints, ^rW'^s i:o be a pLo ^'i*l'T ^p' ici'i'!; f--"'.r wiCM 1 *r: 1. y ii .,i?r=id <-»•"•»?t:hs»r» has t'e^u in lin?->5: fs\l>iry»t corunion probl'i.'a with field U5 "!:;.::i 'I'm.".!::- WI! 11;ii > ; butyl 1:.piny is .'.•'>::"..•-reed r:o>:e than tlv- i-.r. _ iv.:j p;oc->r Adl:i.'.':i v>3 systo^s ->:o co".r*only i:3cd to cc^ic.-racf- hutyi lin^r:";; br';!'! cno .-nri two-p-rt uGiiejivi-.:;, ;jnd ctv-.••.•;• c5 tsne lisve i^:r: ".ci. '.i.\f,'l lir:CC53 3rd not h:7 .•:,<: or ivul *' Butyl liners ar.? Tot reccr--.ei»ded for trie- retention o£ (IS) (1 &) hydrocarbons and solvents ^ . Laboratory firsts ' show swelling in aromatic and other cyclic hydrocarbons. The fact that butyl liners are in the medium to high price range for comparable synthetic liners, coupled with acknowledged difficulties in field splicing reduces the potential of butyl liners for inar.y containment appl ic-it ioas 4 . 3 . S Folych loropr.?oe (CM) Poiychlocoprone, an elastomer, was introduced by DuPont in 1932 cis ?, synthetic material having good -resistance to oil, gasoline, heat, light and osone. It is ccrnnonl/ known by the Dupont t.'ude nace rseoprens. Ths bsr,e resin £or nsoprene sheeting is P^lj•.•••loroprcn» rublror. tJcoprenc- ia available; in 2'---C'? uiil c:- ?d !?h«-*?t, eithox Ecriin supportyd or unsuppcr t.:.<5. Th^ iio-^t popular sheet is reinforced 21 rail tor rrsaoy ..-.pplicr.cior.c. Th'-.* foi. 1 oi-?ir«<7 prnr.e-rt-ips h-ir/c- b^von noted: sol :.!*• i.•;•••.•» «;.•.•.;.•:;•;:- in tax .i":--:a f) e -, „ -> <> •* psrfcic;:li'.' 1 v' v.>h*?n in contact with in; 2!J) - rns; ••';..«: .^tii-.iek by soil micro-orcr-ni.'.r>i, mi (3 2) overall good ceaistance to hydrocarbons.- bat shows some swell in acoraatics and other cyclic hydro- US, 32) carbons flexible *nd elastic over a wide ranee of (32) temperatures - with the exception of chlorinat«d solvents at ccsistance - relatively poor .strength propartic; radiation resistance is cO'.ip-arVole to (25) CSPE - rer.icts punctures and tear ing from abrasive (32) over lavr. - not heat oc solvent sealable c*-' be i.\T,roved with proper compounding. lOutTiJ Ot'.i"i'i*iT »11~« *-J. ;*t o J c-f-'v Ckr t. OT I O £." it L;> ur*-,ifir U i t. Z Ti V i 01C ' (27) ' ' """ ' ' "' "* t:-..1 op ;<.-;•)(> : :?• o:v'-" c 1: Zr" properly' '. ^ ni'.'b'-i: of cej.>;r. ca ate rcc:o:.v.:-.?nCi;-d, ii;-u~. 11" ('-• £) '•.uo-p^rt sy.'>tc."3 ., In fic-id pc^mir.r r h.l^h tc.Tfp^rnr.ur^ and dry v;r:atfr--r; ire. required f-o r-roOLicc a t. i 1 n '.-r.-srinq bond. Cs2) a is ;: i f.L icu 1V. to saam xn colo wc-;itr.{»r Field so^rwing di ff icuLtio^, coupled with the fact that nooprene Is one o£: the r;ost e>.pa.'isi \ri; ;-;yn.ch ••»'.- ic liners, reduce it.-> potential use. Searaing and cost not withstanding, (30) neoprene is in demand for ita hydrocarbon resistance 4.3.9 Polyurethane There are two typos of urethc-.Tes which have been suggested for film manufacture: eater and ether based polyvrethanes, Polyurethc>no linorc can b-a urmd for oil soill (21) contani;'.;ont, beiriq onn of the tcoaho^', s*~,d rfiost ilor^blt? (27) liner materisls available . I'owavcr, these liners ace (27) considered to be prcmuir- priced . As a class, the urethanes offer outstanding che-raical and oil re=sisvanc« and (27) 'l • f-.nt low t^.jci jtute flenibvlity . The specific properties of the 1:0 basic types are: - fair to cood resistance to osonc- and ultraviolet ligh". - cooci r"-iai:v':«r.c.^ to tniJciov a;-.;.i (u:)i?u5 at w.-.c'-- wijon srT.-;wh«t ;;u->cu'ior in bvc* re carbon rtjsisf.aiicf* than r. h c c c n'.? r c a ••; ed t c a inn - good resistance to ozone and ultraviolet light (21) - good resistance to mildew and fungus attack ("* 1) The main factor affecting all urethanss is hydrolysis; that is, their tendency to break down over long periods of time. tends to affect the life expectancy of Estimates nave been sugqested for the life span of ester (51) polyucenhanes i-ssuraing no mechanical dar.iags Exposed Service ~ 3-4 years at 2C-30 degrees Celsius ambient temperature; 5 years at 10 degrees Celsius ambient temperature Busied Service - 20 years plus in the absence of alhaline soil, fungus and other The criticftl lictora tcr ur'itr^na sne-ar.ing \r<> husnio aging, h&va r:-ocr^r t^noiis itr^noth £'-•• tea5:.ion wf'ils the et!v;•£•«-; i (21) Urathc'.rso ^c-i-cnir-y can be accomplished by b^.at.{ r•(.•az-.n t, nod solvents. „ '?\\h ndh'-'sivo system?; in -j:.;e .^rcr S<&••x 1.2r to those u.ct?d fo>: cr?" rird involve the uc.e or- bc'.lii.a solvent." (-•>« ) Sheet thic^ROS!; i'.:- usually limited to aporoxiiuatelv 18 mil (30) one to cost cons ids-rations . Conditional on the various drawbacks discussed above, urethane Iiner3 offoc limited containment application. The prime disadvantages are cost and the long term eEfects ol; hydrolysis, soil alkalinity and possibly microbiological attach:. 4.4 Liner Material Specifications corsGidGring th*» variety of applications Eoc polywctic liners it ? .*> not £;'-' i;pr i« ing fch-^t there are na universally acknowledged testing and acceptance procedures. Specifi' -5 have been both developed and adopted by manat :'. ->->i3 fabricators. The specifications have come out c n:, plastic and textile technologies ^nd have vairi•.-•-...... sbiyo Some of the crc.*nizc'.tions «?bich prep; . :.-:J..-..- . :.' i cations for lining ••-•:utr.es: i<«Is ace: (i) Afnerican Society for Testinn and Materials ' i i) A::*2tic;n ^c~ic':y oC Civil r^'jin^-^rrs (*fCS; (iii) •'.•;acicc.n Society or Agricultural hjrtgin (i.u) A.;..'sr ica n K.7::-COF Ssoritr. Assnc ; ^.r. i.; J n ; .".VrrvA ; •ci f .' C.'J L J c '. r. u-'.u::1!1/ i f'c .'.>.'•:• a rr-'n..r •-•'• "t •• r:d-j,"d tcits .-.•'-fxtT-^: en ;•-=.; lyv.'r ic "-Irr-cr iu or-'i-'r '-.0 .;:::":;s th3;.r i;jually j;-.':'fon ii-jii in jccoi.d^nci \)'itl\ st;..:)0-:'di?.-id proced'Jtf.s; often ASV.'I ncthcis. These i.'_-Su:; sarve to produco comparative iriiJorr.iat ion on various lin-^r products and to provide information which allows speculation on installed chacactc-ristics. Problems in comparing liner characteristics arise, as will be seen later in this section, when comparing test results. Similar but not identical testing is carried out for the different liner types. However, there appears to be some ceiaciveiy Eecsnc tu.i^aucs a\. t.CBiK»di(jt^i::y cases anu USSL procedures at least among the various c^sin classes (ie. thermepi a .si-ics, th^rmop;.--;_• t ic elastomers, etc.). Further, as noted above, laboratory test results allow .spocult.tion on installed liner characteristics or anticipated performrinoe but genera) ly cannot- be readily used ho predict; perforir.inci; and thei-tefo': 1; should not be used as a subst.it.ite for good onginaering design. In additiori, these .=• l: 1 a bo 2: o t v c y t c- s t rft:; u 11 s t. u f i e 1 <1 p <-• r L O r ;M I n c •.•- v.:-, y be noted. t'.;••? ••;a t'-r ia 1 ;:>.•!••..: i:-.c- With respect to pond design for tailings basins, cons idr>ra*"> i f ^joniticance is placeu on s-.h.e ':ensi j.e properties and in particular tensile Ptrengt:1. and elongation at yield oc break, while thenc propertios are considered significant, they nay not be particularly relevant if the effect of tiia liner environment i icluding waste properties is not tsl'.en i ito account by cosrpat ibi 1 i ty testing. Further, with respect to tensile strength, it may be noted that where a lin^r material is covered by soil or tailings it is doubtful uh'ithec any line-: croul.d ceji^t rr.ajor strenses associ -Ju^d with loss oi support or substantial movcr.^nL. In addition,, while dof orrn-: 11: : ; or: r.^tt lowenli; of tailings f>-~io!i !'):•:.'••':•, "it i.r. f;Kti:c"dy tJi <: r icr, 11 to d^ternine th« over vhich to fii r.-.rr ibnc^ cc-1..•i.--\ .,;.; : : •'• • l':.i. '.,:..-.,r,-\;:\ •••,.•• *r 1; -..\w th.-'Or^ti:1.1.:,.'. .:'.::" ;; •..:. ior. *•* - «.i T - ^ r.i-oar v.--, i :.: •:;;::•- of t'.,•_• :.'.-> t. or i a 1 • .>-•• ; :/i:~y jr;;s under 1 y i r.7 1 the ji (•:•-.• r w,-;.u-!> would t'.-';u to Ii:;i2i l.!r:« .ibi . :v.y of liner:; to :;v t.; i n :)vijt i.ic'.;».• jfi-'ii.;. The ,;i;cvi.? -J i :;..-:i:..:-i i ori not w; t hr-j t ,'(n.1 : • ?, ;. t. i ;> cc;;:; Kit* r.-M thii. -1 c-1 risj-« I'W •; *'ii 1 :h nr .". \/i>J•..» rii n i :;ro:7i r->c'.'. •' vo'v-'.•.•'•! 'K'. LO r i -\ i > propctt.ifr"s .">. ro important r^r a nu'-nr-r 01" r*:-\soi)s, i rio 1 '.u' i a-j tne f ol 1 cwi.-.o : i) they pi.ovi.i5e 1 cations I b^sis for desiun in that it nay be said at some point in the future that a liner material with certain pcop^rties did or did not perform adequately in a parti- cular environment. ii) specification*; ue required for quality control to er!;:rr'i t^e supp1'/ of nitTMis of ^nown and con t i r. t ent qua I i t. y. ill) sc;'f nuiferial nropec t i-?-; ;uch .JS t^:i:iiic strength and di;v.ens ion.i 1 stability will b^ significant >!>ir-in.j ••:••)'\-j t trucf 1 on . The most co'npt •-!I--.MIS i ve document available which d-:;als iwith polymeric n^jii-.br.inos is t;!ie recent ly producru '.;pcc i f icat i i.n by 'iotioruil C.irut,ltion foundation ['-::y) fv:!:iMi';i "St;:ndar.'i :;j^:;er 54, Flexible f.c^liMr.'? LimTb"' , The '.'SV Mr3tT:.'>r.i j.'i'uviilt'-s itjo.jdii.1.:. !r.-J •;! j r< i r.ian ,'u^lcrj, "•• 1 .";.: cp«._ r L i ~~s f.^x :r:o"t pel vf..^:1 i .: ~i.::br lii^s incli1--:: itr..' all cf *ho r^o 1 vner r c 'rateri.il:' consicioci-'ri 1 v- t.hir. st»:'.y w.ir;;: r;;o exe-.'p'c : c:1 OL ; Thi> HSf rv'cor.irrori>.ico !.c-;!: ^^thodn and :iiiii;iir\j tort values .sn-j i^l ncof-K.i nor. arc ox^anii..'.i accoidMV] tJ ;i-o;:i C'I.IMS rt> i:i;pCi;ilui;iHi in Aj.jj.'*_-!iu i x u-, Tliy us.^ Lui i»s i p£ •%• t^ <--1 '". i c >; July l'.'-o4 <:•!- 841--361 ci I. J u'..- s z. .''J.:i;'vi.. i. <_> L c . '*•- .'/L i i;uv> £ •j i M< -^ J- j .;..c -i I-* I. i^- su:" r.ar izt^ri •::•; 'itblni 4.2 to 4 .'>, a'. C.;;e «i<; cs t tr;: s r.n<.:tion o£ the ropor'.. . 7hin [•;.;? ;•", i v s t.'?".dy tc:rrar i ru n ;.'long t::e rr»':j. n '•) ..i -:.•;<:> \nr net it-.1 f ••.•';•;-J'I rt-^in rL'. ss«s ( i o . C.JH n'jy r.o easily co(rp,>.r.:-:i with C:'.;•• r hut not v;ith nDPC). A brief dese r. i pt ioci end Lhe sii?.oi t JConco oE the ptilymccic mat-.c-rial pr^pei: t ics selected by the U'SF for cons idora t i on f o1. lows : 1. Minimum Specific Gravity Specific gravity is often specified for polyethylenes to distinguish between high, medium and low density grades. For other liner materials, specific gravity is not a meaningful property. 2. T on s i ]'.? Prop or t ies Ultirr.ato tensile strength, modulus and elongation (ar.d sometimes yield Littength and yield elongation} are specified. One of the more important properties of the liner is its ultimate elongation - the ability to stretch before failing. Breaking strength and stitrn^ss (mooulus) are rnore important d u r i n q j n :: t ,-i 1.3 n v ion. luDi itj.i-r.or.ri o v s c r i y a s; tiie «;iae w.nh Wiiich tiic* out prop.-iq.:if.f's thro'."?h the rnrst•.?>: ii'-l. Lin^i.s with low ts;u: atrotiyt-h vaiu'.;sf vhi;; c;a:ii.juu!i'; ^c.:.*S i ctii. :> or iJiijkrr £•-•>.; L i oiio Will iiii^t: d luilJuin. y Lo p Z C tj C. ~, :'.*•-<~- LT.O r.E ".ore thiW» i !!«'•.(• witri hiqhesr far r-1 c f? n -3 f- h Thi.'v tout" (>.-~»t;:i.il i:ihc?ti a !:.;•;-,; >3r ciian-Jr-r; f::c.ri rubbs-ry to br i i\ tl«.. T^c results ore urtyfu L in cocipar in>j iTTGfnbi-'tsnos which .:;l.'f,> exposed and subjected to low temperatures. 5. Dimensional Stability Dimensional stability is measured as a percentage of dimen3ional change due to the exposure of the test specimens at elevated temperatures. Dimen- sional change is usually due to the stresses built i(iv.u cnu lineL in tan jJtouuctniii process*. me ttr^c is run at the elevated temperature so that the CPEU1";S are obtained in ,2 reasonable tiine. TIA--? s^li.?,Q diraensJ0n.1l chjtKja is expected to take place at much lower temperatures but at considerably longer time. 6 . V'Q] gt i lo CJc«_s This tost r.>.ca;,uti!3 weiyht Josis oC th>'; &.%cp 1 c wr.en subject: i-J to »•.-i o v 5 (:•••; d te-vtv- f.i tut .>•:•.. The t-rr;t 1 v r ^ ^ t* ] *•• 1 yt;n^riPrtn^ •- h r* r • > ' • ^ -i ^ .- r-- ^ /?, r^ r *- h ' r-'..^ *- r -* ; ; 1 1 f;o Vv; lo;".;; of 'jcTf of t-i^ wr-" voJs'. j]rr co'.'Ponc-Titi, ••--:> •••• j' > " •'• ' -: ' - *••••• >• "•'•' > v.T 1.1 .-^ ;.:»,.:. i *.-!. • :.y 62 R^jv i.-, >• ••;• J -. c = ^ _i- CJ -Jj. i_l l.urijj In this test, O..-VTre:<-.•-» Hydrostf'.'.tric Resistance This test ns-easuros resistancs of unsupported sheet tQ hydrostcstic pressure. The results of the test have little meaning for the field application. neK-'i by itirelf does r.ot correlate ^ith any aspect of the field application. Usually stif?;?r materials art? also harder. ^.? j.st.-;r,'-r- andK.',rer Eztracticn The wattle estrsction test evalu*tes extrict icn cf variccs componentr> o£ a l.imc by v.,\:rn. Wstci- abcorp*: ion r^enr-iurr'S the u;.?nr<•••••:••. to wnich wstec i;» •sbsorb-.i-d by the? liner. !'c>roii-:> PIT-tor i ^1 •? •^••>.;>\rf 1 •;;'.>?• :'"^cj f :<-s this t-s^t only 'or ?."••'.cctrd ur.;rsi, tt :>..;'u,yt?-: ;.;wol i. ir.-rj ;.~:ii3 ch&r.ij'-.- of p-'- •» -;<•' •• '• ^ °f lirioi.fj suej.i-crv...':-..1! to oil. 12. 0•-o f• o r :^<••:; "_tr--ncc Thia test Csaaaucea ceoiatance of stressed el to oioria. Ozone resistancs j.s important Cor the exposed portion of tha liner. 13. Environmental Stress Cracking Polyethylene, whan in thi* stcesscd condition, is susfppribie to ecv\s:ofjra-t5ntaJ ^t^c-^r? •?r••*<•;kvnrj - creek intj censed by vrtsrious subat3nc?3, to which ;:>olyetl;yl«"!•_• is erponca.. Son-u i-ubatsnees ntrrrsent in th« tsilip^a lcachste stay causa stress crachmg of th(? liner. Low dnr.^ity polynciiylena has better steeds cc-2cl'iny cesistonce th/in the l;i i. i;-.. L- • -' ..i.'.-. : 'l-~s • .n of c !;•:.* i .. .• The KSi* star.usrd specifics testing of scsfl stcssngth, peal adheaion and resistance to soil burial of factory seams. The3e tests ate riieant to ensure soundness cf factory soaras. The NSF standards form a good basis foe pceliminary evaluation of. material proper ties -=ind for sotse comparisons between liner iviaterials. Thcce are probl*jrjg conjpoicing publi.^hcc? fce?.t results for lining mate1' i -">1 ^, As c»v3r>plc, a t opr err-on ta t i ve ftetr-^isry of liner prop-irtios acted fco.1:; r.eir-cericc (.• .i11-r 3.a L is praGtrtted ori 1\~.bls 4.6- It; may be no tad that fche aasr.a te^fc ptococsaces v;ece used for all liner types and resin clasuea while the-: tecsKicrided KSF tsst methods arfi ditfes.'ent for tha vacioua tosin cl&asfir,. By refercing '.:o the ir.-iterial prop«£tias ^.rici tost rrathods sutiw.arised on T-jble 4.6 srsd the reco."t^nc:T M-^rji? ?.'.:c t •;:;-"':;:' Oc--.. ;t i onris i j"? r"" '."T '.>;•:- ? C'.r K'cis '.:'.'rtv ^•.••IJ"JI l *-L» * A I Ji.-iv I?':-' fcfi B-il-iT'lO prc ;.•:•!:'.-. i r .; ••loOrer.: ^d ;s-d ttct • -: v: '•. o: • i: ut i. L J i-':d in tbi*£'i^ r;\ici 1; 1 Ct-r' <-•"•"• '-'ith <-.!io-,r> rrcor. .:nd>--.." ir> tru? t.ST star.ciardj i c. C:T! LJ I. '- : ^!^;C ::'O:;V. '•.•«{.•. rsct. tii pr!^"::?:^i csn bo r?f.: wrtii to M',.' 3(:ii:;ir; i:d „ "ho v.W -Canj.ir:. ^ .:rf; reproduced in Cct^ii ^i .'.;;p«ndix fi a..d V'r.c? r:.v t .»c : a I -poci i ica K io:is provid'ifi by ."•'.p.ij'.achii'^ts -U'.1 suriar x3tvd ir) Appendix D. The reasons Tor variations b^tvnen published raptorial proparties, spsci f ica t IOTS providc-d by the nsanut'acturers and available standard? such ess the KSF publication ace associated with the lack of a universally accepted standard. Although the NSF publication is a relatively new documsnt/ there appears to be some movement by the liner industry towards standardization of specifications according to this publication rir.d there may be nx>re widespread contocmance to it in t!t»-» future. .\^t.;-..>iJinvi 1/, fjiveij LhaL it appears io be a re .soricibly eomprohs.Misi '-re Occupant, it is re-ceir;.ienc«f3 th«t the filT standacd sne-u):] i-.p i:sc.d and that sa^pliecra of nateriils considered foi; use at a prospective installation be r,>ca .red to provide material D?:Oparties in accordant:- TABLE 4.2 '; '* 1*5 O (-•,"; r^'*< zt I'-'-XV.^-t ••••> i '•: r-^-'C) TEST "L'THOD Gauge AST« D1593 Thickness (rr:ilsf rainiirum) Para. 8.1.3 ASTM D792 Specific Gravity (minimum) Method A ASTM D882 Minimum Tensile Properties 1. 3reakir.g factor (pounds/ Kethod A or B inch width) (N/25raa width) 1 inch width 2. Elongation at Break {par cont) Method A or B ?.. Modulus (force) at IP^^ t'.Gthod h or Q El on or. t i on (pounds/ inch width) (K/2'Jrr3 width) Tear Resistance (pounds, ASTM D1004 } (ri, ,'!ini;num) Die C l Stability (each ASTM DX2S4 direction, nor cent change ?.12°Fr 15 min. ra«Kimam) !•-' 21 F» r K K t .c .> c fc i o n (f >e r c i? n t hSTi'i 03 fJ 8 3 loss mjsxiiiiur.i) (s s K o d i f i e d i n Appendix B) Volntils Lon:; ftSTH DX2C3 ("•rfir cent lot;:'-, mj;ci..';".:.",!; Mwtrhoo A fv7 1.3LE '".2 (Conti nufd) r.or i':.'.-..-.no to '^oil nurial RST*: O.".'.:£3 (far cent, 'iwije r;-.. i v. i r> u -n in (.•-••• nvci iiir.-.l in 1. Breaking Factor 2. elongation at Br^ak 3. Modulus at 100% Elongation Hydrostatic Resistance ASTM D731 (psi,min.) (HPa, nsinirnuia) Method A Factory Seam Rgquirea.jnts Bonded Seara Strength ASTM D3083 (breaking factors pounds ^^s modififid in per inch width) (N/25ICTO Appendix B) Peal Adhesion *.3TM U-iL.i (pounds/inch, tainirav.sn) {as ncdjficd in ) Appoi.ciix B) Resistance to Soil Burial ASTH D.'.'rS.l (per cent change maximum in (as tr.odi I ied in original value): ApP- "cux B) 1. Peel Adhesion 2. Bonded Seem Strength Pncor- :'::rn-•'.<"! Tost iV'l^T-u^ Thickness {roil;-;, • ;< ini:nu«i) para. -.1.3 Hinirauai Tensile Properties ASTM D638 leach direction): 1. Tensile strength yield (lb/in width) (N/25rr«! width) 2. Tensile Strength at Break (Ib/in width) (M/25tna width) 3. Elongation at yield (per cent) 4. Elonqation at Break (per cent) 5. Modulus of Elasticity (P3i inin) (MF-a) Tear resistance (lb, minirnora) ASTH D1CG-? (H, lainimu. PJe C Low Temperature, (°F)(°C) ASTM 0746 Procedure B Dinnnsional Sr.--3bili.ty A.STH D120-' (p Rcs.i-^t^nce to Soil Curiail (pc- crnt cris.TR-v; ns^.ir.iij'vi (~n modified in in original vaiiji-) Append is: V,} 1. T'if!2lie st r-T:r--.h at y> aid 7' ^ -1p ,w ?: rz x \ f* rj; *^ v-, . - • rr ; - S, ,-> ^ 3, K3on«sfc ior» f. t yiv-ld 4, El«o:'.-;tiGfj cr. »S>rf-«x 5, lUjuxlxrj of v:}. oafic: ty 7- . , .! , _ ^ 1 . 1 r- t. -r ~ r- ~* f . ~. * rj I C Ci 'i in B) 15,'E-S B o n J £-:d S e ^ ra S !-. r ••".-1 q 11« /".STM 03!) 3 3 (:":•:-cr.ory r.c •,..•;, >.,-rc-A;;i eg «s L-.oJific-d in [actor) (pcup.<..'3 f-i: ii;ch /.ppenili;: B) w iath) (J-i/2!.-; -) Peel ftcbc-:.-.ic n ASTK D413 (pounds/in ninimum) 5".En (as ^odifi^d in minimusi) Appendix B) Dead Lo 2. Bcnu>d otic;:.:! strength >• 1 -I iv.' r. c < Scppor \t.-.i Tr-T?rt^c;pld: •;:•••:'.-;:.•') 11"-:;: CP Gauge Thickness (rruis, minimum) ASTM D701 1. Ovccall 2. Over sccira Breaking Strength (pounds, ASTH D751 niniraara) (N, raininiuro) Tear Strength (pounds, ASTM D751 minimum) (M, rainir.iura) (as modified in L. Initi.-il Appendix B) Low Tompe (°f) (°C) ASTH 02135 1/8 in. mandrel 4 hrs. pass DimGnsional Stability ASTM D1204 (each direction, per cent change) 212°F, 1 hr. Volatile Loss ASTM O17.S3 (pet cent loss naximum) Method A 3G tail sheet Resistance; to Poll Burial ASTM D30 3 3 (por cerst ciianqe mas 33 rail sriaeL in original value) (as modified in Appendix a) a) 1. VZOCI):IT;Z str i-r.-j t-.h 2 . ?> i t> f'• 'j c. t i „ •. i •?. •_ b i f c< -C 3, Ky;l'..!iL- ? •"'"• li"5ti •••! Ci 8 i. ion July 1- pp.opr.;!?y KCT MCTKOf b) ASTM D751 Brea«.iny Strorgt.h Method ,\ Hydrostatic Ronistance ASTM D751 (psi, minimum)(Ufa) Method A, Proc. 1 Ply Adhesion (each direction, AS1M D413 Machine pounds per inch width, minimum) Method Type A (N/25ram) * Water Absorption (30 per cent weight gain maximum 30 mil unsupported sheet) Factory Seam Requirements factory seam; breaking (as modified in stregnth; lbs., minimum) Appendix B) (N, min.) Peel Adhesion ASTM D413 (Ib./in., minimum) (as modified in (H/25iritn) Appe?ndix B) Resistance tc Soil Burial ASTM D30R3 (pet cent change maximum (as modified in in original value) Appenidix B) 1. Pea 1 Adhea i.on 2^ Bonded Ssa-i Strength For raw water (industrial grade) CFPS / 6 July lc'••: 11. c 4 1 - 3 C?15 NHL' KLCOM-M-KDCD TEST METHODS TEST .METHOD Gauqe Thickness (rails, minimum) ASTM D412 Specific Gravity ASTM D792 Minimum Tensile Properties ASTM D412 (each direction) i) Breaking Factor (lbs./inch width)(N/25mm) ii) Elongation at Break (%) Teat Resistance (lbs.r minimum) ASTM D624 (N, min.) Die C Low Temperature, (°F)(°C) ASTM D7-5 5 Procedure 9 Dimensicnal Stability (each AST^I D1204 direction, per cent change 212°F, 7 dayi maximum) Resistance to Soil Burial ASTK D303i (per cent change maximum in (as modified in original value) Appendix B) 1. Breaking Factor 2. Elongation at i.Vj;ea!c Water Absorption ASTM U<*71 (per cent change, maximum) 15S°F, i&S hrs. Durcmetor A Hardness ASTM D224C (points) 5 second Jul-/ I'j.ii 7 3 r* - r- / r; /, .; days, 1».3 pPhm* .1 '> •'[': .' - S CT 7, « x 11-' n :i ion Heat ^.qinq A;'iTM D57 3 1. Elongstxor, ;per cent, minimum) 2. Breaking Factor (lbs./inch width, min.,) (N/?.5tnn) Factory Seam Regui.rements Bondetl Seam Strength AST:-. Oi*8 3 factor, ins./in. width) Appendix B (N/2S.TJ\:) Pf>el Adhesion ASTM D413 (lbsr/in. r.iinimum) (as modified in Appendix: B) D'-^rtd Load Gee Appendix B raf-i'ro 73°F (22< S°C) 3% bonc"r:d saam load R^CJsfcance uo S"il Burial ASTM D3CS3 (por cjnt rhanoe .nax irrium in (as modified in ovnirial <"alufe'} Appendix B) Peel Aahet>ion Dondeu Strain strongL'.i *Pacfcs per huDdrsa million TABLE 4.fi PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC LINER MEMBRANES INSTALLED AS BARRIERS (P.SF. 25) CM! ts&lir 1.19 2,20 3.21 4,22 5,23 6,?< I. 17!,'.'l" Nlffbir ?! 17 7 6 16 1? Polyvinyl Hypalon, with p-3-;.ny]p,le- Chi ,f W.lt :-J _ Polyethylene _ Ch!o.:df _ Bj: t/l_JU b! er Hylor. Scrtn Dltr.c Thkl:tc!S, «>» (O.Kttl in.) 3.35Q.30 (10-12) 0.51-0.53 (20-21) 1.55-l.f-5 (6 -65) 0.81-0.91 (32-36) ;5 (<7-S3: c.r;-c •: ;JI- Ccsfice.-.l ai' Wttr Pcr- -13 11 12 7.3 x 10 1.1 z 10" 3.6 x 10' 2.3 % 13"11 H:t<;- StsorpSion, 1 2 h a ior; -0 61 2.IS 0.17 7.17 0.4' 7 rj t» i'-"C 0.38 0.55 0.13 2.04 0.61 1.43 5.31 70 d f .'S'••". 0.52 4.52 1.90 Pi.ii(!i!r| Test. *3" ZS re'/iR' ff.»» )TH:l: ft "!f, '; (Ih) 140 (33.5) 131 (29.5) 141 (31.6) '.'•) [II ?) elct ;il i ;r , us (i.i.) ?9 (1.14) 2S (1.01) 35 (1.3B) ii (i.r.i) Pw.'vrt Test. 5CD •--,';-ir., B'-4Ji?t • VC "!«, 'i ( ib) 61.9 (13.9) 115 (25.8) 109 (44.8) 1«6 (32.9) W5 (30 4) 19 (D.'6) 18 (0.69) 31 (1.22) 15 (0.60) 37 (1.44) C4! ;. ptrl, ».'i.'r. fit, !-•.) (15.6j 0.70 (TOi 0.66 (3 8) 5.25 (3u) 0.44 (?.S) 1.75 (0) (fiti', *'•'.'' (I. '!r,. | ( £.11 (37.2) 5.?5 (20) «.75 (50) 2.56 (14.6) Vi (-.71 ei 55 81 5/ 10 s 51 79 54 75 Grim Dirt;!'! k n With Cro s With Cross With CrrSS With Cross 3.76 7.10 8.69 7.79 2.41 2.(2 6.90 5.93 2.41 2.4! (l?70) (1P50) (1263) (1130) (350) (10O0) (860) (350) C'X) c. o o *"> r -— NO *~* < Mri O £ O| • <^ • -• - if* O *" 1*4 Oi «^ *'-•- »•" ^^ »•" CM — • SI: — — QO O *n -— O «• "E ^r CM - o • — • • - i»*. • ru a s.Hi -S %o*~ o *n »r o \ii ^ m O C3 iflO K* O 1 2 . S •w o ^J a CSf U s _ • c * c t. cr «-« ' * v 'O - v i^,ii,s^,i r,~ iS^5 I'?*' °':~ s T S ^*? .?*:'-O 3C *-"" ^^t**TJ £ —~* ^o-*Cl"-" ' Oi^Cfti i »-•»:•r»J*«•- ii fc~l-~o- - ••• •• A H> UJ »— bj Ji:Iy 13C-1 7G " * I * ?." 15 . rt L> l-t t, 4 . / SUPPLIED Hi" f;U:ODf.i: L.TJIKG ZYZVZVD [/rr>.{2-<) THoT MKTHOD GAUGE | (UQy.7Mf.Ta) O.Stan 0. 73HPU i.fa 1.5OT 2.O.as 2.SOTS ity (g.'cc) (rv'.in'.Ts ASTMD1M5 0.94 0.94 0.S4 0 LM 0.S4 0.S4 Minimofn TenylG Propetbus ASTM D638 Typo IV (Each directioii) Dumb-bei! at 2 ipm. 1. Tensile Strangth at Break 356 534 712 1063 1424 1780 N/25 cm 2. Tensiia Strength at Yield 222 311 422 622 844 1068 N/25 CB .}. Elongation at Break 700 700 700 700 700 700 (Percent) 4. Elongation at Yield 13 13 13 13 13 13 (Percent) 5. Moduiusof ASTM D83i 760 760 760 760 760 760 MPA lear Hesistar.cs iniiis:;ori 98 132 191 26A 330 N Low Tpinperature ASTM 07^6 Prcx;.K!ure 8 -40X : -4CC -40° C -40T: -4o» c Dimensional 5ia£s;::ry ASTM DU'04 2 r2 i2 -2 r2 =2 (Each (jircci'on, psrcent 212°F 1 hr. ~ changg maximum) Volatile Loss ASTM D1203 Method A 0.1 01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (Maximum %) Rasistance fo Sol! Burial ASTM D3Q83 using (Percgr.t chango maximum ASTM D638 Type IV in o.'iijina) value) e!! at 2 ipm. Ttyns'la Strength ano *io no ±io =10 Elor-?,a!ion at Orcak and Yiftld . zcfis Resistance Ho No No i\io K-o No 104"F. cracks cr«?cks cracks cmcAs cacKs crsd 7x 7x 7* 7x 7x 7x rit'ntal SUi>S3 Crack 750 750 750 750 750 750 (Minimum houru) Puncsura Res.s'.ar.cs FTMS 101B 378 600 778 1200 1356 ni 0.1 o.t Q.1 (% VVMO ASTMD75i'M<.tnoi*A~ 1.1 1.63 2.17 3.33 4.48 5.59 HPA Procsdura 1 July 1904 77 841-3C15 TABLE 4.8 SPECIFICATION'S FOR 60 NIL t;DUST?.IAL GRADE HVP/VLCH SUPPLIED BY J.P. CO. I«C. (<55) PEISICtL SPECIFICiTICa PROPERTY TEST METHOD SPECIFICATICH Gauge (nooinal) bO Thickness, alls minimum ASTH D751 55 Breaking Strength-Fabric ASTM D751 300 (pounds, minimum) Method A Tear Strength (pounds*, ASTM D751 90 minimus) Low Temperaturet °F ASTM D2136 1/8 in. oandrsl U brs.. Pass Dimensional Stability ASTM D120U (each direction percent 212°F, 1 hr. change maximum) Volatil e Loss ASTM D1203 0,5 (percent loss maxianua Method A 30 ail sheet Hydrostatic Resistance ASTM D751 300 (lbs./sq. in. minimum) Methoci A Procedure 1 Ply Adhesion (each ASTK D«513 direction, Machine- Method Type Jl VJater Absorption (percent- WM^ht jj^in 1-5 tssKi!;Tiu'!!-30 wii unsupported 30 days 2.0 shunt.) 1U days £ 30.0 30 daya g 15 30.0 July 1934 It 5.1 Introduct-.ior. Various aspholtic conpoaitions may be considered tor use as tailings basin liners. The compositions are categorized as: i) sprayed on asphaltic membranes ii) asphalt'c concrete iii) soil asphalt By definition asphaltic concrete and soil asphalt are generally noc considereu to be "Lhin flexible membranes"a Further, due to the costs associated with asphaltic concrete versus polyraaric or aspha'tic membranes, and due to permeabilities of soil asphalt mixtures (which ate reoortedly several orders of magnitude higher than most (25) other liner types ) only the sprayed on asphaltic membranes will be considered in this study. Asphalt is obtained either from natural deposits or as a by-product of oil distillation. Asphaltic materials are widely available, are relatively inexpensive and can produce good waterproofing membranes, The rslative advantages an Advantages - stable in tne presence ot most industrial wastes Julv iSB4 79 ' 841-2'JlS rr?5> ist«. rit r.o methyl «»nd t'tr.y' .-Lotia); sr.cl gJ.ycola resis^r.t to mont cxici/irvj -;cvo:i with the exception of nitric scicl resistant to mineral 3alts oni alkalies up (2S) to concsntratior;5 of 30 per cent in solution good rrsistanc to corrosive gases such as hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide but may show variable to poor performance when exposed (8) to hydrogen halide vapours susceptible to oxidization, by exposure to (25) ultraviolet radiation - sometimes attacked by microbes if not protected by biocides - susceptible to subgrade displacement due to poor compaction, fteeze/thsw volume changes, and subsidence - soluble in 5% hydrocarbon solutions - 'che thickness of sprayed on aspfcaltic membranes is difficult to control rr.d may vjtrry .cicnil'i- £i:ofrt one location to snot\~,GV C3 The use of ri;r-~ ccph-slt in n^a^tar-s f^n- Tonr.itit-^res a n ef jT^cf i Vv» cony !-coct ioo f^r-n fro.a the #J t ar»«Ip-Ji ..•£ of control 3nd cjst e£fee':i vent-so. However, i£ Cully this form has ^Griou" -^icaclvantages in subj:a include fillers, fibres, and elsstoraers. Fillers such as limestone:, calcium carbonate, clay-, fly ssh, etc. are adds to reduce the basic costs and increase membrane ciffneas while fibices such as a3bestos or glass fibres tcay be added to the asphalt to reinforce it . Considerable interest tiaa been generated with the use of el3?;COifiara such zs thermoplastic butadiene-Etyrftne-butodiene copolymcr, or reclaimed rubber from tir?*3 with asphsltic compounds to improve? cheiE ^sch^rsical bshsv^our and cc-?.ist.'.nc? to weathering. Elastomers ar« typical ly Tor the nuruo^es of this studv ssrsb^It -cTJ.-ra Jul v 193i 81 ii) Catalytic Mtbiown /-t-ohalt iii) A'phaltic Elastomeric Coicpound'i 5.2 Ar.phalt Saulai o.*u Asphalt emulsions are dispersions of asphalt in a continuous aqueous phase containing small amounts of emulsifiers. ftnionic, cationic and non-ionic grades are available. These emulsions revert to a solid coating by evaporation. To improve toughness and dimensional stability, asphaltic emulsions are generally usrrd in combination with «;e-Jed Permeabiii t-y costing carried cut en a 7.6 millimetre thick specimen (393 mil) focrred by i-praying emulsified asphalt a\. a rate of 2.1 litres per square metre onto a iion-wovi»n polypropvlene fabric yielded permeabilities of tbs ordar of -5 (V) 1 x 10 centimetres par second Asphalt emulsions i:s«d to form an asphaltic mer.ibrane have several limitations which affect their suitability for. (25) service . of primary concern is the relatively small amount Gf asphalt applied poc unit area to forra this type of liner. I" 'h? evont thf->t a hole developed in the asphalt, t>."e abrir- •-•.•Id be er.po?-td to potentially i^naging mat^ri^ln in v.rhich Cc.se t' e very thin asphalt isenibrane would b*» requitsJ to wit'rste'id t:.'. t-^nailfi and shear stresses inpoasc* by the fcsi Further, tha potential for oxidati with the resulting loss of flexibility and the potential EOL .'•ilatnination of the Ir<:i !-he fabric- TJ~ >'•''• ir cc:v; i-!cred f; (- J ) rnnzvscnt .1 likely failure i-.;;ch.-.ni5!u . fir.sl r.\r. real bg .":i.;-11'::J at L<*:-poratur:-s .ibove f reexiivj . 5.3 C^.t.'tlytic Ajrblcwn Asntvilt Catalytic Airblown Asphalt (also called hot sprayable asphalt) membrane3 are produced by blowing air st high temperatures through petroleum derived asphelt, in the presence of a phosphorous pentoxide or ferric chloride o catalyst. The heated asphalt (minimum 204 C) is sprayed on a stabilized base generally at a ^liniciun application rate of / litres per square metre. Repeated sppl ications ar«» necessary to ensure that all pinhole3 are tilled and covered with asphalt. Applications arc typica'.ly carried out in at least three oa:>s«3 with sufficient overlap of the aaphalt distributor between passes and suitable staggering of the joints of ^-ach preceding application. Hot sprayed coatings arc flexible, tough Materials which are relatively impervious to water. They are usually covered with a soil layer to prevent r-.ichanical damage and licnt deterioration. Hov^ver, side H1ODO»3 stx-ep In order t.o evaIj'it-= {.hz- potential *zr. ;r.ir.g catalytic accelerated aging testing. . The t"*»t prGcjr^Ky^ «lso included permeability testing which addressed change oc ('••'., !"'''?-.], CeSO 5Ce,3 CaCO* 18.1 MgSO 8.6 Ka2S°4 7*4 NaCl 7.4 F> 0 2.4 A12°3 The? catalytic aitbiowa <*iphalt ,>';:.branc us^d in t:io r. :uoy was applied in two lifts :.t An apri ic.t i on r <"•;«* or f-.3 litres per iquari' metre i.-iJ m. avp) i c? t ion t^rn&c acoro of o 22b C. Perrrseabi 1 i ty testing indicatro liner perrai?abi i ^ t j.» l.ii-? 1 *t>'JCfltOl."v tfrfjL'.!:•-• '.:V» c:!'»iyl;C .-; i nbi-r^;; fur L" ?: •"».;•! e -:iJ an anticipated field uiicr pc-rweab i I i t y of 7 K IS ccntir.etrti pot: :,i:r:o^C. ' Tr*f chemical cs!".s».tani;;ty i^r.t'.r-v c-.ir r; ••- ~ cv-t- r,-» r-;r catalytic sir&lown asphalt wn-hrsr,*-;! nr.c^-r Ari-^U-ritpd conditions iritiicrtted a maxirsiitn peiirtration by i sv» ieacnato of 8.5 per cent of the total linet thickness' . P.-ssed on ." r.tt r •_• c <: i i "j •: .: : • . •; \ •• », , i :, . j n wr, i; • ••>. t '.*" <» • '' '• •'*. '.. •»•!'-• o J-r-.viiri fwr ;•••••-., t T. '••;» lirvr •.••:•. Ui<5 ! ••-• *•• s\-e-;y.. Miit.nl i.*it. .-r x:> t "i S a to;:ctt, w» do rv.it .-rjtce with oxlr .if-jl At is_-ri Ly reorw t J..-, ii one uciifsr of tna<»ii t. >J J«f • B«s«'.i on the pro»)»i r.-j cosuit;? of fch<* lab•'5^.•^^ory te»t proqt nr*xw, cut*] yt ic «ir blown -sr.phsl t tncnsbracies ver« also ffu1".iecirec! to field studies in a pit excavat*Kl in an ev.i»tin l application -irjci i nnpoct icri !>r.s-:t i o'-i t \ or* r>« r^ •-. ;i.?rc portion of tht: -i'lph.'jlt. tx-suUir.'; in iiolen gf.-proici^.july enc c>?" V. i rrc*« re in dianeter. "..us s E» ci«.-r.or.'»tr.i •«. i vc; of <-,• tf of tr.e P.;;O( concerns ASSOC i ^ iri?<5 wir.h spray«;J .^;;; • 11 ™- ! c in i'; 5 t u n i f o r •"' 1 ! > &pp 1 i cs t ? on rnte ! -vri-,i ai1'>q'.;,i t;»» .••.•.!b'; r-«'5* cnvc-r s-jc- ai."f» diff !C»U to achieve and monitor A -v p r -i 1 t i c nio z o i ill s s >? I« " t '.• .1 Cor h •?«: ~ E p r -~ y .;• -i ?-.r.- • :••. r n, ~. * • appiication trust rv»!»t t.'ie Ce.T,p*»ra!: ure r*-q;j>. rt'.T.*»nt f? -'.'or Eppi i C3 r. i r>r., be fi«xibic at th^ Lcw--?"t esp and b?> r?uf f i rientl v vincoua «-:.t t^e hiq^est ffi to r«3i«r. f io«in} on alo;»»d sections •• -. 1 ' .••'. \ •••• •,'• . .-:• •': •- I , w-t •...:<:<•.•,.;• .•;•,,. -,;,'. -. .• , .•••::•,«•:. • j • c- Cy-.1 1 I r. : •••>•; '•*•.' i- l • ! )•; i t ; . r, '•• ;•:/.•.*": I '.; »; ;•;;;.'•', .' ; •• • ••. - I iltcs '. 7 : «. i .;i/l.-fi ;;.cj •• -;-!>.i 1 t. ^.•,.iJr,ir,cs .-i t (- •;."'.« r «) i y ^lar-f : I-', (.no <••»• rx-tt? 2 i f t. S , fi 'ii :.:•;'. -,o-} fc;r Vtht't ;;;; r ! ;'<> .is/:h,*it nt-^-iji ni)(*n , to seal f. S n!io 1 •?» f orrr<-»..i by eacapiuj -itoiatur'? in th,» first iift. Th«? r jbfisr t ;pd isphA 1'_ wijid a J so l><» app5.ie<*. at r-;itf5'» similar r.o •>t;v-<»r iwir.brinfS <-3 i S'-u';f:<> j (i f», 7 iitr»s prr 'nusrf -of. r*»J and would t j'p J <;.t 1 I V ,'^i- pro t o T t r->5 L^y .': !-iyer ;:i : o i i i.e'r-r.. i-.i-svy r i i ! ! r. f.'.t: :..-,-.' t I .r :•::.•'. ••'. i •' ••: :•.'•::••'• r l /.t .i AS •"•:" ^ : '. . " ' ! .••'.<• r '. ' .'- . ' i ':•-•! .; r •/ i i * : . i- ; / -.:• .i . . ;:;;-• ; ; ;•". <> t i ••:.'..'- - ! ." - ,':t; t v • 'i t. j !. o i.!-.v! .,;,--.-!i f? '• t V; ' ..'.r .: . 'i •:; r, . : t- j fif;'*!'.!'.)!"-7,:.f'in|!y proiiT! ;i=:, . " x ^ i "•••'; rri t ; / ^ •;;•!•. -5 j *•/" :i.'i •- r .* '. "'; ••' •.; \ " t> J i *" T\ •.;•/> '. > 2 "". ; •:• r <:r rV: i •..':,•• r 'i- L:-M-n ;••• .-i- ;'.•;-••;•;. T'.f r.;:,t-.t-r ;• i~; .<• i?r»-."i r - :: .-,••. . .•: ^(A •*. C'~' '• '" ' •>. ;:rr cr*>t '.'..'.,. v;r:cr rr-rrl,-. f ~ t--; '" r 2 "? * ;-.-.-; i ;:.-.>••* •—•• r:.: .-.:.•, z •••<••:,? •: • .,-:-•'. l j .,.-•. .'. -i •:,•::•. \ . • >?'.'•::•;*•? ',-.:. :•-: •.•••:•.-••• -•,;...: ,:. ,. ••• ••-•:•:•• ;. •. :. i •, : ,. ]•--•.•..- " .• it; L.. 4 ! ; :. i -••-; • • .'.i- 1 " - i ; . <. r i .]•••• r * '.»1 i <• w i •••"" I •. I.• i r. ••'.'.••::.' r i. L; (• • - * : '. '. i < • -* t •.• .i • i>l:rr^« •.'•"- 'c.i::, ,^r i.ht; <,-!J.';•»:» ol t'.-* ne.-.jrjf.i', causc-o i'-y '.iclifiv^d rosponaiblo tor an increasi; in permeability -8 tostin-j from about -• x 18 cs.-nt liaer, rr-j pf-r st-ccnd at (he -G beginning of resting to sbjut 5 K 19 c«;ntirit-ttes per s^ccnd fni'owino about 65 days erpn'-jro. A perfecti 2 i t/ i J'J i •: •. •:>•'. •'. f .;,; J •] to CMe? tAl ! 't;'!3 1 e -i (." h i i «'- f." it---i.:if nit". -.r;d - ^5 :. ;.• .• •. i :• r • , i •<; i r.-• i r ."i t. i v»« • i *' i n•-.;.• ft•.!.-• t '>:.- i '. 1 t v y f * '••.«* .!••;•'••. >.•',.' . •• r, j ; t ;'•,':•» . ••. ,-. .-.• :l i;Cl »:•"•• H'lii/,: •. : • •;•• : .T, •• •?.*;•' -s r '* !"..r". 4 I .'". O !.«••<• n i'.if i i i" 2 ••>•;! •'.; ^> '. * V r <' '• • i- '?•.••:•';;.•! •» 3 IJ i • • i o Q A • 3 7 R 4 i _ 7 - very inert to inorganic acids, bases and salts - the useful temperature range is extended o o o from -40 to 82 C as compared to 4 C o to 49 C for asphalt and the membrane is resilient across the temprature range - inert to bacteria and fungi - bonds well to concrete, asphalt, metals, glass and all plastics and rubbers - good elongation properties (1300 per cent strain at failure) - excellent resistance to strong acids and bases except cfcrong oxidizing acids such as nitric acid Disadvantaqes - should not be exposed t••> omcentrations of organics - should not be exposed to direct sunlight for long-term applications - fsif -^sistance to saturated hydrocarbons - poor resistance to aromatic hydrocarbons As a final note, it is anticipated that sprayed-on SEP./asphalt membranes would be subject to the same concerns as the other spray-on asphalts in terms of poor control or, rate of application and membrane continuity. 5.5 Material Specifjcations The only known specifications in use for the evaluation of asphaltic membranes are those recommended by the Asphalt Institute for hydraulic membrane construction and summarized on Table 5.1. One of the recommended standards, ASTM D-2521, entitled "Tentative Specifications for Asphalt for Use in Waterproof Membrane Construction for Canal, Ditch, or ASTM specification D2521 forms * reasonable basis for evaluating asphalt\c membrane materials whara bitumen constitutes the majority of the asphaltic compound and only minor amounts of additives are included in the compound. For the case of asphalt/rubber admixtures and SBR/asphalt membranes discussed in Section 5.4, additional means of controlling and specifying membrane properties ace probably requited. Tn this regard consideration may be given to usinq ASTM D2521 to roquiate the asphaltic portion of the compound and a polymeric liner type of specification such ar. the t'-iSF recommended mini mure standard?: 5c~ thermoplastic elastomers for cl-e asphalt/rubber cou-.pounci; this specification it; presented in Appendix B. July 1S3 4 89 841-3015 TABLE 5.1 SPECIFICATIONS FOK ASPHALT FOP HYDRAULIC MEMBRANE CONSTRUCTION-* AASHO ASTM D-2521 Characteristics Test Method Test Method Crade Softening Point (Ring and Ball), F T-53 D-36 175-200 Fc-netration of Original Sample At 32 F, 200 g, 60 sec D-5 30+ At 77 F, 100 g, 5 sec 50-60 At 115 F, 50 g, 5 sec 120- Ductility at 77 F, cm T-51 D-113 3-5+ Mash Point tCleveland Open Cup), F T-^8 D-92 ^25+ Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride, % 'S D-20^2 97.0+ Loss on Heating, 325 F, 5 hrs. % D-6 1.0- Penetration after Less on Heating, % of Original T-^9 D-5 60+ General Requirements The asphalt shnll be prewired by tlv iv- flninL; of jvlroloun. It shill be Ur in clvis-iclor and skill not foan wh-r heated to iK)0°F. Asphalt should be provided with a satisfactory cover material. •Adapted frora Reference (39) 33ce tlio Asphalt Institute specifications for asphalt cements and liquid asphalt (SS-2), Reference (44)# for latest revisions ^Alternatively, trichloroethylene (not trichloroethane) m3y Le used a» tlie solvent for determining soiubiiicy. In tno case of dispute, however, carbon tetrachloriiSe will be used as the referee solvent July 1984 90 841-3015 TABLE 5.2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASPHALT USED IK C.sKAT,, DITCH, AND POKD LII-.VMG ASTM Designation: D 2521 - 76 (1981) Softening point (ring and ball) 175 to 200 F (79 to 93 C) Penetration of original sample: at 77 F (25C), lOOg, 5 sec. 50 to 60 at 32 P (0C), 200g,.60 sec. 30 min at 115 F (96.1C), 50g, 5 sec. 120 max Ductility at 77 F (25 C) cm 3.5 min Solubility in carbon tetrachloride, per cent 9 7.0 min Loss of heating, per cent 1.0 niin Penetration at 77 F (25C) after loss on heating, per cent of original 60 min July 1984 91 841-3015 6• LIHER DKVIROKMBKT 6.1 General A prime goal in the design and operation of uranium mill tailings managements areas is to mitigate adverse effects of tailings leachate on local groundwater. The role of tailings pond liners and tailings dam seepage control barriers is to prevent pollution of the environment due to excessive contaminant migration. The requirement for a liner is usual?y based on an evaluation of downstream water quality requirements iiw rtcC1 hydrogeocheitucal/hydrogeological settings, where the adverse effects of contaminants is offset by geochercical irnmobilization of contaminants, a higher liner permeability may be allowed. The allowable rate of seepage from the pond would be a function of the nature of the contaminants and the capacity of the native soils, rock and groundwater system for natural purification. Under favourable geological/hydrogeolonical conditions a liner may not be required. In extremely sensitive environments where the natural subsurface conditions may not be relied upon to protect the environment, contaminant migration may be reduced to mirurovjrr: levels by using multiple liners and ieachate collection systems. However, even in this c;»;-;e th*? natural geoi00 \rn\ netting nust be relied upon to control the s.'uall&i: amoanta on contaminants which eventually will escape the collection system. Tn most; cases, including the uranium mining areas ptcsantly under July 19S4 92 841-3315 consideration, it ia anticipated that the solution to the contarninsnt Tniqraticn control problerr. would typically lie between tlis two extreme conditions described above;. As noted in the above discussion, the major factors controlling seepage from tailings nanagetr.ent areas are: i) site conditions ii) the characteristics of the tailings (and contaminants) and finally, iii) the design of the liner system. These factocs are discussed together with ucaiiiutn tailings .tianagement philosophy in the following sections. 6.2 Background Uranium mining and milling operations have been conducted in Canada since the 1930's. Although the hydrogeology and geology of every existing and potential tailings area is highly site-specific, they tend to bs» situated in Canada in areas of relatively shallow overburden (Elliot Lake), moderate overburden thickness (Athabasca), and low permeability bedrock. In 1977, tije Atomic Energy Control Doacd (AECD) proposed draft guidelines in which it was suggested that the average permeability of a tailings basin should not exceed 13 centircetres per second and that the permeability of containment cSams should not exceed 12 centimetres per second. In the Elliot Lake area, particular site conditions July 1934 93 841-2315 led to the incorporation of synthetic msrabranas in some containment dciras. These draft guidelines were not finalized, Hovever, in 198C the AECB produced a consultative document CS31 on "Long Term Aspects of Uranium Tailings Management". This document stated that "synthetic membranes which will eventually degrade, will not be credited in the evaluation of a closed-out system". The approval of contaminant control systems in Canada is now given on a site-by-site basis without pre-set objectives which have to be met. However, there is a marked trend towards either reducing seepage losses to low levels or to intercepting seepage for subsequent treatment. The apparent changes in Canadian attitude towards different categories of liners ace, to a large extent, consistent with changes in governmental policy in the USA. Prior to 1932, the Unites States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) favoured natural soil {clay) liner systems. However, based on the results of tests which indicated that concentrated organic liquid-bearing wastes altered the structure of clay soils and led to greatly increased permeabilities, the USEPA currently favours synthetic membrane liners to reduce seepage during the operational and early post-closure life of a facility (20 to 30 years) while recognizing t'u-»t there is very little long tozm experience with these materials. Indeed, where n site m?iy be used for more than 38 years EPA reco.T^c-isds that since cl<*ys last longer than synthetic membranes, a secondary clay liner be incorporated as a back-up should the synthetic membrane deteriorate. July 1334 94 641-3815 It should be nofcad that the climatic conditions in much of the USA are very different to thosa generally prevailing across Canada. In the uranium tailings areas of the southwestern USA, there is net evaporation and it ha3 been generally determined that liners are only required during the active operation of a tailings basin. Following closure, seepage is assumed to be minimal. Such conditions will not apply in Canada, where there is net precipitation at uranium tailings areas. 6.3 Site Considerations The purpose of this section of the report is to discuss site conditions and their effects on the requirements of a seepage control system. The characteristics of sites where artificial lining systems typically would and would not be required are discussed followed by descrptions oE typical site conditions in the Elliot Lake-Blind River and southeastern Athabaska regions as well as other areas where uranium mines* might be t?ei'elopod, 6.3.2 Site Conditions and the Requirement foe Seepage Barriers The iMJor factors affecting waste manaaoi.i'-'nt And site selection and the effects of si to conditions on the (45) requirements foe seepage b^srrisrs airs: i) topographical ii) climatic factors July 1984 55 841-3012. iii) hyuroloyical conditions iv) geolo Topography is a major factor influencing site suitability and economics. Tailings management areas are ideally situated, in ternr.s of economics, in local topographical lows to take advantage of natural impoundment features and minimize earthworks (dam construction). Disadvantages include the fact that steep hillsides may require large (45) embankments for small impoundment volumes . In addition, and also significant, is the fact that topographical lows in northern Canada generally support lake and river systems and contain permeable alluvial strata and/or swampy (muskeg) Climatic factors have a major effect on the requirements for long-term management of a tailings area. Precipitation/evaporation characteristics of a site determine the potential for closed system design. In most of Canada there is net precipitation and the tailings area may require an effective cover to prevent a continuous source for leachate and seepage generation. Finally, abandonment of lincJ facilities involves too requirement for a net precipitation/seepage balance to avcid overtopping or alternatively a permanent excess waste water treatment system. Hydrological conditions influence site selection in that it would be desirable to avoid stream, diversions and lake dewatoring where possible. As a guideline, it h&s been 3ucjqe£»te>3 that Ci=»t.r:Vi.n*»!•>•• 5foa« latter fch^n 13 s^u.rc kilometres (5 square miles) be avoided except where stream (45) diversion can be carried out July 3.584 9G l ancJ geological condition-3 uL A pcosoeot i^.» tailings inanaci^ment area arc the mo^t icportant considerations affecting the requite-went for an artificial lining 3ystom or dam seepage barrier. The most significant considerations in evaluating contaminant migration are rate (46) and duration of seepage and contaminant concentration Favourable; conditions would include natural soil/rock deposits which have sufficiently low permeability and thickness to retard th ; flow of contaminants to groundwater and thus allow sufficient time for reductions in contaminant concentrations in the groundwater through dispersion and dilution. Another important consideration would be the - ability of native soils and rocks to reduce contaminant migration through geochemical reactions. Where natural soil/cock strata do not have sufficiently low permeability and thickness to retard seepage and contaminant migration and where the chemistry of the soils and rock do not sufficiently reduce contaminant transport,then artificial means in the form of liners and/or dara seepage barriers ace required to control contaminant migration. 6.3.3 Elliot Lake Area Topography and Cl ires to The Elliot L-ike raining area is located in north-cantc^l Ontario. flu* topogedphy is tait ly cViai'Sc'ct'C i»tic oil Lhe li Shield ^?,C lcsc than SU Rt-trest Topographic high^ conji.,c typically of cock knolls or cidcjes and topo«jc.j'viiic lows> generally contain owamp3, lakes or streams. The area experiences .-to avert. total precipitation of about 950 millimetres per year and the average .annual evapotr.inspiral:io Geology The uranium deposits in the Elliot Lake area ac^ a^iiociateci with an approximately 15 kilometre wide "sediinentacy h^sin of PreCrimbrian Age which unconfortnsbly overlies metavolcanic and metasediinantary basement rocks. The ore occurs in 3.5 to 3 metre thick pyritized quartz pebble conglomerate oe-'s located near the has-? of the sedimentary sequence and is generally of low grade (6.5 to 1.5 kilograms per tonne). The various Cocnat ions within the sedin-onfcary basin (the Quirke Syncline) are laargely comprised or quartzite, canglotmjrabH, cfceywacke, arkoae, arqillifce Diabase dykes and silis w^re intruded irtuo the rr.atasedifnentary sequences follow!nr the deforffidtion o£ the bs&in. The (iijbese has Ivun dated at shoot 21 f?J million years. In addition to i-.hc diubjr.o intrusion, various periods o£ faulting h.-vo also occurred within the area including botn normal faulting and more ptcoctut-il ly ccaplex thrust faulting. A regional series of steeply dipping ncrn.il faults, spaced at intervals of 5 to 7 kilometres, cut the basin in a northwesterly direction. These faults are associated with varying degrees of fracturing and brecciation. Local normal faulting tends to be more intense (2 to 3 features per 3quare kilometre) and, while generally steeply dipping, pxhibif-s vsriab]p .st"rilrF» and Df<" «s i «^nro . In aiirli J-j nn tn the normal faulting, a major series of thrust faulting f-ctics along the n-Tth and vi^t margins of the basin. The thrusts trend parallel to the strike of the rock strata and are traceable for a distance of 40 to 45 kilometres. Penepianation of the rock strata comprising the Huronian Supergroup occurred during the Middle and Late Proterozoic. The resulting land surface has remained little changed to the present tiii.;e and is characterized by gently rolling, forraationaily controlled, dip and scarp bedrock ridges. These bedrock ridges vary in elevation by up to 100 metres and control the drainage patterns of la?-:'*s and streams within the area. Glaciation from the last ice age modified and polished the bedrock leaving a verv hard, generally smooth, unweathered surface. Unconsolidated glacial deposits are largely restricted to the valleys between the bedrock ridges. These &•".'.<.'.• l f.i ! n••.'.'. •.)•:i' :;, .1 riu v .5'.'• :i '.:. i "-';' r 1 : ' •" '•.:.' •'•.:: •-/.•.:;:i r\.;•;".•'. .1.. qr.v.^In wiyuvj i :. ciuc-kr-..-;* frr.-* :,.-••. >_•,,-. < -..-..r.'s to in .2 x i:r:'.:."ri tli) c: J' n r • •, ;. •••; in v'.u- orO'-r o! :;.J ;.-.•(. j s-s. Iiy 3 r inr-o > o Grcundwater appears to occur as a complex series o'. ioc-il "perched" regine-a ossociatfd with the iaka sysLtne. The majority of groundwator transport b<;t;w':-:ri th*-"io io'al reqirftes occurs, through overburden infi:' i beorock '••;>«• -j or major discontinuities {e.g. faults) ; n t.-,<^ rock. Overbur'li'n i.-; ^ontriclnd to topoqr -li-'. i c I iws -ir;j, -:-h -:;.e I'XC^'ption of coc(;(il boa or -,*or.p •:•- --s: ., 'y.r.:;:•.:.. pr'.4i-'oiT-1 nan t i y '•' i! 3 ]vi<3< • t 011'w.i:,!, •;: ! './ ,;,T:U ; ,j-;3 •itrfviis of '3l;icial origin. f.octl depoMt.:: of f-^ -<"xnt i * \ '. y cohcsionless -silty to n.inrly till VJ i .10 occur in !..-v--vf? r -i'U i c I'-wr- or pi •:* s r o r e d en t!"i« flank.'i of ;.-1- --J r ••; •- k hi'ih:;. TV. -> - 4 ->'»r."!f?jbi J i ty oi the till ; •; f-nic^Wy ; n (:!v nr :!•-••• -;• * J if - b to lv> con t J i't'^r. r'".>cx r:)*t ri^c^-n'l > The p'Vtrr.rr .H)I 1 t 1 t- v c! «:'•.•• jr'inular ^^rio-; i f ;.; , ;iu!-ic'j! -. r ! / V1. • ';;-w.i';h ".'sr;'; .'. v. <"j j?".il.:< 1 fj.vpo.'iiV.H, a£C> con:; i.j<>r ably hi;:-..r {in *.h'> otdnr of 13 ' to i cent i net ro p<-.xr •locor,;;) . ?ne tj'.-drcr:'., in cvTwrr^n tn •.•-;-•- • •••••!'j .^ i i » roc c i. ~- noivon'.•••••r. ? " '• .1' <•• .i f '•" decreases' tc !r?".'; *har, J C! ;en ? j •• --1 L '-:• - •_•••• i :f_o;v~ :•-'.. .? ::•::•• r :•:.'} ••• !•.•••• :'r .3 us-pth uf i j t-j 2 li rw-tro.'i i .•?-;•.• v* t '.>• iiirlad1 >-[ fn*1- rocs. 7!".5«s« J -Mfur '••; fi.r-i '. •.••.--tl 4.r.'f 'j;.-)>r!; > A I «;'.,-.«."> of •;: o-i.-i jw.» U'f flow within th<* b*i --';-.iro.."k la -•'. r <":• ' -"-rr. pi fy. 'i ';:;<• (f '<.t:jf<- v, -'i-^-i. I r, :'!;v-r.!j tf> ;•••:"» '. J-.i- flow dsr or.' lr)i;-.v r'-': •.;.:•,:. • ,\ f: i ••:•: • <•> •;.? 1 1 f. •; -r ;>-•••:. c<>i;«ii-' ;cc»;.':.iJ i-y tJ't-i ii) The valley walla wou]u be ccr.iprised, in general, of relatively intact rock with permeabilities in the order of 10 ~ to -5 i(? centimetres per second decreasing to less than 10 centimetres per second at shallow depths. iii) The valley floors would typically contain a few metres (1-3 metres) of peat overlying up to 30 metres of outwash sand and gravel with permeabilities in the 1 x 10 to 1 centi- metre per second range and locally of sandy —4 silt till with permeabilities in the 10 to 10 centimetres per second range. v) Local groundwater flow would typically be from higher elevations to the valleys and therafore in tailings management areas it could be assumed that local groundwater levels are at or above ths existing lake or swamp elevations. Saturated flow conditions in materials with relatively high permeabilities ( 10 centimetres per second) could be assumed iitwiediately below the bottom of tli«f tailings vi) Should basin perraeaoi \ Li.ies oC 1.0 centirntrcs per second and da.n pcrrr.oabi li tic? -6 of IP centimetres per second or le.:;s oe made a regulatory requirement tnen in most ai.eas imported materials L'OE pona liner ana dam seepage barrier construction would bo required* Previous experience in the Elliot Lakt area har indicated that the relatively small amounts of calcium carbonate contained in the outwash sand and gravel do promote co-ptecipitation and adsorption of radionuclides and heavy metals. 6.3.4 South Eastern Athabasca Region Topography and Climate The major belt of uranium mineralization in nocthern Saskatchewan occurs north of 57 degrees latitude. The rizr. r:c!:n hcc beer: c::t3r.3ivcly scoured by glacial erosion ,=ind covered with a veneer of (47) glacial and proglacial deposits . The topography is characteristic of the Canadian Shield and local relief is (47) generally less than 130 metres . Topographical depressions are often infilled with peat. The entire area is within the zone of discontinuous permafrost, and the peat filled depressions often contain ice-rich, permanently frozen ground Northern Saskatchewan lies in the Boreal or sa'o-artic climatic; region of Canada, typified by extreme temperatures and relatively low precipitation. Meteorological dc.es o o been recorded at Cr»e Lnkp (57 ??. ' !•!„ [,at. THf> 5V ' W. o o Long.) since I97u. Extreme te.-aperacures oir 1-3-5 and -40 C were reported during that period. The. mean t-.ot:«l or.sci.pita'cion is 460 mm, of which 32?; mm fell ar. rain. T!•• o mean annual teir.persture was -2^8 c. The p^e?n annual U!«< I?"1, fill -T mean annual thawing index is approximately 20G3 C ueyree . (47) days. Geology The uranium deposits of Northern Saskatchewan occur within the Precambridn Shield around the periphery of the Athabasca Formation. Within the eastern half of the region these deposits, including Key Lake, Rabbit Lake and Midwest Lake, occur within areas of relatively subdued topography. Each of the areas is individually discussed in the following paragraphs. Overburden deposits including glacial till and outwash sand and gravel of varying thickness tend to be persistent throughout these areas and bedrock outcropping is 1 i m i i-pH _ Midwest Lake The Midwest Lake uranium deposit is located at the south end of the eastern KcHahon Lake (renamed Midwest Lake) in Northern Saskatchewan, some 700 kiloraetres north of Saskatoon. The uranium ore body roughly follows a north-south trending fault underlying Miwlc Arm. The topography surrounding this lake is characterised by undulating terrain consisting of druivilins and esfcerr. Ji >v.n numerous lakes and low-lying swampy areas in the intervening depressions. Surficial materials in the Midwest deposit area consist o£ ground moraine, till ridges, outwash sanJ, irmskwg and £rost-henved bedrock (felsenrnet?r) . Ground moraine up to 20 metres thick ir> present south and cant of Mink Asm overlying the ore deposit.. A long, narrow, north-northeast trending till ridge fores the western boundary of Mink htm. The ground norraine ws»st of the Mink Arm rlcumlin is overlain with outwash aft rid and gravel; an eflker vidge is present along the western margin of the outwash sand. Generally, lakes are present in depressions in the ground morraine and muskeg is present in the low areas around and between the lakes. Deep muskeg in this area may contain permafrost at the base. The glacial till in the area is silty and sandy, and includes boulders of Athabasca sandstone and basement gneisses. Generally the bulk of the material making up the till is tnougnt to nave originated from local pregiaci?! deposits. The Athabasca sandstone underlying the area is made up of mostly quartz grains and siliceous or argillaceous cement. The usual stratification in the Midwest deposit area, observed in core from top to bottom is given as follows: 110 to 120 metres of massive, jointed, siliceous cemented, medium to coarse sandstone. Some thin stringers of fine to silty sand are present. Between tha upper sandstone unit and the basement, the sandstone b••; pebbly layer?;, S?rr>« t>>in nilty clay and sand stringers ace present. The increase in clrsy contenW in the lower unit givea the core a rubbly appearance. The b«s&rr.c'nt; rocks underlying the arcs consist cf granite July iyu4 1135 841-JW15 altered and weathered within about 15 metres of the Athabasca sandstone contact. The weathered material (regolith) grades into partially altered fractured gneisses, which griide into fresh rock. Key Lake The project area is within the Canadian Shield on the southern fringe of the Athabasca Plains physiographic region. Topographically, the area consists of low elongated ridges separated by shallow depressions containing lakes and muskeg areas. The ridges and lakes ace aligned in a northeast-southwest direction which approximately parallels both the bedrock structural trend and the local ice movement direction. The troughs have subsequently been infilled with glacial sands and gravels to form an outwssh plain. The glacial deposits overlying the orebodies extend to a maximum thickness of approximately 35 metres in the deepest part of the trough. To the northeast, and southwest, the overburden shallows to approximately 10 to 15 metres at the extremities of the Deilmann and Gaertnec ore -i>n>^s, respectively, marking the boundaries of the glacial trough. The predominant materials filling the trough dire clean oufcwash sands, which are poorly graded and vary from uniform coarse beiini to uniform fine sand to sandy silt, the materials being interlsy.-ced throughout the basin. Moat of this material apo^srs to have resulted fro>n erosion of the Athabasca Formation. July 1984 106 341-3C15 Immediately overlying the bedrock ia a coarse sand, gravel and boulder horizon, which is known to range up to 30 metres in thickness. The deposits occur n^ar the southern edge of the basin of deposition of the Athabasca sandstone. The lithology of the Athabasca Formation is very uniform and consists of massive, thickly bedded clean quartz sandstone and quartz/quartzite conglomerates, which tend to be concentrated in the lower part of the sequence. Some siltstone may occur locally and cross-bedding is common. The degree of cementation varies considerably, partly as the result of differences in the original lithification. The rock, therefore, varies from very ztL'cr.-j t~ \:2z]-. Ir. c::t"r^c zzczz, t..z rcr!: rr.sy be highly weathered rind similar to the overlying glacial sand, a feature which has locally caused problems io defining the overburden-bedrock contact. The basement complex consists of a series of strongly metamorphosed Precambrian rocks of Lower Proterozoic and Atchean age. All tha rocks have been subjected to folding and subsequent faulting, but show a general, moderate to steap northerly dip in the vicinity of the deposits. Rabbit: Lake The local surface topography has been formed by uiECerential weathering of the bedrock, by pre and post Athabasca tectonics and by glacial deposits of till, sar.d and gravai. The regional topography is low with local elevation changes in the order of 75 metres. The morphology is typical of July 1984 187 641-3015 northern Saskatchewan with many snail sloughs and muskeg areas, together with atuntfid tree growth. All, but approximately five per cent, of the bedrock is covered by either glacial deposits or water. The oldest rocks in the Rabbit Lake area which comprise the basement complex are ancient Archean granites and are more than two billion /ears old. Lying on and enfolded into these are the remnants of deformed and recrystallized sediments derived from the Archean rocks. These are called Aphebian and are between 1.7 and 2.0 billion years in age. undisturbed sandstone was laid down on top of the older rocks. It is at, or near, the interface of the overlying sandstone and underlying rocks that the uranium deposits of northern Saskatchewan occur. During the deformation of the Aphebian rocks, badly crushed zones were developed by the deforming forces. The Rabbit Lake ore deposit was formed within such a crushed zone. In the central part of the crushed zone, a hiqh grade pitchblende core was present. This was sujcrounded by an envelope of lower grade mineralisation. Thus, an ore deposit was formed of approximately Si',5 metres ifi length, 1S0 iretrss in width, and 153 metres in depth. Th« deposit:, coin^a ho fche present; rock surface whara it was scraped by the glaciers of about 18,300 years ago. The ice July 19G4 138 841-21715 removed the upper, part of the ocebody and roneporii tad it vithin the present soil or ov^rburdisn, so that t?conc"sic ore value3 occur bol:h in tha soils and within the rode. Col?.ins B?y The surficial deposits and landforms of the Collins Bay area are related directly or indirectly to the last continental glaciation. Several varieties of glacial till cover most of the region although eskers, kames and outwash plains are found. Post glacial depositicn occurred in the form of sporadic, fine lacustrine sediments within the larger lakes, and as organic deposition over extensive, poorly drained muskeg areas. The most apparent influerce over the area is the last major glaciation, which had a direction Cram the north-northeast. Previous to this, older glacial, glaciofluvial, and lacustrine deposits existed. While most of these were removed during the latest glaciatu.n, remnants of till and gravel deposits hav* been recognized within troughs and protected bedrock valleys. The tills deposited by the last glaciation are widely distributed and exhibit variable characteristic:-.. Basal till is most comiiion and is generally cojria tixt'.iii.>j developed glacial features but the effect of glaciatior. is Ktill well evidenced. A cepping of boulcisry, loosef ablation till usually rests on the thick deposits of basal till which may be several yards thick particularly where the Athabasca sandstone contacts other rock groups. Irregular, lake filled and hutranocky topography, formed as a result of stagnating glacial ice, is indicative of the presence of those ablation tills. During the shrinking and retreating of the ice sheet, winding eskers trending north to south and northeast to southwest were formed. They are generally comprised of well to poorly sorted coarse sand and gravel. Outwash plains and deltas developed periodically within or near the esker system. Surface topography within these areas is also quite humrrtocky. The soil is well drained due to the sorted, loose nature of the underlying material. The area of the Collins Bay deposit lies within the Churchill Province cf the Canadian Shield, on the eastern edge of a broad zone of transition between the predominantly linear Wollaston group of rocks to the east and the Mudjatic group of rocks to the west. These granitoid gneisses typically outcrop as long thin don-.es surrounded by paragneisrses containing variable amounts of graphite. The Athabasca Formation of ilelikian age overlies Aphebian ai;d Archean age rocks in the western part of the area. This Formation consists primarily of quarts sandstones, grits, lesser conglomerates, siitstones and shales. July .1584 113 The conglomerates cccuirr ir.g at tufa base OL tho Athabasca Formation are generally underlain by a weathered zone, described as being lateritic in character, Hydroncology Groundwater flow within the Eastern Athabasca region can be subdivided into 4 major components; the surficial glacial deposits, the Athabasca Formation sandstone, the crystalline basement complex and zones of regional faulting. The surficial deposits of sandy till and outwash sand and gravel within the region are permeable and comprise surficial aquifers. The groundwatcr flow patterns within these aquifers are largely controlled by local variations in topography, upland regions being areas of recharge and the lakes and streams being areas of discharge. The Athabasca sandstone comprises a bedrock aquifer of low —4 to moderate permeability {a bulk permeability of about IS centimetres par second) tnat attains a maximum thickness of up to 200 metres within the areas of known mineralization._ The permeability is largely insignificant, due to the degree of induration that tne rock has undergone. Giroundwafcer flow within the sandstone is associated with both shallow fresh-water flow systems which are directly influenced by the local topography and deeper flow patterns or regional extent. Such deeper flow patterns are indicated by the occurrence or saline grounawtcr within the cc-sper Sdiiustone strata coward tne centre of the Athabasca sandstone basin. July 1984 111 341-3015 Recharge to the sandstone occurs from outcrops or through the overlying uurficial deposits, although th&ce vary from permeable sands and gravels to till deposits of significantly lowsr permeability. Local variations in the bedding and lithological character of the sandstone also influence its permeability. In contrast to the surficial deposits and sandstone, the crystalline basement complex is of much lower permeability. These rocks tend to form the lower flow boundary of the surficial deposits and sandstone aquifers. Within the* aress of PXDased crvsfcallin« basement comolftx beyond the areas of sanastone cover, the upper few metres of the bedrock may tend, in a similar manner to Elliot Lake, to be locally permeable due to the surficial weathering of fractures. i'he growth-'water flow patterns within the sandstone zn<* basement complex are locally intersected by regional faulting, which form linear zones of moderate to high permeability within the bedrock. Because of their fractured nature, such faults are susceptible to weathering and consequently tend to form linear topographic depressions. As such, they are often associated with areas of groundwater discharge commonly occupied by streams and lakes. With r«??pF"ct to typical sit*5 conditions in t-bo Southeastern Athabasca Region, locations for tailings management areas and the requirement for tailings basin liners and seepage barriers, the following conclusions aro noted: July 1984 112 3J1-3C15 i) Tailings [ncinayement areas would nost likely be situated in topographical lows, which are at present occupied by swamps, marshes and lakes, nc in abandoned mines or pits. The topographical lows would typically be broader and would have flatter side slopes than those in tha Elliot Lake region. ii) The valley walls and base would typically be comprised of glacial outwash sands and gravel, coarse grained granular till, and sandstone. iii> idninus basin peLiuticibi i i t itsa way ue cm low as 1R centimeters per second locally but would typically be greater than 10 centi- metres per second. iv) Tailings basins would typically contain peat deposits. v) Groundwater levels would typically corres- pond to existing swamps and marshes with groundwater levels somewhat higher in valley walls with net groundwater flow toward the basin. vi) Basin liners c.nd dam seepage barriers would likely be constructed oF. imported materials as evidenced by the use of bentonito/soil and no] yms>: in liners in the past and fcha relatively infrequent occurrence of low permeability soil (clay). July 10 3 4 P. i 1 - 1.: 1 6.3.5 Other Otor. : ..'.f- Producing Ar< .-^ in Oruida Areas favourable ..or the occurrence of uranium deposits ntn shown on Figure -". It rmy be notc-i that potential deposit:-, occur in all ro«;.ons of Canada although deposit:; are mort= concentrated ir^ the ar°a north of the Great Lakes, northern Saskatchewan, the Cordillera Region of British Columbia and Alberta and the Northwest Territories. Site conditions, including topography, climate, geology and hydrology vary considerably across the country. However, with the exception of potential deposits in the mountainous Cordillera Region and those located in the upper sub-arctic ard arctic n^jons ot" permafrost, trie comments on tailings management ;.'.ovided for Elliot Lake and northern Saskatchewan would probably also apply, albeit in a general sense. The development of tailings management areas at potential uranium deposits in areas of permafrost shown o;i Figure 2 would pos'- special problems and would provide significantly different conditions than those discussed for the main study areas of ::lliot Lake and southeastern Ath'ibdsca, These .-nore northerr; areas would be expected to be low-lying and poorly drained "ith th? copoyr 3ph: c lnc'?, which fnight br- othfrwiso suitable- for tailings dir-:po;-3! , oft':'n mur-kecr filled. The Rioro SL.;.Ji;ed iropogra^i.y C3L;1J c^q^ire lofcjci1 t-:lir."3 manager?-er.fc areas but generciily lower duius, All ol Lh? problv. .;, i.-,3ociut(,:: '.;in'r. GcvGlopin^ poorly irair^-i zitas in of a ir.ore harsh clirnatft would be e.'-rericr.rcd v/j.th its I . 't T> 4 1 - .' -J i 'J <•'.'>-..£ c:\ 1 a r:*-r : r.s« «'!",'jij.'.M:r J r.q p>' •»• L> 1 •.•:•• jjcravjl : est . Tho const race t on jiid perlorxsnct •" 1 pond lim-r-] ,iid would i,-e expyefd Lo t>e a' feet »?d by thfe pr<-'-«Tjci; o[ permafrost in a number of wayr. including: i) irregularly, frozen ground would generally not be considered A ^W\ table *?ub.'jra'.3 11) ener- th-*vf>u, musk'"3 «n;j cthc-r fine fjr.ii. ed t'ro.'it r,ufif;opt i b i e 'jf.sl-; :;r •>•• uio ;vj'-. r f outid-31" i on?; foe dciss ;jr,'- :;j:iiri liri«rn uu! would be sur.copt i bio to l^r'i-*, M;1: » a I •ind q»p.erally unprtfd i '.-t .»ul >? liotorm^t ions under loading i J. i) rei.itiv^ lack of ,:.IJ J ^.;'.ii>- f;.irih !/irr'/j If construction is carried o-.it .:>.rin<; r-irit.^.". wher? the > Si-.bqrrjdr; for Un^r p.;.c ^•••••l*' w-ri-.i-'' \ -• rt,-\ \ . :-•; fo •! ,-i'- !^«.r s^^rts iC'j.r»L i, V ii ',^>i ; L y » n o v» x *'^ «i. L;»^ ^ u > •". r ^-1- .'.. • - >2 ^ — - -'- • -* - - - wilh pl<-:cinq tir-d .nfdff.iivi tht; iirif-f r;;.« r:«i i il' -;•.:; r, •; "»c > .. -I i •j,, "1 .. 1 o p when temperstiiro:.; ars permanently at or below 13 degrees Celsius. Construction during summer r.M-r'.hr, woulo have to contend with poor site traff icabi 1. ity as v^li as the requirement that all surficially unfrozen and softwood material be removed to provide a suitable subgrade for liner construction. The added very important problem associated with constructing tajlings management areas is the effect of lowering the zone of permafrost and thus thawing the upper soils foe at least part of the year by disposing of the tailings in a slurry in an unfrozen state. Most of the soils encountered in these areas with the possible exception cf t!"c ctrnrject cf granular "•atetialc '..cul^ ~c ^u^ccpLxlilc to dr-.stic loss in shear strength and would be expected to undergo large sh *:r deformations (failure) under the load imposed by the ' ings. The liner materials and dam seepa^ ? barci>?r •*' J?red in this study, namely flexible geomernbranes, woulc: typically not be able to accommodate large shear deformations. The results, of large shear deformations is expected to be relatively large scale rupture of basin liners and dam membranes with resulting seepage of leachate into substrata. Kven coarse-grained soils, which would form aquifers beneath a basin in an unfrozen state, could have vezy low permeabilities in a frozen stat^'"". Potential seeoage and contaminant migration is directly relataJ to the likelihood of tailings thawing ths subgrsdo. Provide-^ t-Vie thawed zone did not Eully penetrate the perrticiCrouc, then leachate migration from the area is unlikclv. Where a g^or.iembrane is cons uic-red necessary for tailings management area development in a permafrost envi ton.nent it is considered that Hie following are minimum requirements for a successful installation: i) The management aiea should be sited in ~i suitable topographical area comprir;eu largely of material that will not be sensitive to thawing. All urconsolidated materials (overburden and organic matter) could respond drastically to thawing so a rock subgrade is considered desirable. ii) A suitable fine-grained granular (sand) irregular rock surfaces. iii) The liner should be installed during summer months and selection of the liner and field seaming methods must ta/:e into account the potential temperature extremes and relatively harsh environment. iv) The requirement for dam construct ion should be kept to a minimum end should make use of only coarse* orained qtanular material considered relatively non-frjst susc-sptible anr] which ir.corner.-,*•.;.•;: an crahcricivrf geoaeiribtane s^epa^s barrier. 6.4 Characteristics of Uranium Tailings G.4.1 General The characteristics of uranium tailings which would impact on liner performance and liner requirements include both physical properties and chemical composition. Significant physical properties of tailings would include: i) grain size characteristics ii) bulk unit weight iii) permeability iv) water content v) shear strength The chemical composition of uranium tailings both at active and inactive tailings management ereas is significant due bntci to present conditions and anticipated changes with time. For the purpose of this study only available information associated with the characteristics of the tailings in the two main uranium producing areas are considered. 6,4.2 Background Uranium mining and nsilling operations have been conducted in Canada sinc3 the 1930's. Since that time 19 uranium mining operations have produced approximately 119 million tonnes of tailings. Approximately 110 million tonnes have been deposited in a variety of surface impoundment areas covering a total of 635 hectares, with the remainder deposited »iii£I'.utcr iTi laiitraj Ot 'jaeU cc> mill backfill. The bulk of July 1984 U.a the uranium mine tai3.ir.3s, 81 per cont (96 million tonnc-.c) are located in the Elliot Lake area of Ontario. Approximately l Of the total quantity of tailings, approximately 44 per cent or 52 million tonnes ace located in inactive tailings impoundments which no longer receive tailings. The majority of these tailings impoundments were operated from the mid 1950's to the mid 1960's and have been inactive since that time. The remaining 56 per cent or 67 million tonnes of tailings are located in active tailings impoundments which currently receive tailings. With the exception of the Eldorado Resources Limited Beaverlodge operation which used an alkaline-leach process, all the mine-mill operations use or have used acid -leach process for the extraction of uranium from the ore. At the present time there are four operating mines in Elliot Lake and thre.3 in northern Saskatchewan, all using acid-leach process, which produce a total of approximately 0 to 10 million tonnes of tailings per year. The various active and inactive tailings impoundments in Ontario anA northern Saskatchewan vary considerably in character due to differences in siie, age, construction of the tailings impoundment and con-.popition of the tailings, as well as regional differences in climate and physiographic setting. Those variations make each tailings impoundment relatively unique. July 1984 119 . ,1-3815 The uranium tailings impoundments in Canada range in size from the small inactive Dyno tailings impoundments at Bancroft which covers 4 hectares and contains only 0.36 million tonnes of tailings, to the active Long Lake tailings impoundment at Elliot Lake which covers 125 hectares and contains 40 million tonnes of tailings. The Nordic tailings impoundment at Elliot Lake is currently the largest inactive tailings impoundment covering 107 hectares and containing 10.9 million tonnes of tailings. There is also considerable variation in the age of various tailings impoundments. For example, the Dyno tailings impoundment only operated for a short period fror 1958 to I960 whereas the Lona Lake tailinqs impoundment has been in continuous operation since 1959. The Rabbit Lake tailings impourdmerit in northern Saskatchewan did not begin operations until 1975. The wide ranges in size and age of the uranium tailings impoundments also correspond to differences in the design of the impoundments, the methods of tailings deposition and the types of milling processes at the various sites. Ore deposits in the Elliot Lake area are large, relatively low-grade deposits with ucanium and thorium occurring in brannerite, uraninite and monasite minerals- The principal accessory mineral in the Elliot Litre ores is .yrite 'iron sulfidc). In contrast, the northern Saskatchewan one deposits are typically small, high-grade deposits with uranium occurring in pitchblende but -with little thorium. Several of the known deposits have substantial quantities of accessory metallic minerals such as gersdor££ite {nickfel arsenic sulfids) cobaltite (cobalt arsenic sulfide) and July 1S«4 120 841-3015 nullerite (nicke) sulfide), Thc^e accessory minerals can have a considerable effect on the chemical composition of the tailings. 6.4.3 Physical Properties For the purpose of this study the information sources, selected for the collection of physical properties of uranium tailings from the Elliot Lake and northern Saskatchewan study areas include: i) Laboratory testing carried out on samples of tailings obtained from Denison Mines' Long Lake impoundment area. ii) The results of testing carried out on tailings from a tailings tent bed which was considered characteristic of tailings to be produced at the Midwest Lake Uranium Mine.<68*- The gradation ranges for coacse (sand) tailings and fine (silt) tailings ate shown for the Denison Mines' tailings area and the Midwest Lake test bed tailings on Figures 3 and 4, respectively. Gradation ranges for Midwest Lake tailings are generally Located between those of slimes and sand tailings in Elliot Laks^. On Figure 5, natural water confcwnts, total ases noticeably with depth while the coarser tailings demonstrate only a slight decrease in water content. Unit weights and in nitu vertical effective stresses tend to increase with depth in 3 similar fashion Cor both fine and coarse tailings. Undrained shear strength in the tailings deposit increased with depth to a relatively constant value of about 15 kilopascals below a depth of about 4 metres. The permeability of the tailings would be governed by void ratio and is controlled by the finer fraction of the whole sample. Fermeability testing was carried out on samples of the silt and sand tailings from the Midwest test and on samples of the siit taninys fraction of the tiuoc uane railings. rne permeability test result:" indicated that Midwest sand tailings had permeabili- es typically in the 5 x 10 centimetres par second range for void ratios of between 2 and 4; the Midwest silt tailings had permeabilities -6 -7 typically between 5 x 10 and 1 x 10 centimetres per second (63) for void ratios between 3 and 6; and the Elliot Lake silt tailings had permeabilities between 1 x 10 to 2 x 10 centimetres per second for void ratios of between 1 and 2. The coefficient of permeability generally decreased with decreasing void ratio. It was noted that the coefficient of permeability of Midwest sand tailing!? was less sensitive to variation in void ratio than that of silt tailings; whereas for Elliot Laka tailings U The coefficient of permeability ~ _ . .lular soil may al^o be estimated based on grain size distribution characteristics. These estimates are based on the effective grain size of the sample corresponding to the 10 par. cent finer than line on the grair. size diatribution curves. For the grain size distribution curves present on Figures 3 and 4, the following estimates for coefficient of permeability, K, are made: -4 -5 Midwest Tailings: 3 x 10 to 6 x 10 cm/sec Elliot Lake Tailings: sand tailings: 2 x 10 to 5 x 10 cm/sec « 5 These estimated permeabilities are substantially higher than those determined from permeability testing. Based on the above discussion and the test results presented on Figures 3 to 5, the following is a summary of characteristic properties of uranium tailings considered applicable for thits study: i) in situ water content - silt tailings - 60 per cent - sand tailings - 3S per cent ii) total unit weight - 1.8 Mrj/m iii) '.liry unit vioiqlst - 1.2 Hq/m iv) undrained shear strength - 15 kilopascals July 1984 123 841-3015 v) permeabilifcy - silt tailings - 5 x 10 cm/sc-c - sand tailings - 1 x Hi cm/sec 6.4.4 Chemical Properties The following discussion of the chemical properties of uranium tailings is based on information collected from hydrogeological and hydrogeocheraical investigations carried out at active and inactive tailings ponds in the Elliot Lake ara and the results of bench scale milling circuit testing (49) carried out for the Midwest Lake Uranium project The chc-irzl characteristic:; of t^ilir.ic eczewater f.zox the Lake area are presented on Table 6.1 for both alized tailings (tailings as discharged from the mill) and oxidized tailings (tailings in storage area which have experienced oxidization.), in Table 6.1 there is a large difference in concentrations of certain elements as well as pH for tailings porewater which has been significantly influenced by iron sulphide (pyri'co) oxidation in the tailings. July 1984 124 341-3315 TABLE 6. 1 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAILINGS PCPXWATER KT.LIOT r.«:'E AREA ELEMENT NEUTRALIZED TAILINGS OXIDIZED TAILINGS (mg/1) (rag/1) Total dissolved solids 3,000-5,000 10,000-40,000 Calcium 400-500 400-600 Iron <1 3,000-15,000 -lph-2 1.000-2,000 Chloride 50-100 50-100 Ammonia 50-100 0-100 PH 8-10 2-6 226 Activity Ra 6G0-1,500 pCi/L(50) 10-220 pCi/L(50) July 1984 125 841-3015 The uranium ore in Elliot Lake is milled using the sulphuric acid-lfjch process. The tailings liquid is neutralized by linn audition in the mills so that the tailings linuid has a pH of 9 to 10 when tlie tailings are discharged. The tailings contain about 3 to 7 per cent by weight iron sulph.;de (Fe S , pyrite). When the discharge o£ the tC'iL'.nys and the neutralized liquid to the impoundment area ceases and the tailinqs are exposed to the atmosphere in the unsaturated zone of the tailings, the pyrite reacts with water and oxygen to produce iron and sulphate rich acific water in the tailings. When the porewater becomes acidic, sone radionucluides and heavy mstals desorb and dissolve from the tailings causing increased porewater contaminant levels. in areus wnete cut; Htuuuuwauei. iiow is wnunu;^ acidic water produced in the unsaturated zone moves downward replacing the neutralized tailings water and may eventually (53) turn all of the tailings porewater acidic . With respect to radionuclidas, it is anticipated that acidic tailings water would have relatively high uranium and thorium concentrations but as shown in Table 6.1, radium 2.6 (52) (Ra ) shows a tendency to decrease \n concentration The mill effluent final analyses for the Midwest Lake (43) project is presented on Table 6.2 . Actual concentrations for neutralized or oxidized tailings l>ota"ia'car. for noclr.harn Sacksichevsn ere not available. However, the oxidisation of the sulphide rich sccassocy ••netillic r.;inerals such as oajsJot C f; £ to that discussed for Elliot Lake tailings,, including the anticipated higher levels of some radionuelid^y -snd heavy metals in the railings porewatec. 1.27 TABLE 6.2 MILL FIHAL EFFL'jr.IlT AK LVSKS Element Concentrat.i.on TSS < 5 ppm Bi <5 ppb Cl 120 ppm Cd <20 ppb so4 3450 ppm Co <15 ppb Cr 6 ppb Mg 13 ppm Cu 15 ppb Na 680 ppm Fe <50 ppb Ca 720 ppm <10 ppb K 55 ppm Hg Mn • 30 ppb ~ "4 «i 45 ppb TCC 12 ppn Pb 60 ppb < 0.5 ppm Mo Se 1 ppb Al < 1 ppm V 20 ppb As 170 ppm Zn <15 ppb B 320 ppm Total U < 0.5 ppm Ba 4 5 ppm Activity: T.Pb210 1.08 pCi/L T.Po210 1.08 pCi/L T.Ra226 0.54 pCi/L T.Th230 <0-27 pCi/'L pH of neutralized tailings -- 11 ORGAN?CS F. 51) Ore; an ic Tertiary Asxino Xsodecanol 2 ppm Kerosene (10% aromatic 15 ppni 50% paraffin 40% Naphthene) '/?-', 120 S 4 i - "J 3 I • >'• i •? cjp.1. i .3i.: >'. ^•••otii'.H i nc r O'i'.i l ny 1 y rt'.. .die would L't> a con ci,-i :> sn ov^iu.itia1] i.!if l'^i, ••: t-..i::n compa f.iij i L i Ly of 'jeonit ir\br ,nv.-; »'itn or.»niu;n t«i i l i r.••;•.. In tddition, whil*? rr,i icnucl i<-e act i v: 11••-"> ^re ccr.s i cori'ii i-o be rol'i t i v«»l / low in in.-ict; i v*f t.i i 1 ! riq1; irripounflnioM ';•.;, their long term effect would h-avo tr ha connidotod. As shown on Table 6.2, the concentrations of organics ace relatively low. Most polymeric and asphaltic membranes will probably not be adversely affected by the*>e very low concentrations but corapatibi1ity should be considered. July 126-i 129 841-3015 7. CnNTM.''M'^'IT ^ACTMTY '^STH'J ,V,"n I,1I!?P 7.1. Gqnora .1. Site character istics with respect to liner requirements are addressed in .'JucU on 6 of this report. Uranium mining and milling operations have been conducted in Ontario and Saskatchewan for more than 40 years while undeveloped deposits exist in Newfoundland, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and the Northwest Territories. Obviously, throughout such a large geographic area, wide variations in the hydrogeological setting should be anticipated and desigr of tailings containment facilities will be highly site specific. However, for the purpose of this report we are assuming a somewhat simplified site geology and hydrogeology consistent with the two uranium producing areas of Canada. Specifically, this section of the report (and Section 11) is based en ths following assumptions. o Low relief Canadian Shield topcgreiphy. o Topographic highs consisting of rock knolls and ridges (Elliot Lake). o Topographic lows consisting of swampr., lakes and .streams. o Siliceous, sedimentary rock overlying basement rocks of complex origin, structure and mi. neret logy. Qokim- Azszclaize J-cly 1924 o Koc& biiLLace is na^ci, smoccn, wcj t:n»->r^a and relatively Permeable. Permeability decre.ices with depth. o Overburden in the topographic lows varyim from gravel to si.!ty tills. In addition to topography, geology and hydrogeology, the design of a flexible liner system must also address the many other factors that will substantially influence the ultimate performance of the completed facility. Consideration must be given to capability of contractor, climate, subgrade, preparation, seaming, and quality control. In fact, more than any other factors, the successful performance of the completed liner installation wixl probably depend on the contractor. The following summarizes the steos outlined in the design (62) ' and installation of a liner . Those relating to earthworks, site preparation, installation, and quality control are discussed further in the balance of this section. 1. Site Selection 2. Geological, Hydrogeoloqieal, and Hydrological Investigation and Analysis 3. L,iicjineer ing Design o earthwork:;' o cornf'cs t J. 1/11 i t y t £ s>!.' >vi Julv 19P-3 1.11 o material selection o Ci-c'^czy c.:.J fieiu sdaa selection 4. Preparation of Fabrication and Panel Layout Drawings 5. Construction o occc-ss road o storage site tor materials o subgrade preparation o earthworks o install pipes and other structures o fine grade and excavate anchor tcench 6. Install Liner o inspect surface conditions o place, unroll and unfold liner panels o seam panels together o backfill anchor trench o seal liner to penetrations o install vents and ballast tubes o test all field seams; repair if required o inspection and acceptance 7. Introduce Tailings into Basin 8. Monitor Leak Detection Systems Ametimtmm July 1984 132 84i-ii?15 7 . 2 SJAc^ Sel oe_t u>n Tho site selection process for a wc.nte containment facility vi.ll consider economic, environmental and engineering criteria. The economic factors associ.ited with land ose and rost-bene£it analyses are considered beyond the scope of this study. Engineering and environmental factors affecting the site selection should address the following: 1. Identification of major aquifers, aquicludes, recharge areas and sources of groundwater. 2. Groundwater discharge zones. j. oeoioaicai anomalies such as iauj.cs, wrst terrain, 3ink holes, etc. 4. Topographical analysis with respect to area hydrogeolcgy. 5. Metecological review with respect to preci- pitation, temperature extremes, wind, etc. 6. Establish soil and groundwater conditions by means o£ n subsurface invt>3tiaation. Jii.lv li PA 133 '-<' - ••-\cy ~' ^ Engineerino Design Compatibility testing, material selection, and scam selection are addressed in Section 8. This section of the report discusses the other major design consideration which is earthworks. The major item of earthworks required will be based on the type of disposal scheme chosen. Typical of the various site selection options for disposal of mine wastes are: - valley dams - ring dykes - open pit mines - sneciallv dua Difcs - underground mines - 6eep lake disposal The geology, topography, and precedent of the uranium producing areas of Canada is compatible with containment of tailings by valley dams. This and subsequent sections of this report are written on that basis. The design assumptions pertaining to the topography are presented in Section 7.1. An item of earthworks is the design of an access road to the site. Design of such a read is consistent with conventional design criteria fot- access roads. This technology is well developed .ind does not require further discussion in this report. The other primary clement of earthworks design is the dani(s). As ha3 been noted the in tec ted 3ite geometry will consist of essentially parallel rock ridges containing a valley filled with alluvium, organic deposits and water. Dams will be required at one oc both ends of the valley to form 3 containment area. Dams may also be required to divert creeks and tributaries. Once borrow areas have been selected, design of zoned embankments (dams) will proceed based on the anticipated strength of the compacted earth materials. Slope stability analyses will be required to select stable design slopes and ensure overall embankment foundation stability. n*-h»r alomonfs of earthworks design ars disrrussed in the pertinent sections relating to construction and liner installation. 7.4 Liner Fabrication Selection of linec type and seam type constitutes two major design components. The design will also require liner panel layout drawings of a site specific nature in order that the fabricated panels match the site and design components. The primary objective in providing panel layouts is to minimize field seaming and maximize factory seaming. 7.5 Subgrao_jr JLL?P<»rntion 7.b.l Clearing Grubbing and Stripping The site should be cleared of all grass, tree stumps, shrubs, brush, tree limbs, roots or other vegetation which could puncture the liner or create methane gas. Such materials should be removed to a disposal site. Where minor quantities of organic matter, such as 380 millimetres or so of topsoil, are encountered it should be totally removed. However, in the areas considered in this study, considerable quantities of muskeg, peat and other organic materials will be encountered to depths of several costly and difficult. Nevertheless, without the benefit of prototype testing, this report assa.'wa that all organic matter will be removed. This assumption is made on the basis that the large total (and possibly differential) settlements associated with comyzessive> (peat) foundations will result in membrane failure. The final decision regarding removal will, in part, ba a function of the cost of removal of organic matter as compared to the cost of the prototype testing-and the elaborate venting system required if the organic matter remains. Fin&ily, in comparing liner types, it should be noted that while natural (ireported) soil liners or bentonite cur:e soil liners could not be properly placed over past or rauakeg, these is a chancs that synthetic liners minht: pr 7.5.2 Sterilization of It is very important to remove rootr? and root contaminated tcpsoil. However, became it is virtually impossible to rerr.ova ICG per cont of all organic matter, the prepared aubgrade should bo treated with a reliable herbicide. This sttrilant should be applied in a uniform manner over the entire site, including the top of the berms; it should be then disked into the soil to a minimum depth of 50 to 100 millimetres and the earth moistened. Application rates should be recommended by the manufacturer with sufficient time allocated between treatment and placement of the liner, to allow the sterilant to penetrate the soil. 7.5.3 Excavation and Filling If the excavated surface is to receive the liner directly, the area should be thoroughly proofrolled with a minimum 5 tonne sr.iooth-wheeled or pneumatic tire roller. Soft spots should be removed, replaced and compacted. After proofrolling the surface should be blade graded to a surface tolerance of less than 30 millimetres across a 3 metres straight edye. The surface should be smooth, and free from any fractured rock, and no smooth rock should be over 5 millimetres iti diameter. If a sand bedding is placed over the excavated surfsce or if a geotextile underlay is to be installed, the K-S^.O prcofrollin^ r{?Tjir*?n Pill should be placed Lo lifts not ttfcCSKKSiiiy ^Lout *2~ es in thickness. Each lift should bes compacted to i-ei':<5ed [>Grc^;}L^C|e of the ;v.p«i;a;;::. dry ci^nsity ^s atCEKir.Srd by the Gt-ndsra Troctor ?icictvsre-Os»naity — 1 » »- i •>-. -J- " V. i -> July lvtS4 137 U 7.5.4 Liner Subdrainage and Gas Venting Liner subdraina Certain site-specific conditions require the venting of gas that may accumulate beneath the liner. If any organic matter exists in the soils under the liner, or if natural gas is present in the region, gas production is inevitable. If the pressure is permitted to increase the membrane can be lifted creating a void for additional gas accumulation and possible overstressing of the liner. Venting must al5O be considered when a fluctuating water table is present iiprnediately balow the pond bottom. When the water table falls, void spaces in the soil under the liner are created. Air is then sucked into these voids from ths surrounding soil. Conversely, when the water table rises, air which wac pulled into the voids is displaced upward. The amount of fluctuation and proximity of the water table to the basin bottom, will dictate the reaction of the membrane to this air pumping mechanism. July 1984 138 S4I-S315 The need to vent accumulating g.^s is boot accomplished by providing a layei: of uniformly graded sand of which less than 5 p't cent by waiq.it *?ill pa33 the 7.00 si»ve. A geotoxtile may also be usftd, which allows gas to p£,33 through the fabric's cross-section under a surcharge load. 7.5.5 Finishing Thorough preparation o' clie finished surface is a major ingredient in the -.-u Geotextile fabrics are an excellent surface for membrane lined systems. They provide a cushion to protect against abr^aive action and significantly reduce the coefficient of friction between the liner and the substrate, increase the evaporation rate of condensation fortr.ed beneath the liner, and forris a parroeable layec to transmit gas while not adhering to the liner. If no geotextile is used, the finished grade should be a minimum 150 millimetre soil layer, no coarser than pearly graded sand, in accordance with the SP classification of the Uniform Soil Classification Syatsm. No stereos, rocks at debris of any kind should be within 158 reiliiiaesfcreao E the finished Julv 1SC4 13* 841-3015 The surface should be- graded smooth and compacted to finished elevations in accordance with the recommended tolerances previously inaicated. Particular care will be required around pipes, ducts, and other appurtenances which will protrude through the finished 1iner. 7.6 Liner Instillation 7.6.1 Polymeric Liners Polymeric liners are fabricated in the factory into a minimum number of pieces to facilitate easy installation, both directions, to minimize field handling. Installation of the liner is, in roost cases as important to the overall success as material selection. accordingly,, thcr liner should be installed by a qualified contractor. Prior to placing the liner, the surface of the impoundment area should be free of projections and debris and graded to properly suppoct the liner. Further discussion on subgrade preparation is contained fn Section 7.5 of this report. For unreinfocciid Iiner3, side slopos fitter than 3:1 (hccixantal co vertical) see generally considtfireJ ii-.aximu.ti desirable slope .ingles. Side slope? should bo coraca^ted to imize setclamant. Rcinfcrccvi liners arc rcccr^nci^od for steep ziiz clepc applications to improve creep r-^^) «i:«nce, These scrims wi improve puncturo resiseanee, uimsusional stability, tear July 13 e-4 140 841-3215 strength and will allow the use of reduced totc'tl thickness Cor the liner. liioh density polyethylene which is not reinforced and which can be placed oa relatively steep slopes 12 the exception. Final selection of slope angle should be based on soil/liner interaction and strength tests. Previous testing by Golder Associates indicates that the effective friction angle between sand and one particular membranes was only 20 degrees while the internal friction angle of the sand was greater than 35 degrees. Furthermore, the harder the liner material, the lower the effective friction angle. The rolled and folded liner panel as delivered to site snouia De cieariy marked on tne outside witti the panel identification letter or number and the panel size. The panel size is also generally marked on the top fold of the panel inside the carton. Directions for unfolding the panel should be clearly marked on the lid of the container by arrows indicating the direction to "pull" and "spread". "Pull" - indicates the direction in which the length of the panel is unfolded. "Spread" - indicates the direction in which the width of the panel is unfolded. When locating the packaged panels, thesa markings should be observed so panels can be unfolded in the proper direction. Packaging chould be left on the panel until ready to unfold. The panel should not be exposed to direct sunlight bat July 19 6 4 141 841-3(515 should be cc'ipletol.y shaded with c^aquG cheeting. It is necessary to leave a frue-flCi/ir.g air space between the opaque sheeting and the pschaq.-.-d panel. When ready to install a sheet, it should be carefully removed from the packaging. Any steel bands should be cut and removed from the general area. The cardboard container should be carefully removed by opening it along stapled edges. Knives should not be used to cut away cardboard siding, lest damage to the liner result. Before the panel is pulled out, any staples on the bottom portion of the carton should be removed and the pallet should be inspected for any protrusions which miaht cause damage to the panel. Positioning the panel and unfolding it from the pallet is best handled with a large front-end loader or for!: lift. The panel is usually double accordion folded with a mass as much as 2000 kilograms. To pell out the panel, the leading edge is laid on the ground by removing several folds by hand fiom the too of the panel. By positioning two or three workers on top of the loading edge, the palletized panel can be lifted up with a fork lift truck which can then reverse slow'v until the full length of the panel is unfolded. It is helpful to have two men positioned on either side of the palletised Danel to walk along and help the folds off the top of the i-anel as the fork lift backs up. After the panel is extended to its fail length, it is straightened out to the guiooiines indicated by thf> panel layout or the Technical service Representative. The panel is then spread into position. To achieve this men acs July 1904 l'.2 3 •< I - 3 ^ 15 positioned along tht? edge oi: tii'i pan el ••inono/.imately 5 metrcT. apart dc?pei «.• ing on tht* Si?.o of the panel arid the terrain to br; covered. IE r^quirr-d, rnon are positioned dt the uphill end ot" z'n*. panel to keep it from sliding down the slope as it is unfolded. If the edge to IJC- gripped is subsequently to be bonded, then the panel edge is folded back about r.-o or three feet, and the fold is gripped for pulling rather than the edge. This is to avoid stretching the edge where it is to be bonded. Gripping of the panel can be facilitated by use of a short length of dowel, 20 to 40 millimetres in diameter, and 300 to 450 mil 1 imetrer, lony. The liner is first wrapped around the dowel, and fhon aripned. The pdaps ryf the dowf? I s -should be carefully rounded off to prevent sharp edges from digging into the Liner as it is pulled. As the panel is pulled out it is necessary to maintain air under the liner. This air can be obtained and maintained by several means. One way is to simply hold the edge up and advance at a rate fast enought to capture air underneath as it is unfolded. Another way would be the same as above, except tho edge is constantly raised "ir.d lowered ,is it i r> being spread out to fan air under the liner. When tnero i;»" a prevailing wind Crom the direction to which the* lin.?r is being pulled, ;ii" can bo introduced by lifting thr.- <--•'•'7*; j'j^t enough to allow the required amount of die to blow i 0 ur;det: the liner. Cf.re tnurt be exercise1! >n tn-is crs* t"> •only raise the edqe of the linsr enouuh to let tno -josired sco-;rit of air under the liner; it should then be lowered to cut off the air as soon as enough air is captuseo; othurwise, it is possible to have tha liner blow iway. A slight, lateral tension should be maintained on t!v; leading edge of the Julv 1964 143 341-3(51 5 panel being spread. TV*is iottrral tension facilitates thc- £ 'prc'2^ i ni o'^n'ii^n1;, P.nnols nbojlci no pos 11-icr.ec: so that Succeeding pa:;tlr to be joined overlap bv at le^st 15C mi 11 i me trss, 7.6.2 "ield Sea;\iin The liner's strer.gth and sealing ability depends heavily on the quality of the field seams. The f-^ld seam quality depends on the installation crew. An i.:ept crew may do a poor job even with the simplest seaming methods. The necessity of a simple but effective means of constructing field seams may be dramatically illustrated for the case of the example on which costs are based in Section 11. For this example 232 hectares (575 acres) of containment basin would require approximately 330 kilometres (loS miies) o£ field seams. Considering the aependsnee u£ field seaming techniques on a variety of factors, some hujnan, the odds oi providing a perfect seal for all 300 kilometres are extremely low. The three basic requirements for credible field seam production are heat, pressure and dwell tiiv.e. Job site factors which may influence the field seaming operation include: i) the ambient temperature and humidity prevailing during which the se^n-; r«c? produced; -5 4 i i) wind; Hi) thy raoi:;turc content of thf> substrate; i-•) the supporting surface on which tho r.r-ar-, is bonded; v) the skill of the seaming crew; vi) the qualtiy and consistency of the adhesive; vii) the cleanliness of the seam interface. 7.6.3 Asphalt Liners SBR refers to any of a multitude of styrene-butadiene rubbers. By blending thermcpljstic SBX polymers with ori^ne grades of asphalt, a thermoplastic material has been developed which behaves aa an elastic polymer. The presence of the SBR provides added temperature stability; i.e. flexibility at low temperature and viscosity at high temperatures. This material contains rubber in substantially larger quantities {..^bout 25 per cc-nt) than the more conventional rubberized asphalt. This material looks very promising and is regarded os a variation on aspbaltic coricrrstG in i-'hirh ths rubber sets •"*.*? si ^li'i^f'Tneric aggregate. Uniiko the normal ^ispls.iltic concrete, it would be -applied by ho L spi-'tiy ivp^lit.ciUioii. July \':Z'. US (25) t.acaly^n." nituicwn .i!E;;nait m-.-nbrane is another product which is hot sprayed and requites the use ot a catalyst to modify its viscosity properties. RycorwnenJc-d construction procedures for buried asphalt membranes are suranariTred as follows: o Preferred slope inclination 4 horizontal:! vertical with maximum value of 2 horizontal :1 vertical. o Sharp objects and rocks should be removed from the foundation soil. o The foundation soil should be rolled with _ ...... ^*krv- o In addition to rolling, if the subgrade is dry and dusty, a light sprinkling of water is beneficial. o o ApplicaEion temperature of. 234 C with a slot-type spray bar. o Multiple passe;? (minimum of 2) is desirable. o Recommended application spc»fd of 6.5 kilometres m»r hour. *— ft. - „ ^ _ » .July iyS4 146 G41-3015 7'7 Soil Cover It is generally accepted that ?n earth covor ov^r « linec system wo'jld be enquired where the liner is particularly susceptible to exposure to ultra-violet radiation, ozone oc other weather related conditions; where there is a potential for mechanical damage* due to traffic, animals oc vandalism; where there is a potential for damage associated with the placement of the wasto materials; and where a long-term service life is required. According to the manufacturers of the polymeric liners selected for study in this report, most are described as not particularly susceptible to weathering, and exposed use is generally offered as a favourable marketing point. However, essentially all cf the polymeric liners ita detritecntally affected in varying degress by exposure. it would therefore follow that the provision of an earth cover would extend sotaewhat the anticipated service life of a given polymeric 1inet. The discussion in Section 7.6.1 regarding acceptable slope angle* should be considered. Eventually soil/liner interaction and strength testing would be required. For the present, it is reconaended that liners intended to receive soil cover should not ba placed steepar ths«* 3 horizontal to 1 vertical. Soste asphalts axe known to be affected by ulcra-viclot radiation and both asphaltic concrete and sprayed asphalt may b« susceptible to frost action. A sail cover would iaprove cesiscsnee under these conditions*. AccGt"<3iin3?-.y, if July 12 3 4 ' 14 7 tai \ in7* are not ;«r!d<*«3 J.POT»d i a t.? 1 y after /spnl Polyrxaric liners ar.d aprayed asphalt vnprabrarsf?3 are both susceptible to irwrchanical equipment daraage during installation. Further, if the exposed areas will be subjected to traffic during pond operation, a liner covet would minimize the potential for vandalism or accidental damage. Kail and the potential for high wind induced "air-lift" are additional conditions which affect soil cover related decisions. All liner systems, if exposed, would be susceptible to damage caused by ice movement. Least susceptible would be those liners with hiqher puncture resistance such as KDPB. In addition to the above factors, the abrasion related characteristics of the waste ovaterial in terms of the potential for damaging a liner systera will require investigation. Based on the above discussion and neglecting costs, a soil cover would appear to be benaficisl in that it would probably increase the service life of a liner systera and rcduca the potential for mec/ianical damage during basin operation. However, the vecy operation of placement of a soil cover rsay itself, 9».«?>.ificantly increase th 1. Free of sharp atones and not rsxcesaively abras iv*. 2. Compatible chemically with the contained waste. 3. Stable and resistant to sloughing fron wave action. 7.8 Quality Control Quality control is an inherent and vital part of _-.*..:,-<€"_—*- — -.-. —,^..-JT--»* _ — J *• - v . - * — - *- J - —. - « "* i - : - _ mstecialii. The auality control must continue with the field installation to ensure conformance with the daaign sp-sci fi cat ions. Testing, consistent with conventional civil and geotechoLeal engineering practice is suitable for tha quality control of i} Coaspacticn. control using volumetric or nuclear density sppaiftus. With regerd to th« latteE social car® will b« required to calibrate the eqwipr»«?nt for ojvsestioo in the pse-aence o£ low level, radioactive westes. ii) Straight ts>s and othisi;-survey to cenfira lirsa *n Visual observation should also be effective in monitoring the condition of asphalt or polymeric membranes. Quality control during the* manufacture of polymeric mscnbrane3 is discussed in Section 4.2.6 of this report. Assuming lining isaterials are delivered to the site in good condition and visual monitoring confirns that they have not been dataaged during installation, then the final itea requiring assurance is field welds of polymeric liners. Both destructive and non-destructive test toethods should be etaployed. Depending _.. *.w~ c: .1 J ___—-•__ __».u_J- «-v—._ j__ —•- __ -= _;_i_i_ — .. ™ -- — ~_ v —^ ^ — ut* ~ ~~ _..• ^i v. £-— — vv_w— ^v .j«3.iL include electronic techniques, -sir lanca testing, vacuum c'.iarabee testing, shear and peel testing, tent coupons, etc. Ideally, destructive teat tssethods should b i) Viaual inspection at -all fiold saaras. ii) Mechanical tes<:in iii) f.!n!j-o,i»?5'.;ri5ctiv« teiUnq of «IJL fi^ld *5*?••»•«a noa-d-.tst?actiwft Sest tasthefis for po ^y s typos o ire euT&§,iriss'3 in ts.bl'i ?.1«*"* Joiy 7ht»re are f£fw*r quidolinoa available for the fi.«id evaluation of atph*]. f~ic liners. Kovrev^sr, daily testing of tha asphalt to cnsuis it conforms with specificationa outlined in Section 5 would b AVAILABLE NON-DESTKUCT.IVE TEST METHODS FOR EVALUATING POLYMERIC LJ.MHG SEAMS (REF. 13) h u c Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Air Vacuum pulsa echo irpedanca lanc( chamber Pressure Electrical Kochani -il (5-15 IClz) (160-1S5 c/ c/ dual 6S.. sparking }>ntr.t fit' JSiT. t It'lt X Reinforced X X X 1 s ^ 11 c g 11 (Butyli "sf:KH» CT; Ratnforcoi X X X X X X Rainforcsd X X X X Nc nrein JJ X X X It A) Vacuun chanter ^hculd be restricted to i.hic^nesBes of 30 mils and grafter duo to daformation. Bj Mr.lanca should be restricted to thicks,esses less than 45 milsj this jnethod is not recoraanded for stif. sheeting. July lb'j-i Lbl 8 • PEHrORKAHCS Cr:l';T--;jTA AND 8.1 Introduction In previous sections general properties of the polymeric and a3phaltic liner Materials, anticipated typical linec environment including characteristics of uranium tailings, and the design of containment facility and liner installation have been addressed. In this section of the report the requirements of the liner material under the above noted conditions in terras of performance, compatibility, durability, rate of degradation and release rates are assessed and potential failure mechanisms are discussed. 8.2 Perfr HI?nee Crit-^rA^ The primary function of th3 basin liner system and dsw seepage barriers would be to impede the flow of leschate (tailings pore liquid) to a sufficiently low rate to allow the in situ soil/rock groundvater system to accept leachate without adversely affecting gecundvater quality. The acceptable seepage rate would ba & fune'eien of the nature of the contaminants snd the capacity of ths native scilst :;ft:k arid groundwater foe natural purification through the mechanisms discus^eu in Sectiyn G.3.I., Bas&cJ on the above discuaaicn, the success or Caiius."1."; c-t a lining system could bs evaluated on the bssis of whathor the lining syst^^s tsit>',Jvjd coniaraiviants at. os baiay ths. usaign July ].9£4 ' 153 841-3815 rate over the c'asion life of the tailings imooondraent facility. Anirj ciujf.td release ratws ate audteSMwd in mote detail in .Section 10. During desion the liner materials under consideration are usually evaluated, losing evaluation criteria discussed above, in terms of the following general requirements: 1. Compatibility and durability of the liner in the presence of the waste to be contained. 2. Reliability and risk of failure (potential failure mechanisms). 3. Relative ease of installation, quality control, repair and maintenance. ".ioet installation, quality control, repair and maintenance are addressed in Section 7. Liner compatibility, durability and potential liner failure mechanisms are addressed in the fon owing sections. Rates of liner degradation and the testing associated with liner evaluation are also discussed. 8.3 kinar Cr-r ,jatibi 1 i ty and Durabi 1 ifcy 8.3,, 1 The* cowpatibil i ty of a lin^r 'a.s»:eri«l in contact with a given waste material, in this case ucaniuin t-.ailings, wou?.d typically be evaluated in t!ir««» stages, nansely? July 1084 154 8'; 1--3C J.5 i) Anticipated reactions of the liner to th.:- waste baaed on available literature and wariufacLuter' .s general cht*f:iiccii cebisUacy charts. ii) A screening tost programme in which li.iers are immersed in waste for fairly short periods of time and possibly at varying toraperature to evaluate changes in material properties. iii) Accelerated testing whereby the liners are evaluated for long term exposure to the w?.ste in laboratory testing which simulates aging of the liners. A possible fourth stage of liner evaluation would include field testing of a small number of liner typos which proved suitable basc?d on the three-staged evaluation noted above. The level of detail associated with liner evaluation provided in thI report would correspond to the first of the three stager-. '. above. Stage II of the study involving the laborat rograrame would correspond to the second and third ?,• . evaluation lifted above. The raajor :=.-':t«i. o£ information used in preparing the section of -h i ~ report addressing Liner compatibility include: 1. Previous studies undertaken by Pacific North Wefit Liboratori.es on Kypalon and ar.phaitic rcerebL-^nes in the presanca of simulated uresniura . tailings leachate (ref. 25, 54). Jv.lv ]3c-. .155 84I-3£lb 2. The results of testing carried out in the presence of: uranium mil), tailings provided by the suppliers of Hypalcn and high density po lye thy] IMIC . 3. The general chemical resistance information provider by liner suppliers. 4. Generally available chemical resistance of the base polymeric resins to groups or classes of chemicals (ref. 52, 53). 5. The general properties of polymeric and asphaltic liners as discussed and referenced As noted, the characteristics of the waste material to he contained is oi: prime importance in evaluating compatibility. In this case the wastes consist of uranium mill tailings with general properties as discussed in Section G.4. While the characteristics of the tailings will vary from site to site, the general characteristics which are considered particularly relevant include: i) The lime-treated tailings pond fluid initially has a pH of 1Q or 11 and is i ib«d i) Following oxidation of the sulphide p.inernls, suiphrst« rich acidic tailings porc-r.'stsr with a pH of about 2 coulc? be in contract ^i<;Ii r.he liner. July J.i-B . 156 iii) Snail concentrations of keror.ent will be prosont ir> the tailings from northern naskatchew,:)!!. There i:i also the potential for the presence of large conci'iurationi' r-i kerosene due; to accidental spills. iv) Various radionuclides will be present in the tailings and the liner would theci'iore be subjected to some radiation. 3.3.2 Polymeric Liners 8.3.2.1 General Chemical Resistance •me resistance ot various aeneric Cyprus on pojymers to general categories of ch^..iicals are presented in the form of tables throughout the literature. An example of this form of comparison, in tabular form, is presented i;. Table 8.1. The information presented in Table 3.1 corresponds to base resins and not to the final compounded liner meterial. It is important to consider the effects of various additives durincj the compounding stage of liner manufacture. Excellent resistance to a chemical by a base resin does not guarantee that the final compoi.n-j will offer the .same resistance. In the s^rna vein, if a base resin shows poor resistance to a chemical it in unlikely that compoundinq wcjli i;r.\.rov'e rosis tone.. The; type cf i:if crrr.ation prc^ontcd in Table 8.1 would thus torm a good starting point in evaluating the various bi£::> poly.v-src. The rati.TjG ir/n-l in Table 3.1 arc- v.vpl a i rea cs fellows i) Poor (D - nee of the ir.otetial in the presence, oi the ^qent is not re-'c-in'Ti- The i.vftjot vorics frcrs c.i ta:.; t rophio i' tc .Txrvcrfr degrada ii) Fair (F) - use of the? material is marginal. iii) Good (G) - ur.e of the material is acceptable at room temperature, Long terra exposure may result in rcinor loss of properties, but exposures at elevated temperatures may result in significant property loss. iv) Excellent (E) - materi.il is unaffected by the ? go n t. All of the polymeric ra ter i-ils considered in the study, with the excepti^n of polyurotharte, are presented in Table 8.1. Baued on the known nature of uranium tailings, the agents listed in Table S.I most likely to he in contact with Uie liner would inclcde diluted inorganic ..icid, Ji luted bases and acidic aalr.3. As noted in Table 8,1, all of. the liner types cons i d-.-rc-d in this utudy show excellent ct-siatance? to these agf.'p.':.s with th^ CKcopt ion .> £ TSutyl '.;'r:ich i.; rated a? r, -. ^A C.-, .- •' ,- - r- - • -1 i .-. .-;.*• , .-> ^ J J 1 ..••-..•» 1 -. - ,. •- .- . ,» > „ , ^ .. - ». \. , . 1 ... -, .^ -,-.'.-.•-- * ^ i. * 1 . ^- * •-, d , . 1 v . )l. i I t • 1 • , s v> A ^ -.1 «- • - '^ 1-- 1 i •>*-»» \* > »x> MW A J*7 «. I ^ I ,UL vn i ch 1 s no ted as goc'.• f •.• QoteSa? AssocSeias o u i y L -J 6 4 i 3 i hydrocarbons .isiocidtcd w; Lh ke:obcno, ail of <_::..> liners show poor resistance vitn the exception of polyethylene which is rated iia £a\i. It should b'j notivJ tii.» L t!it of the linings at least in the short term. Similar information to that presented in Table 8.1 has been reviewed tot polyurethane . Based on the review of the information it has been noted that urethane resin has poor resistance to hydrocarbons; fait to poor resistance to inorganic acids; pooc to yood resistance to bases; and good to excellent resistance to salts. based on the general review of the chemical resistance of the base resins presented above it is concluded that all of the base resins, with the exception of polymethane, show promise foe long-term resistance to uranium tailings. Cautioii should, however, bo noted for Butyl and nolyethylene. • TAME 8.1 CEKHPAL CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF POLYMERIC LINER MATERIALS (RKF. 52, 53) W »T £ 9 1 M WUABS Ircr93nk 9MU*J fckftc Sotvn S*Ui ft'.n P P G G G G G G c "I C f c P P G G i t t t C I W i P P t F P t P I t I I f c P P t F P I C I t I I G E P P I F G F G t t c F c i Cvs* P P G G G C F E I I I F P P t r F-* G G F c t G P P t G 9 P C G C t t C t r P F G G t e c £ t t • 1 NOTE: * - Linar materials considered in study. o July 1984 16 colloeteJ fz'ca rsjnuf -icfcurecs and aupplier ••» of polyps, ie liners. Th« corapanie« which responded to tv-o questionnaires inclijJe Lining Materi Gundle Lining Systems Inc. - HOPE Schlegel Lining Technology Inc. - HOPE Kitersaver Company Inc. - Industrial Grade Hypalon CPE PVC The Gundle general cheaical information would indicate that the Gundle HDPr. ir. generally unaffucted by inorganic acids with the exception of chlorosulphucic acid, chromic acid and concentrated sulphuric acid; unaffected by inorganic bases and salts; and generally moderately to severely affected by hydrocarbons. The Schlegel general chemical resistance information indicates that Schlegel HOPE is satisfactory in ths presence of most acids with the noticeable exception of concentrated acetic acid, butylic acid, chromic acid, hydrof IOUE: IC acid, nitric (oxidizing scid) and sulphuric acid ( ')8 per cent concentration); most sulphides with the notable exception o£ calcium sjiphide; and all sulphates testod. Schleanl HOPE would b« eyp^?ctftd to bq aftectcci by most hydrocarcor.s. BaK*ti on a :evie-» o£ the oeneral chsraical rosistance c'^t'i auppliod by Watercsvet for Hypalon and CPE. the S'olicwinq Cil-3315 general conmants are made related to chenical resistance evaiufiteij ay xt.-mi.hion tosciny and WMuunnq weight gains after Gl days of testing: i) Hypalon was relatively unaffected by 3 and 3 0 per cent so Hit ion of sulphuric acid ii) CPE was effected by the 3 per cent solution of sulphuric acid iii) Hypalon showed superior resistance to sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. iv) all are significantly affected by kerosene at 108 per cent concentration !".'C •.-•" =•.•.= Ivz-trf by ~.zzr.z cf iaz:.±zz.i~i. L^wi..^ Zoc 28 days with chemical resistance measured in terms of weight loss. The Watersavec data »*ould indicate that of the chemicals or agents likely to be encountered in tailings, PVC was affacted significantly by concentrated sulphuric acid but remained relatively unaffected by a 10 per cent solution of sulphuric acid and concentrated sodium chloride. The other acids used to evaluate PVC in the Watersaver information included acetic, hydrochloric and nitric acius. PVC was affected significantly by concentrated nitric -scid. a.3.2.2 Resistance to Uranium Tailings Based on a :»viaw of Xitctature and conversations with cepraas»nt&tiv^s of the? liner industry, it it co»clu«J*-"d that to £<»tfc Pacific Bor tl>w«*st LiiboEci'coc ierji (C'biL) have ess. July l5»U IC2 out the most detailc-d laboratory evaluations of polymeric awbrsnas in tha pccronce or a sirjulacwi actuic ct^uiuii tailings le.ochate ""' "* . A FKL study completed in September 198 3 evaluated the performance of 3 Kypalon '-.tropic in r.rt exposure column in which aging was simulated by subj?fcting tha liner sample to increased temperature, elevated oxygen partial pressures and low pH. The Hypalon was evaluated in terms of effect on perroeability and the exposure coluran test results indicated an increase in permeability of from about 6 x 10 -10 centimetres per second to 2 x 10 centimetres per second for an exposure time of about 65 days. Oxygen partial pressures during the test varied from 0 to 100 kilopascals, r>R varied from 1.8 to b.9 and test temperatures wete held o for the most part at slightly above 50 C. The Hypalon periaeability of the materials tested including asphalt, asphalt/rubber, catalytic asphalt, bentonite, and natural Additional testing presently underway at PNL includes evaluation of HDPE and PVC membranes in the presence ot simulated acidic uranium tailings leachate where pH is held at 2 to 2.5 and controlled by addition of concentrated sulphuric acid . To date, esposure periods of vp to 29 years have repottedly bean simulated by aging tha sample in the lflachate at 78 C for 18 weeks . The liners ace being evaluated in terms ot fchic^near,f density, tensile x cJon-gstiors, shear strength of. ~^.".fn"f »n<3 t«» and di f fetent i i) Aging reactions ver-a not detected io th«i HOPE snd physical properties wece not adversely changed during exposure to the simulated acidic leachute. ii) Insufficient data was produced to draw conclusions concerning PVC although some chemical changes in the PVC were noted and there was a 19 per cent decrease in the strain measured at failure in the most aged sarnie. Tensile strength and tear resistance wei--- unaffected, puncture resistance declir.cr! significantly and seam strength remained relatively unaffected. In addition to the test information noted above, some of the liner suppliers/manufacturer's provided tev.t data associated with liner compatibility testing in the presence of uranium tailings leachate or "nuclear waste liquid". The results of the testing are presented in Appendix D. The materials tested included industrial grode Hypalon supplied by Watersaver snd high darsaity poly«.:thylena supplic-J by GunalG a no 3oiilt;qel. A Review of the results s£ tise tes'ciny supplied by the liner suppliers would ^nSicate that tba Hypalon and HOPE tested cemaineci relatively unchanged ia the pror**nce of the wastes or that any changes recoedec: - i:<" within accept&Dle limits. In all cases th 0.3.2,3 Koaiyfc.v.p.ctt to Radiation In gantcal, palyresi: ic ra.sfc'srialaar e atfectc-d by both charc?s The effect of gamma radiation on physical properties of a number of liners is presented in Table 8.2 , based on radiation levels thousands of times greater than encountered in uranium tailings. Seven of the liners considered in this study, PVC, HOPE, EPDM, Butyl, Neopreue, CSPE, and CPE, are included in Table 8.2. Based on the information in the following conclusions are drawn: i) In terms of the modulus at 28C3 per cent elongation, Neoprene, HDPE, PVC and EPDM were least affected by gaiwna radiation. CPE and Hypalon showed the largest increases ^nd butyl the largest decrease in modulus. ii) In terms of the effect of gamma radiation on tensile strength, EPDM remained relatively unchanged; CPE, Hypalon and HDPE showed increases, Neoprene and PVC SIIOWOG decreases as did Butyl, which aiso tended to :V July 19 84 • 165 C4.'.-3!U5 iii) In tarns of the effects on eicniation, SPDM Keoprene and HOPE were the least affectad, while Kyp&iou, Butyl, FVC, snu CPE reduced elongation in descending order. However, at higher exposures Butyl tended to degrade while the others generally did not. iv) Overall, it i3 considered that HDPE demon- strated the least adverse a££ects, followed closely by Hypalon and EP^M. CPE follows next on the scale due to relatively poorer performance in terms of elongation and then Neoprene due to reduction in tensile strength. PVC followed by Butyl 3how._d the most adverse reaction to exposure to gamma radiation. TABLE 8.2 EFFECT OF GA?TA_St?.EI&TION ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIED OF SELECTED POLYMERIC I'"!! (illZF. 2 !J ) High Tensity Black Infilled _Pj XLPi tin SEII £PDN EPH Butyl Silicon* Keoprene 200" M)J'.ii'.;i, 2415 1000 1767 12S0 589 1033 730 520 859 930 CO 5 Tsnsil.- Ur.:?.;, psf 26 Dl 2213 2C45 2272 1520 1443 672 798 1191 2544 2113 2t ;o 200 640 270 KO • 160 470 300 450 25D 5SQ 5CC i £ 5 s !0^ 81 95 125 96 100 100 116 103 7S 1C7 IIS 1C1 5 * 55 98 M5 102 121 94 *?7 69 112 103 15S 152 5 s i°10,J- • 103 150 120 * •• 98 ICO 203 > 1 a - • S5 <• < • • •• ••• - - - Ten-: ;!!(? SWnr.'.h, '; Reientioii ST'." T'ai - 5 a 1.0 96 122 102 98 104 101 96 76 104 IK 112 5 x i ol- &3 96 IK' 97 IOC 97 10S 56 100 98 113 S3 S J io, 61 123 101 70 82 93 119 •• 100 77 124 135 1 i; 10t! lie 95 59 40 79 90 •• ••• A'TTcr • Vr 5 x 10;' 100 103 104 90 93 ill 96 93 107 95 39 55 s » so!: 80 103 96 95 9b 102 81 B7 90 93 -.5 63 40 • 43 58 70 «7 41 34 46 59 IB 1 J x SO ' 2 37 25 33 32 26 ••• rei'eti;n \z* i: - for ^sic f S x 100 , 5 * 100 , andd 5 x 100 , ccbalt-6ccbat60 source w«l used (Q*,TCW » 1.17 to (.3?? &•! , it j (Sa-.e nie of 5 x IO5 5 rach/h). For erposun- cf 1 x 1088 ,E Research a Englr.ecrlnEll Cj Cupcy''s (n iir «.ic WUT WS ujc-d, wit'i t:-,e ^;."s disc r*te *i *bove. s t:\-n ZCD- U's.v,t?v Cue to chtfn scissions) Additional infornatioi-. pertaining to the effects of radiation en poiyncric lining nateriala revic-wad for this (56) stu-ly includes inlocraation from Kays (1978 J and from (57) Schlegel Lining Tochnololgy Kavs suggests that polyrasric liners generally will absorb 10 18 ergs of energy per gram of lining material before they are destroyed. Uranium ores release relatively low amounts of energy, in the 190 ergs per gram of lining material per hour range. Based on the above assumptions a time to destruction of 11,800 years is predicted Technical information provided by Schlegel suggests that the mechanical properties of polyethylene change at a i a radiation dose of about 1« r?ds. For a period of 10fcO years this would correspond to 27333 rads per day and for radiation averaging 0.5 Mev a radioactive concentration of 10 •aboutC»7 2) Ci/L would be required to produce a dose of 10 rads . This activity is several orders of magnitude higher than would be expected in the uranium tailings considered in the study (se« Section 6.4). Based on the above discussion related to the effect3 of radiation on polymeric liners^ it would appear that the polytaers addressed in this study and in particular HDPf:, Hypalon, CPE, EFDM and Neoprene are reasonably resistant to the medium t»rrr. effects of radiation {IS's of years). There ia, liowavet, insufficient inforrc.-stian to provide even preliminary coteraenfcs on the effects of long terra (i.e. of ye«i:s3) exposure fco Eok July 1934 168 841-3^15 3.3 Asphaltic Liners 8.3.3.1 General Chemical Resistance There is significantly leas published information available related to the geaecji.. chemical resistance of aaphaltic membranes than for polymeric membranes. In ocder to address general chemical resistance, reference is .nade to Section 5 cf this report. Based on information summarized in Section 5 and the anticipated uranium mill tailings environment to which the asphaltic membrane would be exposed, the following comments are considered applicable; i) Asohalt in aeneral has excellent resistance to inorganic acids. ii) Asphalt is resistant to mineral salts and alkalies up to concentrations of 33 per cent in solution. iix) Asphalt can be attacked by microbes if not protected by biocides. fe•'••a iv) Asphalt has poor resistance to hydrocarbons. It is soluble in solutions of 5 per cent .-* hydrocarbons. Ths above comments associated with the chemical resistance of asphalt would suggest that, in general, asphalt is resistant to the chemicals and ag&nf-.s anticipated in the tailings environment with the exception of concentrations of er"j. Hcwevr-r, as noted in Section 5, son>.e of the July 19S4 169 841-31515 rubbers used in anphait/rjbber compounds tnav be susceptible (215) to acid attack . This would appear r^t to be the case (43) for SDR/asphalt compounds 8.3.3.2 Resistance to Uranium Tailings The only known testing carried out to evaluate the effects of acidic uranium tailings leachate on asphaltic membranes has been conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL). ' The nature of the simulated tailings i leachate which had a pH of 1,5 to 2.0 is described in J- Section 5. ] i An initial screening of catalytic airblown asphalt and .' acphAih/rnHhor momhr^nes was rsrripd out in exoosure columns dt elevated temperatures and partial oxygen pressures to ; (25) ; simulate aging . The liners were evaluated in terms of permeability testing which indicated that the catalytic : -10 airblown asphalt had permeabilities ranging from 1 x 10 , to 1 x 10 centimetres per second. Based on these test I cesults an anticipated field liner permeability of 7 x 10 % centimetres oe: second was predicted. Permeabilities of 1 " -8 -6 \ oetween 5 x 10 centimetres per second and 5 x 10 5 centimetres per second were measured for the asphalt/rubber j membrane following 65 days of exposure. The relatively high j permeability was considered to be associated with tears at | the edge of the membrane caused by deflating the subsidence | bladder in the column. ^ J rt the catalytic airblown asphalt using the simulated acidic Ji Morleachate detailee noted d accelerateabove at dp K testin1,5 tgo «2.50 als• 'o. carrieTlie accelerated out o:i d %5 testing was carried out through the use of increased *| 1 July 19S4 170 B41-3G15 temperatures ar.c o>;yr-r»n concentrations. Theoretical o determinations indicated that for every increase of 10 C, the reaction rate increased by a faccor of 2.3. The effect of temperature increase and the increased exyjsa concentration.-) ^ece considered to have produced an equivalent aging effect of 7 years over a 3 month period. Ic was aloo considered Lhat increased acidity nsd little effect on aging. The results of the testing indicated that during the 3 month exposure, aging reactions of the asphalt i membrane were limited to a penetration of the asphalt surface of only 10 to 40 m which amounted to 3.1 to 8.5 per cent of the total membrane thickness. By extrapolation, PNL suggested the asoh«ltic membrane had a lifetime in excess of (41) 1000 years . More extensive testing would be required ho 8.3.3.3 Resistance to Radiation PNL estimated the effect of gamma radiation on asphalt liners by assuming a surface source for the tailings abo e the liner was given by the relationship: 1/2 SV where: s = surfaca source SV = volume source f . = relaxation length 1 The volume source used in the exposure calculation was considerably higher than would b« expected frcra the uranium tailings. The anticipated absorbed energy from gamma radiation over a 10K0 year period was i(? rac". A. circular sample of each of the asphalt Iinecs considered in the study ?. (•-.:•• •'•- "J f Julv l':-2< 171 R-t 1-3215 iuir, i rr.*oi-u-. ••» ? point source of ccbiit-60 with 10 r-?< -if. l:io C.'O-L-'», >'.'.? r.o phvoicil asU-ct.; wc::ti (.!;>ocved on the 1 lner rnati>r : .•>. t 8.4 Fjii 1 HLllJi'^-iilllisms three major categories nH linec or dara seepage barrier failure discussed in the following paragraphs are physical, cherr.ical, and bioLogical. 8.4.1 Physical Failure I) pu.,eture ii) tear iii) abras ion iv) cracking v) over s r rossi ng vi) creep Tiie first threa liy^os o£ physical failures listed above are grr/<-rally associated with installation or operational c-^age to the liner by equipment, vandals, wildlife or piantlife. It i.'s anticipated that caceCul base preparation, care during installation ^nd the prevision of an a<3«=ci2ate soil cover as discussed in Section 7 would minimize (.-.he potential for these occurrences. Sterilization of! the subgrnde psior to liner system installation and chemical a. physical barriers to bur~owit>q animals and mammalc would clc;o reduce potential I for these types of phvsical daroage. j } XT£ Julv I9S4 17 2 841-3015 Cracking, not associated with adverse chemical reaction or resistance, would usually be related to climatic {notably ozone), ultra-vioiet and temperature effects. It is anticipated that the soil cover will reduce climatic effects but sections of the basin liners in slopes (and dams) not covered by substantial depths of soil or tailings would still be subjected to thermal stresses and ffreeze-thaw cycles possibly also aggravated by wet-dry cycles. It is considered that all of the liners, asphalt in particular, are susceptible to cracking due to climatic effects and cyclic environmental loadings even when provided with nominal soil cover. K -ii Overstressing and creep failures would generally be related r~ to containment facility operation. For example, under 1 substantial depths of: tailings, deformations of susceptible subgrades could occur in pcoportion to their compressibility and the applied surcharge. Liners must be sufficiently flexible to *cca.nnoil-jte these deformations. In addition, whets abrupt differential or shear deformations occur under loading due to abrupt changes in subgrade and/or basin .1 geometry, rapture of the liner duo to overstressiug is a i potential failure mechanism. This type of failure -mechanism is particularly relevant for the northern Canadian environment considered in this study where .significant changes in bedrock surfaces occur over very short distances F-4 and where depressions often contain peat or other highly compressible organic material. Under these circumstances it **ould be necy»s^cy to subexcovatc and replace tha more compressible raateirials prior to liner installation since it is considered that eveo flexible membranes cannot, in gansral, withstand the larga potential strains. The ability m July 1384 173 §41-3815 I { of the liner to tolerate these movements will be a function | of the liner thickness ana flexibility at th2 discontinuity § ? relative to (.-.he magnitude of deformation. r,>;e to f » resistance botwee?!. the tailings/:;oil cover/1 irser/subgrace ;| • system it is doubtful whether significant areas of the liner J I beyond the zones of deformation would contribute to liner | I resistance to failure through elongation. 3 Liner materials placed on slopes and within dams would be | subjected to shear stresses as tailings consolidate. Similar concerns are applicable where soil cover is provided I over a liner on an overly steep slope. Slopes must be * designed to provide a balance bfetween shear stresses applied r at th? •-*'1 »"""/rover/liner interface and shear resistance I available at the liner/unJesrpad/subgrade interface to i minimize shear failure. In a similar vein, while applied J 1 shear stresses on slopes may not reach levels required for | shear failure, applied stresses should be suitably below [ peak strength so that creep of the soil-liner system is precluded. It is considered that soil-liner systems on ' slopes are susceptible to long terra creep failure under relatively high applied shear stresses. As an additional precaution liners should always be provided with a suitable i underdrainage system in slopes and in dams to preclude the 1 detrimental effects of reduced effective sttess and thus I shear resistance due to excess pore pressure development in i the zone immediately beneath the liner. 1 Other sections of this repoct have assumed that tailings ' basin side slope? and dam membranes will be constructed at 3 horizontal to 1 vertical and that the granular iinec underpad used for illustration purposes and cost estimates July 19o4 174 641-3315 will provide sufficient liner stability. Hatinement of these details due ing the design phase will require laboratory and field tasting. Liner overstressing .n*/ *lso occur aa a result of the j generation of excess hydrostatic pressure and/or, gas \ buildup. Excess hydrostatic pressure would occur where | - local water levels are generally above the liner bottom and, ~ during operation, above the water levels within the impounded tailings. Hydrostatic pressures would be typically dealt with, either by installing a relatively extensive underdrainage and pressure relief system or by faroFni hr ot-sninn ;md Gas generation is usually associated with the degradation of -% j: * organic materials such as neat left beneath the liner. In this case an extensive under liner qas collection and venting system similar to the pressure relive system discussed above i j would b*» required. The alternative would be to resiove all organic tiateci-als and to fchpn sterilise tho subgrode. In fact, as discussed previously, it is doubtful whether a thin July 1984 175 841-3fii.5 ij flexible mero'or-ane could be expected to perform "* satisfactorily when placed over peat oc oti«i;C (.oppressive •": deposits. r 8.4.2 Chemical Failure y5 Chemical failure of a liner system is very closely related |j to liner compatibility to a waste material and would 1 represent an extreme case of incompatibility. Tji? common types of chemical failure for the liners being R considered are: i\ =u«ninn *nd extraction of olasticizers from polymeric liners in the presence of waste; ii) degradation of all liner types due to exposure ; to ultra-violet light, oxygen, ozone an<3 heat. ( The node of chemical failure would likely be rupture due to j embjri ttleraent/ shrinkage, loss of scrength, loss of puncture j resistance, elongation, and/or creep and flow. ! ** Tha tendency for different liner systems to degrade due to M exposure to the elements has been reasonably well documented ; H in publications and trade literature as aiscusseii in , m Sections 4 and 5. The susceptibility of the liner types to : ^ the remaining classes of chcrcicsl f?sil«re aill depend to a > large extent on tho results of compestability testing. ; » 1 9 July I9S4 17G S41-3215 A general discussion related to the compatibility of the various li^iecs »:Lth the anticipated nature ot uranium mill tailing* wan presented in Section 8.3. 8.4.3 Biological Failure The Tiajor concern associated with biologic?! failure would , be the susceptibility of a liner system to rcicrobial attack • where the liner is damaged and its structural integrity and '•. seepage characteristics are affected. The plasticizers used in some polymeric liners such as PVC are particularly susceptible to biological attack. "''"*' nrr\nart~i •»« nf t"h«* Y\ri 1i n Sliharadt* as Well 3S the waste to be contained will require investigation if artificial liners are to be considered further. T'o-s relative resistance of the liner systems unJet consideration to biological attack nay be initially considered based on the broad and very general associated information in the lining industry literature and discussed in sections ;" \ 4 and 5. f | Biological failure can generally be considered <»s a type of £.'.H£ chemical failure due to their similarities i I iffeet on the \M mechanical pro.i^rtie.;? of the liners. ' ^•^ Mochanisms and Rat Lj.ner riegraclat ion, liner com^tibility, chemical failure and i.,^ biolcqicil failutG are closely r«l-",ted and are difficult to ^4 separate. Linec degradatioii, as well 23 compatibility of f'~3 the liner with the contained wastes, is generally addressed p^i ^••-^ in terms of effect on physical properties with time. £||' July 1384 277 841-3813 •! Liner dag racist ion is acir ibi'Labl** to •* •io^ti' of Kitchen i s «i?5 '•: K»ith the specific rcechani J, .1 d{?j>enu«nt c.i the typo cf liner kl» membrane and the rinviror~ent in which it is pl&c»J, Some? of t^ the known degradation mechanisms with bciof e jj follow: o Extraction of plasticizers. Some membranes contain v-»nsidera'ole amounts of various a plasticizecs unjMcting flexibility to the material. If the plasticizer migrates out S of the membrane, hardening of the membrane may occur. Some PVC compounds are notoriously « susceotible to this mechanism. _ o UV degradation. An exposed membrane, if not t£ properly stabilized may be subject to the damaging effect of the UV component of solar y radiation. Surface cracking is a result of UV degradation. All of the membranes would be a susceptible to a degree but asphalt, PVC and low density polyethylene would likely be the ty most susceptible. Soil cover would probably ** alleviate this concern. n E o Biological attack. Sorce components of liner ^ materials, for example plasticizers, may act *s j| nutrients for various microorganisms. If the liner docs not contain proper amounts of anti- § microbial additive, it may be subject to attack by microorganisms. Change of colour, t'rabrittle- B fflent and cracking may result. July 19E4 178 8-51-3G15 i i Ozone attack. ^o"ne elastoicera, •.-•h^ri stressed, rac»y ix»' sabj«:oc to s':ts -A', ^y cr./i i.or.ive .t?.i o':'vn<-». Surface cracking results. Special £.Jd,.ti v-- Radiation. ?olv™ieric materials aio affected by j both charged particles and ionizing radiation. I Irradiation causes increase of crosslink density t, of taaterials resulting in hardening, decrease of ? '4 the ultimate elongation and, sometimes, increase of tensile strength. i o Stress cracking. Polyethylene when subjected to r. - stress and certain ch-a-isical agents including fe detergents will develop cracks. So .<* of th. j strt-ss cracking agents will cause stress t 2C<- •. ing when ocasent at very low concentrations. } i -3 r I o Static and dynamic fatigue. Liner materials f when subjected to constant or cycling stresses s due to soil movement or temperature changes may j, •:' eventually fail. The failure may be by the \- formation of major splits OK by creation of : tnicropores and increased seepage. _ ».;". r.- attempts at predicting rates of degradation of thin momb 1:5.0*5 r. • liners have been approached from three directions: £,•. i) theoretical analyses f. ii) laboratory evaluation pJ~ iii) field testing j£ July 1584 179 841-3315 fj Tha rates of degradation of a liner material are believed to r depend on type of material, environment, stress and >"| mechanism of degradation. Teraparaturci is considered to be » significant in assessing degradation rates ecu polymeric and ™ asphalt tnesr.brarses. The effects of temperature are generally y assessed utilizing the Arrhenius equation: | dR/dt = A exp (-E/KT) a where: - dR/dt is the change in property (eg. failure stress) with respect to time 5 - A is a constant - K is the gas constant gl - T 13 absolute temperature 2 - S is activation energy ]g Similar, generalized and widely accepted relationships are presently not available for othec factors affecting Q degradation. p Pacific Horthv/est Laboratories are presently undertaking laboratory studies which include accelerated aging of ^ asphaltic and some polyroecic liners in the presence oC (25, 41) E simulated uranium tailings . Aging is simulated by ?9 increasing temperature and partial oxygen pressure or oxygen U content at the surface of the liner. The results of the accelerated testin.c are used to pcedict rafces of degradation ^ <*n&, by extrapolation, line,; life. The results of these tests have been discusse-.I e.'.sewhare In this report. i (35, 29, 7} liatrecon has caccie-o ••••-. extensive testing ot liners raosciy in the presence or I. " predict long term performance. The resuli.3 of the.se tests are widely published. There1 would appear to be relatively little- published associated with large scale field te3t programmes to evaluate rates of liner degradation under actual field [ conditions. Some information has howevsr been obtained, \ most noteably the work carried out by the USBR at the Mt. (59) Elbert Fotebay reservoir . A 6 by 30 metre test section of ceinforced CPE was installed at this site in ccder to investigate rates and mechanisms of degradation. Coupon sampling of the test section has been carried out for three years and is scheduled to continue for an additional 3 |jv years. Degradation is being assessed in terms of effects on fe physical properties. The results of the testing carried out g* after 3 years burial are presented in Table 8.3. The most rs significant observations made following 3 years exposure (59) are: i) A 9 to 15 per cent drop in Mullen burst resistance, a measure of puncture resistance. ii) Ply adhesion showing strength if CPE/Fabric/CPE bond ddneppen d by an f average 24.G per cent. j i . iii) Tha bonded seam shear strength arui ^ peel strength for the thermally bonded factory seams was 22.3 to 54.5 per cent ,' f than the original testing. ] .7uly 1984 181 841-3815 iv) The adhesive seara peel tests shewed a 10.7 pet cent drop and adhesive seac; shear strength dropped by an average of 29.9 per cent. July 1934 182 841-3015 TA3LE 8.3 NT. EILERT FO.?J?EAV RESERVOIR TSST SECTIOK RESULTS 1T.QT r^CTIOU PAMBL KO. 3 fc 36~. :oKT;t?' s cr FIXPOSURS (KSF. 59) •l«Pk«t I/O pmli 12-11 ptMlf 27-21 f ram tf •») (thtn x) Percent dJtU CllMM **** »*7 77M :":J an Z3W :":*» it»ii T»er* 355 300 -15.4 • S.3 IK) as Pty *»«*««» IKS • !i!S -1S.7 ISSJ irre -rt.S (1133-1225) (UZ5-13SS) ftoatfstf ttntP 134? £0* -w.e lizs 557 -S4.S fk«*r in) [587-S271 f«as-5«i BQ»4*4 ssea S6sa *15D -J7.4 7368 57Z3 -K.3 f*»l (K/'a) (39SJ-4270) 15*40-5150) lov tMBerjtur**- p - P F - Mhnln tatafr 1333 949 -a.i 133t 1 » - .Z25 lDf I K/ii • .0057 16f/f* <•*»•• •«-—_.. ___ f July 1984 183 841-3015 3 i , "" For the Mt. Elbert Forebay liner the major cause of drop in • '"j ohear strength was water absorption of the CPE and as a ; '•* result the scrin-CPS bond within the CPE had deteriorated j „ and was reflected in loss of mechanical propecties. Gas : tj chromatography and mass spectrometry testing o£ the CPE : following 36 months of exposure also indicated that some ! fji subtle changes in the CPE had occurred. These subtle ! changes were likely related to degradation of the polyir.er a and/or effects of water absorption. Considering the above discussion it is seen that research both in the laboratory and in the field is being carried out which addresses rate of linsr degradation. There is, however, at this timf insufficient information available to allow estimates of actual rates of > iner degradation in most wastes, including uranium tailings leachate. However, most of the flexible liners considered show reasonable cesistance to degradation in anticipated uranium tailings environment at least during periods of tir>e measured in 10' s of years. Little can be concluded in terms of periods measured in 100"s of yeirs. The exceptions and concerns would include: i) The apparent negative effects of acids on Butyl and polyurethane. ii) The PNL teat results which show simulated leachate affected PVC and asphalt/rubber ccmoounds. July 1984 184 841-3015 iii) The poorer performance of PVC and Butyl v/hen subjected to high levels of gairw.a cv'S "..'i; Loii, i.v) The apparanfcly significant effects tf water absorption by CPE on some physical properties and in particular the scrim-CPE bond at the Mt. Elbett test section. July 19SM 185 841-3015 9• REStJLT." OF IMPUS7RY SURVEY During earlier evaluation studies carried out for t'ne liner industry a detailed list of producers, manufacturers, (66) fabricators and installation contractors was prepared . The list is included with this report as Appendix C. It should be noted that this list was compiled in 1981 and is not entirely current. Specific changes of which we are aware are as follows: i) Gundle Plastics, Inc., Dallas changed to Gundle Lining Systems Inc* vjuuui.6 KO&U 1340 East Richey Road ' -. Houston, Texas 77373 ii) Gundle Lining Systems Ltd. 301-255 1st Street West North Vancouver, British Columbia V7M 3G8 iii) Synflex Industries, Inc., Vancouver are no longer in business. Or, the basis of &ppcn<3ix Ct a number of companies were c ...'aoted by telephone and in writing and were requested to :". in for nation package on iicec products. The q w^.; o^.--^ted to a total of IS companies as identified in Appendix D-l. To date 5 of these companies have responded and a summary of the information provided is included in Appendix D-2. July 1S84 186 84.V-3S15 Based on discussions with the suppliers, representatives o£ the National i;r.anii:rn Tailings Program, and colleagues, a list of liner users was compiled (Table 9.1). A questionnaire was forwarded to these users (Appendix E-l). The completed questionnaires are presented in Appendix E-2, and the results are summarized on Figure 6. The liner users were grouped in three categories as noted below. Also noteC is the response to date. NO. OF NO. OF INSTALLATION'S REPLIES North American Uranium Mining Industry 17 7 Canadian Mining Industry 8 5 {excluding uranium) Othar Installations 9 5 TOTAL 34 17 The results of this survey, based on quest-.ionr>?.iros, r^ay be briefly suntnariced as follows: 1. Liner materials employed ace HiPALON, PVC, HOPE, EPDrt, CPE/ and Asphalt, with HVPALOM being the most enm July 1934 187 841-3B15 2. The largest single installation is f.t^ Elbert Forebay, Twin Lakes, Colorado where more than 1 million square iretres of CPE was installed. 3. All installations are reported to be operating successfully. It should also be noted, however, that most of the liners have only been installed within the last 5 years. 4. While many of the installations have monitoring systems in place, sufficiently detailed information to derive liner defects and release rates either does r.a* o»io(- or hxsi not boon prnui I1CK3 with 5. The most frequently mentioned problems relate tn installation fiiffioulties due to wind, rain, and cold temperatures. 6. There is no reported indication of chemical incompatibility between the liner and the waste. Wo do not regard our survey of users as being statistically representative to a significant confidence level. The number of installations surveyed is small and to date only half of them have replieJ. Furthermore, the majority of the installations surveyed have been identified by the liner suppliers; it is reasonable that they would direct us to successes rather than failure1?. Finally, as has been oar lice noted, most cf the case histories aro less than 5 years old; that is not « sufficient life span to start projecting 10(38 year TABLE 9.1 LINER USER SURVEY O-U-JJOlb CATEGORY I URANIUM MINING INDUSTRY - NO? TH AMERICA INSTALLATION LIH^B TYPE SIZE IOCATICW OWNER YEAR COtiTACT Evaporation Ponds PtfC/CPS 5.5x10 ft Bluewat-.er (Grants) Anaconda Mr. M. Stirlai-.d lor procss.s New Mexico Minerals Company Grants leachate 6 2 HYPALQM 3.8x.lO ft Bluewater (Grants) Anaconda Kr. M. Sttilaad N'aw Mexico Minerals Cotrpany Gr t:;ts Tailings Calls PVC 2.2x10 ft White Mesa Uranium Energy Fuels Kr. D.K. Sj-arling Mill Nuclear Inc. Bl^ndin:; Blar.ding, Utah i* UraiUura Tailings HYPALON 6.5x10 ft Canon City, CoU-rado Cotter Corporation 1978 Mr. Tim Sat.th Pond Vakcwcod Denver, Colorado Mobil Alternate Kr. W..\. Sv.Gln- t Leaching Pad- Energy Inc. grat-er, Oeiivr.r PVC/CPF. 6x10 ft Grants, New Mex:.co Kerr McGee CO Kr. W.J. S'.clloy O3 ( Unknown Oklahn-a City ) Unknown BYPALON ft Grants, New Hex.'.co Kerr McG6e Mr. H.J. S ;clley )* Uranium Tailings HiPALON 2.5x10 ft Sweetvater Co., Minerals Explora- 19S0 Mr. Ton Clir.c Wyoming tion ) Jranium Tailings HDP3 2.8x10 ft Uravan, Colored> Union Carbide 19B0 Kr. R.O. Eavarly Gi.-.r.d Junction ) Water Reservoir KDPE 7.9xlO5 ft2 Key Lake, Key Lake 19S3 Di. Bsrnie f--.-sr.er and Word to zing Saskatchewan Mining Co. Ponfis Director 4 2 .)* Tailings Paai Oil ilesis- 2.8xl0 ft Dam No. 1 Denison Mines 1979 Gcldar Asociatca I Harabranes ta.it PVC William Lake Limited Tailings Manage,i*ant O Area, Elliot Late Ontario KOTE: * - Quastionnaire Returned. mm 041-3015 TABLE 9.1 (Continue!) CATEGORY I (Continued) * ! INSTALLATION LIKFR TYPE SIZE LOCATIOI OWNER YEAH 6 O a. ii)* Ur«niiiaTai.lir,ga K0PS/2f'DM 1.22x10 ft Ford, Washing on Dawn Mining Co. 1981 Kr.. Bob Kelson, Pond • Alloy Ford, w.ishiivjton 5 ii)* Tailings D.vra HYIALON 5.7xlO ft Panel Tailing! Area, Rio Algom 1978-79 Goldar Rs-< ciatoa Elliot Lake, Ontario 6 2 J.v)* TaiUng3 Ponds 3.9x10 ft Spokane, Indian Be- Western Nuclear 1977-79 Mr. ton Ki;oshi servation, Washington Inc. Kellpinit, Wash. xv)* Tailings D.im KVPALCt) ixlO5 ft2 Dam 10 Denison Mines 1971-72 Goldor A3sociatos Elliot Lake, Ontario rvi) Lcachata Coll«c- FVC 1.2x10 ft Acjnew LaXe ninesnines,, Kerr Addison 1S75-78 tion pa3 b-iief.th Espanola, Ont-:irio ore fitoc on fii) Various New Mexico Mew Mexico EIO MIBS Kaxinj Goad Radiation Pro- Stnte Fe tection Bureau HOTS: * - Questionnaire Returned. i o TABLE 9.1 (Continued) 641-301S CATEGORY II MINING INDUSTRY CAI1AJA Jul y ; T-NSTVLLVION LIKSR TYPE SIZE LOCATiaj OWNER YEAR cctrr;, rr o ! 4 2 i) Unknown Hi'PALOM 6xlO ft Vancouver, B.C. Rio Algom 1979 a. • 6 2 t) Gyp&uoi Sludga HDP2 1.23X10 ft Fort Saskatchewan, Sherritt Gordon 1962 Kr. In^o ^Ir.txnls Pond Alberta Mines Ltd. (403) 9»S-t.3'i4 i) failings PVC 2150m long Datour Lake, Oitario Detour Lake 1902 Dam Kembxana Joint Venture 4 2 i rv)* Tailings Ci'E 3.75xl0 ft Copper Cliff, Ont- Inco 1977 Mr. E. Ar;v'.tt Dam Manfcranc ario Coppor Cliff 5 2 V)* Brine Storage KDP2 8.6xlQ ft Rocanvilla, Potash Corp. 1982 Mr. Morris Ennia Saskatchewan of Saskatchewan 1993 Easkatooc 4 2 *). Tailings PVC 7xlO ft Falconbridga, Falconbridge 1970 Mr. R.S. "SoLatch: Ddsa Kosairsrie Cfritario Mines °! Brine Dikes H'/FALCK Small Colonsay, Central Canada 1981 J.D. 'wile 111 " Ci?E Saskatchewan Potash 1992 Colonaay 4 2 Li)* Brine Storage HVFALOM 5.5xl0 ft Saskatoon, Potash Corp. of 1976 HO. Dr»\T J:iKe Saskatchewan Saskatchewan HOI'S: * - Questionnaire Returned a.. ' • i O ' t-*, in "'•/^".T^1^ r^iT"- i co ma: ESSJ $ac:3 ESS ETJS EJ&3 si&a TABLE 9.1 (Continued) CATEGORY III 841-3015 HAZAP-'XWS KASTE STORAG J u INSTALIATICN LINER TYPE SIZE LOCA ?ION OWNER YEAR CONTACT i) Landfill HDPS 2.6xlO5 ft2 Williemaburj, Ohio Clennont Environ- 1932 mental Reclamation Co. Landfill HOPS Modol City, New York SCA Chemical Mr. Pad Latki Services Hodel City iii)* Evaporation Fondg HDPS 2.9x10 ft Pawnee Powni Station Public Service 1979 Kr. Poy Henderson Flya3h Ponds Brush, Coloiddo Corp. of Colorado 19SO iv) Various Waste ASPHALT Hcrrisvillc, Perm. Waste Managsirent Mr. Gaty Brown InetsJ.lation Inc. 4 2 Hi v)* Brina Pond HDPf. Chevron, Canada 1932 R.C« Ec'lund l 1.3x10 ft Fort Saskatchewan Calgary AXberta vi) Brine Por>d Rodwater, Alberta Procor Limited 5 2 vii)* Brina Ponds and ASPHALT, Allied Chemical 1966 Colder As.<»ocia .58 » 6.6x10 ft Amherstburq, Chemical Storage E'PDH to Ontario Limited Lagooin 1981 viii) Water Reservoir CPS 12.6x10 ft Kt. Elbert rorobay U.S.B.R. I960 Publia! sd Pepe a Forebfly Twin Lakes, Colorado ix)* Brino Pond PVC 3.2xlO5 ft2 Fort Saskatchewan Dome Petroleum 1981 Dennis W. Hube-- £ HyPALGtJ ni Ji'.iy 1984 192 841-3315 10. RELEASE HECHAUISMS AND RATES 10.1 Release ttschaninrns The mechanisms by which contaminant Clow and seepage occurs through thin flexible polymeric and asphaltic membranes are: i) Fluid passage through the intact membrane by diffusion under vapour pressure differ- ential, osmosis due to chemical gradients, and absorption due to polymer and asphalt , .,. (14, 60) solubility u . ii) Fluid flow through defects including pifjholes, punctures, tears, poor seams, or otherwise damaged portions of the liner. Mechanism ii) above is the most significant in terms of liner field performance and seepage quantity. It is also very difficult to quantify. Similarly, predicting flow through intact linar materials (release mechanism i) is also difficult to quantify. The resistance of a geomembrane to fluid flow is typically discussed in terms of hydraulic conductivity or pemeability. The mschanism by which fluids pass through membranes is different from the mechanism by which fluids pass through soils and Darcy's law does not generally apply. Further., the hydraulic conductivity of small laboratory specimens cannot be measured . Values for liner psrmeabilxcy quoted in the literature are generally based on perm rating or the amount of water vapour that passes through cne lining July 1984 ' 193 841-3015 under a vapour pressure differential at constant temperature. Permeability basod on a conversion from perm (14) rating is not strictly correct It is convenient to evaluate permeability of geomembranes using coefficients originally defined for soils. Further, apparent field or global hydraulic conductivity which includes the effects of defects is considered to be a reasonably valid concept. For a given hydraulic head, a given liner thickness and area, and a known seepage quantity over a period of time, the flow through tha liner can be described in terras of coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity with units of length per unit time. To remain consistent, for discussion purposes, the term tjeirmeaL/ili <_^ will be uaeo to aescriDe cne rate at which seepage occurs through the liner. The equivalent permeability of an intact polymeric or asphaltic liner, accurately determined, would be extremely low; probably lower than 10 centimetres per second for -10 most polymerics and lower than 18 centimetres per second for asphaltic liners. Where permeabilities for polymerics -9 as high as 10 centimetres per second and for asphalt as high as IB centimetres per second are quoted in the literature it is likely that these values either represent flaws in sample, leak?of? in the test apparatus or an attempt by the author to predict field or apparent liner permeability. IP.? Release P.atas Estimates of i«)«»;»««» r«*7^s or ths gusntity cf seepage which flow3 through a lin«c may be mad« using generally accepted July 1984 194 8*1-3815 flow equations. Information required includes knowledge of the global or apparent permeability of the installed liner and the hydiogeology of the impoundment site. As noted ths permeability of the liner is largely dependent on the type and density of liner defects and consequently, is specific to liner, installer and site. If a perfect liner system without defects were possible then seepage quantities based on hydraulic conductivities in the order of -12 -10 10 and 10 centimetres per second or lower for polymeric and asphaltic liners, respectively, could be expected. It is not reasonable, however, to assume that over large areas of liner installation (tens of hectares) a perfect liner could be constructed. Nevertheless, occurrence of defects ca« hs greatly reduced Dy carefully following construction procedures outlined in Section 7, since most serious defects occur during installation and go undetected. It is also known that some liners by their nature would tend to have more flaws than others, sprayed-on asphalt liners for example are susceptible to variable rates of application and discontinuities and for single applications relatively higher field permeabilities would be anticipated. Polymeric liners because they are manufactured are of generally uniform thickness but are susceptible to field seam flaws due to the great lengths of seams required. Inspections and testing during installation is, however, more readily .carried out for polymeric liners and for this reason it should ba possible to construct a relatively intact polymeric liner. A rational approach to evaluating apparent or field liner y*sLitnstxlji 1 i ties is through detailed monitor in 7 of existing installations and back calculating apparent permeabilities July 1984 195 841-3015 H based on measured seepage volumes, known hydraulic heads, J liner thicknesses and liner areas. In this way the -^CCf-cts ••-? of both the waste on the liner and liner defects can be iJ evaluated. Relatively small scale laboratory testing would ,_ typically only evaluate the effect of the leachate on liner i4 permeability usually due to swelling. For the purpose of this study an attempt was made to collect this type of S3 m information in order to evaluate field permeabilities. However, as noted in Section 9 and Appendix E insufficient § information was collected. This is a promising approach and is worth pursuing in more detail. "* In order to estimate seepage losses from uranium tailings n impoundment sites for the purpose of this study it will be u£ necessary to rely on published information for liner permeability and to attempt a rational increase in the value h to account for unavoidable flaws. Consideration is also given to field hydraulic conductivities reported by B? (14, 60) ri others . For a polymeric liner with a defect free & -12 equivalent permeability of I x 10 centimetres per second, p it is considered reasonable to assume that installed permeability should not be significantly higher than 1 x -IB m 19 centimetres per second assuming that the liner has U been properly selected, designed, installed and inspected. A «-, similar estimation for installed permeability of asphalt is iji mote difficult. An installed permeability of 1 x 10 centimetres per second has been selected for asphalt for |* purposes of analysis and to demonstrate the rolat'vn effects of liner psrrseability ors release rates. Site hydrogeolcgy is significant in that it will dictate the 55 nature and rate of seepage flow and ccntcminant transport ® from the underside of liner to the groundwater system. Flow July 1984 196 841-3015 models which consider the nature of flow beneath tailings impoundments «nd take into account criteria such as unajiturated flow, movement of the wetting front, position of the phreatic surface, and saturated flow following (61) groundwater mounding have been presented by others 10.3 Elliot Lake For the typical Elliot Lake sites described in Sections 6 and 11 and shown on Figures 7 to 10, it is anticipated that significant hydrogeological and topographical conditions may be summarized as follows: i) Groundwater levels in topographical lows would typically correspond to p^r^d ox lake levels- ii) Groundwater levels in adjacent valley walls would typically correspond to or be above lake level. iii) The soil immediately underlying the liners would typically have permeabilities at least 4 orders of magnitude (10,000 times) higher than tha liner thus allowing the assumption that steady state flow conditions prevail. iv) Maximum height of tailings (and pore fluid) is 22 metres; average height is 11 metres. 6 v) Araa of tailings basin 232 hectares (2.32 x 13 ffi ) July 1984 137 841-3815 vi) Representative permeability of tailings '"• 1 x 13 centimetres per second. p» vii) Tailings would be located in a recharge area tJ with water levels typically 11 metres above ~ the base of the basin liner (see Section 6) H and 11 metres belo-. the tailings surface. 5 Based on the results of the analyses presented or. figure 12 the following comments may be made: § i) Seepage frcr.: an uniined basin is computed IS to be 232 litres per second. Mora rigorous 6 analyses for actual tailings b»sms pj have indicated substrntially lower U seepage volumes due to more favourable hydrogeologi'Tal conditions than those assumed H for the model. This numer is Celt to be significant, not in absolute terms, but in |! evaluating tha effect of liners on seepage reduction. S ** ii) Based on conditions shown on Figure 12 an p asphalt membrane 8 millimetres (315 mils) thick would reduce seepaga from the impound- m'»nt by about 40 per cent from'the condition where no liner is present beriuath the tailings. iii) k pojyp-'jcic icQBibrane 1.5 millimetres (60 mils) thick would reduce- seepage from the itspound- kavrHw ujr luCCe titcin jv p£r C£iT*t f«TC«u t«»G condition where no liner is present. ff Tuly 1934 198 841-3215 IS.4 Southeastern Athabasca The typical southeastern Athabasca site is described in Sections 6 and 11. The anticipated significant hydrogeological an£ topographical conditions may be summarized as follows: (i) Groundwater levels near ground surface. (ii) Steady state flow conditions. (iii) Average thickness of tailings (and pore fluid) is 4.5 metres. (iv) Area of tailings basin 36 hectares (0.36 x 18 square metres). (v) Representative permeability of tailings' 1 x 13 centimetres per second. (vi) Tailings would be in a recharge area with water levels typically below the base of the tailings basin. Based on the results of the analyses presented or. Figure 13, the following comments may be rnad.e: i) Seepage from an unlined basin is computed to bs 36 litres pec vii On COiavJ i c AAOMO S ShGWH Oi> ITl^UCO +* 3? asphalt membrane 8 millimetres (315 mils) * • u - July 1984 199 841-3015 thick would reduce seepage from the impound- inent by about 68 per crerit from the condition where no liner is present beneath the tailings. iii) A polymeric membrane 1,3 millimetres (60 mils) rhick would reduce seepage from the impound- ment by more than 9b per cent from the condition where no liner is present. I ! r? s is p< July 1984 200 841-3G15 11. LINKR COS'i'S ii.l Elliot Lake 11.1.1 General f '• '. I: Consistent with the terms of reference, liner and related costs have been estimated for the containment of 20 years of uranium wastes. The costs are based on producing 2.27 million kilograms (5 million pounds} of I) o . Assuming a low grade mineralogy (0.1 per cent of U 0 ), similar to 3 8 Elliot Lake, the 20 year operation would produce 37 million rnbic mpt-r^s of tai lings. ti-.v Tha Quirke tailings basin of Elliot Lake has been chofen as j typicai for this study and is outlined on Figure 7. Total ! •; area of this basin is 2.32 million square metres. Costing i; '. is based on draining the laKe, constructing dams as £"v¥•'•'•£= indicated on Figure 7, and filling the basin to a maximum pj^ depth of about 22 metres and an average depth of about 11 metres over the 28 year project life. '* Only the rrajor components of cost have been included in this analysis. While the unit prices used are based en ongoing experience in Elliot L3.kfi, they may be neither accurate or current. Accordingly, the total tailings management coats arc approximate and shoold be used for conceptual evaluation £.-:| only. ,(\f July 1984 201 341-3015 il 11.1.2 DEdinaye *~ The lake will regoire drainage. Approximately half the f? total area occupied by the tailings basin shown on Figure 7 ** is assumed to be occupied by lake and average lake depth is „ estimated to be 2.5 metres. Based on dewatering at the rate H of 300 litres per second (5080 g.p.ro.), a 3 month dewatering period is anticipated at a cost of $270,000. E 11.1.3 Site Preparation Site preparation will include clearing, grubbing. If subexcavation, rock excavation and site grading as described * below. i As noted, half the area is assumed to be pond so the other half will require clearing and grubbing. At $4,000 per j£ hectare the cost is $460,($&0. at § Subexcavation is based on removing and disposing of 1 metre of lake sediments and organic soil over the entire pond ff area. Elsewhere it is assumed that only 150 millimetres of I subexcavation is required. I a Total perimeter ot nfte tailings area is 8.3 kilometres and - rock excavation is .•.•iticipated (to obtain 3:1 slopes) over ^ ! i. about 10 per cent of the lenuth. Furthermore, in the areas of rock excavation, 380 cubic metres per linoal metre is j | anticipated (Figures 8 and 9). Accordingly the total j quantity of rock excavation is 249,000 cubic metres. July 1S84 202 The final item of site preparation is site grading to prepare a reasonably 33.00th and planar surfaco on which to install a membrane. This will conai3t of removing asperities and for the purpose of this computation we have assumed 150 millimetres (cut or fill) over the entire ar^a outside of the pend, 11.1.4 Dams The locations where dams are required is shewn on Figure 7 and a total length of 3320 metres is indicated, h typical dam section (for costing purposes) is shown on Figure 10. Based on this section we have estimated the material requirements as 43 per cent select granular and 63 per cent inexpensive cote material. 11.1.5 Liners Polymeric Membranes Only limited response to the survey of suppliers was obtained. The information pertaining to costs is summarised on Figure 11. Also shown is information collected by Golder (66) Associates in 1981 together with information published (63) by Schmidt in 198 3 . Suggested ranges for installed current costs of four of the more widely used polymeric membranes are indicated. As reight be expected, prices for the four classes of material shown vary linearly with thickness of material. Julv 1984 283 841-3015 Asphaitic Liners Current costs were not obtained. Figures reported by Golder (66) Associates in 1901 and Pacific Northwest Laboratories in (41) 1983 are noted below. APPLICATION INSTALLED INFORMATION TYPE RATE COST SOURCE (litres/m2) ($/n2) (66) Catalytic airblown 5.5 to 8 4.80 - 6.90 Golder 1931 asphalt (41) Catalytic airblown 3.30 PNL 1983 asphalt (41) Asphalt - rubber 5.4 3.10 PNL 1983 11.1.6 Soil Cover Soil cover is necessary for some liners and desirable for all. Similarly, prepared soil bedding is desirable. The costs are based on providing 30£ millimetres of sand above and below the liner (a total of 600 railliim-tres). July 1984 204 841-3215 11.2 5out!ig»fi''<*':r> ftH-.;*h?r>ca 11.2.1 General (67) Various documents, including the Kilborn/Meli3 report , indicate a Key Lake tailings basin in an area of low relief and measuring about 653 metres square. This study assumes that such a basin would be built using ring dykes constructed from material excavated from the pond interior. The high grade ore in Southeastern Athabasca (2.5 per cent 0 0 ) would yield only 4 per cent of the tailings generated 3 8 by Elliot Lake. Over a 20 year life 1.5 million cubic metres of tailings would be generated. For the ib?«e noted area, dykes of 6.5 metres would be sufficient to contain the tailings and provide 2 metres free board. Optimization studies would be required to determine the most economical area of basin and height of dykes. (67) The Kilborn/Kelis report notes Saskatchewan and Elliot Lake 1384 labour rates to be $50 per hour and $35 per hour, respectively. Thsse relative rstes have b«>er» used to derive unit cost3 for Saskatchewan. The unit costs in Table 11.1 (Elliot Lake) have-bean increased by fciie ration 59:35 to determine the unit costs in Table 11.2 (Southeastern Athabasca). July 1984 2»5 841-3015 11.2.2 Sits Preparation Site preparation will include clearing, grubbing, subexcavation and site grading in a siailar manner to that discussed for Elliot Lake. It is? however, assumed that there will be no requirement for pond drainage or rock excavation, 11.2.3 Darns It is assumed that an area measuring 650 metres will be surrounded by ring dykes/dams. These dykes will be of similar proportions to the dam section shown on Figure 10 but they will be much w.dler. The dykes will have 2:1 and 3:1 outside and inside slopes, respectively and will have a maximum heignt of 6.5 metres from crest to pond bottom. 11.2.4 Liners Based on information from various suppliers, it is anticipated that the installed cost of polymeric liners in Southeastern Athabasca would be about $1.00 per square metre greater than those shown on Figure 11. This increase is incorporated into Table 11.2 together v;ith a similar increase for asphalt. 11.2.5 Soil Cover . ^ The cost estimate assumes 302 millimetres of soil bedding and cover, below and above the lining. July 1984 28G £41-3015 11.3 S mania ry' The liner co3ts are summarized in Tables 11.1 and 11.2. While costa are large ($15 million to $29 million for the Elliot Lake and $3 million to $6 million for Southeastern Athabasca) for the three candidate liners noted, they are overshadowed by the coat of the related liner works. For example, wit*. 36 mil reinforced Hypalon, total facility coat is $61 uillion for Elliot Lake and $15 million for Southeastern Athabasca; less than 30 per cent of that cost is for supply and installation of the Hypalon. Similarly, based on the rests noted, asphalt represents just over 20 per cent of a total cost of $71 million for Elliot Lake and $14 million for Southeastern Athabasca. Similarly, KDPE represents less than 35 per cent of total costs of $89 million and $17 million for Elliot Lake and Southeastern Athabasca, reapecti'r^ly. The terms of reference indicate a 20 year production of U o 3 3 of 45,000 tonnes. Referring to Table 11.1, the coat of tailings containment per tonne for the lining materials noted would range from $16B0 to $2000 pe.-r tonne for Elliot Lake. Corresponding costs for the higher grade ore in Southeastern Athabasca are Ie3s than $403 par tonne. Finally, it 3hould not be inferred that the three msrabrane materials chosen for costing are totally equivalent to each other with respect to performance, durability, etc. The relative merits of these materials are discussed in other sections of this report. July 1984 207 841-3015 TA3LE 11.1 LINER COST SUMMARY Elliot Lake ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST AMOUNT Pond Drainage 89 days $3,,000.00 0.27 Clearing and Grubbing 116 ha 54,,000.00 0.46 3 3 Subexcavation 1334xl0 m $ 10.00 13.34 3 3 Rock Excavation 249xlO m $ 33.00 8.22 Site Grading 174xl03 m3 5 4.50 0.78 3 3 Dam (Core) 1240xl0 m ? 4.50 5.58 Dam (Select Granular) 827xlOJ m"5 $ 16.00 13.23 3 3 Soil Cover and Bedding 1462X10 m ? 12.00 17.54 TOTAL CIVIL KORXS $59.42 36 mil reinforced Hypalon 2436X103 m2 $ 8.80 21.44 60 mil HDPE 2436X103 m2 s 12.00 29.23 300 mil Catalytic 2436xlO3 m2 6.00 14.62 air blown asphalt July 19S4 208 841-3015 TABLE 11.2 LINER COST SUMMARY Southeastern Athabaaca QUANTITY UNIT COST AMOUNT (5xl06) Pond Drainage Nil 0 Clearing and Grubbing 42 ha $5 ,700.00 0.24 Subexcavation 63xlO3 n3 s 14.50 o.si Rock Excavation Nil $ 0 Site Grading 63xlO3 m3 $ 6.50 0.41 Dam (Core) 215xlO3 a3 s 6.50 1.40 Dam (Select Granular) 144xl03 m3 $ 23.00 3.31 Soil Cover and Bedding 566xl03 m3 $ 17,00 4.52 510.79 SKsn TOTAL CIVIL WORKS 36 mil reinforced Kypalon 444xlO3 xa2 $ 9.80 4.35 60 mil HDPE 444xlO3 m2 S 13.00 5.77 300 mil Catalytic 444xlO3 m2 $ 7.00 3.11 air blown asphalt July 1984 209 841-3015 12 • 12.1 Polyn?ric Li.ng.gg Most polymaric liner manufacturcsrs and fabricators have standard warranty forms, examples of which are included in Appendix E. In the past the typical warranty period has been 20 years while current practice indicates shorter warranties. However, manufacturers indicate flexibility in negotiating special warranties for specific projects and applications. The actual terms of the standard warranties and the extent of iiaDincy or cne manuracturers ana isoncacors are generally uniform. Based on current submissions, as well as a survey conducted in 1981, the following main clauses are noted; i) Material The supplier warrants that the material supplied to be free of any defects in materials and/or workmanship at the time of sale. For this clause to be enforced it must be demonstrated to the supplier's satisfaction that the defect was present at the time of insta1lation. In some caaaa the supplier also warrants that tha material sold will meet or exceed the published ot agreed specifications for the material. July 1984 210 841-3015 i i) The supplier warrants that the liner as supplied will have a useful life from 'cha date of sale for a period of 29 years (typical) under the normal uses and service for which it is designed in any customary weather which may be encountered and which is not customarily considered to be in the nature of an act of God, casualty or catastrophe such as (but not limited to) earthquake, flood, piercing hail, tornado, etc. Normal use and service excludes among other things the exposure of the liner to harmful chemicals, mechanical abuse by machinery, equipment or people, or excessive pressures or stresses from any source. The supplier generally requires approval of the liner design, the intended use and the nature of the stored materials. Any substantial change in use or operation of the containment facility without prior agreement with the supplier would invalidate the terms of the warranty. The warranty of one manufacturer requires that the liner be covered with earth at all times and also requires the maximum temperature and pH range of the stored material to be specified in advance. iii) Installation A separate installation/workmanship warranty is also often provided by the installing contractor. This normally covers field ssa;i!s for a period of one tc two yeasa. July 1984 211 841-3815 If the lin-sc is installed without the supplier's technical supervision and/or control or if the installation is carried out by a non-app'oved contractor, the material warranty would not be enforceable. iv) Rgp.iir or Replacement Should defects or premature loss of use within the scope of the warranty occur, the supplier will either repair or replace defective materials, at his own discretion, on a pro-tata basis at the then current price in such a manner as to charge the purchaser for that portion of the warranged life which has elapsed since purchase of the material. In c^cliticr. zz" defect cr ^lair. fcr illc"2d brssch of warrant'* must be made to the supplier within thirty days of the alleged defect being first noted. In some cases if the supplier on deraonstrate that: i) the defect occurred prior to thirty days of it being reported to him and that; ii) the purchaser under norcaal operations should hava detected the defect prior to that time; this may invalidate this clause of che warranty. Although not clearly specified in most standard warranties, locating cf and access to ths defective portions of liner, roust b*. provided by the purchaser at no cost to the supplier. July 1984 212 841-3315 v) Liability Limitations The supplier's liability under the warranty shall in no event exceed the amount of tha sale price o£ tha material sold to the purchaser for the particular installation i.u which it failed. The supplier, under no ciccurastances shall accept any . liability for any special, direct, indirect or consequential damages arising from loss of production or any other losses owing to failure of the material or installation. vi) Repairs by Others No allowance- will be made for repairs, replacen. mts or alterations made by the purchaser unless with the supplier's consent in writing. ]2.2 Asphalt Typical warranties for thin, flexible asphalt liners were not obtained during thi3 study. Warranties would likely be negotiable with the manufacturer/supplier/installer, as is the case for polymeric membranes. Furthermore, the warranty format used for polymeric membranes would represent a suitable starting point to develop a warranty tor asphalt 1inecs. 12,3 The social and financial implications of the failur** of any wa3te facility ara high and because o£ this undue attention July 19Q4 213 841-3315 i a soix× focused on warranties, Warranties will only cover some portion of tha cost relating to supply and insta] l«ation of the linet . They do not cover the consequential costs of failure or the coats of related civil works. These latter costs alone can exceed liner costs by 3 to 4 times (Section 11.7). Accordingly, while material and installation warranties are both desirable and appropriate, they do not preclude the need for sound design and reputable and experienced suppliers and installers. July 1964 214 B41-3Z15 13. TEST PROGRAM FOR THE LONG-TERH STABILITY Of FLEXIBLE LI?Ji;.Vni- PHASE _ I I 13.1 Requirements of Test Program This study (Phase I) comprises an in-depth evaluation cf S polymeric lining materials and 3 asphaltic membranes. Each of the materials has inherent advantages and disadvantages and many of these have been identified, particularly with respect to physical and chemical compatibility with various substances. Nevertheless, detailed information is required with regard to: i) Compatibility with the specific «£3te to be contained, and ii) Long term degradation. The materials bsing considered are all relatively new (less than 2C years) to th» waste containment field. While it is both desirable and essential that case histories be further probsd, this must be accompanied by accelerated testing in order to make projections for 10(210 year performance. The accelerated program of testing is described in the following paragraphs. The case history ^itjlyses will be continued in a similar manner to that carried out in Fha3e I. 13.2 Aprvroach Long term properties of materials may be evaluated based on the Arrhenius cqustion: July 1984 215 841-3015 dhv/dt " A exp (-E/KT) (1) where dR/dt is the reduction in property with respect to time, A is a constant, K is the gas constant, T is absolute temperature, and E ia the activation energy. Integration of the equation (1) results in: Ln t • (E/K) 1/T + B (2) A plot of Ln t versus 1/T is then a straight line of slope E/K, and is known as an Arrhenius plot . Te3t3 may be conducted at elevated temperature and the results extrapolated to imbient temperature but first, failure criteria itavo to be established. For s lir.er, thees m/vy be based on degradation of mechanical properties and the resultant increase of permeability. The liner may be assumed to have failed, for example, if its tensile strengd drops below 20 per cent of its original value and permeability increases 180 per cent or more. To determine the time to failure of a membrane exposed to the tailings at 20 C. Samples of the membranes will be exposed to the tailings in the laboratory at elevated o temperatures, 3ay 83, 73, 60, 53 C for a period of 1-1/2 years and their tensile strength would b« tested four tiroes. The plot of tensi.la strength as a function of time is plotted on semi-log acaph for thesa four temperatures as shown on Figure 14(a). The lines are extrapolated to establish tiro© to failure. From that graph, time to failure is established tot four temperatures,. July 19S4 216 341-3E15 As a second step, an Arrhenius plot of time to failure versus teraperattiKe ia prepared as shown on Figure 5.4 (b) . By extrapolation of that curve one can estimate the time to o failure of the membrane at 20 C. A 3irnilar exercise may be carried out with regard to other properties. 13.3 Methodology The proposed program will consist of. two parts. In Part 1/ six of the twelve linec materials will be selected and some of their properties evaluated. Based on the results and the other considerations outlined in this report, three liners will be selected for testing in Part 2. The objective of Fact 2 will be to estimate tires to failure of tha liners. The methodology used will be based on the Arrhenius equation discussed above. The time to failure will be established both for the liners as well as for the "field seams" prepared in the laboratory under controlled conditions. frart 1 - Screening The permeability, tensile strength, elongation and field seam strength for the six preselected liners will be determined. Short-teem compatibility with both Elliot Lake and Southeastern Athabasca tailings will be established by immersion in tailings in the laboratory. Tailirrg3 could be obtained either fiel3 sampling from existing tailing ponds or chemically siraulating the porewater of tailings ?nd mixing in silica, sand for the solids in tha tailings. The former, sampling oil actual tailings/ is raccttaiendud. after two racntns exposure the samples wiii be recesceu. Saateo on the test results and previously notfid considerations, threo July 1S84 217 841-3015 linecE and one of the two tailings will be selected for further testing in Part 2. Part 2 - Detailed Touting The first task in Pc*rt 2 will be to define appropriate failure criteria in terms of the change in the permeability and the mechanical properties. When the failure criteria have been established, samples of the three selected liners will be prepared "or the long-term stability testing program. Large heated tanks of the selected tailings will be set up at four different temperatures. Samples of tie liners will be prepared on frames with 8, 5 and 10 per cent strain. Samples of the field seams for each material will also b* prepared. A set of samples from each linasr would then be conditioned in one of each of the three heated tailings tanks. At five separate time spans from two months to two years, the time increment to be exponential, samples from each material for the three different strain levels will be removed from the tanks and te3ted for permeability, tenable strength and elongation. The resulting data would then be analysed and tirao-to-failure established. 13.4 An t ijci o a tecj 0 e The i&uthodology described above results in predictions of moderate accuracy. The accuracy of the prediction decreases with the increase of the extrapolated time. It is usually not recommended to extrapolate mora than a factor of 13 (i.e. i y»ar to Iv years, its years to i«»S y«ars, etc.). The results are only ssesningful if the aging rc&chanisitt is wall July 1984 213 8*1-3315 reproduced. If the tests are run at too high a temperature, the jcjiny cachanica a«y be changed producing m sledding result3» Accuracy of the extrapolation will also decrease with increase of the standard deviation of the results. It is anticipated that the 2-1/2 year accelerated program will permit prediction of the selected properties of the linors after 20 year?. The results may be further extrapolated to 200 years producing less accurate results. Any further extrapolation will probably produce results which are meaningless. The proposed program will deal with normal deterioration of the liner and the seam subjected to a tailings environment. Time to failure predictions will not take into account accidental events such as soil movement* attack by animals, installation damage, etc% 13.5 Program Costs The approximate cost of the Phase II program, as outlined in the foregoing paragraphs, is noted in Table 13.1. These costs are based on a 2 month Part 1 program, a 24 month Part 2 program, and a 4 month collation and final report period. The cost of the project is substantially influenced by the number of conditions used in Part 2. The cost given in Table 13.1 is based on testing of 3 membranes in 1 tailings at threa strain conditions and 5 times. If only unstrained membranes are tested at 4 tiroes th Finally, consideration might be given to postponing the laboratory portion of Phase II until the industry survey is complete. An exhaustive industry 3ucvey could be completed for under $193,033. July 1984 341-3015 TABLE 13.J PRASE II TEST PROGP/iM COST SUM'-'fiJRY 1. PROJECT ENGINEERING - Project Manager $ 20,000.00 - Project Engineer (1/4 time); S 60,000.00 - Support Staff $ 30,000.00 - Disbursements $ 15,030.00 $125,000.00 2. SAMPLING AND DISPOSAL OF TAILINGS 15,000.00 3. LABORATORY - PAOT 1 Set up and development of $ 15,600.00 permeability test procedure Initial testing penaeability, S 4,800.00 tion - 6 z 4. LABORATORY - PAKT 2 Set up 5 15,000.00 Testing - 3 raembranes, 1 tailings, 4 $144,000.00 temperatures, 3 strain conditions, 5 tines. ISO tests @ $800.00 each Data analysis $ 20,000.00 $179,000.00 5. CASE HISTORY SURVEY $ 30,000.00 6. QUARTERLY MEETINGS $ 25,000.00 10 @ 52,500.00 7. REPORTS 4 Interim @ $5,000.00 $ 20,000.00 1 Final @ 515,000.00 5 15,000.00 $ 35,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED COST $439,000.00 July 1934 221 841-3015 14• CO^CLUSIONG /'.NO RECOMMENDATIONS Flexible liners show considerable promise for the containment of waste materials including uranium tailings. Nine polymeric linings and three types of sprayed asphalt have been considered with respect to the physical and chemical environment in the uranium producing areas of Canada. All indicate good chemical resistance to uranium wastes but are subject to installation problems. High density Polyethylene, Hypalon, and Chlorinated Polyethylene (HDPE, CSPE and CPE) all exhibit sufficiently good characteristics to warrant further study. Furthermore LlitJ^e iuaUnuis navo uccn oimivi j.u aiujOL j. i>5 v.c«x I-ZL i- .OTi^ throughout North America. Such experience i3 not available for che asphaltic membranes but at least one should be selected for further study. Information to date would favour either catalytic airblown asphalt or one of the asphaltic-elastomeric compounds. The intact membranes (asphaltic or polymeric) have an extrernely low permeability, probably less than 1 x 10 centimetres per second. However, the operative perraaability is substantially higher and values which are typically used -8 -10 are 1 x 10 and 1 x 18 centimetres per second for asphaltic and polymeric liners, respectively. These higher values of parr.esbility reflect liner defects, installation problems, and linar degradation. Ccncspcual design of a tailings basin has been carried out for both Elliot Lake and Southeastern Athabasca conditions assusing the following portabilities: July 1904 222 841-3015 -8 o ftsphaltic mcnbrane 1 x 10 cni/sec o Polyearic raembrane 1 x 13 era/sec o Tailings 1 x 10 era/sec -4 o Subgrade 1 x 10 ao/se^ Assuming the validity ot Darcy's law then the asphalt is least effective while the polymeric membrane reduces seepage to less than IB per cent of that of an unlined facility. An even larger reduction in seepage would be calculated if it could be demonstrated by laboratory and field testing, that the operative permeability for the thin flexible liners is lower than the above-noted values. An industry survey carried out as part or tnis stuay (Pnase I) has provided positive but inconclusive results. This study should continue in Phase II. Concurrently, or subsequent to this survey, a Phase II testing program should be considered. This testing program would be directed towards accelerated testing in order to predict long terra degradation rates. Two and one half years and. about $450,000 would be required to carry out this study. July 1984 223 841-3G15 It ia our cecoraaiendation that Phase II should proceed but that the details of th9 program be finalized only after completion of an expanded survey of industrial users of flexible liners. GOLD«iR ASSOCIATES Frederick"W. Firlotte, P. Eng. R.A. Gould, P. Eng, FWF/RAG/j1 July 1984 224 841-3015 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Williams, R.E. "Control and prevention of seepage from Uranium mill waste disposal facilities." Seminar on Uranium Hill Tailings by OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Albuquerque, July, 1978. 2. Coady, J.R. and Henry, L.C. "Regulatory Principles, Criteria and Guidelines for Site Selection, Design, Construction and Operation of Uranium Tailings Detention Systems." Seminar on Uranium Mill Tailings by OED Nuclear Energy Agency, Albuquerque, July, 1978. 3. Robertson, A.M., Bamberg, S.A. and Longe, G. "Current Uranium Mill Wastes Disposal Concepts: A Multinational Viewpoint", Symposium on Uranium Mill Tailings Management, Fort Collins, Colorado, November, 1978. 4. Brown, K.W. Testimony before the House Subcommittee Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, November, 1982. 5. Portland Cement Association, "Soil-cement Water Barrier for Earth Daics", 1970. 6. Ingles, O.G. and Metcalf, J.B., "Soil Stabilization Principles and Practice", published by Butterworths Australia, 1972. 7. Haw, H.E., Kaxo, R.X. and White, R.M., "Liner Materials Exposed to Hazardous and Toxic Sludges", First Interim Report, EPA NO. 600/2-77-081, June, 1977. 8. Stuart, W.S., "State of the Art Study of Landfill Impoundment Techniques", Exxon Report for U.S. EPA Project R-8G3505, May, 1975. 9. Hughes, J., "Use of Bentonite as a Soil Sealant for Leachate Control in Sanitary Landfill", Volclay Soil Laboratory Enqineering Report, Data 280-E, September, 1975. 10. Lambe, T. Wi.llia.rn, "Tha Impraveffisnt of Soil Properties with Dispersants", Journal of the Soston Society of Civil Engineers, 1954 and teyriiiceu i.u Lhe Society's Contributions to Soil I>Sschanica, 1954-62. 11. Williams, Ray E., "Liners for Mineral Resource Waste Pond«". Con«g« of Mines and iiarth Resources, University of Idaho, 1978. July 1984 225 841-3015 12. Giroud, J.P. and Frobel, R.K., "Gee-membrane Products", unpublished report. 13. Frobei, Ronald K., "Methods of Construct!, a and Evaluating Gearrembrane Seams", unpublished report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.- 14. Kays, William B., "Construction of Linings for Reservoirs, Tanks, and Pollution Control Facilities", John Wiley and Sons, 1977. 15. Haxo, H.E., "Evaluation of Selected Liners when Exposed to Hazardous Wastes", in Proceedings of the Hazardous Research Symposium, EPA-600/9-76-015, July 1976. 16. United Scates Environmental Protection Agency, "Liners; for Land Disposal Sites - An Assessment", EPA/520/SW- 137, March, 1975. 17. National Research Council, "Canadian Manual on Foundation Engineering (Draft)"4 1H75. 18. Dunline Limited, "Pond Liners", Paper presented to 1974 AWWA Canada Atlantic Section Conference by K. Harrison. 19. Imperial Oil Limited, Plant and Terminal Engineering Reference Manual, Marketing Department, "Environmental Protection Standards, Section J, J.2, Ground and Water Pollution Control", November, 1973. 20. Imperial Oil Ltd., "State of the Art Review of Petroleum Product Spill Containment Dykes in the Northr, Report for Fisheries and Environisent Canada, EPS 3-2E-74-1, September, 1974. 21. Staff Industries Canada Limited- letter from G.W. Salbsrg to T.R. Stuart, Gulf Oil Canada Limited, May 21, 1976. 22. Var.dervoort, J. , "Cotroetitive Products", an internal paper, Schlegel Lining Technology, Inc. 23. Schlegel Lining Technology, Technical Information Package supplied for Liner Evaluation Study, 1984. 24. Gundlo Lining Systems Ltd., Technical Information Package supplied for Liner Evaluation Study, 1984. Julv IS84 226 841-3013 25. Euilt, J.L. (Pacific Northwest Laboratories), ""Liner Evaluation ^«»- 'Jnnium Mill Tailings: Final P-eport", prepared for the U.S. Dcpartcsnt or Llnergy imcte.r Contract DE-AC0G-76RLOI830, Septeiribor, IH83. 26. Staff Industries Canada Limited, "Report on Lining Hydraulic1 and Earthen Structures wix.h Staff Flexible I rope i:;^*; able Membranes", updated. 27. Annon, "Avoid These Storage Liner Mistakes", in Public Works, February, 1977. 28. United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities", SW-870, September, 1980. 29. Haxo, H.E., "Assessing Synthetic and Admixed Materials for Lining Landfill3", in Gas and Leachates from Landfills, EPA-600/9-76-004, March, 1976. 30. Owen, J., "Recommended Procedures for Installing Ponci unf>rs", in Materials Perioiiudiite, L«sucuii»e.i., lIsTC. 31. Stuart, W.S., 1^78, "State of the Art SLudy of Land Impoundment Techniques", EPA-6Q0/2-73-196, U.S. Enviror.ir.enta! Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 76pp, pp291-881. 32. Fisher, G.E., "Selecting and Specifying Liner Membranes", in Materials Performance, December, 1976. 33. Dunline Limited, Letter from R.S. Anderson to D.E. Welch, Golder Associates, June 3, 1977. 34. Imperial Oil Ltd., "State of the Art Review of Petroleum Product Spill Contaiar.rant Dykes in the North", Report for Fisheries and Environment Canada, EPS 3-EE-74-1, September, 1974. 35. Burke Rubber Co. Brochure, "Flexible Membranes". 36. Haxo, H.E- Jr. and R.M. White, "Evaluation ot Liner Material EXDOSGQ to Leachate"f Second Interim Heport, EPA No. 600/2-76-226, September 1976, 57 pp. 37. Isperial Oil Lim>.'<:e 38. National Sanitation Foundation, "Standard 54 for Flexible Membrane Liners™, National Sanit-itxon Foundation, Ann Arbor; Michigan. November, 1!)B3. Tulv I'ir'4 227 .39. The Asphalt institute, "Asphalt in Hydraulic Structure:;", Mantiai Serie:.:\\o. 12 (M3-12) , 1961 Fifth Printing, M.arch, 1965- 40. The Asphalt Institute, "Asphalt linings for Sanitary Landfills", Construction Leaflet Ua, 9, 1974. 41. Buelt, J.L. and Barnes, S.M., Pacific N'orthwe3t Laboratory, "Aging Teat Results of an Asphalt Membrane Liner", prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-ACGG-76RLO1830, July, 1983. 42. The Asphalt Institute, "Asphalt in Hydraulics", Manual Series No. 12, College Park, Maryland, 1976. 43. Chambers, Carlon C., "Seepage Control Using SBR/Asphalt Hot Sprayed, Elastoraeric Membranes", in First Inter- national Conference on Uranium Mine Waste Disposal, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Page 271-288, May, 1380. 44. The Asphalt Institute, "Mix Design rtethods for Hot Mix Asphalt Paving", Manual Series No. 2, 1974. 45. Robertson, A. Marg., Shepherd, ?.*i. , and Van Zyle, D. , "Uranium Tailings Impoundment Site Selection", Symposium on Uranium Mill Tailings Management, Fort Collins, Colorado, November 24-25, 1980. 46. Taylor, M.J., "Radicnuclide Movement in Seepage and its Control", First International Conference on Uranium Mine Waste Disposal, Vancouver, British Columbia, lizy, 1980. 47. Clifton, A.W., Barsi, R.G. and Melis, L.A., "Uranium Mill Tailings Management Practices in Saskatchewan, Canada", Sixth Symposium on Uranium Mill Tailings Management, Fore Collins, Colorado, Tcbruary 1~3, 1984. 48. Cherry, J.A. and Freeze, R.A., "Groundwatcr*, Prentice- Hall Inc., Englcwood Cliffs, Now Jersey 0/632, 1979. 49. Melis, L.A. , Fracer, K.S., and Lakshraanan, U.I., "The Midwest Uranium Project - L-eveiopmunt of the Hilling Process". 50. Cherry, J.A. et ai. , "5ui>»uriTa*Jt: Kyuiology Geochemical Evaluation of Inactive Fyritic Tailings in the Elliot Lake Uranium District, Canada", Symposium en Uranium Mill Tailings Management, Fort iinR. 51. F.nergy, Min>»3 and Resources Canada, correspondence! dated April -1, 1934. 52. Kltistorr.eric Materials: The International Plaotics Selector, Coxdixrci Publications Inc. 1S77, 5 3. Extruding and Molding Grades 19"/8, Book B, Cordura Publications Inc. 1978. 54. Mitchell, D.H. (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), "Aging Gecmembrar.es in Uranium Tailings Lsachate", Preprint to paper to be presented at the International Conference on Geomembranes, June 20-24, 1984, Denver, Colorado. 55. General Chemical Resistance Data provided by Dunlop Construction Products Inc. 56. Kays, William B. , "Lin.vng Systems for Seepage Control in Uranium Mill Taiiingo Holding Ponds", Symposium Colorado, November 1973. 57. Technical inforrrution provided in Schlegel Lining Technology information package, letter to Electric Power Research Institute from the Analytic Sciences Corp., dated December, 19S1. 58. Hanel, P., Howieson, J., "A Summary of the Canadian Uranium Mill Tailings Situation", Symposium on Management cf Wastes from Uranium Mining and Milling". Alburquerque, May, 1982. 59. Frobel, R.K. and Gray, E.W., "Performance of the Fabric Reinforced Geornenbrane at Mt. Elbert Forebay Reservoir", U.S.B.P.. Denver, Colorado, unpublished paper, 1934. 60. Folk c.v;, D.J., "Fifth Canadian G-eot echr.ic?.! Colloqnim: Control of Contaminant Migration by the Use of Liners", Canadian Geotechnical Journal; Vol. ID, r^o. 3, August, 1982. 61. McWhorter, D.B., and Nelson, J.D., "Ur.saturated Flow Beneath Taiiiagi IsxijjouiK-i^-eatfe", ASCE Jour.iai oi the Geotacimicrt.1 Esiqineoriruj Divlsior., Vol. 105 No. GT.ll, er, 1379. 62. Small, David M., "Establishing Installation and Material Selection Psraifleters", SvmpoBium on Uranium Mill Tailings Management. Fort Collins, Colorado, November, 1980. July 1934 229 841-3015 63. Schmidt, Richard K., "Specifications and Construction Methodn for Flexible Ktimbrane Liners in Hazardous Waste Cor.tai.-Dent", presented to: Hazardous Materials Management Conference, July, 198 3. 64. Dixon, R.R., IEEE Tran3. on Ele-ctw Ins. Vol. EI-15, August, 1980. 65. Watersaver Company, Inc., Technical Information Package for Liner Evaluation Study, 1984. 66. Golder Associates Report No. 786085 entitled "An Evaluation of Six Common Liners", dated June, 1981. 67. Kilborn (Saskatchewan) Ltd. and Melis Consulting Engineers Ltd., "Cost Study on Waste Management at Three Model Canadian Uranium Mines". Prepared for Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, National Uranium Tailings Programme, March, 1984. 68. Energy, Manes and Resources Canada, unpublisnec data provided for the study, Hay, 1934. p—-——.———. . = \37PMCTUHE QF POLYMERIC LINER INDUSTRY FIGURE I. ;4 SHF.ITI {FABRIC A70R fKOOUCZR FABRICATE tVST&U. Sr£ETS IfiTO PANELS '•'•" ro trv FCST wtcc 1 1 I JUNC .-I i ro mzwm ivrpsmttcg set TgJTT £ ZLLiOT u « f-f i S I i i I ! « 3 o 15 TS 3..J2S B — L 4ffg T&tUl'ZS i 1 j Vt 1 1 \ 3 I( ,55=. L •. "I a , 1 1- 1 . s 2 3 , , J- K « i i—i •v I-.; : .J s vr Ui 3: ft k\T4 g& Wj §3K_ • l-A,^: j A\Nrf\\\\N^r / 7 1 • /l rr*^4 7:--' 1 4 tu «?) z { Z (Z i < _Ju DC 3 ! tJ Is " H . < ' hi ' S lift d 2. Ut w O O I WATER TOTAL ifriST WEKSKT - Ib/cu ft Mr 30 K)0 150 •>-•-..•».**•» t- X.--'- .. 3 • -'fi. ^ WEtGHT- lb/cu.f». VERTICAL EFFECTIVE STRESS - UMJRASNSO SHEAR (fePi ) Su SO iOO 3000 O COO (OS) (W3.6) o o : 0 O -I O O I i 1 ~l .' UMJT WEIGHT- Ib/cu.ft. ifi-SITU VERTICAL EFFECTIVE STRESS - &/sq.ft. ST ) Su so 100 30OO zoo (to (K3SI IS.6 o o o o ! ° l -i -1 i I _ 1 fea^S^^^&^^^i^^^Si^^i^i^&^^ ^ FIGURE oemisou , tutor uwe lit I ) Qolder Associates ocmisom :AL EFFECTIVE STRESS - fc/sq.ft. UKGRAINED SHEAR STRENSTH - &„' (kPo ) Su ( fcPo ) IOOO 2000 sooo too 4OO 1479) IS3-6) (K3.S) (9.6 11*2) i i i 1 i 0 ! ! -sue .1v i vX I • i \ \ 0 ; • • 1 0 • 1 : 1 : 1 1 1 I v^^ URANIUM MINING [* J CCrN^CflATIOS* EXPi.0££<<'OM ef.'KSS «IV/K<» CO. _ __ 1 Vl&SLER COLDER eoioen 6 e& tr * { ASSOCIATES ASSOCJATe^ ASSCC<*TTS AS cutoH CITY FOKO D. *«» IVfLLIAtS LSKE KU7NINCTD» ElA)Sf"LAi;5 OKT. Cr H3S7»U.AnaH 1378 1580 1979 1*181 I 197- 0 1979 i 1! 2 2 53.000 «* i'^- HStVZS -A«E* 607,000 a* 2,600B LIMES 113.000 - -DEPTH 30a SOn 20.. 21 a. a«». |OLT1 HmiLOM SLOPES OIL RESISTANT em -TYPE HVPALON HfrF* H/PALON pve eoTTcai PVC - THICKNESS 36.43 a 60 ail 3Oail. 20 ail 43 ails 30 ai; 30»tl 6 43 ail : - TON-JRCE-TNT YES NO HO NO HO 5YNFUEX 6UN01E OUNLIHE, 01 - FABRICATOR WOTERSAVOT CO. HKTER5AVER CO. INDUSTRIES PLASTICS SYNFLEV i STAFFCTO cr.zsn.KC UNIVERSAL •MUW - IHSTALLcA COHSTPIKTICM SUPPLY LIHIK6S CONSTRUCnCN OEM 600- KD mat - SOIL COVER OH SLC?u3 hQHE 3O3«a S&*iO EDO so. SAM) GOO mm S414O UR&fHUH MILL URAHIUM URAVIUM tu/mm - NATURE TAIUKSS TAILI.VSS TArLINaS • TAILIUGS TAIL.'IfSS 1 - SIZE SILT SAHO fiUffffY SILT - WATER CCNTENT 30% SOUOS S - PH 2-4 1-8 691 B3 C©a?eJTKBS3 430 sa CUV SOSui SAMS iSOna SANO GOO mm SOS) 6 0V3» ROCK SL cum* mnw ,^ «nro K'eT WtATXcR S71 S-" 1 £1.0?^ VE3 rrs P«*«?-£J PiO'O KOI KTfAIH a T£S V£S YES -— J TO DSTff TO osrs j TRY IHtU C" 5A.VS. t-JT&SH SIKSTRS ceocca e.n. KILBSCM LTD £??, Ct/PF cast IS77 1977 1978 I97fi 1932 s $-0,000 is 3500 5002 isna^wites J»ot»-a 20 a 8a 3a 5 a. 4VP4LON CPE PVC HTMLON ; NVMLON . CPC HOFC 30 ail 3f» ail 30 ail 30 30" aa flOailSUIKS ves HO NO NO NO STAFF GOOORiCH OUNUNF OUMU^. SUMRE SYNFL£X PITTS PMS. » OUHDrtt ! 3 SYKaSf I (9C. fan SAND ; ZOO ca. 5iJaJ ! tXMS iO?JSKEO STv:4£ 300 •*• a/e MIUM MILL tVJ'JS SMHS »'.T A fcff.HT FILINGS WATtS omue INC SAHO SUSPENDED TO CLAV SCUOS 30% S"LIOS SOing/UTFX 3-9 3 " 1 COKft^CTEO CLAr CLAY l30re» SfiNO sum TJ S.L TSU. u«{>>' 73 rzs res WE KHOHN res « MB ro 13 BST£ -an ivf i .-.; *;» if > ii LJ1 4^J ( t» »' MI1IUG CO. RIO ALCOdt WUEJ d GOLDSff GOt KB ASSOCIATES ASSOCIATES Tt-iM f9. 1. Rii-^'L tli-.a a WILLIASS MICE FCHO WASHINGTON smite* : /Are otar Lfl.-x c-r. I960 1979 ISOI l9/» a 1979 • 1971- I&.2 iyrr 2 43.000.* 2.600m LINES II3.CCO *2 3^5.000 r»z (6 »S7aLLATKJfS-;L'!^ca"9j{O^£ 30 m. 2Om. 21 m. wo». ULTfHiTTLr 33A 20 m OIL RCSIS1ANT muni siofes Ht-f T HfPtLOH , HI'MLON MTPALON K BOTTOM PVC Jmil. 20 mil 49 mil* 30 mi; Xiail ? 43 nil ."0 ril 30 mil • NO MO NO NO NO res 6UN01E OUNLIME. SYNFIEX E T COOTRXK (TERSAVER CO. INDUSTRIES PLASTICS ifWfLfjr UNIVERSAL ROUit RFCMA TIP TOP, NONE 300 mm SAND 60S mm. SAW) GOO mm S«N0 3OSmm SANO MWU.H MILL UEAHIUU URANIUM [}P,AH:UU URAHIUM MILL TAILI&6S TA1LMGS • TAlLfMGS TAILINGS TAILINGS SILT SILT FINE SANO 50-80 % «3-3O% S^tlDS SOLIOS 1.8 3-9 300SM SAND ISOmn SAKO 600 sm SAK> SANO •IKD S WAVE C SLJ3BB3 OH S7SEP SLOPgS 3:1 Si (WT 5if tt'CATHSK PSH rrs • YSS VfS YLS res YES WhlfxT* r.rrsfs"" ,«Cf^ KH3&H NOXE room YZS res res i i , . GTHESZ INSTALLATIONS TuTrs jus. .'KisrAci w j eo xi u £ o U.S. 9.ft. KOMCV esa O t ^tvT isrs a 1992 I8O1 (966- I9T7 SOOOOm2 " 3.3 •. 4.5 4.3 ASPHAITIC CPOH PVC BOTTOM HOPS COHCRVrt CP€ HYfMJOM SUJftS 00 mil mil SO • CS MU 45 mil 2Om», SSail me MO I MO NC res Hrr*ion res u scHieaa. SCHLZGCL .-"i!^?.^ ' :*...^j » •* i -—•-—-•*• , £. Conor THUCKIHS ZOO nm SAtB MOtff U21XD C'JXXH BOTTOM ASH ^ /*L>ir!0fftf SJtIME __ j 3 -: €OO am CUr i S«S) (M3? ; ctorerrax rss MCWf ttcne wrmiow VffS rrs rrs J "V..-«,.-. ^. •^r^i£^C£^£_UC^'i»WiiL=^ W--'cM \*V-< ' •*:.'*•!!." ?Vt »->?•-•-.' '** .-•.I--*.* 3 4 iwousrriw t&ft USERS UOTCT IMS OMVIMS IS ID K «E«O IN oomuttcrtom mm ACCCMPANVBIB KCKWT. 2 ••. 1; i ..-••• T-t^.J_3rt-fftT...:».rJ.|1.ytT|T|1^ l--. ->- • --..-.•-. .-. : :.-<~n.V,-3a i 8/ • •-??? ^^^^ ;^^p^^ 5?^?^^V^T^^;^^«^^^^^^rJ'j5*iw'*y^v ^W* h ( 9 2 i ?s»>__ .4S0^ _ . rrri& .410. -3SO- > l\ U. \\\ ^ l_) ^s. fW.\ i O MANAGEMENT SSSSJS 9 ^j£^U^»'^^.-.Ji&i«*J.^>i.F'«it.'^^i -^.---t-.=^-: V*- 77WL/NGS MANAGEMENT \J { I \t§0£?vi 1 MANAGEMENT ""V I i- •- ^-*?-!^US??.'>™'vi«5* aorss FCS T-i.< e.s a is. THJS tsmzsmt r3 i sr a£v*n OM CL!ose-Gar um IJILIJU IWLIILU.WIIUUH^imvB^trrmI I R_4£J f • ores ID «.»•!». TWS IS T3 niuaes AT n on CLOS?-our tFI hi -4O9— g rnxrn > HOCK CROSS v*rsm tffvei CROSS • SSS T«OH © - TAIUtidS SURFXE-] « W*TE» •• . • t.- :;. •'•...:;; t* nt m 6 s ',. . .: • • o • SUHMCE CROSS - SECTION A • A IUMS sunncc LINffRr •KSCK suasscr SSC7IQK B-B WATBf* •:,-•.>- »•• .-.v. v-.-y .>. ^*1 " 7 SAND a GR*V£L CTION A - A c Hi .. . • . <•-• •*• ^ 7 LINfR tAV£L I B —420-1 —«C0- u —seo-iQ m i i SfCTK?» SCACCS : .'5 7O fitf it'U ;:5 A' J 1 —39O- ttfllfS secnoii SCALPS •• i.- IOOO v£«rrtCAt.. TJitS c. ».*. • - *-r- -ii rr n'n I'IY v* "• iii.Tij"_iinr~-" n .4 CO— • fJffSTIKS • ••sro- •5S0—• >-.——- '; 7>*{r-T'^".L'* t • i .1 f R & S i! i L; fi ?s :?r. e*t. 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APRIL 21, 941-3 IQS Gotdsr */*- A4 ^ 1 5 f ryp»CAt. <;•.*• ct Ml I •!• IP ^ W I I I GROUKC SUHP4CC i , NOTES •rA-:.-3 THIS ORAWIfAi IS SCHEMATIC THfS ORAWiNG IS TO IN COMJUKCTiOW WITH RtPORT. s ^J-^^^>VoV"' '•' \ s X X So' 91 v • . •TO-.- --. * -J,: '~i i- • jt; ki rf* 12 a u • •in- „! o u .J SCHMIDT 1983 N >^ >-" O COi-Cfa 1981 H G010ER lt>S< SV.- OftfT* o SO K''- •"•— •-•a'_-.-. - SCHhliOT 1903 O SOLVER (SSI » GOLOSH IS84 ESTIMATED !*.?•* UFPTH J" 'tt'VF. * ' m lev b~ MOTES TfsTS 03AI t. COSTS f.!H IH5TALLAT SITE PR£f ISO u n > m' i M HIM •••, p i i m P t 4 UU^kLtiy.— aorcs t THIS DHAWIH6 IS TO 95 *f«D IW COHJWiCTIOtt VlTH ACCQUPAHYIM6 RFPOftT. INSTALL AT I ON BUT DO HOT INCLUDE SITE PREPARATION , SDIC CCWtS . ETC. .5... ivcCs^" ASSOCiStSS t J r iuUnic e Li Li , < c f COVER . U : l * u ir-1 t " i ; TA/UNGS GROUND SUWM IT4TEH LEVEL IN POHO n£6K>NAL WATER L LINER Til USSS B4Sf(9 'jj>i.{(*t"jp*^x ••"«.•?««• •>*..•..-cr. .——,*_^i ,*-•..*-_•.;. ..^.^ ^»>iJL»;i LCVEl Is* to * I0'4 ctn.A«r. ft IJISID 8 « 8 s 8 r~ 1 3 TXtCKXSSS ( 7\ I mm. J,*V»K3| iC^J C a. f Tfl ASP»ALTIC It * I * I£T*c»«./s«t (S TMtCKNSSS ( Tt ) mm. Mores HCAO H, t HCWHT OF r«i.MS5 f Tt > THICKNESS Or LIKE* K, > P€*t*£ABILITY Of TAILINGS A « AKEA OF PQHD ( 232 HZCTAKSS ) THIS DRA&tffQ IS TO Off CQSWLf&CTlQtt V/ITH fiCCGWtlWIHB KKttT. Dfsw Notoct. Associates FIGURE i'il LAKC" ) f i * A OK t OF Li®€K OF POHO i S32 M IS TO G* R£AO IN WITH ACCGXPfitSYIKO RSPQGT. Li w. a r. >• ;/ TAILINGS K * i M tcr*t*L/t*€. orres MRTCT LSVSX. N PONO QKXJHO SURFACE TAIUNSSl SUftFACC ' >4.3 m K « J K TACLIKCS 8 MS I— 1 so OYK£S o 1 I _A ASSU*£O RCBlOfSAL *fAT€K \ K * i * » m AS i» K> 8 S S S 8 r~ 1 »«.«*rp»*.wTj»yj^jst.-r< hi ' . . - ; f ;." / ! • :_ L~ or more OS5T • 1 THIS CCtSA •1 c « to It M (« • I • •J ^utr f», if*4. M0TG3 K, K, HCAO OF TASLSKSS T, • THfCKXZSS Of UHSK Kt * FSK&S&BtUTT Of TAILIHSS • *•• » • w* A • AR£A OF POfJD f 53 CM.. lt.1 tms LINER tH •;3 :••. . • .••••• • • -j ir ' ' . • •• • : . "i L" ..•.,•„•;•• "' '~":'"'.' "••". .',:'•. '.'::'~"z'% r- ' . ,• • .-••-• •• • • • - •• - • • • - ._.».....,.-., - *"T» W&P. sr*-"t-. v.- r *%-" * ~ t " •J -; L. i j i \ * > « u*f ; f vTi. r t. • t - IX (A ) II . ^ i V 5 1 or \\ hUzs* fin > >! i:.;^;,s W m y — 1 1 j-"/- ENERGY, ;; ,>iES AP4O CAHMET . * ••;•*" RESOUKCE.S CA .ADA RETORT NO.OSG23- ERS AS LONG-TERM MIUM a n B s * IILLL - PHASE 1 •v-3 VOLUME 2 OF 2 APPFNDICES MICROMEDIA JULY 1984 CONSUS.TINQ GKOlECKNICAt (-.NO MINING July 1084 fi4 1-3015 LIST OF A?PrNDTCr;.S AFFEN'DIX A SLatenient of Work !; B Polvincric Flexible Membrane Liners t, I Material Property Specifications and | e Special Test Methods and Tost Procedures I National Sanitation Foundation (NSr\> I g Stanciard No. 54 I 'i C Representative List of Organizations _ in L.iner Irulustry D Liner Suppliers I E Liner Users F Typical Warranties r I 2 APPENDIX A STATEMENT OP WORK i TIK EVALUATION OF FI£XIBI£ MEXBRA.NE LINERS AS LCN'G-TERM BARRIERS FOR UKAN'IUM MTU, TAJT.TK^ - m*s.E x BACKGROUND Many ccrrmercially available materials have been proposed or are in use as flexible liners to minimize the release of hazardous materials fran waste j-.oia.is and c-.-^osits and in the containment of valuable liquids. Early applications of flexible liners often restiitcd i'rcra a need for short-tern measures or u situation where the use of clays or clay-modified soils was impractical. Flexible liners have seen limited use in the control of contaminant migration from uranium tailings. However, the use of such materials could increase if it is shewn that migration rates of contaminants frcm uranium tailings deposits are unacceptable, if there is a significant cost advantage over natural ir^iterials and if the material is predicted to exhibit adequate stability in the long-term. INFORMATION BASE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TEST PROGRAM - PHASE I The initial phase of the investigation will focus on the types of materials available, their manufacture, methods of placement and an assessment of performance. The contractor will assums that the materials will be protected from ultraviolet radiation by a soil, glacial till or saturated tailings cover. The contractor will concentrate his investigation on the two main uranium producing areas of Canada, but will address the use of these materials in other potential uranium-producing axeas of Canada for two applications: (a) dam mcjrbriine (b) corplete tailings basin liner The contractor will recognize that, for certain geographic areas, a bottom lir.er would be unnecessary because of irrperrreable strata located b=low the tailings deposit. Eest practical engineering practice for site preparation and installation will be considered. For this investigation ttie time of consideration will be up to one thousand years (1000) after installation. The contractor will undertake the foliating V/ork: (1) Describe the properties of up to 8 commercially available materials that can be used as flexible liners for uranium tailings. An exarnple of such a material is chlorosulphorat.ed polyethylene (!!ypalon) . (2) Describe the rvsr.'dfacture of resin and r-heet (if a^.p! iaible) and the c;.vTlity control measures noc^ssary to ensure an acceptable prcxioct delivered to the field. (3) Describe site preparation and installation procedures requirrd to obtain a continuous liner. lnclu:.?.e a descri.pt.ion of techniques used to cement or weld joLntc (if applic.iblc) vsnd n&tbcds of field testing for scrcpt.ablp joints. (4) Frcn available i:-.f a nation, dotoiwis-.s the o«-tLr«t.ed r->l ••—=.» ratPs of conf-wur^nt-s ttirovjgh tr.p. rorrter as a fun-~t.it"n of ti^w. For this stivV, ti:*? contractor will assume that the tailings pond is water-saturated and the tailings irass results from tlie production of 1.9 million Kg (5 "villion lb U3 Og) [)ex year ovtr 20 years, from a low grade mij^iralogy (biA-uie.riLc-jyritc-quartz) decosit aiv3 a high grade oomplex mineralojy (U-Ni-As-Mo-Co-clay-silica) deposit. The extraction process is ^JI["^!jric a.cid 1^*-C}^in'7, solvent •=rV.t-rc*i'ticn solvition rvir^fir*-?tirnn ^J>5 ^nnvinir* solvent stripping. H (5) DatCiTrJj'ja, flora available lrifGriitii_Luji, the tooArci-.'U'u idiiuit* ffecnanisrrs and rate of degradation of the iintjr in the expected field conditions. Include a description of expected failure mechanisms of factory and field joints (if applicable). (6) Estimate the installation costs of ench liner including site preparation for installation at tvo Canadian locations, in the southeastern Atbab-aska basin region of Saskatchewan and Elliot Lake - Blind River area of Ontario. (7) Prepare a technical proposal and co3t estimate for the Phase II test program. A preliminary description of Piiase II is included below. PHASE II (INFORMATION ONLY) TEST" PROGRAM FOR TOE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF FLEXIBLE LINERS AND ANALYSES: (Brief description only) Since available information on the use of flexible liners as barriers in the test program is required to determine failure rrechanisrris, ceyraoation rates and" contaminant release rates through selected liners. The selection of liner materials will be done in consultation with the Scientific Authority. PLEASE NOIE THAT PHASE II IS NOT PART OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THIS CONTPACT B ":.; I p- t: APPENDIX B POLYMERIC FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE LINERS MATERIAL PROPERTY SPECIFICATIONS AND SPECIAL TEST METHODS AND TEST PROCEDURES NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION (NSF) STANDARD NO. 54 I I TABLE 2A. MATERIAL PROPERTIES CHLORINATED POLY6THVI FNF. ( T«t Gauge I — 70 30 it, mitt rtummvm ASTM CI&S3 IS 2f.S Para 1.1J £p«cif< Giaviey ASTM D7S2 1.2S 1.20 MatnodA MinrTium T«niul« Propcrii** ASTM D382 l*ech dir*d*on) V Breaking factor Method A of B 34 43 {pourMjrfnch width) 2. Elongation at Brash Method A or B 250 300 (p»fC»nt) 3. Modulus (forca) at 100% Method A of 6 a 12 alcngntion [poundt'tnch witfth) T«»r Rvsittanct (pounds, ASTM 01004 3.5 4.5 mtnicnum} DieC Low Tamparaturti, *F ASTM 01790 •20 -20 Dimensional Siabtitty ASTM 01204 U If (p«fcant change maximum) 212*. IS rnirt. Wtur Eviraciion ASTM D3063 •02 -0.3S (parcvni lo»* maximum) (as modified in Appendix A) ASTM 01203 0.7 Voiama Losa 05 ipcrca-tt lo«a mcximuRti Meihori A RtntTanca to Soil Burial ASTM 03033 tat modified in in original valua) Appendix A) 1. Breaking Facrof S S 2. Elongation at 8r«sk 20 20 3. Moduiui at 100% Elongation 20 20 Hydrostatic ResiEtanc* ASTM D751 75 100 I ;. in. minimum) Method A Factonr Ccam Rvquirementa' Bontf*d Saam Strangth ASTM 030-U 27 34 {factory irtm. breaking (us modified in faaor. Dpi wi6th) Appendix A) 1 Peal >tihefion ASTM 0*13 FTB« FTO (ii*'.n minimum) (as modified in Of Of Appendix A) 10 IbAn 10 IbAn ResiFKncn to Soit 6u;*ial ASTM D3083 {parcant chinga rn«Kimu (£S modified M Appendis AJ -20 -10 Bor-Jad S< am -20 -20 'F«rtory bon«l» 'rlV • Filr.i T»sr Bond •Film Tearing Cond •• acceplnDla regar •tn jeijuireifKtrit* TABLE 1A. MATERIAL PROPERTIES i POi.YVlNVL CHLORfDE (PVC? MrthaNl 45 (Worrvrwsf) 10 20 iO *i vcs. mi In mirwrr.i»m A5TM O15S3 fare S.I J A5TM D79J 1.20 1.20 1.20 Q (minimum! g Minimum Ts».»i.a PropfliM ASTM0SS2 1. 8r*atir>£ F net of Mxhod A of B 23 6* 104 3 IpoundV.nch wttfth) (1 inch wid«) P| 2. Elongation at B'*»k Mtihod A of B 2M) iflO 300 300 •* ipafcvnt) 3. Modulus (fore*} Cl 100% M«nod A or 0 II 27 40 m Elongation (pounds/inch « |f T»ar Naiificncc [pounds, ASTM 01004 3 8 If *• minimum) DiaC Low Tart.paraiur*. "F ASTM 01790 -10 -IS -20 •29 & Oimantional Stsbitrty ASTM 01204 s 0 (#ach ritraction, pvrcanl 212"F. IS mln. chartga mtmimum} % I I ja Water Extraction ASTM 03083 •0.3 fa (p«fcant (oil maximum) (Mt modified -0 35 -OSS in App*ndix A) •0.35 Loaa tST™ £1203 1.S (p*rc«frt t M.Ihod A OS 9.E 0.7 Rr»«st»rw:« to Soil Bur (at ASTM D30H i (percent chanpa maximum (•f modified in Appendix A) Fsctor s S S s 2. Elonp*non el Biock 20 20 20 20 3. Modulus ai 100% EJong 20 20 20 20 HydrofrTCttC R»Bii^anc0 ASTM D7S1 37 60 S2 100 (poun4f»q. in. minimum) M«tt.od A £ n ASTM O30S3 18.4 36 » 55 2 83.2 (fficiorv te*m. brt (»c modified in factor, ppj width) Appamlix A) ASTM 0413 FTS' FTB> FTB" FT8" i'l ,pound»>»fi minimum) <«s modified Of Of or i'i in Appendix A) 10 Itvm 10 IMn 1(1 Itrfn fl«li*i«f>C» la Soil Sunai ASTM 03033 (p«rc<»M rh#r»^* minimum Us modified in Appendix A) -20 -70 •20 •20 -20 •JO -20 -20 of the ( 'FTB tilm Ttinng Bond. c •: • 1 is i9 This tsSita providec s reliable «nd lieper.Jsbin rr.e*rts lor industry to furnish si/ch rrten?!r« rr>9« not be Eppropriata for way application. Specific Ir.fotmilior. sho^:d be ob»i.ifi»!/•.}>«;{«Irons, end axperienca fscrfx. g TADLE 2B. MATERIAL PROPERTIES CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE Support»d (£) Ttrat Property 2-?3 3-JS 17 ASTM 07C1 14 4> Optical Mathod (>M 11 IT 11 ASTM D751 120 (pound*. rrwn*rm*m) ASTM 0741 (pourdt. rruni V Srwtifi* 24 n 1* 7. Ahw A in 9 9 2* f •fur*. *f ASTM D21H -*. % in. mancWal ilvi PM ASTM 01204 2 2irf. 1 hr. ASTM 01203 (pawesnt toct miiimuni) Mat hod A fUtitfanra lo Soil Burial ASTM 030*3 (p«it«ru char^« m to oriQ«nftl w«Kt«l tat modif*«d in Aooamfc* A> J t 2 Elonpttioa *1 Bt*»i 20 20 3 Moduli at ".00% Ctongation 20 20 20 ASTM 07S1 25 24 n Mat hod A ASTM D7S1 ICO 2U (pour%d«-M). Fly AdhtftiOft !••€*. ASTM 0413 mactitfi« 10 7 7 m«thod Type A Factory Stan R*OUM*m«p« ASTM D751 S6 no ISO tax modiiiM »n App«ndia A) *1y ace in pltnipf p^iin* cf Diana M sefim n» igcxin 10 Iba «». ASTM OWM ApptndK >.| -29 •70 -20 -25 •» -20 'Factory l>im i^quii IIMMI art trw mp Thti Ishie provides a reliable end dependable means for inffi/jtry to furnish r.uch rr.Atcriil. o( known end consistent qu*ltty. Ecfare »fe!e.«tis>n of any material for an HML. ko«ww» ««« •_•••» shsaW sc-.-.s^.'; -rii't pppropriaTe m*nui;rtutef», L>»tsu*» thrs'a rucilciift* rajy nat as «(>j>roj)ri»t« Sof every appiicstion. Specific information tSou'd b« ob!eir>td ttam the manufacturers instnitation requirements, expotura conciitionn, performanca expectat'ortt, and eitpcricnca factor. • _. TABLE 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES i i BUTYL RUDDER (Ita) h tnmtrtot xo 30 60 T>iidu>«ta. rrwts tntn ASTM 0417 77 i.j ASTM 07!S I.JOt.Oi 1.20r.CS ASTM O417 n V Breaking Fret or 3S.0 54.0 72.0 7. Etortg**ion at Bifl 300 300 300 (p«*c*aC] ASTM 0824 4 • minimum) DIIC • Low T*mp«ratur*, •* ASTM 07** -40 -40 -40 ProcKtuf B Dim«n*ion*4 Subiltty ASTM 01204 2 2 2 («ach 0ir*ctic i percent 212*F. 7 d*y» Chang* maximum) flvtUtanc* to Soil Burial ASTM D30«3 {ptewm Changs maximum In (as modifier! in Appandil A) V Brasking Factor 10 10 10 ?. Elongation at Bra*k 20 70 29 ASTU 0*1 i 4 2 1S8T 1KB hours PS DuroYnatar A Hoidrurm ASTM 022*0 60:10 60:10 60,1 i ; 5 second fafr^in^ U Oton* Rensrinc« ASTM 011*9 No Cr»ckl MoOadta NoC 100 hourc, 50 pphm 7X 7X 7X 104>'. 70% cMionti.-Wi Haat AQing ASTM D57S 7 davi ft 2«CTT 1. Elongation (pet-cent. 210 210 210 rrunimum] 2. Braking FMGOT 371 S0.4 y (pountjtjmch wtdih, minimum) Factf-ry $*im Raquirvmcnta1 ti 8on ASTM M1J rTB- FTa* FTB' (as modified in or or or 6 IMS 5 \L'.r. Oafrd Lcani s«> f'.t. >•?» (•an K^rtnv ma^>fntjn^ A) -70 -73 14 c^»:S Secrri Slrcnfl-i •24 •20 S3 'f l »K» f•»!...--*.•.- •FTB • Ci'.m Tstriru Sc-a! p"^."n ts&ie prcviwvS a Fe!t&i:!a af><> tSepcttdahla meant for industry So furnish such msteriers of known end consistent quality. j-Ssfsra s,«i£ctior> of «ny n»«t«;6i for an FrVlt., however, th« t;»w rhouid consult \vtth »riorr.»3ri»!j» m»nijf*>-Tuff»*, b^friKij tf'frre ^ ti not t>« e^pfoprijt* fo» ovanrv «DBiicjirion. Sdeiivic itifnrmation din>>in *»• ~t»trr~e< ''0^ ths rr::ru!;c^;rt,-s exposuio coriditiont, pvr>otii*>sr:r.* «Kpcct«tions, and experience factor. 10 n TABLE 6. MATERIAL PRCPcKT'iS Test u Propwty 45 SO JO U. ASTU Ml? 27 u u ASTMDT*} 1 II-. O I DO MO 300 100 T»»» KwiQinca (pound*, ASTMDtM minimum) Lo* T»fnp**turv, "7 ASTMO7W -3* Frocwlural I ASTM0I7M I 1 10 70 ASTMM71 - liTT. 165 houn iac A Hcdn*»e ASTM03M0 (Ox IE 10=10 (pert*) ASTMD1U* KoCckm NoC'Kbs 7 d«r«. 100 pphm 7X 7X 7X 104*f. 50% entntion ASTMMTi 1. C 210 210 210 2 M.0 720 . mtn«mum| ASTMO30U 33* «7J t%aot. | lIMn Dud liwl AiTW DXiU Appcndn .'J -79 -20 •TO -» r,' cf tft* f - Tvlm T»of Piw? This tsblc provides a re.'iabta *r,d d«pendebte meens fof industry to f;s?nish swrf\ m*««-r!i»?s o* knovwn end consistint quality. Before selection ol any maierisf for or. FMJ.. howevw, th* u%.*t ijnnuni <-«r.«fii» i*.;*^ =psrE=riatc r:sr.yfsc^urs.-s. urc«i»s ui«i» materists may riot b» «ppio>:nele Tor avary Bppltcai>on. Sp«cnic in'ormstior should be obtained from tht m«nuf»ctur»fg di installation retirements, exposura conditions, ptrtormsivco •xpeet«tioits. and experienc* factor. ^ . n TAGLC 4. MATERIAL PROPERTIES *0 Cuf. {nomine.) — 30 «5 60 Thick nc«t, milt mirvrrn/tn ASTM WI2 27 40.5 54 SpwdOc Gravity ASTM D29? 1*81.05 l.«i OS ! i M:nimum TVnula Properti&a AST?/ LM12 ! ?! 45 0 67.5 90 0 (poundaJirKh wiJtM 2. f(onQjtion at Break 250 2 SO (pftfcant. ASTM DM4 4 6 t minimum) Die C Low Temperature, °F ASTM D746 -30 -30 -30 i Procedure B Dimtnsionul Subilny ASTM 91104 2 2 2 (••en direction, pcicant 212*F. 7 days i change maximuml Raxinanca 10 Soil Burial ASTM D30S3 (percent chanye maximum in let modified in origin*) value} Appendix A) V Breaking Fscior 10 10 10 2. Elongation *r Break 70 30 Waff* Absorption ASTM 0471 1? 12 12 (percent change, maximum} 1S8*F. I63hourm Duromeler A H*rdnt« ASTM D224O 60* ia 60*10 60=: :0 (pointtj 5 second leading Oione R^sisianc* ASTM D11«S No C-scki No Cf»ct» No Citckx 100 hour*. 100 pf>hm 7X 7X 104*F. 20% eidenuon Meat Agir>g ASTM D573 70 hour* »l 2irF 1. Efongarion ( 150 ISO ISO 2. Qf»iittnQ Factor 39? S7.4 76.S tpouridsJ>nch vw h. minimum) E^nde P»»l Adhtjion ASTM CM13 FTB» FTB» (tfin mintmurnj (ac modified in Of or in A) 6 !»n SlWn lOIMn u P*u SCf% Bonded S«»m lo*d Rtttitit^.; jo Siif Suria) ASTM C3CE3 • ••:' fcol Adhesion -20 •20 S«rfs ond»d »e»m ij the leiponjibility ot th« fabritelof. F»aory »»d>n» *f« furthm di»o>ttnd in him 4.2. TTB • film T**i Bond This fsbls provides a refi«b!» and fiependsbie means for industry to furnish such materials of known end consistent duality fa r>#for* Sfiertion of »ny material tor »n FML, however, the u;n should eonswft with «ppropri«t« manufacturers, fcecsuss these matari«>s may not t« appropriate for avsry application. Spacific information thouid b* obtained from th» manufacturari TA3LE 5. MATERIAL fKO?*".'-.TIES HIGH DENSITY POLYtrHVXEVS ( V I min.mum A5TM Dli3i Crawly ASTM D7S1 O.SM OKK Me?Hod A ASTTjtDGSt crnnfftf. Yi«fc» MO i:a 2.Tantiia Sircoglh at Sraa 120 ISO IMn w-jth) 3 Elono* en al YiaW 10 10 (oMC*ntl 4. Elongation a Brvvk soo MO (pwcitnt) 5. Modulua o* .Imidty •0.000 to.ooo (IHsqln) Taar Rasittanc* (Ih, ASTM 01004 40 so minimum) DtoC tow Tamparafur*. * F ASTM 0748 -40 •40 Procadur* > Dt/nansionai Stability ASTM 01204 =3 la«ch duecTion. p«.-ca ReftsTanca to ASTMO30K) tpa'cam c.r\Anga lak modified in in onj,;..-.?" vaiui.) Appendix A) I 10 2. Tan^ita Sltangth at Braak 10 10 3 Elonsatia.1 •! Yidtt 10 10 4. Etongjtiort at BreaA ;o TO !L Modulus o< ElastloTy 10 10 Cnvironmanul S»«»f» Cfck ASTM D1633 MO soo (mtntmum, hcruraj {as rnod;fie4 t Apparxfcx A) Bon<)»<3 So»m ASTMOS0S3 10* m i i*\ mrxfift«d in Appvrtoix Ai ASTM041J FTB« FTB» minimum) lair in App*r. jw AJ land S-BIMTl Pam Pat* ASTM OM83 (aa m •FTB - Film Taar 1 12 13 CHLORCSULKO.MATLO V OLYE rHYUNE (CSFE) } '.: M 36 1 5 7 11 * fA» n : OII.B^J in Ap^rid.t AJ 10 1* IE to 70 S JO n AS1M D71i» 40 AS1M 01734 jirt. i »w ASTM D130J ot OS D.t 01 30 mil «r.»»l ftafiMtrv^ 10 Soil Ruri AST M 01083 Cf.nm»l v«U-*«i Appendix A) • U«*«opened *K»m t 6i»(.king Sttenjth 5 s & b «. i , «tonB.,... ., »,... 70 70 70 JO TO 3 ulduiu>n 'oov t «0 70 VO 70 AilM D751 IS 7S 70 J4 ASTM U?M BO 160 .N :« 75C M..lhod A. Pr^cedutc i ASTM D413 10 10 10 10 j I T»f« A 10 It* JO 70 •7J This ta'ils jfrovir^ n reliable r.nd di-psn^i.blt maims fot industry to [urnir.li tucli muterisls of known »nd consistent qi Bp-foro s*l*ction of Eny rr;Bt?ri3l lot an i-'ML, hownver, {he n«pr should consult wish nppioprinle intfiui/ictuicii. bec.iuse melerinU tn»y not be appropriate (or evory upplirdiion. Specific infrwmatioii ithvuld 'os obtninod (torn tho mil regarding insUllMtion rpt-oircrrtents, exposure condiiione, pen'orrnenco expactationi. »nJ nxoi«ii»or. <-"<.~. AOLt ion. IAATC.WAI L'-Oi'oAI-.'.n POL'r '• THYl f.vf. ICMT.-1.W) :1*Ki (SI Tyye 1-30 Type 2-3i Typ* 2- — SO 14 - 1 1 ASTM OTI1 JT SI U. 11 11 11 ;j 19 109 •a I IP 40 n n •40 T.S jirr. i dr. Ipottm chcr^i maair->un. In 1st r*>or >r>a0 In I > ft 20 20 23 20 20 19 JO r Wtmb'int F«b'-c B AS W D?51 :s » 15 2t K IK 3O 2V1 Method A. f.'KWJui• 1 H 7 7 11 If It 1 I It 1 1 It JO JO 20 '0 70 30 JOO MO MO >0 0 X>0 MO KiC 50 0 MO xo ;1 AS TV 074» (If rr-.^-.r.-rf t Appando AJ r-* t>f IA* ft* j —. c- r. 1 15 APPENDIX A Spocis! Test ?J5ethods and Revision of Standard Test Procedures TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1 Water Extraction Part 2 Bonded Seam Strength Part 3 Soil Burial Part 4 Peei Adhesion Part 5 Tear Strength Part 6 Thickness Over Scrim Part 7 /""harv^i^oirr^f-tr* -»r"^ O<-J^p- P3rt 8 Ply Adhesion Part 9 Weather Resistance Part 10 Dead Load Seam Strength Part 11 Deed Load Seam Strength at Elevated Temperature Part 12 Environmental Stress Crack Resistance hi in HMB i i Water txlrection 5 ASTM p?r""? Ppit'irr'"^: 2.P ""'cdiTicd t? be:: A. Apparatus j 1. Bnlence: An cr.aiyticsl b;:lfince J 2. Containers: Pint jars or cans withe diameter Gf at least 2.SJinchss ;6.5crn! (one container for i each specimen) * 3. Oven I 4. Desiccator B. Materials | Water: Freshly prepared distillad or deionized water. C. Test Specimens The test specimens for plastic fiims shall be in the form of squares 50 ± 0.25 mm (2 inches) on each side. At least three specimens of each sample shail be tested with each chemical r. agent. I D. Conditioning Condition ths test specimens at 73.4 ± 3.6°F(23 ± 2°C) in a desiccator for not less than one hour \" ' E. Procedure I. Maintain the water st the test temperature for at loast 4 hours before the specimens are I imme:sed. 1 £1 2. After being weighed, immerse the specimens in ths water, one specimen to esch container. Each jar shall contain 400 ml. Suspend the specimen freely in a vertical position, but fully covered by the liquid. To prevent each specimen from floating or curlinp, it may be necessary . j I to attach small weights, such as paper clips. l * 3. Cover the jars containing the specimens and koep at 122 ± 3.6*F for 24 hours. ! F 4. Remove tho specimens from the liquids and gently wipe with a soft cloth or absorbent tissue. N Dry tha specimens for 24 hours in a desiccaiyi ai 73.4 i 3.6". I 5. It is realized that thera msy bs an incraace in weight of the test specimen due to water absorption. It is necessary to determine if a correction factor is needed, and the value of the j .* ( correction factor. Prepare 8nd condition control specimens in the same manner ss for the ? j standard test, but expose them for only 5 rnintues find dry as spociHnd in Section E.5. If the [ : contro! sample hes a weifjnt gain the calculated percent weight ucin oi the control is the f'•*. • corr&c'uon tactor that is used to edjust tho vaiue obtaincci in ths i'.-at. • F. Calculations 1. The percentage iocs in weight from extraction, sxprcsssd as pofccntsna vvoight loss com- ! pared to tiie original specimen weight, shall be caiculeted ss follows: Vveigru ioss. percent = jWi - W:|/Wi K 100 where: i 1 Wi =» weight of specimen after the conditioning period and. *» Wa = weight of specimen at the end of the iest. ^ j 2. The vrt!us5 obtsined for tho tiiree >puuiincMs Tor pcrcentags weight ioss shsli bs Bveragcd I and this value reported ss the percentage weight ioss of the sample being tested. ' I & Part 2 ' -. f '1 ASTM D3CS33, Paragraph 9.3 is moti'ii'iod to permit either Method A or Method 3 of AST;S> D382. A specimen 1 inch wide is us-ftd with a fjrJp separation of A inches plus the width of the seam. Tns saam is to bo ceninreo botwoen thscieinpa. 'ihoretoof grip separation will be 20 inches per minuta or as spflci'iocl in the materials properties teD Support**) Malaria!*: «STM D751 Section A Grab Method shall bb modified as follows: Section 10.1 - Last sentence shall be changed to read: "the distance between the clamps at the start of the test shad be 6 inches plus the seam width. Seam is to be centered between the clamps." Sections 11 and 12 of ASTM D751 shall be revised to be: 11. Test Specimens Specimens 100 mm (3.93 in.) in width and not less than 200 mm (7.87 in.) plus the seam width in length shall ba cut from the membrane for test. One set of five specimens will be required. [| 12.1 Test Conditions Heat-sealed test specimens shall be conditioned for a minimum of 24 hours at 23°C (73.4°F). & Adhesive seamed sp3cimens shell be conditioned for a minimum of 12 days at 23* (73.4'F). After this period, if it appears that the adhesive seam 13 not dry and suitable for testing, the „ seams may be placed in » circulating oven at 70°C (158°F) for 3 hours and allowed to rest at \A 23* (73.4°F) for 43 hours before retesting. 12.2 Procedure • j Place the specimen symmetrically in the clamps of the machine (see Figure 1) with tha ™ longer dimension parallel to and the shorter dimension at right angles vo the direction of application of the forca. g The rate of loading shall be a» tha rata of 12 ± 0.!i in./rr.in. (5 ± 0.1 rnm/s). Record the maximij.n struss applied to the specimen at yield or breakage. A2 18 SEAM STRENGTH WOOIRSD A5TM D 751 GRAB METHOD i-J ' .2 4 V 3' i X J ^s SEAM r." 3" 4V2' £vi CLAMP M FIG.t 8 n • Part 3 ^ Soii tsuriai * ASTM D3083, Paragraph 9.5 is modified to ba: W, The test value of tha sftsr-exposura specimen shall be basad upon tho precut sample dimension. The test method usod to determine beforo and nftar exposuro tansite properties shafl ba the test method specified in tha maloiit-Az properties tables for lha lensilo properties of tho material. 0 y Specimens ere to be prepared and buriod vertically to a depth of 5 inches and exposed as specifed in ASTM D30G3, Paragraph 9.5. «S Tests for Unsupported Materials a Testing shall be conducted on specimens prepared from the actual flexible membrane liner. Tests for Supported Materials: i B Fabric: Testing shall be conducted on specimens of the fabric used in the supported sheet Six specimens (4 inches wide by 6 inches long) shall be preDared, three in the warp direction and thres in the fill direction. When testing the fabric by itself {no polymeric membrane costing) before and £9 after soil burial, it will be necessary to make sure slippage does not occur. This can be done by |j using tape, sandpaper or cloth material, special jaws, etc.. It is also important to note that consecutive fibers that are grabbed in one jaw correspond to exactly the same fibers grabbed in the omer jaw. tj Sheet Material: Testing shall be conducted on 30 mil unsupported sheet prepared from the sheeting or coating compound ussd to produce the supported flexible membrane liner. ; { Tbsts for Factory Seams Testin.; shall be conducted on specimens prepared from actual flexible membrane liner factory ra fabricated seams with soaled edges. y [5 Port 4 Peel Adhesion M ASTM D413 shall be modified to be: i Strip specimen Typo A, 180° peel, modified to be 1 inch sample width pulled at a rsta of 2 inches/ ra rninuio. Usa bonding technique employed in ss3.n join! construction. Part 5 Tear Strerejtft A5TM D75S shall ba modified to be: Te°r Etreny'.h of supported rr^tsriai: :hc!! bs dc:crrr.;r.&d uiirsg •'.'cthoc! 3 - Tong^o Tcif .MiiiiOu. Th$ teat specimen ihsll be 3 x 3 ittches. For oven lifting ioar strength, inilial values acid values after aging in an oven at 212CF foe 30 days shall be determined. PART 6 f."ATEP.!AL OVER SCfi'M \ {SUPPG-BTS?»G FACRlCj 1 1 A. Scope 8nc: Application | This is a method for measuring the thickness of 8 mombr«ns over the reinforcing fabric. ? B. Principle The thickness of membrane material over reinforcing fabric can bo observed with a standard reflectance microscope. -Measurement is made with a calibrated eyepiecs. C. Accuracy Measurements are accurate to ±0.5 mils when the thickness is about 20 mi's. yk D. Apparatus 1. Microscope, 60X with reticle 2. Light source If light source on the microscope is not adequate, a small tensor lamp can also be used. 3. Stage Micrometer (0.001 inch divisions) E. Procedure 1. Calibration a. Place a standard reflectance stage micrometer in the plane of the sample. b. Turn on the microscope light source. c. Position the reticle eyepiec > and the micrometer such that the scales are superimposed. Focus the reticle by turning the eyepiece. Focus the sample and reticle by turning the vertical adjustment knob. d. Locate a point at which both scales line uo. Count the number of micrometer divisions between that point and seva:al reticle divisions away. Pv.sasure to th« nearest 0.5 mil. The calibration may be optimised by increasing the number of divisions measured. e. Repeat the calibration three times and average tho rosuits. 2. SampSa Analysis a. Corefuily center a sha.'p, single ed£8 razor or equivalent over the fiber intersections along tha ;< - x HRQ. 21 1 1 g i P i I b. Make a clean bias cut completely through the linsr. i 1 1 c. Remove the tazot cut socticn and mount in common putty with thfj cut surface facing upward. i y ! d. Observe tho cut surface with the eyepieco reticle. Measure tha thickness ottha lin»r on ! eirhsr sids cr n-.s thread intersection by counting tho number of reiiclts divisions (to the nearest ono-haif division). o. Sample two or three crsas of the liner snd averoge the results. F. Calculations 1. Calibration A calibration example is given below: 8 In the above example, 4.5 micrometer divisions (MD) are equal to 4 reticle divisions (RD). m 4 (RD) = 4.5 (MD) § 1 (RD) = 4.5/4 (MD) 8 1 (RD) = 1.1 (MD) jB One micrometer division is equal to one mil, therefore: 1 RD = 1.1 mils p| This calculated value (1.1 mils in the example) is the calibration factor. i 2. Sample I | P Multiply the number or reticle divisions by the calibration factor. Report results to the % nearest 0.5 mil. PART 7 Chemical/Tosia and Odor A - Fk-viaw Procedures for !nt»nd^ for f*SF listed p> PotafcJa Water Formulation* h & SECTION I. GENERAL r* A. GENERAL: The- ingjedicnt review procedures detailed bstow include those for: 1. ACCEPTANCE of £> nsw ingrRriient1 and a genurically similar injjr^disnt* ., fp 2. QUALIFiCATlON of a new compound or material or change in formulation L: 3. WO.MTOniiMG of a lifted product I ^' *Nftv^ In^redisftt < £ny chernicAt or Eubstmcd not previously JKiCtfplAd for Uftd in pfcxiuct* i/tfthi n B. ACCEPTANCE STAGE - NEW INGREDIENTS: Samples shall be cubmitted of liner formulated to '-..- d contain tft-3 in^rc riifsnt of ip.t:.r;vst fit twice the rRc^mrner.dtcf mrrirnurn use level. Consult NSF if ths physical cnrrecici >s*ics ara mniiicanr.iy m»~/<::ied at tw;c: ths rfK-.omrppr.rJws maximum i.";e " j* level. [: i; i k> 1. Samples f.hbli be exposed by NSF using the standard (multiple) exposure procedure. ;• I" 2. No lsv«! of ,j ccr,3;itu«n* of interest ^raster uvaii 10 timc-s :iis fv'iCL (i*SF Standard 54, Table i| 3.2-1) r.hoil Lfj rr.oasuriib!^ in watsr fi'om Sha first oxpo'ijff?; f*nci no greater than the fvSCL (N2F Standard 54, Table 3.2-7) shell be m'tasurabla in wi'ttsr from tha third exposure. h 3. !f the basic constituont of tha ingredient is noi on the FDA list of sanctioned materials or the \\ « EPA List of Accepted Ingredients, SO-day animal feeding study* and Ames test data shsll bo conducted and the data submitted to NSF. The protocol fc-r ths 20-day Enimalfoedinri study pj shall include feeding ieveis at effect, no known effect, and ztn infermediate level. 4. If the ingredient is accepted in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Foou &nd Drugs Regulations, the applicable section shall be referenced. I 5. The ingredient supplier shall provide the chemical abstracts registry number. _ 6. The ingredient supplier shall submit the chemical description of the ingredient including § molecular structure, and percent of components. A list of known contaminants shall be " provided and the amounts in ppb. NSF shall be notified of ingredient(s) containing known carcinogens with appropriate references cited. I 7. A complete literature review may be required to support application for acceptance. 8. The ingredient manufacturer r,ha!l certify thst the ingredient is suitable for use in a potable jj, p water product. i 9. If the extraction rest and 90-dsy feeding study {if required) ss well as the other information 1 » submitted by the ingredient supplier are acceptable, the ingredient shall be accepted for uso | § in products listed under NSF Standard No. 54 for potable water applications. | . C. ACCEPTANCE STAGE —GENERICALLY SIMILAR INGREDIENT: Samples shall be submitted of I liner formulated to contain the ingredient of interest 3t twice me recommended, maximum use & level. Consult NSF if the physical characteristics are significantly modified at twice the recom- mended use level. | 1. Samples shall bo exposed by NSF using the standard (multiple) exposure procedure. 2. No level of a constituent of intprest greater than 10 times the MCL {NSF Standard 54, Table | I 3.2-1) shall be maasurablo in water from the first exposure; snd no level greeter than tha I MCL {NSF Standard 54, Table 3.2-1) shall be measurable in water from the third exposure. p 3. if the ingredient is accepted irs the U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 21 - Food and Drugs, r- | the applicable section shall be referenced. £ 4. The ingredient supplier shall provide tha chemical abstracts registry number. | B 5, Tho ingredient supplier shail submit the chemical d^ncrlpfion of the ingredient incluriinfi rricic-cuiar structure snd porcsri? of components. A list of known ccruaminants shell be provided and ilie amounts in ppb. Ii3F i-hail be notified of inarsciieritjs! conta.ning known I ' carcinogens with appropriate references citsd. 6. A complete literature review may be required to support application for acceptance. ; 7. The ingredient supplier shall certify that the ingredient is suitable for use in a potebie water product. *tt is tuggettftd that the protocol for the feoding «turfy t>» raviewod by toxicologim forthmr *u£gtttian$ prior !o the beginning I of »ny tctu»l animal feeding ttudio*. ,. _ R 5 n 1 w i 5 . 8. If tho extraction test »s vvali ss th9 othar information submitted by ihs ingredient suopiior is i acceptable, the i:ifif edi«r,t shsii os accepted for uno in product; iissod und»r Koi- Standard &4 fot poi&uiu w&ter D. QUALIFICATION STAGE: To qualify a new material, compound or product, or to change en ingrooient in &n accepted formula, the formulation and 3 sair»pla shell be stibmifiad for evalua- ticn. 1. Sarnpirs ahtsl! bo axposed by ttSP using tha standard (multipls) exposure 2. No icvel of a constituent of intotest greater than 10 times the MCL (NSF Standard &»,Tafa!a 3.2-1) shali bo measurable in vva'.or from tho first exposure; and no level greater then ths V as MCL (NSF Standard b4, Tsbls 3.2-1) rhail be measurable in watar from tha third exposurs. E. MONITORING STAGE (LISTED PRODUCTS): Samples of listed products shs.'l b?> selectad ran- domly by F>;SF personnel during unannounced visits to production facilities. Samples may be 8 taken during production or from inventory. 1. Sample shall ba extracted by NSF under standard (multiple) exposure procedures. 2. Levels measured shall not be greater than tho established MCL specified for "monitoring." ACCEPTANCE QUAURCATION MONITORING (New Ingredient (New Product or Change or Genetically Simitar) in formulation) ?~z:~-r,-ir,izi K'zximu~, Multiple Exposure Multiple Exposure Multipls Exposure pH5.0 pH 5.0 pH5.0 MCL*: 1st extraction MCL4: 1st extraction 3rd extraction s10X MCI.4 S10 X MCL4 sMCL4 3rd extraction 3rd extraction = MCL4 s Ma* 3 La B - txborstofy Procedures for Sempta Proparction Extnsctant Wstt Bsposur* Tasta er«d Odcsr SECTION I. SAf/.PLES A. REQUIREMENTS: Liner: Uae a "standard" ratio equivalent to 50 cm* surface area of iiner sample to 1 liter of axtractant water for ell exposures. Joining Mstsrisia: Uso a "standard" rs'»io equivalent to 2,5 crn2 suifaoe aroa.to 1 iitar of sxtractant water. 4 •fcSixsmum Contaminant t.evat, U. S. Enviroim-jn!*! Prolfcciion AO»OCY'» Nmionni Intorim Prim*rv Orinkioa Wcter SsQUlt- Cioni' ii>7S cn AS 3. SAMPLE PREPARATION: Liners: Cut a portion of t'n Joining Materials: Coat ona-fourih of ths surface (on ono r.ide) of Vwo standsrd laboratory ^Inss s!idos{1 x3 inch) with the adhesive, solvant, or bodied solvent. Allow the specimen-, to cure for 43 hours at ambient temporuti'rs. Wash the sample as for Iiri6rs. SECTION II. EXTRACTANT WATER A. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Prepare "standard" extractant water to contain 100 mg/l hard- ness (as CaCCb) and 0.5 rng/I chlorine in organic-free water1. Adjust pH to 5.0 ± 0.2 with CO2. B. REAGENTS: Buffer Stock Solution: Dissolve 3.36 g sodium bicarbonate (NaHCCh) in orgsnic- free water.1 Make up to one liter. Make fresh daily. Hardness Stock Solution: Disso've 4.^4 g chloride (anhydrous CaCb) in organic-free water1. Make up to one liter. Make fresh daily. Chlorine Stock Solution: Add 7.3 ml sod urn hypochlorite (5 percent NaOCI) to 200 ml distilled water. Make fresh weekly. Keep in tightly stoppered boitie. Determine the strength of the chlorine st«vir «r,itt»mr> K.»rfjinfirvr; t m\»«1;;.~-..-uk. r.;;r.-«=rJ ^rrtrc'tGntv.a;-.', zr,£ i,,.meJ!ai=iy analyzu for total BV£.i! Cb stock solution (ml) = 0.5 B A where: A = ppm C12 equivalent per ml of Cb stock solution B -• liters of standard extractant water C. WATER: Prepare "standard" extraccant watar by adding stock reagent soiutions to organic-free I watar1, as shown in Tabla A-l. Tabla A-i "Standard" Extractant Chlorine Organic free Water' Duffer Stock Hardness Stock Stock (liters) Soiution Solution Soiution (ml) (mi) (ml) 25 25 0.5 i! 6 1W 150 3.0 12 300 300 K.n n 15 375 375 75 Bubble with COi until pH 5.0 ± 0.2 U etuinad. 'Organic-fra* wstcr ia dafinad at walar fre« of in(«rforonca whan tmployed in tha procedure d*scrib3d herein. 25 '•J L":£CT10N !!!. EXPOSURE i -, A. VE5££L CXPCSUr;i£5, Lt.\T:R: U- •-. 2 one auzrt "Mason" type j;;:s to evpoza 50 cm' of tinsr ' • I ianip.a in 1 liter of "t.tanopf-c" v.. :.-,r. Whan rut us a tn.i itn>r, anprorimiioly .^0 cm: of iinsr ! - t; rr.sternl will bacxp-o?o 1. 24*1 hour at37+0.b*C 4 - 2. 24*1 hour at 37±0.b°C ;* i 3. 72±4 hours at 37~G.5°C Controls: Piace equivalent volume of formulated water in extraction vessel and expose as a m control. Include one contro! for each combi nation of extraction vessel and'or exposure condition m in the daily sample run. at Liners: Use A "Wide Mouth" one quart "Mason" type jar to expose each of the four specimens. S Pisce a 11.6 cm length of 1 Vi inch glass rod in each exposure }ar (to displace the exposure water 0! enough to fill the J3r). Fill the jar with extrsctant water end seal without a head space utilizing tho -' ~ vess«si upside down. jjjf Joining Materials: Pine • one of the prepared slides on the bottom of each of two, two quart "Mason" type jars. Fill * ^ jars with extractant water and seal without a head spacs utilizing an aluminum foil lined cr.;j. ":! SECTION tV. RECOVERY OF WATER FOLLOWING EXPOSURE 7 fj A. TRiHALOMETHANE SAMPLE: Obtain an exposure water sample from one of the jars im- •-: « mediately sf :er oper •, ,q. Spacifically, place 2.5 to 3 mg ACS Reegant Grade sodium suifiTe in a 40 ml vial. Overflow it wii-. the exposure water sample and seal without a head space utilizing a '" Tjj Teflon Iin6d cap. " i.'i .' u 8. CHEMICAL, TASTE / ?JD ODOR SAMPLE: Separate water from exposed samples immediately j sfter exposure ver.c-ls ara removed from the elevated temperature environment by pouring i- [^ through fiitor paper (white, crerxs, '/'vVR Grad'j 6.G) into a cjtounrl glass stopporsd bottle. Com- I' y bine the waturs from each of the four liner Epecimens or tv.o joining materials samples into ons \.i bottle. y\ y SECTION V. TASTE AND ODOR EVALUATION jl ODOR TEST: I ' *' - i i=i A. GiIWEnALF?C0L';"cr«1ENT5: nnaSex*r3ciaMwci!or«fcpGs*rtf toiiwi-ssfiaHhavea lliresholdodor R riiimhrrr tr*ss th=-n >r0. A p?;rod «-?!T:p!'j t«jchrt:Cf!J9 in which the strongsr odcr in each pair is [^ ea iuuiitifiad shail ia used in O6rerffiiiiir>ti tj><' ^ Control: Dilute the control 1 to 83 by combining 2.5 ml o" the final cxtracts.it with 197.5 ml of odor-frea water in a BOD bottle. \J Gunerato a s.icond pair of th» same by duplicating the abc .-a. „ (Note: Odor-free water is prepared by passing distilled water through activated csftoon.) [| " Numbers of Samples: No iess than 4 and no more than 14 odor pai^ shall be evaluated et any time. R g Panel: Use panel of at least 10 members prescreened to eliminate persons who are unusually sensitive or insensitive to tastes and odors. 1 Preselect a random arrangement of the odor pairs for evaluation. For any given sample insure I that the control is legated once on the left and once on the right of the sampla within its two odor pairs. • Hold BOD bottles containing samples and paired controls in a water bath at 22*C A minimum of 10 panel members shall examine each pair in turn to determine which member of ff the pair has the strongest odor. C. nci>uL i &: uatc from B\\ panel members are summed and reported sctothe number af times tha sample was selected as the member of the p» > which contained th stronger odor. Table A-H is I then used to determine the confidence level (%) that the ssnnp'e hes the sti onger odor. A sarnpis ii fails the odor test when that confidence level reaches 93% or greater. I •J 27 JAtsl'C AH LJ l i • I ! I ... I '7 "I!-- i f.n At in. t 1 1 ! 4 .; _ i I i t r.'.'j. \ i i ;•' 12 7 2 GO 1 i ! l 1 I 13 { C-J.C3 7sa <0.0O ! •-;.cj | 75 CJ 7C £*7 j GO >3 U.S. ; j •j 15 ; Q7.ro 75.00 f.',.CW N.5. j , i is ?5.00 57 f.O r-o.M 75.1.-3 VS ''I ra.o ! N.S. -; 17 ~5r,o r-soo 95 M ro.c-o 7'J.I.O /5 00 COCO fJ'.» • — IS l&j S5 C9.50 < 37.50 I 95.CO SO .00 75.CO 75 C-0 s.S. N.S. i i "« 19 i 0-3.0S j 03.U) 39.M (P7 50 95 M 90.00 75.00 75.00 GOOD N.S. j M 99 05 i 99.95 09.50 05 CO 95.00 90 00 7i.C0 GO .00 60.00 M.S. 21 99.SS 99.50 39 50 99.00 9J.50 95.00 90.00 75.00 &0.00 so.co N.S. I 22 09.55 S9.S5 99.50 S9 50 99.00 97.50 95.00 90X10 75.00 60 00 E0.00 N.S. 2 23 99.95 99 95 99.50 99.50 97.50 97.50 95.00 75X10 75.00 60.00 60.00 N.S. ¥ 24 99.95 99.95 99.95 99 50 99 00 97.50 97.50 90.00 75.00 75XO 60.00 60.00 N.S 99 95 99.95 99.95 99.55 99 DO 97.50 95 00 50 00 90 :o 75.CO 60.00 60 00 20 99 95 99.95 59 95 99.95 69.50 59.00 97.EO 95.00 90 00 7b 00 75.00! 60.00 nri ns cwi fte no i^r cm en „,.„ ~Z.~Z „_! ~? r.?j • I EJ £•9.95 'J9.'2S B3.9'j OT.55 S9.00 97.ro S5.00 90.00 75.00 ?9 93.05 99 S3 59.C5 TO 95 U9 DO ?9.50 S3_OOJ 97.50 95.00! ?O 00 1 ] 19.35 93 95 C'j.95 i 99.55 01 50 99 50 I 97 50 07 50! 05.03 -i 1 j 99 95 C'9.55 ! 99 95 O'J.95 MM fi3 SO j 05.50 97 CO 97.50 ! «i 93.95 ! 99.05 ' 99.95 39 95 99.50 i 09 50 S3.OO|97 50 93 ^5 i P5 55 i •J9 95 ' 99 35 99 95 09 50 09 50 99 00 .v 03.95 99 55 99 95 93 C5 P9.95 99 95 99.50 99 W | r.s j 33 95 I 9?Q5 'rJ 95 j 99.95 59 95 ca.SOi ?9 :-0 i * 26 ; ! 1 99 .-"5 | 99.95 j 99'Jb MS5 I S3 05 I09.05:93 bO 'Number of times *imp! f) Uvet i%) 1« 1.7." SOO lo i.in r.; 5 18 ?.« wo 17 iSS 33.&0 13 J.4S 59.50 13 3.SI 53.55 Th«e tm tne • r No ret ixinior. eo»j»! to 20 in T«bl* All. th« nT»hl«A llwrfiobts'r>edinrlikem A12 D. TEST r-'r'OCED'JP.LS: plsce 500 m! final i-xXnjclon' watsr (i.??.. woi>:r from 'aial exposure period: tor cbch sample i."< iupamte BOD bo'.iic:.. Pl.-jca 2CO ml control v.i>\ -r • r. uQD bottle. Miintdin o!i boules • e.KiioCt:;nt wnti-r ond control - <-jt rcorri tc-mpe:aturo. Arrange samples ana control in random order for evaloruicn by pai-e'. Do not indionto to she panel which bottle contains control water. Apsnel member chai! pour taste samples into 2fi ml banker end record taste as "sweet,1' "sour," "birt'er" or "salty." PVincI member shall rinse rnouih with odor-free water before proceeding to the next testa sample. E. RESULTS: If pannl consistently mitortz tha taste of s particular sample to be more disagreeable than taste of the control, sample tails tha taste test. SECTION VI. CHEMICAL METHODS A. HEAVY METALS 1. GENERAL: The determination of heavy metals in e*tractsnt water is accomplished, using atomic absorption analysis. This technique is based on the quantum mech3nic£i principle that atoms absorb light at energy levels corresponding to characteristic orb;t&! energies of the atom. By measuring the attenuation of a mono- hromaJic light beam passing through the ;*,,v.H!u oiwt.u, Mm kuiibciiiibiion ot metal in sho sampse c*n De dftierminet) u?>n" Beer's Law. NSF employs an external standard technique for caiibrasion end sample determination. Three stanoHid solutions are made in corcpntrations. corresppneinj to the tegion in which the samples arc expected to lie. it^ndards are run concurrently wi(h samples to insure quality control and to indicate sny significant deviations in instrumental resporae. T'.is concentrations of the samples are th«n obtained from graphs of sbsorbanco versus conccr.- for the standards. A study of testing results for several routine analyses "A as made (o determine reproducibility and lovelscf detf-ciion obt?in"d on averrgp working c;sv< ;.. aie NSF laborslones. This study was clone v»ith^ut the prior knowledge oi Ijbor^'cry personnel. Detection limits were detapmined as twice tf e noii;o-sdard. ArithmeJ'C mean values oi tho staririarrj were then plotted agnid'A concentration, in\6 << lca;i sru2rv% sine drawn. Detection limits and reproducibility values ware thendptnrmjr.no' frnr'i .n^nraph. This procp-iurpuyjja followed for each motel, TUP results sro shewn in Tjblr. Alll. Updating analyticril procedures is a continuous process ?t N?c. All sta.tdaru's and c-arnples iire macse in this matrix of MS?' 'Rr'erfnrn A.S1M Spr'.'is! Trchnics! f'-,ib!ir.Etir>n43-!: t.'.srmt!. •<» ^vnory Ta;t-ng Mrthodt. sponsoi etl by AS TM EO8 on Sfinayry rve!u*i:ion of MiMeriels find Trociucts. *NSF Standard He 14, Appei-SM A. Ss^tion ?. ATI TABLE DETECTION LIMi'fS AND CF METALS ANALYSES fioproducit'ilitY Ftoproclunbility MCL' et i\:0L. DL* nt Iowe3i standard Metal (ma.1!) irr-tA} Antimony 0.05 ±0.0007 0.007 ±0.0005 i Arse site 0.05 ±0.0CO7 O.COJ .tO.C'03 Barium 1.0 iO.Ot 0.003 ±0.004 Cadmium 0.01 ±0.0002 0.0005 ±0.0001 Chromium 0.05 ±0.002 0.005 iC..;02 Lsad 0.05 ±0.0009 0.002 ±0.0007 Mercery 0.002 ±0.0004 0.0003 ±0.0004 Selenium 0.01 ±0.00,1 0.0O3 ±0.0005 Tm 0.05 ±0.002 0.005 ±0.0009 'maximum contaminant level (MCL) 'dowction limit (DL) i-a FT 2. EQU'fMENT: Poikin-EImer Model No. 560 atomic absorption spectrophotometer E.D.L. Power Supply, P.E. No. 040-0354 Perfclrs-Elmer Graphite Furnacs, H.G.A. 2200 PcKin-Elmor PRS-10 Printer Seauencer Pcrkin-ESroer AS-1 Auto Sampling System 3urn?r Control Box, P.E. No. 057-0262 b. Perkin-Elrnor Hitachi 2C0 fiecordor Acetylono Gas Tank »r:rl PoguleJor Afyon Ga* Tank arid Reguletor Nilrous Oxiiis Ges Tank end Regulator Irtoryontc 1OO0 ppm mef«i standards in matrix of diiuls hydrochloric scid rnicro-pipe!s HI j. rriUL-cuuMc, (Atomic Absorption Spectrcphotometer) AAS: . i AtcmizfHion Method - fKaphite furnnco (exctpt mercury; : j i Sample f«nunix - u.i mi of Suprapurw HNCb in bt) ml of extractant water | Slit - AltomrUa ; | Gain — Set b.*)twf>«>n 35 - <30 units • J Source — Sot to specifications of lamp being used ; | Signel — Absorbanco 1 Mode — Continuous ' i Recorder - Absorbsnca > Background Corrector - AA (Background correction not used routinely) •'" Recorder Chart Expansion - Set as desired j The lamp is allowed its specified warm up time ] Standards are made by adding appropriate aliquots of 1000 ppm standa.ds to the correct ' matrix. Controts are made with the same matrix but with no exposure to plastics and no j eddition of the standard. : After proper alignment, each standard is analyzed at least two times. Followinn th"?, co"?rn'« *"** ana samples are analyzed two tim«s. Standards are interrp^rssd in tho analysis with a tots! • standard frequency of no less than 5 percent c* analysis time. Following the completion of ; the sampie run, each standard is rerun. If tha instrument response has changed, all question- able samples ara rerun immediately followed by a series of standards. : 4. METHODS: Antimony (Sb): Standards —0.1, 0.05, 0.02 mgll Graphite Furnace Settings Temoerature Time °C Sec. '\r\ Dry 110 20 Char 825 22 Atomizstion 2700 6 ; - Hrgon Purge gas flow ra'o - 200 cefmin Purpe rjaz interrupt — 3 sec. «>amplt voiume 20 2,ul Instrumental Pprr meters •Slit — 0.2 mm •sScjrcs - .U.CL, P.E. '.io. 3C3-0C!C *Wave length — 217.6 nm Photorriatric flange - 0.5 31 1 5 S 2 Arsenic (A3): Slanctirrls — 0. "00, 0,050, C.020 n\p.l\ y Graphite -jmace Sellings Temperature Time, •C Sac. Dry •no 20 Chtir 250 20 U Atomiration 2700 6 tit Purge [jss - Arpon Purge gas flow ratn - 300 cc/min Puree gas interrupt — 3 sec. Sample volume 20 >xi Instrumental Parameters •Slit —0.7 •Source — EDL. P.E. No. 303-6211 •Wave length —193.7 nm Photometric Range -0.5 Barium (S»S: Standards — 0.100, 0.050, 0.C20 mg.1 Graphite Furnace Settings Temperature Time, »C Sec. Dry 110 23 Chsr 1100 36 Atomization 2700 5 H Purge Q3S - Argon PurQfl o»8 flow isia - 300 cc/mir» Purga gcs flow rectucJion rata -110 cc/min for 3 sec. £? Sarripfe vciume — 20 ti\ Instrumental Parameters ra •S!it —0.2 tf »3ource — HCL, P.E. No. 3OJ-SO12 to -Wove length — ES3.6 nm Bl Photometric fonge - 0.5 *3 is Cadmfurrc (CdJ: Standard.* - 0.0100, 0.C0&0 0.0020 mg/l GrBphito Furnace Settings Tempsrature Tims, *C Sec. Dry 110 20 Cher 250 32 Atornization 2100 6 Purge gas - Atgon Purge ges flow rata - 300 cc/min Purge gas interrupt - 3 sec. Sample voiumo - 20 M' Instrumental Parameters •Slit - 0.2 •Source - HCL, P.E. 303.601b •Wave length - 228.8 nm Photometric Range • 1.0 Chromium (Cr): Graphite Furnace Settings T'.r(iperature Tima, "C Sec. Dry 110 20 Char 1100 32 Atomization 27C-Q 6 Purfje gas - Argon Purge gas flow rate - 300 cc/min Purge gas interrupt - 3 sec. Sample volume - 20 /xl Instrumental Parameters •Siit - 0.7 •S--LTCW - HCL, P.E. 303-6021 !eny:h - 357.3 nm Phrtomstric Rsnge • 1.0 Standards • 0.050, 0.G30, 0.010 mg/» Graphite Furnace Settings Temperstvro Tirr.s, •c S«sc. Dry 11C 20 Cher 7C0 20 Atomizaiicn 2300 Q PUTQB gas - Argon Purr-it f.'BS flow mia - 300 cc/min Pur ' >• J3 int6rn.ir.it - 3 ser. Sar,->i!b volume - 20 >il Instruments! Paramstors •Slit - 0.7 •Souca - HCL, r.E. 303-6111 •Wave )en{itii - 2)7.0 nm Photometric Range - 0.2 Mercury (Kg»: Sample Matrix - ssrnpls water trested in accordance with Perkin-Elmer instructions for Mercury Analysis Syslam No. 303-0320 Standards - 0.010, 0.0050, 0.0020 mg/l Atomization Method - Perkin-Elmer Flarrteless Mercury Analysis System 303-0830 Instrumental Parameters •Slit - 0.7 •Souce - HCL, P.E. 303-6044 •Weve length - 253.7 nm Photometric Ranm - 0.5 Scienium {Sa): Standards - C.OSO, 0.020. 0.0050 mgll Graphite Furnace Settings Temperature, Time, •C Sec. Dry 110 2P Char 370 20 Atomization 2700 5 Purgs gas - Argon Purge gss flow rate - 200 cc/min Purga gas interrupt - 3 sec. Sample vo'ums - 20 /il Instruments?Parameters »Siit - 0.7 •Sourc« - EDL, P.E. 303-6262 ©Wave length - 1S3.0 nm Photometric Rsngt> - 0.2 Tin fSn): Slafiuiida - u.'iCG, C.C3C, C.C2C my/i A18 H Graphite Fumoce Settings Temperature *C St.. Dry 110 30 Chsr • 700 32 Atomization 270O 5 Purge gas - Argon Purge gas flow rate - 300 cc/min Purge gas interrupt - 3 s«c , Sample volume - 20 \i\ \ J Instrumental Parameters \\ •Slit - 0.7 {.: •Source - EDL, P.E. 303-6274 •Wave length - 224.6 nm Photometric Range - 0.5 5. QUALITY CONTROL: Any liner sample which fails any chemical parameter is retested to assure that tho problem is associated with the sample versus the analysis or analytical technique. In accordance with the 15th Edition of Standard Methods for the Hxsminstion cf'A'stcrend f- Westewater, the NSF laboratory utilizes two methods of quality control, internal and external. The interns! method includes standard solutions and controls which correct for chemical interference in the extractent vvatar. Standards and controls comprise 15% of the analytical tima for heavy metals determinations; i.e., one in six randomly spaced controls. External quality control samples are analyzed on *n average of once every three months, either as EPA reference standards or solutions of NSF extractant water spiked wiih metais at concentrations which approximate a "typical" liner sample. Thoquaiity control samples are [. • prepared by personnel oth»»r than those involved in tho analysis and ere coded in a mann«r i which simulates ectua! liner samples. Thaenalyst receives the quality controf sample, along I' with actual lingr samples, with .10 knowledge of its status as a quality control sample. [. i- H B. TOTAL TRIHALDf^ETHANES (TTHM) 1. GENERAL: Totsl trihsiomothanes (TTKM) [chloroform (Cf!CS) bromodichloroffeihane (CHCbBr) chlorodibromothsne (CHCiBRj), and bromoform (CHBrj)J in extractant watsr sra determined usiftCj gas chromstocirsphy. 10 mt of the sample's fins! exposure v/stor sre extrscted with 2 m! of pfrntnne »nd sns!y7»d in accordance with the proewjufes outlined for the liquid/liciuid cxtrection method (Fftderel Register/Voi. 44, No. 231/Nov«itib©r 23, 1S7S. p. S26S3). ; Throa standisrds canning froni ;'i—1 GO ppb see prepsf 2. EQUIPMENT: t Ferkin-Elmei Sigma 3 B G^* Cinematograph £ Perkin-Elmor Sigma 103 Data Ststion 35 Pcrkin Elmsr Auto Samplsr (AS-100) Electron Cspturc Detector (S.C.D.) Column - 4 mm 10 (8' v. V," OD) 10% Squalane Chrom W-AWSa'100 NOC Nitrogen 4.5 grade CoTipra339Ct air Groda E 40 ml screw cap vials with Teflon faced silicono septa. Pierce #13075 and #"3733 Sample vials with septs and aluminum seals for auto sampler Extraction bottles and caps Sci/Spac #B 69110 Syringe* - 10. 25 and 100^1 - 5 and 10 cc with luer-lok tip Gat stoppered volumetric - 25 and 100 ml 3. REAGENTS: Pentana, suitable for TTHM GC analysis Methanol, reagent grade Chlorine reducing agent: Sodium thiosulfate Stsndsrds Chloroform, reagent grade Bromodichloromethana, reagent grade Chlorodibromomethane, rea{jsnt grade Bromoform, reagent grade Carbon tetrachlorida, reagent grade Organic-free watar1 4. INSTnUfVcNT PREPARATION: Pneumatic Settings Carrier gas: Nitrogen - 30 psi Auto sampler: Air • 40 psi Nitrogen - 5 ps> Temperature Settings Oven - QTC trijetticn port - 1b0"C Detector - 350*C Total en^iysi« time - 13 ra'>ruins Flow rste through coiumn - 70 ca'min p'.us 5 cs makeup. ft vvslw frsa of i A20 1 5. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE TTHM and CCU arc measured in accordance with the methcri for "Anelysis of Trirsaiomtttnsnes in ijrtnsiriq Wator by Liquio/Liquid txtrsction," Fscierai Wegistsr/Vc'uiTta 44, No. 231/November 23, 1979, p. 0SC33. C. OTHER CHEMICAL PARAMETERS i! -•A 1. PHENOLS: Phar.oSs arc measured in accordance with Standard Methods for the Exam- ination of Water end Wastewater, 15th SEdhion, psgs biO <4-(imirioari,tipyrir;6 method '- i with preliminary disfitistion stap). 2. TOTAL AVAILABLE f?ESiDUAL CHLORINE: Total available residual chlorine is measured in nccordenca with tha mathod outlinod in Stsnc'ard Methods '.or the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 15th Edition, page 286 (Arnpfiiometric Titration Method, Proce- dure 4c). I r". > nii 37 Psrta P1y Adhasioo ASTMD413rJ(.'Ctior>fl!. Procedure, Parogrspli&.i Strip Specimens- Typo A, 180 degree psel-. . .Tha next s?n!snca shall bo dz\nzci cr;d substituted in its pi«5c.a: Tno cut strip shall be 1 inch wide measured to fha nearest 0.01 inch. ASTM D413 Section 12,Caicu!stions, Paragraph 12.2 shall bo modified to bs: For the machine method th N/m (It .n) = force/a^ua! width M other thai* c * inch strip is tested show both the force and the actual width in the report. Part 9 Accelerated Weathering Test A. OCIXCHAL The t?st will be the Equatorial Mount with Mirrors for Acceleration plus water spray (EM- MAQUA). Minimum specimen sizo will be 5 inches wide x 4 inches long. (Maximum widih is 5 inches x 55 inches long within target area.) Minimutn number of specimens will be ona for each FML type that is recommended for outdoor exposure. The EM'/AQUA Test machine is covered by U. S. patents. The testing service is provided by: Desert Sunshina Exposure Test Inc. Box 185 Black Canyon Stage Phoenix, Aiizona 85023 B. Exposure Rating Table Tho following table rates th« stata of condition for tho FML r-f? Crazing is tha phenomenon rrt3nif<»st?d by slight br^s('.s or checks in ttia surface. Tno break should baciiicd e "crack" if the underlying surface is vifiiblfl. Forj^r-cisionovgiuMirr^crsiirtgis described ec microscopsc crsiing as observed with a stated magnification of 10 power. A22 1 -5 EXPOSURE RATING TAOLE r:arr>.;>r.r af VVW*h rf Rating Checks' Chsckt* i I Nc. 9 S Maximum f, Microscopic M width 7 (10 X magnification) L .006 Er». 6 S Maximum 5 Naked &ye ot close range M width 4 (12 inches) L .015 in. 3 S Not 2 Naked eye at distance M Acceptable 1 (3 foot) L 0 Complete failure 'S = Small M = Medium L => Large *When bent around Vi inch diameter mandrel. Materials which have a rating of 7, 8 and 9 will be considered to have passed. tA M»teri»l«s i If, after the second submission, the material f3i!s to obtain a minimum ranking of 7, the material in question will lose its NSr listing until such timo the material meets tha requirement. A transparent crack width gauge, similar to that shown in Figure 1 along with a 10 power microscopa may be used to measure the crack width. i B-l "4 I 7 CRACK WIDTH GAGE .007 .004 .0 73 .006 .087 .010 .097 .013 .108 . O15 .112 . 020 .130 . 024 .15? 030 038 .o*a . 057 FIG.1 A24 Pert 10 Dead Lo-sct Stusm &t?*r*r:h A. Scopo Tc determine (ho ability of factory team joints to withstand constant stress under load et rcorn temperature (73^). B. Test Specimen The supported specimen sizs shell ba a 4-inch width of ths sepm jc:nt end a 1?-ir,ch length, suirU.'ont. to fit in ths clamps of trio testing machine. Tho unsupported r.pacimen size shall be a 1 inch width of the scam joint end an 8 inch lonrrth. C. Procedure Tho clamping mechanism will grip a 1 inch wide section ar.d should be centered in the width of the last specimen, above end below the seam joint Tho clamps shall not grip any portion of the overlap area of the seam joint 1. Room Temperature Test: A designated toad shall be applied to seam joint after it is fastened in the demos. This load shall be equal to a percentage of the Bonded Seam Stsength Vslua indicated in the Materials Properties Tables. The load shall be maintained for 4 hours st e ' temperature of 73°F. The stressed sample must be closely observed. Excessive elongation may require clamp adjustent to maintain consistent loading. When elongation reaches 5OSc of the original jaw separation, no additional adjustment need be mede. Retain existing load for balance of test duration. 2. A ''failure" wiii be noted when the seam joint separates entirely D. Reporting of Results Tha results shall be reported by indicating tha designated load, tha temperature, the time duration at the ta^t, the length of the overlap seam, and a "pass" or "fail" designation. PART 11 Daad Load Seam A. Introduction Sun exposure and hujh sir iftrripgratuf es. sometimes result in the portion or on exposed FML cbova the water (or contained fluid) surface to r^nn tcmoflrsturei? over 12CPF. If seams nm improperly rnarf" fr;d/or ;h« ir!v-"L rrr.tf»fi:>! forrriiir! v/:'\ r.tv fti'-w gocd strums to ho msde, thers the lining msy sf"-cr>r>?ta «nri=?r T^-rifsj-rntiifo" nrid torers som^tirncs encounters', in cctust service. The rioad Ic^d ^fftm strsnoth i'-v.l st elavstori tr-rrc.qfisturft is ri'-~;qnsd to id jntify sn»ms whidi are liicsly to i.c su^io-tico to failure under such conditions. The temp;;r3T!jr& r;e!«;..!'!d tor tSs t;«t should ha cor.iistsr.t with ffie thcimsl Dhytica'.'cham.. .! properties o< iiia r'-.'tL i-r:-J ':!;a snnciputrMd .'iorvii.i cc;:aii:on. iha iarncarutura and !O3Q givsjn in changes in tne tost ccnuitions epps.ir spprcprtcts. E. Tost Spocirnsn Unsupported Materials: Tha spedman shall bs 1 inch v.idg. anrf at least S Enchas lorg. Tha ssam lhail ba located in the cenior of ?hn specimen and scro? Supported MMeriats: Tho specimen sha'! bs4- incht-s wida and e>l leesf 12 ioches !or.g. Tns scim 4 X shall ha in the certior of iha specimen and acror.s tha Mi width of ih« i The clamping mech.-nlsm vv'll orip lha full 1-inch width of an unsupported specimen. The grip iPpar3iion shrill bn 4 jncMos P'IJS tha seam v/eih. A 1-ir,ch wide sec'.'O'i o'. a supported specimen in '.ho contar of iht> v^dtn of !iv; t"?st specimen should be pnpptxl The '•.np si'paiction shail t><; 6 inches plus the tc-am width. Tim clamps jhail not grip any portion oi trie ovurlsp area of the soam joint. Thn IcscI GQijol to "3 percent of lh« (t'qwired bended sp«im strength r.nouid bn applied to the scum joint pitor it ir fi>vt'-ned iT !n*» clomps. Tite lo A "failure" will be noted when the seam joint separates entirely. D. Reporting of Results The results shall be reported by indicating the designated load, the temperature, the time duration of the test, the length of tho overlap eeam, and a "pass" o' "fail" designation. For example: 25 percent Bonded Seam Strength 158°FJ 4 hours, 4 inch seam length. Pass. Part 12 Environmental Stress Crack Rosistsrtca ASTM D1693 shall be modified to ba: Condition C to bo used with 1OCCC using 100% Igepai. Samples shall ba 80 miis or finished product if thicker. A?. A26 si Ui.i REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF APPENDIORGANIATIONX C S IN LINER INDUSTRY hH POLYMERIC MEMBRANE LINEP.S 1. Polymer Producers 1:1 2. Manufacturers of Polymeric Membrane Sheeting T| 3. Fabricators of Liners | 4. Installation Contractors | i h 43 1 r. 7 A POLYMF.RIC MEMBRANE LINF.KS 1. PoIyi'ier i'roaucc-ra DOW CHF.M.TCAL, COMPANY 20 40 Dow Center P.O. Box IB-5 7 Midland, MI 48640 Product Sales Manager, Chlorinated Polyethylene Designed Products Department Phone; 517-G36-1000 D.I. du PONT de NEMOURS AND CO., INC. Elastomer Chemicals Department Wilmington, DE 13890 Contact: Bernard F. Anderson Phone: 302-774-1000 Contact: Gerald E. Fisher 3707 Chevy Chase Road Louisville, KY 40218 Phone: 502-459-8752 Elastomer Technology Division P.O. Box 4 5 Linden, WJ 0 70 36 Contact: Phone: 201--474-0100 HERCULES INCORPOJIATED 910 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19 899 Contact: Norman C. MacArthur Phone: 302-575-6293 MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS CO. 260 Springsido Drive Akron, OH 44313 Contact: Gary E. O'Connor Project I-ianaqer Coirunercirsl Dovelopmcnt Department Rubbei" Chemicals Division Phorif.-: 236-665-4111 PA?•."-;.SOT?:, jvc. ?f- jRf ferf;on Street Passnic, NJ 07055 Contact: Dr. R. Prooknau Phone: 201-777-PSOO Gotdor - • It POLYSAi':, LTD. : Vidal Street j Sarnia, Ontario • j Canada U7T VM2 : 1 Contact: John Rod land * Phone: 519-337-8251 i • i SHELL CHEMICAL COMPANY [ \ 60 5 N. Main Street 1 Altarnont, IL 62411 '•' \ Contact; Larry Katkins < | Phone: 61R-483-6517 UNIROYAL CHEMICAL COMPANY Spencer Street Nauyatuck, CT 0G488 Contact: Allen Crepeau Phone: 203-723-3825 2. Manufacturers of Polymeric Membrane Sheetings *BURKE RUuBER COMPANY i 2250 South Tenth Street I San Jose, CA 95112 ; Contacts: D. Kutnewsky ] Manager, Flexible Mcrabranes | Mr. Doug Bartlett {.i Phone: 408-297-3300 i--'~\ •CARLISLE TIRE AND RUBBER CO. Construction Materials Department ; i P.O. Box 99 Carlisle, PA 17013 Contact: Huqh Konney Phone: 717--249-1000 COLUMBUS COATL'D FABRICS 3 2BO N, Gr^nt Street i .- Columbus, OH 432.16 1:-; Contact: Lee Fishbein jv'2 Phone: 614-225-6069 yi COOLKY, INC. $M 50 esten AVcnae f:'% Pawtucket, RI 02862 f?p Contact: Paul Eaglcston, Vica President 45 •''I Phone: 401-72^1-5000 |^ Goldor Associate* &3 C-3 ,TNK MHITKD (A !Ji.mlop Company) 160 I'ljlinton Avenue Toronto, Cntario Canada M4P 1G3 Contact; Phone; 416-487-1114 GACO P.O. Box 8869S Seattle, WA 98188 Contact: Earle Johnson San Jose, CA Phone: 415-341-5661 *B.F. GOODRICH COMPANY Engineered Rubber Products Division 500 S. Main Street Akron, OH 44318 Contacts: R.D. Cunningham, Sales Manager Environmental Products ;ir. C. Marcot Phor.e: 216-379-2226 GUNDL.E PLASTICS, INC. 5340 Alpha Road, Suite 101 Dallas, TX 57520 Contact- Richard K. Schmidt Phone: HART U COMPANY 16 E 34th Street New York, NY 10016 Contact: R.H. Dickinson Phone: 212-481-1210 KOKOiiU, USA, INC. P.O. Box 2287 Everret, WA 9 8203 Contact: Ms. Miki Hakamura Phone: 806-353-7000 MAINLINE, I^C. 3292 Scnth Highway 97 KsiT.cr.ct, Cr 3 77S0 Contact: DeWitt Maine Phone: 503-548-4207 '1 fi Golder Aaoociaiss PANTAEOTS, INC. 2b Oeitcrson Street Passaic, UJ 070 55 Contact: Dr. R. Brookman 201-777-8500 PLY/MOUTH RUBBER COMPANY 10 4 Revere Street Canton, MA 02021 Contact: Charles Neese Phone: 617-828-0220 REEVES BROS., INC. Vulcan Coated Fabrics Division P.O. Box 431 Rutherford, NC 28139 Contact: Walter McEvilly, Vice President Sales and Marketing Phone: 704-286-9101 •SCHLEGEL LINING TECHNOLOGY, TNC. P.O. Box 7730 The Woodlands, TX 773Q0 Contact: Jamen M. Trice, President Mr. Morris Jett Phone: 713-273-3066 (Conroe) 713-350-1813 (Houston) SEAMAN CORP. P.O. Box 11007 Charlotte, NC 28209 Contact: Jack Watson Phone: SHELTER-RITE, INC. P.O. Box 331 Millersburg, OH -34 654 Contnet: Dr. Bala Venkataranar., Vice President Research and Development Phone: 216-S74-201(> STAUFFHR CHEMICAL CO. 44G7 S. C-IOKI Street le, NJ CP620 Contact: Williara F. Cliristie Tecnnical Hanaqar Phone: 201-545-6830 47 Colder A»»oclat»t C-5 * STEVEN'S EI.ASTCMKMC h F-LASTTCS PRODUCTS.. TN"C. 2 7 Payson Avenue Easthanpton, MA 01073 Contact: Arnold G. Peterson Phone: 413-527-0700 TENNECO CHEMICALS, INC. P.O. Box 1G9 Piscataway, NJ 0880b Contact: Bob Hayes/Kent Turner Phone: 2C'l-35'6-2550 UNIROYAL, INC. 312 N. Hill Street Mishawaka, IN 46544 Contact: D.L. Zimmerman Phone: 219-256-8181 3. Fabricators of Liners BROWN AND BROWN P.O. Drawer 2GS Mobile, AL 36601 Contact: Sam Brown, President Phone: 205-479-6581 ELECTRA TARP, INC. Park Centre 7241 Whipple Avenue, N.W. North Canton, OH 4 4 720 Contact: Bob Fulraerr President Phone: 216-497-1496 ENVIItONETICS, INC. 9824 Industrial Drive Bridgeview, IL 60455 Contact: Ray Winters, President Phone: 312-5S5-6000 FAB RICO MTvNUrACTURIlJG CORP. 1300 West Exchange Avenue Chicago, IL 6CC09 Contact: Jay -Sabath, Sales Kanagar Phone: 312-251-4211 Gaidar A*»ocl«t«s MCKITTRICK MUD CO. Bakers-field, CA 93305 Contact: Bill Wheele:;, President Phone:. 805-325-5013 *PALCO LIUINGS, INC. 7571 Santa Rita Circle P.O. Box 919 Stanton, CA. 90680 Contacts: Richard Cain, Senior Vice President Mr. W. Bachelder Phone: 714-898-0867 POLY-PLASTICS P.O. Box 299 Springfield, OH 45501 P Contact: Roland Harmer, President Phone: 513-323-4625 PROTECTIVE COATING, INC 1602 Birchwood Avenue L. tiiiyiiC) AIM Contact: Elrao Murrell, President Phone: 219-422-7503 M. PUTTLTJIAN ft CO. 2221 West 43rd Street > • ••; Chicago, IL 60609 I a Contact: A. Berman, President Phone: 312-927-4120 REVERE PLASTICS 16 Industrial Avenue Little r«rry, KJ 07643 i. Contact: Lirry Smith, President i- Phone: ^01-641-0777 f.: SOUTHWEST CANVAS MFG CO. Oklahoma City, OK Contact. Richard C. Nslsoii, -*'. nagar Phono: 405-672-3355 *STAFF INDUSTRIES 240 Chens Stieet Detroit,- MI 4 8207 Contacts: Charles K. Staff, President Mr. R.G. MacDouald Phone: 313-259-1820 n 11 Colder A».f.c»c!staa *SYNFLEX INDUSTRIES INC. Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6E 2A9 Contacts; Gerald W. Salberg, President Mr. R.S. Atkinson Phone: 604-682-3621 •WATERSAVER COMPANY, INC. P.O. Box 16A 65 Denver, CO 80216 Contacts: Bill Slifer, Vice President James B. Bryan Phone: 303-623-4111 MANUFACTURERS WHO ALSO FABRICATE Burke Rubber Company Carlisle Tire and Rubber Co. B.F. Goodrich Schlegel Area Sealing Systems, Inc. Contractors CRESTLINE SUPPLY CORP. 29 87 South and 300 West Salt Lake City, UT 84115 Contact: Guy Woodward Phone: 801-487-2233 ENVIROCLEAR, INC. P.O. Box 242 Falls Village, C? 06031 Contact: Don Thompson, President Phone: 212-997-0100 518-325-3332 AL GASTON CONSTRUCTION CO., INC. Gaston Containment Systems P.O. Sex 1157 El Dorado, XS 6704 2 Contact: John Saens Phone: 316-321-5140 *G'..-O-.'S LimtvGS, IMC. 1901 East Wardlow Road Long Beach, CA 90807 Contacts: William Kays Mr. R, Webb Gotdar A Phone: 213-426-2587 213-6-5-5315 GULF SEAL CORPORATION 601 Jefferson 534 Dresser Tower Houston, rjfX 77002 Contact: Howard S. Dial, Division Vice President Phone: 713-722-9220 MAY EMTERPRISEr, INC. P.O. Box 6606 Odessa, IX 79 760 Contact: Ken Stewart, President Phone: 915-362-2363 MWM CONTRACTING CORP. | 347 North Main Street § Milford, MI 48042 || Contact: Joe McCuliough ^ Phone: 313-685-9350 313-685-1201 NATIONAL S2AL CO., INC. 7701 East Kellogg Wichita, KS 67202 Contact: John W. Owen Phone: 316-681-1931 PACIFIC LININGS, INC. P.O. Drawer GGGG Indio, CA 92201 Contact: John Blatt, President Phone: 714-347-0828 PLASTI-STEEL, INC. 3588 West 13th Street Vickers-KSB&T Building Wicb;.t:a, KS 6 7203 Contact: M.C. Gre^n, President-. Phone; 316-262-6861 r| SCHLEGEL AR'ZA SYSTEMS, INC. '"t P.O. Box 2M97 \i Rochester, Mi' 1465/2 t.-J Cunuact: Jctrujs H. Price Phone: 71&-244-10C0 51 ta Colc'sr A«oocl*tao C-b ST.V-FLEZ CCTIT. Greenland, HH 03840 Contact: Lou PeJoquin 4917 New P.snssy Court San Jore, CA 9513S Phone: 408-224-0604 THE TH'JRSTON VJALLCE CO. 54 70 East Evans Avenue Denver, CO 80222 Contact: Hank Thurston, President Phone: 303-758-2232 TRI STATE CONSTRUCTION 959 108th Avenue, N.E. Belleview, WA 9 8004 Contact: Joe Agostino Phone: 206-455-2570 UNIT LINER CO. P.O. Box 789 OK 74834 Contact: J.A. Hendershot, President Phone: 405-275-4600 UNIVERSAL LININGS, INC. P.O. Box 315 Haverford, PA 19041 Contact: David H. Small, President Phone: 215-649-3600 FABRICATORS WHO ALSO INSTALL: McKittrick Mud Synflex Industries, Inc. •A f.'s I". I I APPENDIX D h LINER SUPPLIERS na I Ml #1 6iS| i APPENDIX D-l Goldw Assodsts* Attached letter mailed to: Schelcqel Lining Technology Inc Burke Rubber Company 2 32 Parkland Crescent S.E. 2250 C:>uth Tenth' Street Calgary, Albert a San Jose, California Mr. R.J. Thomson 95112 Mr. Robert Koodley Huron Lining Technology Ltd. 711 Robertson Crescent Globe Linings Inc. Milton, Ontario 1901 East Wardlow Road LST -VU2 Long Leach, California Mr. R.J. Lewingron 90807 Mr. W. Kays Lexcan Limited 85 Vulcan Street J.P. Stevens & Co. Inc. ; Rexdale, Ontario Elastomeric Products Department ! M9W 1L4 East Hamoton, Mass. I Mr. Dominique Petruzzi 01027 ' j Mr. Arnold C. Peterson ! I Dunlop Industrial Limited I Dunline Division Butyl Products Limited j Building #84 Radford Crescent P.O. Box 543 Billericay - Essex Huron Park, Ontario England NOM 1Y0 Mr. Carl Hannigan Dunlop Construction Products Inc 2055 Flavelle Boulevard Staff I.ininfT<; T»p. 1220 Mitchell CresctiiL L5K 1Z8 Windsor, Ontario Attention: Mr. Robert Rayfield N6G 2G2 (March 30, 1984) Mr. Ed Staff Dow Chemical Canada Gundle Lining Systems Inc. Modeland Road Research Centre 301-255 1st Street West P.O. Box 101? North Vancouver, B.C. Sarnia, Ontario V7M 3G8 N7T 7K7 Mr. Jerry Siaberg Mr. J. Sabzali (April 2, 1984) Gunclle Lining Systems Inc. Gundle Road 13-2 0 East Richey Road Houston, Texas 77073 Mr. Paul Barker Waf.er^aver Company Inc. 5S70 East 5fith Avenue Con;r.fcree City, Colorado 80022 Mr. Jawes B. Bryan Palco Linings Inc. P.O. Box 919 Stanton, California 90680 April 2, 1984 Our ref: 841-3015 RE: FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE (POLYMERIC) LINERS AS LONG-TERM BARKIERS FOR URANIUM MILL TAILINGS Dear Sirs: Colder Associates is conducting Phase I of an evaluation rsf f loviVilp mam)-* *-.r* nf> "> i r» r* »- o f p *" »*•"•'"• 7*~ . »»--i- •-£•_*«- t — ili~~C pond liners and dam n.-tunbranes. The study is being carried out for Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada as part of the National Uranium Tailiiuis Program. Phase I of the study will be based on available published information, information from suppliers and infornvation from industrial users. Phase II of tho study, which is not yet approved, will involve a laboratory tf?st program to ft :dy failure mechanisms, degradation rates and contaminant release rates through liners selected as a result of the Phase I study. For the purpose of the study it will be assumed that the liners will be provided with soil cover and that the time of consideration will be up to 1000 years following installation. The two main arn.is of Canada to be considered will be the Key Lake area oi Northern Saskatchewan and the Elliot Lake area ot Ontario. ... 2 April 2, 1S At- present we an1considering the following poly;:,.-, ric i inors: vi) PC ii) Ci-C vii) Butyl rubber iii) CCPE (.liypalcn) v i i i ) Ncopro r,:.' iv) PVC ix) Polvurethano V) IiPDM Please forward an up-f o-date information package ceirrespond- ing to the above; r.iiit.erials which you supply. Wo would specifically n-ou'.s^ information corresponding t.o the categories identified in the attached checklist. It is anticipated that sonie of the information would be included in your standard brochures, however, additional information will likely be required. Please note that we do not require detailed design or exact cost estimates at this time. The cost information requested is to establish orders of magnitude to compare tho various liner materials; it will not be used to compare the liner inanufacturers or suppliers. «. Responses from manufacturers/suppliers will be incorporated in the Phase I report. Due to the project tuning constraints, we would appreciate a written response ti5 soon as possible. Should you have any questions, please contact the under- signed in our London office. Yours truly GOL ASSOCIATES Frederick W. Firlotte, P. Eny. Associate KWF/jl Att. i > t. e n s i 3 e r;trennth ii ) puncture resistance iii ) tear u>r.i stance iv ) abrasi on res istance V ) dimension al stability vi ) f: 1 e x i b i 1 ity vii ) creep res istance viii) pernw.;abil ity 2 ' CHEMICAL COMPATIB?:LITY i) In contact with uranium tailings (if available). - extraction process is sulphuric acid leaching, solvent extraction solution purification and ammonia solvent stripping. ii) oxidizing acid resistance iii) mild acid resistance iv) base resistance v) general chemical resistance vi) resistance to hydrocarbons (aromatic and non-aromati c) bacterial resistance PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS i) ozone resistance ii) ultraviolet resistance iii) low tenperature performance including freeze-thaw iv) high temperature performance v) potential for cracking vi) provide any information on hand associated with design life (note uranium tailings application) 4 ) INISTAJ' i) describe recommended installation procedures and site prpi3-=; rat ion required ii) indicate effects of weather/climate ii) indicate? roqui rcrt/reromr.tendoi3 field meaning technique and coir.-vesit on rci i;s£>il i ty iv) comment on rflsiKfanri* to I'^uiprruint: d.irr.a'.o tlurLntj insjt.il Idtion v) indicate mAxitniim r«:'c.Titrij\v>n<:V.*d slcpa inclination for liner installation 5) i) indicate capabilitier-j and location of testing facilities, if any ii) describe routine quality control during fabrication iii) describe field seam testing techniques during inutallation iv) provide results of any compatibility testing including accelerated t.estino carried out and which is not confidential (not.e uranium tailings application) v) provide information associated with radiation dciraage to liner material (if available) 6) COMPANY INFORMATION i) describe services offered (ie. resin manufacture, calendering/extrusion, installation) ii) indicate your largest single sheet capability iii) indicate location of your plant facilities iv) indicate what quarantees or follow-up you would typically provide 7) PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE i) indicate previous experience with liners for uranium tailings anywhere in world including Canada (size, location, owner, year installed, what contained, and any comnien".; dissociated with installation and performanceJ ii) previous experience with liners for mining indistry in Canada (same information as 7 i)) -v iii) previous experience, with liners for hazardous waste facilities in Canada (same information as 7 i)) 8) (Case Histories) i) provide any information available associated with performance of liners based on monitoring of installations (contaminant release rates/ quantities, line»r size, typonitoring system, material contained) ii) provide anv inforinatinn a vail.** We which describes performance of lir.ers, in general, following installation (note uranium tailings application) Gokkw Associates INFOItMATJON KKOtHT.KB (Cont-ri.) 3 P 51 - 3^; " 9) COSTS i) estimate 1984 cost range for liners for the two areas of interest noted: a) Elliot Lake-Blind River area of Ontario, Canada b) Southeast Athabaska Region (Key Lake, Midwost I.'?Jke, Ciuff L*ike, Rabbit Lake -Collins Day} of northern Saskatchewan ii) costs should represent installed cort per square foot (or metre) for a large installation (say 1,000,000 ft2). Please indicate if earthworks and soil cover is included. iii) If available we woujd be grateful for any of the component costs such as: - sheet supply - shipping - field seaming Goltter APFENDIX D-2 KTTMMABY OP VJTTPPT.TPPC • 61 APPENDIX »•>-" -1 : CVCTPUC i ; i 301-TSi 1i! Elre«l W«rai Te^n North Vjtncouver. GUHCLE-VCR Q Z Ctnao« C4-3S^StS V7V3SO Tel (CC-tj CUNDLINE HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FLEXIBLE MEKERA.HES We are pleased to submit information on Gundle Lining Systems products ami services relating to the engineered flexible neiabrane lining industry. For over seventeen years we have manufactured, furnished, or installed nost conaoaly known synthetic membrane naterials, ranging froa thin PVC through nediua-strength synthetic rubber, to extra heavy duty Digh Density Polyethylene (HE?E) sheeting. We currently offer our CUHDTT>fE HD (High Density) Polyethylene sheeting in st&ndard widths of 22.5 feet without any factory seaas in thicknesses ranging frou 20 to 100 nils. Coxrm applications tor GUNDLINE dispos.il areas» or The Gundle Coartcay is fully integrated with respect to K&nufscturing, Research and Davclcpiaent for special epplicationa, construction and supervisory capabilities having installed over 70 million square feet of assorted lining materials during the ptst 17 years. Gundle can efficiently meet your ccntztnnent needs with s chfraiciilly-coBpatible material of suitable thickness, professionally installed to achieve a secure and cost effective containsient system. We hope that you find the enclosed information of iattrest. Plea»«~ contact us for additional information. Sincerely, imt'S! Liir!«3 Si:'J-%;.-rT*r?J IJ.&. \ •>.. ^ 301-215 i»i Srwt -.Vest Teis« GUNDIE-VCB V7M 3G« T«l i KM I eeo-8337 March 2, 19T Mr. Frederick W. Firlotte, P. Eng. GOLDER ASSOCIATES (EASTERN CANADA) LTD. 500 Hottinghill Road LGSDCHc Ontario N6K 3P1 Dear Mr. Firlotte: PE: FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE (POLYMERIC) LINERS A? LON'C; TERM BARS).nr.S FOR URANIUM MILL TAILINGS We are pleased to submit information on our Gundline High Density Polyethylene liners and Gundle Fusion Welding System to assist you in preparing Phase I of the above study. We have followed the format you laid out and specifically provide in house or other test reports ai:d specif ic?tior>p. to answer your questions. Due *.o the urqency of yoar reqvsest we have had to supply information in photocopy style, should you have any difficulty following a specific iteta please call us for clarification- Information provided: 1. Physical Propsrtirs Inforation Provided i) Tensile Gnndle standard specification NSF/EPA standard ii) Puncture Matreccn Report S/22/83 Hi) Tear Gundle star.ccrd specification iv) Abrasion Gundle standard specification n ', Page 2 Continued v) Dimensional stability Gundle standard specification vi) Flexibility Gundle standard specification vii) Creep Resistance Schlegel excerpt viii) Permeability Woodward Clyde Report 9/16/83 Salberg Report 12/5/83 2. Chemical Compatability i) Uranium Tailings Battelle NW Report 2/27/84 Matrecon Report Nuclsar Liquid 3/12/82 Matrecon leacn Report 9/17/81 ii to vii) Gundle Report 156 11/23/82 210 3/23/83 216 4/04/83 111 10/27/G2 185 3/02/83 Gundle Report 4/29/82 Matheson Gundle Chemical Resistance Bulletin RSF Report under Gundle mexao 2/13/84 viii) Bachterial Resistance U.S. Testing Report 3/4/81 3. Performance Characteristics i) Ozone Gundie standard specification Case Report 1C/23/30 ii) C.V. Resistance CIL Report 1S33 __-• i J •• 1 -:.i- Page 3 Continued iii) Lov; Temperature Gundle Lab Report Shrinkage 4/83 Gundle Lab Report 443 U.S. Testing Report 8/12/82 iv) High Temperature Gur.dlc Lab Reports 145 10/17/82 160 10/17/82 v) Cracking Gundle Lab Report 200 2/13/84 Gundle Lab Report 313A 10/3/83 vi) Coefficient of Friction R.K.S. Report 8/18/81 i) Recommended Procedure Gundle standard specification Gundle Technical Report 100 7/83 ii) Effects Climate Min. installation period temperature for welding 0°C (Installation only- operating temperature service ok all condition) (nQt Pelevan?, ^ Shut down installation during high winds 50 lunph, rain/snow iii) Beaming See Section 5 iv) Damage 2.0-2.5HU« thick very resistant mechanical rizmaos - rubber tired equip£!ant can run over 1.0-1*5 no recommended for vehicle traffic v) Slops Inclination Vertical to -*ny flatter slope »»•<•« 4 II "• :5 {]}'•* ^ f^ \.; :.;iuf # Page 4 Continued 5. Testing i) Capabilities All tests as shown on standard specification plus environ- mental chamber to -50° + 100° at Houston plant ii) Quality Control Gundle QC manual Jan. 84 iii) Field Seaming Gundle Fusion Welding manual Welding Institute report 1/9/84 iv) Compatability NSF Report 2/13/84 6. Company Information i) Services R & D Engineering Extrusions Installation ii) s; Page 2 Gundle standard specification iii) Lo Houston, Texas Gundle Lining Review Vol. 1 Ho. 1 Jan. 82 Vol. 1 No. 2 Kansas reprint Saudi report iv) Guarantees Sample warranty 20 year pro-rata • * * • • J C»CK; 5 Continued 7. Previous Experience i) Uranium Tailing Liner Rossing report 1974 ii) Mining Experience Project reference lists Canada, U.S.A., South Africa Gundle Lining Review Vol. 1 No. 1 Dawn Mining iii) Other Experience Project reference as in ii Lavalin Report Jan. 8 4 Matrecon Report Feb. 81 8. Monitoring No available information 9. Costs (Union Labour) - Tailing Dam Slope (Facing) i (a) 2.0mm HDPE 1984 Installed Elliot Lake Blind River S12.00 - 12.50 sq.m. 2.5mm HDPE $13.50 - 14.00 sq.m. Tailing Floor or Water Reservoir 2.0mm HDPE $10.50 - 11.00 sq.m. 2.5mm HDPE $11.50 - 12.00 sq.ni. N. Saskatchewan add 5%. Ho earthwork or soil cover K€ Page 6 Continued By percentage: Material - 63% including FST Shipping - 4% Field Installation - 33% I trust the foregoing information is satisfactory, however if you should require any further information please do not hesitate to contact me. Yours very truly, CJMDJLIE i_r^z"C CVCTCI'C LTD. \ v G.W. $alberg, P. Eng. President GWS/dlj Ends. -• '*. A* *•.".: •** - * iti *jf i»J **•***? Lf >H-»^«^^'^^CVt^aa-^-A*tiit.ftt.t*-J^»'j>p^ v iii''-vjr<«-xfc!--M Do.-.sity (o-cr) (Mm.nnim) AS'i M D 150b 0.94 0 c-'4 0 UA 0.9/ 0 94 ^il at 2 ^. Tcnuiifl bueng;n at Eroak 356 534 712 1068 14 2. 4 1780 V/?.5 ca 2. Ttjnsrle Slrcnqth at YieW 222 311 422 622 844 106S S/25 ca 3. Eicngation al Ba^^X 700 700 700 700 700 700 (Percent) 4. Elongation at YieW 13 13 13 13 13 13 (Peicenl) 5. Modulus oi Elasticity ASTM D882 760 760 760 760 760 760 MPA Tear Resistance initiation ASTM D1004 Die C 66 98 132 198 264 330 N Low Temperature ASTM D746 Procedure 3 -40t: -40* C -40*0 -40*C -40"€ -40° C Dimensional Stability ASTM D1204 =2 (Each direction, porceril 212"F 1 hr. Less ASTM D1203 Method A 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 \o SciS Buna) ASTM 03083 USIPCJ (Percent chan-gt' maximum ASTM D638 Typa IV in ordinal value) Dtim£>-bei! 3t 2 ipm. Tensda Strength and Elonqation at BroaK and Yield Ozone ASTM Dl 149 7,lays No No No No No No "OOpphm, 104'F. ctacks cracks cracks cracks cracks cracks 7x 7x 7x 7x 7> 7x i Stress Crack ASTMOHJ&3 750 750 750 7S0 750 750 (f.'.asmum hours) Puncture Resistenca 101B 378 600 77S 1200 1556 1957 V Water A5so'pv>on D570 0.1 0.1 01 0.1 0.1 0.J H>'c3fostatic Resistance ASTM D7S1 Method A 1.1 1.65 2.17 3.28 4.43 5.59 Tha advanced tscftnsiocy lining tsytittti. enary Poiyeihyferie ... r* -• ..-' was riesjpot*d ry«va(ic,"iHy far (!*po-:-«d corxii'joos. ft contains no i!:en» wracti can ofocia ttvs procjcl cr«^?f tinvj. Olltth'S Cri'scai to t.!"«} si>oc»-?ss ci any (icxit^to rmjiTityaria ioc-f is thfl josnaig tyssem. Guncfto's pau-nt'Jd f u:>K)!i Vvt^oinq Prarcss ^ use CMEMJCAL NE-KD is resistant !o a wicie raiigoof chem SUPPLY The following describes standard roi! dimen&ons for GUNDLINt-HD. SPECIFICATION (mrf.) nun. ft. tn. ft m. tt.1 m.« to kg. 20 0.5 22.S 6.75 1250 381 23.125 2613 2800 1272 30 075 22.5 6.75 840 256 18,900 1756 2800 1272 t\j i.U o.o 6iU 138 rsbn two 12A2 SO 1.5 22.5 6.75 420 128 9.450 878 2S00 1272 80 20 22.5 6.75 320 100 7,145 664 2800 1272 100 25 22.5 6.75 250 76 5.S32 519 2800 1272 GUNDLINE-HDisroliedon 150ram hollow cores. Each roll is prowl*:*) witfi 2 siaics to s»J handi^ on m;o. weights are approximate. Custom lengths avaiiabie on request. ,.-1i.f*.i .) Jf. V^ In •vrja 10 p'cv""'" a "IKVI tot pory-scrs v>?kiK; •-o'.S.?.'>'e pusjj>c Cil'.N'fX 'Ntr -I'DA w t pfopr-evry c.ftUOTse*c •:. • • '. .— •• r-•-;.••".•• Ouf rar^ni oi cv3:;!ic? ate (V".viJv tf**n. [i-sruri.ij.i/iy <;-«-'..<£. s cc»".V--^ no f. o. IM» rfawtt^l corroonw!!, Ciem^l Jl'ack Mn w mnueociid GUND!.,NE« ,MP s „ S9eci3i!y oi^gnwl lormute bas* CHEMICAL RESISTANCE RATING DATA BASED ON IMMERSION AT 25»C <77°F) 0 — No etiecl M — Uodera le edecl S — Severe eftect WATER Distinct Waier i>ea Water — Auoniic SeaVVaier — Faoie ColC'L'.TI HypoCfllCMIl OPCANiC ACIDS CAWOSl)ip HyOrof hSw tc Acid (C PnosjV-x ic Ac id [Cone) . SyipnurtcAcid(lO%). . Sustfturic Ac id (Cone ) Potassium Dicn INOHGANfC BASES A"VFT>On.>- KTi H\XUOI i<3S! * 0 • F oi onsiLfri H >iji -;^«.:-.»(IS5', i-iir/Ti.': 1 ^-s:)".'-! ^i. iV WT! O" i'VfV» !V(f. 72 a [(*••_ ^», ...... - h. _ k^^^i:..^^^^i."^y^/i^i Furfursl . . A£Uft£S Aruhrw . . Tne!fwioi*T»ne ESTERS 'A l5me. ,_ _...„. 0tk\M>6. CA M?*i TEIT.'KS • f»"»MatTAS.i.K' MiATSStAJJ. !4^5i •5S1 275? Y r32-/4 5 8 Kar^h I?. 1S22 n ** tS Dr. Richard K. Schaidt, PresidMt t^ Gundle Lining Jysteas, In:. | 1340 E£St Ricksv Roid g Houston, TX 77073 a Dear Rich: i Re: Resu'ts of Ccrapatibiiity Testing of 30 Mil Gundline in United Nuclear W**,te Liquid For Four Months at 23 and 50"C K We heve conplcted the four •onths of coapatAbility testing in th« United Nuclear Waste Liquid of the 30 sil Gundline sasples, labelled A and B, that t« S received froat David Snail on September 24, 1581. David requested that Me test these two samples and report the results separately. ra The test results for the unexposed materials and the Materials after immersion H ^ for one, two, «fd four raontits «re presented in Tables 1-5: Table I - 30 Mil &undline lewarscd in United Nuclear Waste p for Variows Exposure Periods - Sample A. Table 2 - 30 Mil £«idlin« Icsnsrsed in United Nuclear Waste » tor Various Exposure Periods, Percent Retentions - h Sample A. Table 3 - .0 Mil Sundiine Immersed in United Nuclear Waste jf for Various Exposure Periods - S«sple B. Table 4-30 NiU 5un«Jline Ieraer&ed in United Kucicar Waste p for Various Exposure Periods, *'erce"«t Retentions - || Staple S. Table 5 - Locu-s of Failure in 30 Mil Gundlfne Se«as Tested f Detcils of In Peel. Scvsn-incft nipples cf SluislifVfj* A at>d ^ w«re cut for i Test M?thod Details Tensile pVopertie* ASTM D633 At 2 ipn, Goodyear dirabbells >w in ifi.u%/"» MI t ipoi, uie C Modulus of elasticity ASTP1 DS32 At 0.2 ipm, 0.5" x 6" strips Puncture resistance F1FS 1018, Method 2GS5 Sc«a strength ASTM D413 At 2 ipa. Die I Dunbbeil Hardness ASTH D2240 If Duro A >80, Duro D data collected. Volatiles (ss received Ratrecon Test Tests specimens sre dried . Method 1 gradually to avoid bubbling. Hsat fit 50*C to sttble weight. ?0*C to stable waight, 105*C for 2 hours ana weirjh. fessis) Matreccn Test Air dry ssaolfts in moving sir Ksthod ?, for is"Kc-.'r*.t >-r:;* nt 105'Z for ?. is «*•!* «VJ?J «:- For your observation, I enclose three •sited sea*a specimens which had been icxaer^ed in the Unit&d Uuc'i&zr baste and which failed at the interface between tws> layers of the Gundline winch had been bonded. Of the total number of 56 specimens that were tested, 11 specimens fai ieJ in this winner and seven failed partially, However, if only the immersed specimens were considered, the percentage of failures would t* even higher. It is to be noted that the magnitude of the peel, even in the case of those specimens that failed at the interface, was essentially equal to the specimens that failed either at the se» edge or in the substrate. If you have any question* regarding these results, please contact «e. Sincerely Henry E. Haxo, }r. President vim ends. 5 Tebles 1 Figure cc: fir. 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Inc. cuircn S. 2. iD Kit GUKJLlai lt&£*iSS I* UsJTfJ n>CiJ.t& UASU H«5 f*^lU£ lii-jjCXi HfcJLvS :,:*.••• e s tt *j s«-t (/ -o.es ei.ca • 1.9 3.0 »-3 0.31 O.ii 0.23 0.33 C.« O.r5 1-J5 1.12 l.£J l.JJ 1.21 i.£5 34.i 34.2 33.1 30.7 33.3 1&1S 1810 1800 1S3S 17«S lt*O JSJO 1370 i»S 1523 1C4S 17U 1950 •t yi*\t, % PmeUim* 20 a 25 55 a 2S 20 Trafttvar** 20 23 23 2t 20 25 20 T««titt *t tirctfc. Jrt« RKlinc 3X30 3flS 3f30 3751 3740 3510 3*40 3B45 401S £7t 3215 2450 3720 «t fertrt. X HKktaa IX KS MO flO HO ISO flS \tm,uwrt* 940 MO HO 950 ttS MO flS Mt. X M4Cfei«l CIS 80* «eS 775 750 SIS 7U Trant.trM 7IS UC 7»S 810 735 825 105 S-1OD. •«« Itacktat ISIS 14«S 15JS 1»M 1420 13SS 1575 TrantvarM 1S10 14*0 1595 1525 1400 1365 1M0 S-2O0. Pl« n«Ciiif!* 1565 iS» 1S5S 15*0 14*0 13M 15K 1&7& 1520 1535 1533 l««0 13S0 -nomvm of »'«lt«c*ty. A*c*ti*« i3.t-C2 53,700 3),COO S2.&39 *8,2» 59.4C9 2.300 --- Tr easier** i5.Ci=> 57.CG3 65.2C0 S7.2WJ 53.100 S7.100 5<^C00 Tctr ttrensf-, ppi n«:fci%» 7S0 730 759 725 70S 630 725 J*i 720 7*5 7G9 '/OS Cti M9 34.S 33.0 3?.i 33.0 K.O 34.0 34.0 Slrerts. lbs «5.t 47.7 44.0 *S.S O.7 e.3 «-!.? C.tt O.SS 0.S4 0.54 O.M O.M 0.23 tt.< C3.3 U.3 £9.2 S4.S E0.8 70.* r £3.0 6S.4 S4.2 fci.4 tt.S 73.7 7E.4 mrenttl. i 0: reeltea £» 5S0 «S9 510 £38 SJS S3» &££ f. I-:)L (usance IN UMTZJ r~XUAS HASH fd ? MUCUS EIfOSl«l re. sax. 0-t-r.t'it 1 2 * 1 z Dirtctiaa Of tttVt Mien, i P»K 9 -0.09 o.ca 1.9 3.0 2.: i.v.iD* el yittiS^ T. reie»ttM 97 101 9S 93 9* S5 s 100 Elaaftlicm at jriitl, S retention ruchin* 110 125 175 110 100 lcrj 115 140 100 12S 100 Taasile «t prctt. X rclcatiea M 99 94 BS S3 93 102 SI fit £* 94 £)o«9ttt(M «t ferefck, S mcnttwi 102 101 97 1C2 102 98 TranMcrsc 102 102 101 94 100 97 Tmiil* set. S retcat'.o* NachlM 99 98 35 92 100 93 TrantvcrM 103 101 103 US 103 $-100. S rttmttiw Kachtnt 99 101 103 94 89 104 TranfcverM 97 99 101 93 90 102 S*?O0. S rvtcntioc Hscnint 98 100 100 93 n 101 Trant«eri« 9ft 99 97 91 88 99 NMvlut of *I«sticUjr. X -etcsttoM HKMDC 92 102 90 82 101 94 TrwiwcrM 87 100 88 SI 103 T««r ttrmgth, 1 rtltntitm So 101 SS 94 91 J7 Trtns»ert« SS 100 93 94 E9 9S PttKttirt rnintect!, X rtt«i1o» 94 9S 104 104 S9 Strtu 105 es 100 107 104 SO 14S ES 62 142 103 42 l*tm ti-renftk. X retention S2 SI S3 80 74 103 105 no 10S 117 124 Nartfnefi. ctuwg* tn pointt •JO -10 •30 •30 ca •33 •?D •10 •10 •20 a , In. ut.it $. IOCUS of MIIIKE it M Nil omouK »w ttsreo m PUI 8f *C tpsciacnj S£ 8SK IS>SC IS K'J A Ur-u:jM»«i 1 23 4;. « » 4 J * • 1. « 23 4 1 - *. 2&b I 15.2 8 . SO 4 I 3 2 • 50 4 2 * 1 * 50 < 1 1 2 i t <*3ij»s«4 • 4 3 1 53.3 1 ?3 4 4 .... 33.J 2 ?3 4 4 .... £>.4 4 23 4 3 • 1« tO, 2 1 $0 < 3 - . 1 . j«.» J M 3 ... 3 - V3.9 < so _£ _2 _. _i jo _- /a.e fft*! ny»^?r of tpsciicns 5JJ""* 32 1 7 11 $ %*£ » Scspret broke in liner t\af frja t«M tojt (not n ctcapt). t. 5 - - c " Se** Jlsrtcd to fill; flnt) tiruk tt »ec3 tdjt. K? brtik, 4SEspl(t pullrd to full elongation wlttvut brttkln^. report, Ubeled >13. p J. uconptniet report, libeled in, p 4. Ktsapsniei report, labeled I?', p 4. ,, v \\ :n. Inc. I, 1VQ2 T.AJ10RAT03Y EXPORT MARCH 23, 1983 SUBJECT Chemical Cocipatibility of CUNDLIKE® HD 40 and 60 nil to Kerosene. SUMMARY A small decrease in tensile properties was observed after 30 days immersion. TEST METHOD GUNDLINE® HD 40 and 60 mil material was placed in kerosene at room temperature (23*C) for immersion testing. Samples were removed from the kerosene after 7 and 30 days. ASTM D638 Type IV dumb-bells were used for tensile testing. A 1" x 4" strip was used for weight and dimensional change. These strips ware removed from the solution, weighed, the average thickness was recorded, and Chen replaced in the solution until the next immersion time interval. Tensile properties were also performed on a control of the 40 and 60 HD mil material. TEST RESULTS MD TD TENSILE Yield Break Z Elong Yield Break 2 Elong L __ C Ercak PSI "> *• - ., ' 40 ail Control 2775 5023 795 2987 5240 890 7 Day 2505 4439 767 2549 4719 813 (9.7) (11.6) (3.5) (1A.7) (9.9) (8.7) 30 Day 2450 4436 777 2603 4911 837 (11.7) 0-1.7) (2.3) (12.9) (6.13) (5.6) 60 mil Control 2767 5219 945 2881 5008 980 7 Day 2518 4526 787 2605 4941 870 (0.9) (13.3) (16.7) (9.6) (1.3) (11.0) 30 Day 2501 4684 833 2580 4979 827 (9.6) (10.0) (12.0) (10.0) (0.6) (16.0) Note: Numbers in () are X decrease in values. W::"CKT AND DIMENSIONAL CiiANGE Initial 7 Day (.7.) 30 Day (2) 40 mil Weight (grams) (1) 3.5386 3.7824 (6.9) 3.7901 (7.1) Thickneaa (nils) 44 44 44 Weight (grams) (2) 3.4240 3.6587 (6.9) 3.6708 (7.21) Thickness (mils) 43 44 44 Gundle Lining Systems fnc Laboratory Report ''?10 •March 23, 1S83 WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONAL CHANCE Initial 7 Day 11) 30 Day (X) 60 mil Weight (grama) (1) 6.2954 6.5152 (3.5) I.7259 (6.8) Thickness (mils) 71 71 72 Weight (grams) (2) 6.3888 6.6140 (3.52) 6.8194 (6• 7) Thickness (mils) 70 71 71 Note: Numbers in () are % increase in weight. CONCLUSION A email decrease in tensile properties was observed after the 7 and 3sQ days immersion; however, the tensile strength and elongation at break did not change significantly between the 7 and 30 day intervals. The tensile properties of high density material may vary as much as 10% from one sample to another. With thi3 kept in mind, the decrease seen after immersion could be partly due to the characteristics of HDPE. Gloria Garber, Lab'Technician GG/bj -2- G'jr«ef!e Lining Systems Lid. j / 3I -25'J HI S',i«M WW. fete*. 7V 3G6 •«; (604| 380-833/ December 5, 1983 Mr. Di'-k C=ve KILuOR.I LIMITED 2200 Lakesi-cr:. Blvd. Vest •rncn^ro, Ontario K8V 1A4 P-.-r Dick; V»u will recall the conversation we h*d with restecc to periueabi; \"y on the Dcnisra Potaean project. I &:a continuing tc review our records and reports that have beon prepared on this sutjec an^i .a ray recsat visit '.o Houston I took a copy of s hardwrittet j.f.port vnich w is prepared by Woodward Clydo on St'ptenber 16th with re»pect to the subject. Woodward Clycie di«l a .-.Uuis^iou fron water vapor Z.ransmission data and S3 vou c&x. see .rcn f-he report, the permeability chus calculated is 2.7 - If -13 To/sec. Thi"; is iu the saiae •sA.^niruJ<* i. ^ t'ie ptrmeat ility which we reported to Dave recently. -In addi.tr'on to the a^ove, you an urohihf.y aware tnat Cia has done a nun^ev or afiii^a for ^faa L.P.A., some cf whi -..• hav* been done, in sodium chloride ajacswi solmiouo, 7'he conclcsiunf from these raporta by both tne E.P.A. and Kaf U.S. Water l> ""owar Services is that for all infctn.-e purpoien. the meptrase racy be considered to !»«; liaperifluablri. Katrecou rnn tPf;s for Gundle in 1981 with 5Z sodium chloride aquioc soluti&a and in an exposure period of 8 wetka there was uo iiiaurifisblc lc^s of cluid. Ti_ suaaary, the information which in available, both i.'. turn ally and frota a.P.A., K.-trecop. and Water Hesearcb Centre inriic(»£eff that a ttsgnituda lit r.lie range of 10 -13 or 10 -14 id an a^ptopriate theoretical figure but for all iotcnae purposes the material maj» be considered iiup«rt>ieahl«. As everyone has identified, and a& you have, the potuutial for mecuimiwcl uasagc cawsed by vsr.drli;s Continued - 2 - animals or improper installation is a much u;ore rignificant consideracion. We hope that this; additional information will be of some value to you. We intend to correspond with you in the next few days with regard to Lhe thickness specifications, howevsr, with the description of the tyoes of base preparation which we received from D/vve Clark and the head, we believe that thickness should be Ir the aagpifuis of 1.5mm or greater. j i '/ours ver/ truly, j LINING SYSTEMS LTD, j G.W. Salberg, ?. Ens. Managing Director GUS/dlj Ends. c.c. Mr. Dave Clarh Mr. R.P. Lewington Guitdl.> Rr,nd Telex '.340 (•_ Hithsy R STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CUKDLINE* HDPE (HO) 1.00 Tiiese specifications describe Gurnile Lining Systems, -H»£ "GUNULINE* Linir Hembranea. The supply and inntcllotion of these icaterials shall be in st accordance vitn Che Engineer's specifications ai.d engineering drawings ar suoject to Che Ceros aad conditions ot the contract. 2.00 MANUFACTUREPv'S EXPERIENCE 2.01 The manufacturer of the lining material described hereunder shall have ?reviojsly demonstrated hit ability to produce this membrane by having successfully manufactured a minimum of ten million square feet of similar liner material for hydraulic lining installations. 2.02 Prs-Bid -,ut»mittalp ^ In order to juclify as »n approved material lining manufacturer, tl>*- ,?anu facturer o?i«l 1. subtnit lining material samples and minimum spec i f irat ions rh£ Engineer J'60; days prior to the bid closing date for approval. The spe fication aheeV shell give fwll details of aininium physical proprrti?s and raethoda used, site seaming ccethods, and a certificate confirming comjjl ian the taaterial with the minimum »|j«cificaticnu. A list of similar projects pleted in which the aianufactured materiel ha* been successfully us^d sha! be submitted to the Engineer. The lining manufacturer shall also submit a list of approved licensed ins ers who have been trained and who are qualified to install the mauufactur material. 3. 00 UN IMC MATERIAL 3.01 The membrane liner shall consprise unsupported GUNDLINB® HDra 3.02 The Contractor ehall, «t the titns of bidding, istshnit a certification frois the nvinut'acturer of the sheeting, ctating th«t the sheeting meets physica property rcouirenscnte for the intruded app 3.03 The liner n>ati»i«i tliull be no ^i-oduced *a tu be free of hole*, blisters, undispersed raw tsflteriels, or any oian of contamination hy fn.-»igp trstt'r Any iiuch defect »W*11 be repaired ueirig the extrudate welding technique i accordance with the namuftcturcr'i rpcoaoendations. nciS'j Lining Systems toe Stendard Specifications 3.04 The lining ranterial s'n«ll be ry»nuf«ctured « lainitaum 22.0' iecmltts width. Labela on the roll shall identify Che thickness, length, width, and iwnu- ^ facturer'c nutrk tr.iraber. 3.05 The linsr mateci&l shall meet the raininun apocLfication values according to the Gundle Specifictcion Sheet for CCNDLINi:13 HO. U.00 FACTORY QUALITY CONTROL 4.01 Raw Hatertal All compound ingredients of the CUHDLINE® taaterials shall be randomly stapled on delivery to the Gundle manufacturing plant to ennure compliance with pur- chase apecifications. Tests to be carried out shall include Density ASTK D1505.68 and Melt Index ASTM D1238-79 Procedure A, Condition P. A.02 Manufactured Roll Goods Samples of the production run shall be taken and tested according to ASTM D638.82 to ensure that tensile strength *C yeild and break, elonga- tion at yield and break meet the ainitaum specifications. A quality control fertificKte shall be issued with the material. A.03 All welding material shall be of a type reeorassended and supplied by the manu- facturer and shall be. delivered in the original staled containers - each with an indelible label bearing the brand name, manufacturer's raark number, *nd cos pletc directions 33 Co proper storage. 5. 00 INSTRUCTIONS AND DRAWINGS REQUIRED AFTER CONTRACT AWARD 5.01 The manufacturer shall furnish complete written instructions for the storage, handling, installation, and seaming of the liner in compliance with this spe- cification and the condition of hia vaxrenty. 5.02 The material supplier ehall furnish complete written instructions for the re- pair of CUNDLINE* tsateriAl. 5.03 The manufacturer or his designated representative shall furnish panel layouts «s required foe the lir.cr installation. F?'nsl lagoon configuration, sttach- taent details, and survey information needci will be furnished by the end user or his designated representative. 6'°° lHSTAU-ATIOH 6.01 Ar Surfaces to be lined shall be sasooth and f^ee of all rocks, stones, sticks, roots, sharp objects, or debrin of any kind. The surface should id Systems Inc CUMDLIS.u3 Standard Sjx?citricot ions firm, unyielding foundation for Che taesbrane with no sudden, sharp or abrupt chartg^3 or bre*& in grace. Ko standing water or excessive moisture shall be The installation contractor aha1Z certify in writing that the sur- face on which the seitbrnae is to be installed is acceptable before ccnasenc- ing work. ^k. ftoo v 6.02 Soil Sterilization (If Mcceac&ry) A local vegetation expert should determine the type* of vegetation in the area and sugge*t a treatment to rid the site to be lined of vegetation. This nay be performed by the iratallation contractor, and the recommendations of the vegetation expert are to be followed. The installation contractor shall h*ve oet the manufacturer's minimum re- quirements to becos** s licensed installer of the manufacturer's product using the m-tnutacturer'« »t*ce-of-the-art equipuenf and welding icethods. The osnuracturer shall certify that the installer is licensed by Guridle. 6.04 Field Scomg Individual panels at liner t*»ccri*i shell be laid out «nd overlapped by a minioua of 2 inches prior to welding. Extresc care shall be taken by the installer in the preparation of the areas to be welded. The area to be welded shall be cleaned end prepared «ccordiug to the procedures laid down by the material Manufacturer. All sheeting s.iaU be welded together by ue.ins of a homogeneous overlap extruasioa £'ijion_process which provides continuous dynaraic integration of the |P¥i.L''i3i:-£—fe."^d with the lining wsteri«l. The composition of tWe~c"xtr'i;.date shall be identic«l to the lining tssterial. " 6.05 The w*laing c?q«ipiEent used shall b« capable of cqnj:_imtoualy cionitoring and control lirts the ^*iffi!££f«£«rcs oi the CK errata and the Eoa5~of contacf: where t7ie~s5SchiR»? is -ciualiy f;i»i«g the ii^iag ruitcridl »o aa to ensure changes in enviroiiisctiiL*! cenditioas viil not affect the integrity of the weld. Only v-eltHng pystrcr.a vhich utilize the eicCrusion process shall be used for bonding these lining oaceriala. 6.OS No "fish souths" sh«ll be allowed wirhin the seaa *rea. WJiere "fish souths" GCCMr, the «*terial shell be cut, Oferi«ppc«i, HOQ «n overlap~e«- truaiou vxld shall be applied. AH %•*».«• on coo-plction of the vork shall be tightly bGodtsd. Any Bsassbratt* erea showing injury das to excessive scuff- ing, puncture, or distress fror any cause sh^ll be replaced or icpaired with en' fidcitionAl piece ui dT"BI.T?;r* «?sbr«sc. CUtlDLIHK9 Scanrfard So*c if icut ion* 7.00 FIELD SEAM T£STIT!C/Qt?/iLITy COHHiOL 7.01 The installer ehall employ on-site phy«ical r.on-de«tructive tc«tir.g on all welds Co ensure ^jtertight hoaogeneous seeaa. 7.02 A quality-control technician shall inspect each sect*. Any area showing a defect shall be Marked and repaired in accordance with Gundle's repair procedures. 7.03 A test weld three (3) feet long fro* each welding eachine shall be run each day prior to liner velding and under the saoe conditions aa exist for the liner -elding. The test veld shell be narked with date, anbient temp- erature, Situ welding sschine nueber. Samples of weld 1/4" to 1/2" vridc be stronger than theZ^iaCerial. The veld ssciple shell be kept tor subsequent testing on laboratory tensosaeter equipment in accordance with the applicable ASTM testa. Randora weld e*«ple* e«y be retsaved froai the installed welded sheeting at a frequency to be agreed (e£. 1/500' of wsld). 7.04 The end user company, or his designated representative, reserves the right of access for inspection of any or all phases of this installation at their expense. 6.00 WASKAKTY ABD GUARANTEE 8.01 The manufacturer/installer shall provide a written warranty stating a duration at titw during which the liner ssaterjals *nd workmanship speci- fically providsd or perfors^d undasr this project ehall b« free froa any significant defects. Said vxrrsnty shall apply to nor rial use and service by the owner and specifically excluded ssschanical abuae or puncture by laachinery, equip««nt, or people1, e»,$x»«ure o£ Van litv^c to Ij^risful chcisic^.is or catastrophe doc to earthqueise, flocn?., or tornecio. Such written warranty shall provide br th* totsl *n * * * # * 2.6/Gu 'T^:.6: a ^-"/* U'Vii now, ili? mur* i£i< physicil stfpss irKi vyeairianrjg as tf>e nwWmj metnoti Oy- she^t iis^if. T4ow Guncfe fias t^-s answer: naritciLity itv.egr&et ttn sheets, tt ctastet GundJe Fusion WeWing... a paientsd, a fusion wofd usmg iiekJ-ajjjjtJad process, its effacUvenass w&dmg rod ctfrr* s*rmmmtwn9tastrm has been proven repeatedly in rkjorcus sheatitstti. TNsmt- latxxstory tests and in successful fiekl chtmcal integration 0/the t/wmfs eiirtWMM* any boundary ttymrs For more detailed inhrmation request and subfsct to tonunt. a copy of our GurtdBtie* Ftexibte Tht system usot no foreign solventi o: te&nnbrane Unkyg Systems brochure. eahcsives <#htzh can 20i»?il 30 W. 40?v1i! frOMil 60 Mil 100 Mil Density (g/cc) (Minimum) ASTrA D1505 0.S4 0.34 0.&4 0.94 0.G4 0.34 Minimum Toiisiia Properties ASTM DS33 Typs !V (Ead'i direction) Dumb-be?i a? 2 ipm. 1. Tensiis S*.-«?ftnih at Break SO 120 150 240 320 4K) (Pounds/irtch wic Tsar Resistancs initiation ASTM D1004 Oifl C 15 AST?-1! D745 Proc^Jye B - ASTM D1204 *2 ±2 (Each direction, percent 21£°F 1 hr. ch«inf|8 maximum) VciatiteLcfSS ASTM D1203 Method A 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (Maximum %) 21 • \ is [in en?/ [>r.:c;'^; i;> •-••'• <".i• co?r-. .':a ri:.: i"^«*on cc- ct.T5 L.;;-:'.veoi V.-c^irsq""." Th 3 ; j is ^.::.~.;r.:y frripoftarif f;oci'.<::'j any;.'i.r ? .vs-s in-yi.'.-&m- "" p-'cio m.,-.-:"K7~tnj3 horrcr^rcj-.oiis tc -,..^ -ids io give <*: ourc;i;'.3, strong scji"n. i '' mtogretoon of ex&uc'ife witrt stiaat. Fusion tmUing forms a tnry hofnogtmsous bond. .•>..;'V''>J Even the best iiOPtE (hkjh ren^ity poSyeyr/isnp) seaT can ho nn hoMw t|t.~n ifvo rrii^li^ of 'ru» .3 -1 PJ test (f iour e 1) demon^t! ated if sat GUNOUNE t f DP£ !.3 f > moTibraneo provids 44% n:?ctsr breakinc? streiTcth than cempctitive reinforced .TirtH,-ria;3; 77-/3 oresi£?f than un; enforced PVC. GUNCl.t\'E sheeting is availabio in y || GUriOl iNE'-HDPE ishigh rtensiiy poiyethyiene bfosd range of thrcknsssss: 20 JD TCO miSs (C.S m,rt •^ stabilized to provide outdoor d jr?bi!;!y. ii is extremaiy to 2.5 mm). It is manufactured :n sea.nr»Jes3 widths 0 resisi^nt to cheiiriicals and ciis, and highly puncture 22.5 ft, (6.75 rn) reducing the number of total seam Q resistant. required by ss much as 75%. ere X X - X I Acs X X X X X X i n X X X X X X r .* *^~<:*ir' T' v roco R£ s to oil and hydrocarbons is usisaiSy a prin 2 ^: .^M<(yiC!'jTfi S^r VwiiMy uscrd ri":-:c-:ia:s and ycu'f! sss tha sdva J : and hj"i rt>ca5fta3n ras-^anco are c?ctr: .cr;f. noxQfcUi.'!is e* E.I. bupect ''r1"*'*!!!^' .-*»TT^jy I ••.".- i: . ^ . -.» ft;, .^ «. .;«..' i- 1. GurKS&s'rx>ck>r>immu!tt1u>inqtjxj^'iscspc,i&a SDl If, APPENDIX D-2-2 DUWLOP CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS -INC. O'\ -.^f. ILSr..s itvz Anrif K5r. Frotforick W. Firlutta, P. Eng. Golctar Avsociaras 500 Ncti-iiioh::! Road LONDON, Onisrio N£K 3P1 Dear Rick: Dunlop Construction Products, Inc. manufacture membranes of EPDM, CPE, Naoprene, Butyl and Hypalon. We started producing material in our new piart, located in Huron Park, Ontario, in June/83. There is some con- fusion in the market piace about who manufactures Dunlop rnembrar.es - for pood reason. For years, membrano has been produced by Dunline Division o* Dunlop Industrial Limited in their plant, also in Huron Park. Soth companies report to Dunfop Holdings p!c, U.K., though Dunlop Construction Products, Inc. has a major Canadian shareholder, Bitumar, ijuu.iiie sa msioiiy owsitu uy uuniop rtoioings pic, O.K. A? a representative of Dunlop Construction Products, Inc., I am pleased to provide any information that I can on the products we make and products that wiii be part of our standard range. The enclosed information is fairi-, general - for morj specific ir'orma- tion, please feel frsa to contact me at any time. I have followed your format reasonably closely, thus tho number will correspond to the numbers on your quastionaire. Very truly yours, DUNLOP CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS, INC. Robart flayfie.'tf Goomembranes & Containmont End. P.M. ino. On'.., C?o«c'?. L5K 1ZQ. Phone (41€) 823-32GO, Tele* 06-932445 1) PHYSICAL PROPERTSE3 * EPDM E t)M CPE«»« CPE •' BUTYL*" WEOfflENE HYPALON HYP/»-CM Uri'«l(>(. Rnlnf. •Jnr»lnt. R«lnf. L'nre'nf. UnraW. Unrclr.f. H»l.-J I) Jtr.il'.t yt\ 1100 1-100 1700 1400 1500 H0O Q.-4b Ltj'.'nch 185 1iO 16S II) Punctur* Lbs. 00 100 - 100 III) Ttar RnliUnct Tongu* •• poor C od pcor good poor jood c-oor good Iv) Abraiion Rtjllttnc* ** fxctlltnt *i< tllgnt good good good food coed v) Dlmemlonil Stability " • xctlltnt «xi tll»nt poor • icalltft f oar # »I5 Flixlblllty - C -SS -55 -50 -50 -55 -40 -43 -«S v-.l) Cruip R»»intLnc» >' • xctllant ix< tlltnt poor poor JKCilll'lt flli) Ptrmlablllty Ptrm MM 2.2 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 * All tJitft pfodje'j »•» compoundvd *nd propirtlts c«n my conildtrtbly b«tw«*n products mads tv d!fftr«nl corrpcr • • QL-«lltlv» *** ritlmitu from prtproductlon material! 2) CHEMICAL COMPATlLiLiTY EPDV CPE BUTYL NEOFRENE HYP>iLON 1) Ursnljrn Tailing no data but excellent no data but no dat3 but excellent should ! e should be shcuid be excellai t excellent excellent' ii) Oxidiiing Acid (C-D) • poor to fair poor-good pcor-fair poor-fair poor-goci iil) Mili Acid exeellort excellent good excellent excel Sent Organic Acids (C-O) • fair-exc. excellent fair-good poor-ex;. good-oxc. Iv) Baaa (C-O) • BXC.-BXC. exc.-exc. fair-good good-axc. OXC.-OYC. v) Goneral — ------... vl) Hydrocarbons Arorrtat'c pocr poor poor pcor poor Non-Afomatfc poor good poor good good vil) VolaHity {Voiitlk3?) none none none ncno none viil) Bcitorial Resistance •• excellert excellent good pOOi-CD?d 8xcM-:nt * Concerttrated-Clluted *• All prodixts can be made excellent through prope* compounding 3) CHARACTERISTICS EfDM CPE BUTYL NECFRENE HYPALOf i i) O.vtia Resistance excellent excellent good gcoci exc3llent li) i"J Resistance excellent excellent -- -- \ excellent Hi) Low Temperature excellent excellent excellent very yood excellent iv) High Temperature °C 150 120+ 130 110 90? v) Potential for Cracking very low low low low very low f •> 4) INSTALLATION General: a) Site preparation should bs according to standard practice for all membranes. b) Field seams can oniy bs made on dry membrane. c) Searns can be checked with a SO p.s.i. air blast d) Reinforced membranes are more resistant to equipment damage. e) Slope maximum is generally accepted to be 3:1. With proper design, membranes can be used vertically. EPCM Field seams are made by either t*.pe or adhesive. The tape seam is faster to make and more secure. Literature and samples are enclosed. CPE Heat welding should only be done in plant or on a smooth substrate - as • WUOVJI On oO.'tiu twwii"^ o^^iICallfji'iS. r Of* idling sp^(tuu;iunot luutkipic ** widths are facrory beat seamed Lo form sheets up to 10,000 sq. ft. These sheets are solvent welded or adhesive bonded on site, if reinforcement is exposed, a cap strip is recommendad. Butyl and Neoprerie Adhesive bonded in field. Temperatures above 10°C are recommended. Hypalon Hypalon is factory heat welded into large sheets. The large sheets are solvent weided in the field. Generally a solvent with 10% Hypalon is used. Multiple layars of this solvent can be used to cap exposed scrim. Hypalon crosslinks with age which makes seaming muc'i more difficult on aged sheets. 5) TESTING i) Q.C. tests on finished product are dono by Duniop Research Centre, Sheridan Park, Mississatjga, Ontario. Duniop Research Centre is likely the best ruboer research facility in Canada, (Others in Cnnada with a groat doal of expertise are: Polysar, Sarr.ia; Urtiroyal, Elmira; Goodyear, Toronto and NRC, Ottawa.) With tna exception of atomic radiation tests, any conceivabiy useful test cari fan pyriormed or. ruhbsr memhrano at Dun I no. A full rsnga of physical and chermes! tosts are done regularly for Dunfop Corisi.iui.liuH rruuuci.3, inc. Duniop Research aiso does sfriuent anaiysis, accelerated agoing tests, etc. ii) Re-'tir-o Quality Control f/f.terials a) nil materials must be pporoved b) rhecmetric testing each mix c) rrsoonoy ovary 5th mix d) full physicals every 10th mix e) dispersion check every mix on thermoplastics Caier.dar a) guage b) width c; profile d) each roil marked # and date for physical testing at lab e) visual - sheet from the calendar shines. Any slight imperfection is prominani. lmperfoct material is removed from the calendar. Fabrication a) visuals b) hardness c) thickness d) 12" x 12" sample removed for physical testing at lab e) squareness i) light tabls for pinholes iii) Seams can be tested with air gun iv) Testing for the compatibility of Hypaton in uranium tailings applications were done by Ounlop Research for Golden Associates, Toronto. v) Dupont has a great deal of information on Hypaion in radiation, as wo discussed. 6) COMPANY INFORMATION i) Services Offered a) membrrtne EPDM BUTYL CPE Nsopr;»ne Hypaion b) Full rango of ssaming systams for above c) Adhesives for above d) Fixation harc'wara e) Material recommendations f) Design recommendations g) Effluent analysis h) Compatibility analysis ii) Lnrgast Shoets CPE and Hypalcn: -from calendar 62" x 500' -fabricated approximately 9,000 &q. ft. Nooprono, Rutyl and EPDM: -standard 20' x 150' -maximum 20' x 300' Hi) Plant in Huron Park, Ontario Iv) Typical roofing warranty is 15 years. Each liner application will be considered separately. 7) PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE Dunlop Construction Products, Inc. has done only one small job. However, Dunline has done hundreds of lining jobs with Hypalon. Those in the mining industry are listed below. For more information please contact the user or Dunline. Agnow Lake Mines Ltd Espanola, Ont. Tailings Dam Aluminum Co., Shawinigan, Quebec Cooling Pond Canadian Rock Salt Co. Ltd., Pugwash, N,S. Brine Holding Pond Denison Minos Ltd., Elliot Lake, Ont. Dam fecings for Containment of Tailings from Uranium Processing Domo Mines Ltd., South Porcupine, Ont. Mine Oewatering Pond FalconbridQe Nickel Mines, Ontario Tailings Dam Intarnation&l Nickel, Whiteflsh, Ont. Dyke Seaier for Wins Water Pond Intar-Prov. Stsel. Regina No. 1 and 2 Mil! Tailing? Sottling Ponds Iron Ore of Canada Ltd, ScheffarvHIs, P.O. Waste Water Diversion Quebec Cartier Mining Co, Mount Wright, P.O. Mombran© for Threa 250' dia. thickness Rio Algom Mir.ss Ltd., EtMett Lake, Ont. Loc5« Membrane Linars for two Wood Stav« Tanks Rio Algom Mines, Research Oiv. Tallies ls?st Cells •ffluont containment Rio AlQom Mines, Panal Mir>o Tailings dams SidSac/Quebec Carter, Queboc Tailings darn The Steel Co. of Can., WsllarxJ, Ont. Mill Scale Settling Pit Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., Ecstall Mine, Timmins Dam facing for Tailing Spillway 8) MONITORING No information available 9) COSTS $/meter squared Liner material 7-12 Shipping Elliott Lake .15 Shipping At-h3h?»sk» ,3;> Installation (no covar) 1-2 TOTAL 8.15 - 14.35 Those costs are to be considered rough estimates only. They do not include cover or allowances for Qxtraordinary installation conditions. ••"i |C 3 Dl'.VSEAL PROPERTY TESTED TEST KETHOD S.I. li?-JSTS CUSTOMARY UMiTS EpocrTa Gravity J.27 1.27 Tcnsi'a before heat aging. ASTM-CM12-75 9.7 MPa 1400 psi Ti?nsiks after 7 days © 240°F ASTM 0-57.1-73 11.0 MPa ISOOpsi Elongation tetofe heat aging ASTM-D-412-75 320% 350% EtongMisn after 7 days @ 240°F ASTM-D-473-7S 200% 200% Tear Resisisnco ASTM-D-624-73 30KM/m 170 lbs/in, of width Ozone Resistance ASTM-D-1149-78 No Dagradatton No Degradation Low Temperature brittleness ASTM-D-746-79 ExC«3Ck-45#C Exceeds -50"F Operating Temperature range -45#to+116eC -50»to + 240*F Water Vapor transmission ASTM-E-96-72-Melhod BW 3.7x10* Metric Ptrm-cm 2.2 Perrn-Mii Shore Hardness ASTM-O-224O-7S 6014FU. 60±4F1s. OONSEA5. PROPERTY TESTED TEST feiEThOD S.I. UNITS CUSIOMARY UNiTii Hypaion* Thicknsss ' Immoverscrim 0.02S inch overscrim 0.7mm selvedge 0.027 inch selvedge Hardness ShOf»A 85±5Pts. B5±5f!3. • Breaking Strength ASTM D751 (Ga*3) Fabric 734N 165 lbs. Rubber 534N 120I&S. Elongation ASTM D751 Fabric SD% 30% Rubber 250% 260% I Tear Strength ASTM D751 (TONGUE) 11.5 KN/m 65 !bs./inch ! Puncture Resistance RMS 1013- Weihod £031 450N 100 IDS. min. N'oCiiocJ Mo effect @ 20% strain. 400 nours © 6O*C/14O°F Shrioksgo ASTM U1204 0.0% s p Ccid Band ASM D2'i3S -SiTC, no cracks -45 F.rK>cr Facsocy & f'vski Soams Excesd& irtsi o* Esxcwis thai CM f» (Host WiicW er DU:\:5cAL Meihod B parent ni M H303 vvtiiio £dh6£rv«~; a NOTE: Abcva resajRs obtained tor C.C35 i.TCh 2 ply Hypaton/l p.»y fabrts. vrfwts product. I Fabric 12x6 (?0si0) 2A terra, 500 wsrp/T:! poiyssief. ResuSs vary wjih Jabric t>ps. r?f -:' • „« s ova. SS At R 1 1 9 -- ELflSTOGRIP PRODUCT DATA AN'D H?£CSF1CAT$GN SHEST OUNSEAL R119 ELASTOGRIP has been formt-lated to meet or exceed the performance requirements of 37-6P-5Qm. March 1978, "Standard for: Asphait, Rubberized, Hot Applied for Roofing and Wat rproofing" established by the Canadian General Standards Board. Property Test Method 37-GP-S0m Standard FU19 Flash Point ASTM D 92 Minimum 260°C. 315°C. Penetration ASTM D 1191 or at 25CC: Max 110 Less than 60 D 3407 at 50cC: Max 200 Less than 100 ASTM u i i si or w. IVIO* oX JU o. u D 3407 a? 70"C: 2 mm Toughness NRC/DBR Method Min: 5.5 J 19 J (National Rssearch Council/Division of Building Research, Ottawa, Csnade) Ratio of NCR/DBR Method Mtn: 0.040 0.050 Toughness to Peak Load Water Absorption Immersion in Water Wax 3am: 0.35 o 0.06 g at 50rC for 4 day: Low Temperature Membrarv? at -25°C No crackma Pass at -30cC Flexibility for 16 hrs. beni over 6.3mm mandrel to a 9Gr bend Crack Bridging 0 to 3 mrri crack No cracking, Pass op?r,.ng and closing, sphttsnn or loss of at 3 rnrn per hr., adhesion for 10 cycles at -2S°C. APPENDIX D-2-3 SCIiLEGEL LINING TECHNOLOGY, INC. 105 P.O. Box 9115, Station P 4O3-'2Q9-1?69 ~ L. .._ •& ! ~OO So-uth Trt«J* To): K .O3) 273-3CS6 (Con.-c-») RO. Box 772O [7113} 35C3-1L.13 (Houston) Ths> 73SO February 20, 1984 Mr. Prederick W,, Pirlotte, Golder Associates, 500 Nottinghill Road, London, Ontario. N6K 3P1 Dear Fred* Re Your 6^-1-3015 Further to our conversation of February 1?, I received your written request at 10:>0 a.m. today, ^e will attempt to supply all requested information. AUditionsl helpful items are also enclosed to assist in your very important task. Schlogal Lining T9chnolo£r$, Inc. siiccessfully completed approxisately 800,000 sq. ft. (74J22 a*") of 100 mil (2.5 ES) in two reservoirs and fiva conitoring ponds for Key Lakss Mining Corporation in 1983- Of interest, this projeat was commissioned to replace an eight month o3d 45 mil Hypalon liner which failed for a variety of reasons. Contact names and phone numbers are shown on the list of installed projects. At prsssnt our crews ars in tho proc?ss of mobilisation to do the rapaim at the Key LaJis Kina site which was caused by huauan error in overfilling both No. 1 and So. 2 reservoir. Upeoaing vsrv aocn is a rcauost for r for Elder Kines of approx- irastoly ?,?2,000 ?s* cpacific^ ts 60 nli (2.0 ca) for thoir Collins Bay Habb.it Lake Mine. : s look forcKK-rt^. to nseet-ir-^ wltr * ? 'u to further ciscucs 01ur technology. Sxnce^ RJW/gt R.J. (BObTThomscn. Canada Accounts f-Ssn ion •j i P.O. Eos 95-5.5, 3f.ati.on 403-269-1769 < -.-.i ,J SCO South Trr.cla Center Pf>r+cw>»y Tel: f<5O3) £73-3Ci-:B (Conrocsj RQ EJox 773Q [713] 3SO-1B13 {i-!ou«r,on) WoocZanda. T»xe»s 773SO BudgetAry pricing, 1084 cost range, for both Northern Ontario and Saskatchewan. Tha following is for a coaplete installation - variances may occur due to exchange ratas and/or Union Only project status. (Prices quoted are in Canadian funds.) Surface araa to be covered - 1,000,000 sq. ft. (92900 m2). Side slope ratio - 3 to 1. 1 f 80 mil 100 mil Sheetj Material3 h Installation $1,061,360.00 $1,183.990.00 Duty (Tariff No. C-93902-82) 75,012.00 84,386.50 9% Federal Sales Tax 51,758.28 58,228.07 7% Ontario Sales Tax ^3.879.52 49.364.45 Freight (P.O.E. Job Sits) 53.6*0.00 66,010.00 5% Saskatchewan Sales Tax 34,024.51 38,560.83 Duty On Equipment 5,000.00 5,000.00 Total 80 rail (2.0 aa) - Ontario $1,290,6^9.80 - Saskatchewan $1,280,794.79 Total 100 mil (2.5 ma)- Ontario f.1,446,981.03 $1,436.177.40 107 SCKL.EEK3U ENS. tV MINIMUM SPECIFICATIONS FGR SCHLEGEL® SHEET - POLYETHYLENE PROPERTY TEST METHOD VALUE Density ASTM D792 0.930 gm/cc Tensile strength © yield ASTM 0538 15C0 psi Tensile strength © break ASTM D63S 1500 psi Elongation © yield ASTM D638 10 % Elongation @ bruak ASTM D633 500 % Stress crack ASTM D1893 500 hours Lew temperature AST^ 07^6 -40 CG 120 day soil burial ASTM D3083 ±10 •/» oJ original tensila Bonded seam strength AST^ 03033 90 *•» of material breaking factor stability ASTM O1?(M ±3 118 '••• ' - i • • . '••••' -. •:• 1 ChsmJcsl Rr?slsfsrrC» Tsi>!e. Shawn iu-ra pie H;3 r~3u!ts of tsva rc-acrto-j by ti'.a fu ••; -:p;7 c i h^:h c?.i'-:ty poryethyiM>e c'3"u!sle uiitxl to AirtwtvteUona : nt'-nutscture rchio'.'Bi* shacr. Tr.3 i",ic^ denaity S» Sftit'nctrxy U * UnrsJir.'rctory pJ.-.jii-,./.ta^> i"! f..'^.-;:srit to tlw cftw.i'Cfi'S lis'ftd. Tr.a L » Limned sppl — « hid trtsts-d d'K",r«s of crwrriKVJ attsch on any nv*':&ia> is iiHLfftncad hy a fiijfT>i«ir >il vi.:::;!a factors fi"d ilirjir intsrattiof). Jil. &ol * Saturated BILMSOOS solution. ^r*psr(»a e*. I'TCO'fl e;. p'K-yjrs. riTS cl j.-sa urx>^ «tt»/.*, SOJ = AOi>eotJE iOlu'.tOfl w*fn com;dntrfciion r-bova IC/A but i, a:w iiva I ke. VYrce s^seal wit bs t«.;xs>- a1 !o a rriixtufa o< crK?rr.icjJs it i3 rs«jmr"ier A Carbon lBtrschiori<5e 100% L u Acetic ac>d 100% s L Chlorine, xqueous solution sat sol L u Acetic acid 10% s s Chlorine g^roous dry 100% L u Acetic acid anhyinde 100% s L Chloroform 100% U u Acetone 100% L L C> romic *cid 20% S L Adipic acid sat. sol S S Chromic acid 50% s L Allyl alcotxs 96% s s Citric acid sat sol s S Aluminum chloride sat. sol. s s Copper cnionoe sat sol s s Aluminum fhtonda sat sot. s s Copper mtraie sat sol s s Aluminum lulfate *at sol s s Coppftr sulphate sat sol s s Alums sol. s s Cresyiic sad sat sol L Ammonia, eqiieous dil. sot. s s Cyciohexanoi 100% s s Ammonia, gaseous dry 100% 5 s Cydonex»none 100% i L Amrnnnim lifiintf irm. S Dc- anydronaphti-.aiene Ammonium fluoride SOI. 100% L s s Dextnna s Ammonium mtrcte sal sol s s sol s s set sol Diaihyl ct^ci 100% L s s Diociyiprtthalaie JO) s s 100% S t. Amy! ece'.ita 1D0% s L 100% s s A>n«l ulcohoi 100% s L E Aniline 100% s L Ethane dioi 100% s s Antimony I so% s s Etn«nol 40% s L Ar&anic vcid sat act s s Ethyl acetate 100% s u Aqu* rsgis HCI-HNO, 3/1 u u Etnylsne tnchlonrto 100% u u 3 F Barium carbonat* sat. so'. s s Feme chlond" sat sol s s B«num chlort<:«» sat. sol s s Ftrric nitrate sol s s Barium hydi oxtde sat. sol. s s Fornc lulliie sat sol s s Barium tu.'itt* sal. sol s s Ferious chloride sat sol s s Cerium *ult»(J3 sol. s s Ferrous sullate sat sol. s s 100% s L Fluorine, gaseous 100% u u — L L Fluosiiicic *cid 40% s s sat. sol s s Formsianhyde 40% s s s s Fornrtic »cid 50% s s Sort* cat. sol. s s Formic acid 98-100% s s Boric 5C.d set. so! s s Furtury! Ucohol 100% s t Ercimi..a. gusaous dry 100% u u G 100% u u s L Butane. 100% s s 96% s I Butcnol 100% s Glucose sat. SOI. s s Butyric ecirj 100% s L Glycanne 100% s s sol s 5 c 5«t EOl. s s H tat tot. s s HooUne 100% s u tai. sot s 3 10% s s sat. scl. s s 50% s s S&I. s s 1iVj*i ft 6 Catcium nrtrtt* Ut SOI. s s MytfrocMooc »cd 10% s s sat. sot. s s HfJiOi.hlCinc ted concanirated s s dil. so!. L L Hydrocysnic icid 10% s s Catijon rttow?*. 100% s 3 Hydrc«;iKit>c ficid G0% 5 Carbcn i^'j'^fh 100=* L U Hydrofluoric acid 4% s 1C5T- s s Kvtirciuftn 100% s sot. s n Ct>nc«ntr«!ic>r. •c v s s E u Salicylic acid sat sol S Hydic-jsn suitioV. gsssoi-'S TOON s s Siiver acetale sat so' s i. Siivor cyarvGe sat sol s Lectic scid 100^4 sat so) s s Sodium t)«!na!G2te s Leao acetate sat sol. sat sol s — EoOium bicarbonate sat sol s Sodium biptiosphste sat sol s Magnesium ct'ionate »JI1 SOl s s Sooium bisuifite sol Ji M^Qnf^ium cri'oncl* Sit SOl s c; Sorjium orormd« sat sol s MsQn<*SiuM nydroRicJe s*s sol s s Sodium cart>onate sat so! s MS'JP^ISIUHI m'rii!i? SAt. SOl s s Si^juim chiofOie S3' SOl s Wrlsic ac:d set 3ol s s Sodium cMofide Stt Sti s Mercury 100% s s Sodium cyai;(]e •_*l sol s Meret/fi: chloride sat so! s s Sc>dium fefricyantO? sat -ol s Mercuric cyanide sat sol s o Sodium feriocyanide Sit sol s Mercuric nitrate sol s 5 Sodium (luoride sat sol s l/.ethsnoi toos s s Sodium fluoride sat sol s Methyiene chloride ICON L — Sodium hydromde 40*0 Milk — s s Sodium hyGroxidfi sat sol s Molasses cust cone s s Sodium hypocmonde 15°t active chlorine s Sodium rjtraie sat soi s N Sodium m:r:ie sat soi s Nickel chloride sat. sol s s Sodium ontiopnospfiaie sat sol s Nickel nitrate sat sol s s Sodium sulla'e sat sol s Nicke! sui'ate sat sol s s Sodium suJfido sat sol s Nicctmic acid dil sol s — Suilur dioxide diy 100». s Nitric tcid 25N s s Sullur trioxide 100S u Nitric acid 50N s u Sultunc aod tO°3 s Nitric scid 7SN u u SuKunc acid 5O«o s Nitric acid 100S u u SuKunc acid Wo s Siii'unc acid turning u o Sullurous acid 30°. Oils and Grease — s L s O'eic acid 100% s L T lo::.". Pnenc! sol 1/ 1 s s s Unne — Pnoj.>norus trichloride ICON s L Phof,§riphic developer cult cone s s w Picnc acid sat sol s — Water s Potassium bicarbonate SBt SOl s s Wine vineg.v _ Potassium bisuifate sat sol s s s Wines anrj iiauors — Potassium bisulfide sol s s s Potassium bromste sat sol s s X Potassium bromide sat sol s s Xyiene 100S L. Pv tassrum carbonate sat sol s s Potassium chlorate sst sol s s Y Potassium chionde S«! SOl s s Yeast sol s Potassium chrcmate sat sol s s Potassium cynnida SOI z • • i s s Zinc carbonate i Poiasiium dichromcta sat. sol. s s 921 SOi s 4 PotMium femcy*nrt>de tat sol s s Zinc chloride Mt SOl s Potjissium ierrocy»rnd« sat sol £t;ic (III cnlonde sal so! s s s Zinc (IV| cliloride f Pot«ss r Bob i In answer to your question re&«.rdlii# the suaccptibtlttry of polyethylene hip.h integ-rtty ccmtainstrs for I.LJ» to riidlettoti d«sjige( this is DOC likely to bet * yroblcra. Chsujteff in the ci(£ch«iiic*l piopertift* of polyethjleoe occur «t r«di»T.ton doses of *u>eut 10'0 rudfi. Over « 1000 ystar p«x-iorf, that is '27D0D r/d«j. For' radiation avKreRi^g 0,,5 Kerv, tiie conrencr^dwi cf radioactive Ks-itieiriBln ia the LLW iroulcl liisve So be about 2CDO yCi/eraJ to ylald ooie, A look ar T.^blis 1 5i 30 CFH 61 vhich e'»-v«s tr-ay.irj-.mi orslv cnbe^.l-CD, 'sr J o-a-1 i7 , hnd trl;..us csi, AV>prf?aci)i ri,p cJv ro^cenLi".' tic-tK. 'Ix'i.ti'vn /i«s a v«ry it?w (r."s.-r^y beta faEsic) 3.6-s* than tha J,i> ];<-v iss»:d in o..;r rfM;;.-.h r«i.cc.1 "ticn) and br • jsivK .'n-)A cobalt h*-»-^ r.;-.c>iC ltlft-ti.;-ra relscive to 1000 yr Thi'i, i.:ilei»f frr.T»OTiV!t,»i-v conts'i.trar.icna of these tkTlopes L'uilrd, tio A?; icijs" jVJi'sr'icr; i5srr.nf;« &hjuid vcc\iT to polyeth t>«ti i. he contrt iusv * B 2.; /.e~ t;>:.-e.- H-.-;pi* r:.h'« &pj>tc-x; ' *\rulatitm gives you the infonaa- ci^-i •/<•'- nf-.-iicd. It not y~: -M<" call »e.' Viry truly your s r * • ? r.gs 5 of 5 KATER 7 AL SI? I TAB ILITY i• s* s v t.h:-rn;-p; ftr.T.ic r-rtiric 1 v• hich r~..».y b• produced in c- irhiir a ;.cw • i.>.--ar.ix.y or 'iii.cn clan^ity fo-rr:, (^sntrrsil ci£;ss ef .•ssatftsri.ui.s, JJD.• yetr.y.L<-.:^a is - noted for (*ij ot.'tstax^ding dielectric properties, (b> s-xccllcnt cheiai.cK.1 rc-cl^tMsTicrti -t.o- luvlvcnti;, ;.ci «.ci.apfcfiJ3i.£it;y tio ' vsriiias proceaiit;::a t-ech pp&jreica criia is« Kdjusced and other deiiiriii>Iu tie.it can i-*s cbtainutd through fciloxri.ruz of t±ia aioiecular structure anci tiiia incorporation fii ^aditives3 (Keierence 3). it: is not: cur")r'.''.iririg 'that o;L' "Lb.e saa^iy packaging rf.aclily avai^-^Jale, poIyetrhyXe-ne was cannidsred an attractive alt.crx>.ative lor 1±;e developracat of. an .HIC. To detcrsir^a the eultabilivy of polyethylene for this par- ticular application, four areas were investigated: (a) its radiation resistance and resulting effects on tensile strength, elongation,, and environmental stress cracking; (i>) chesical resistance ur.der burial conditions; (c) fire resistance; and (d) ease of Manufacturing. .a. Resistance and Effects of Radiation on Polyethylene • . The . type of polyethylene used in the manufacturing of the HIC is Marlex CL-200, a product of the Phil- lips Chemical Company or G-PEF-805, a product of Union Carbide. Marl ex C'L-100 is a high density Jiyiene whicij oecouics cross-iinxca wnsn ex— V.o radistion. BThis cross-linking gi%'cs products that have excellent resistance to stress cracking and chesaitrai attack, excellent impact strength, veatherirsg characteristics!} and overall toughness." .(Reference 4.) In TSM-244, a technical service memorandum published by the Phillips Chemical Company in Noverrsber 1977, it i.a stated that Karlex CL-100 ha* "sufficient rae}t strength to eupport itself at •temperatures rip to 400*Fo" TSM-244 further axplains tiiat *tho tuost outstanding property o£ Uiese cross-linked resins is their environmental Btress cranking resistance (ESCR)....tha ESCR of Karlex CZ.-2C0 is greater thasj 1,000 hours when measured by the *si;r.ncJ^rd A3TM D169J test, sometimes x/e£erred to ES the Bail ~J.ZT.X. Strip Test. A value tha» S,OCD* >•>-••-:; ift ineUcative of "£EC?. c?ic1 ever, exceeds .'iha requirements o£ resins usecj 5a -the vira end cable industry., pipe and ot!»«r dciaand'frjg engisi*ered applications." rTh« sunount c-f. dsjinge to p polyr.sr by sr.diEt.ien io upon the totai «io»c «b&orbed of the typt of radiation" (l;rfer;nr,s 5). rU" oa- a- / cn-S s- Reference -23 " discussjas t^.e veatherafcllit/ of veriouts grrad^s cf Kax-Xcx CJJ-IOD. Grade CL-lto J2 is- used for "zhn U1C. '"^iz relative cr&jisparcmcy of tJiArs aatenal allows "tl*e detcrxninariun of lcveJ. wit.h .a I^ack iitih'c. The Kscjst; Biccurate inciication o£ srunli'ght is tljia Atlas weathcr-oEaatar hour indicaticii. 2n the- caao at CL-1C0 JZ, this value of Intense sun- light exposure prior to degradation is IS,000 hours. Wiiiie it Xa difficult: to relxte tins directly to actual sunlight exposure, s conservative ectixaate isay b« 2 - to . 4 years us indicated by Phillips Cheaic&l Company. Tins UV resistance of C-PEP-B05 is in excess of 5 years. The HICs will be .stored indoors whenever possible at both the manufacturer's location and the Peach Bottom Site; in any carte, to allow flexibility to the burial site operators, no container will be priex ty £illi»5 at; PSJJECJI Bettt-a vithsat dcscureaij- tatioa verifying actual etorsge condition*. The .date of manufacture 1» directly traceable by the HIC'» unique container number. This container age verification Is part; of the PECO plant procedures concerned with the use of EICs at Peach Boston. b. Chemical "Although only as very few chemicals will react with Harlex High Drnaitry Polyethylene (KHDPE), lack of reactivity does not ascertain that a n»tcri&.l will not be affected l?y itm environment. The pos- sibility of rasterin! solubility remains and could possibly result i» Io*t» of strength and swelling of the polyethylene if the chcjsical is absorbed by the polyethylene, or lose ol Rtrcngiih if the polyethylene is soluble ia titm chtsreic«l. To define tli« eff«cfc8 of ivhia hature, ijmocrisioa test* have been performed tisirr-c » numbsr of chcnicwls which reprejscnt most of the; types of liquids ia cewcoa use" '{Reference 5). At fsiapcratarsc of S0l2 >?c- Z cf ' ISO^F, and &£ttsr exposure to these chemicals £e>r .'i r^cnlUnn, !_'•>£• tensile sst.rar15T.l1 .»nd elongation of Uftfi poiyethylRrse sj>oci»!t:»i» vre/. K- ^.u».,.u4tu '^c -.^.i: liT-any ch;iac;«s had occurred. The re suite presented in KH-243 puiy 2 , The- -wasta r«sl>ia to 2MS sitorcd in tiit HICs, such a» p6lyst.'yrens Jbestis, are •noocorrosiva. Yet: when ir- radiated witb si^ni^icJEOit. closes o£ radiation, polystyrene gener*tes a ©as and suri aacici (HCL). Frcsa TSH-2B9, polyethyleae wata fouiid to perform satisfactorily witih various concentrations of BCi. liqjuids used &s reagents (Reference B). While "the solvents listed in References 6 end 9 are common in certain industries, these soivents are not common to the facility at which the HIC will be used. Administrative control (plant procedures and vendor QA program) do not allow for con- tainerisation or external cleaning of HZCe vith any specification or aas approved by . Fhillips Cheraicai. Company or Uniors Carbide. In addition "to chemiccl sresiEtance, polyethylene has been fungus tested with no evidence of dsterie/ration JReference 6). tinder burial site conditions,- polyethylene has been demonstrated to S»e stable in many Mpplications. Th'JSs, polyethylene, particularly f5arle« CL-1O0 and C-PEP-SOS are extrewely clicsaical- and corrc-sion-resistant ssaterials- c. Fire Resistance A iri«!wn«.bilS1:v "tejBt: VKJS performed by Underwriters Laboratory 7-ro^i I?~JZ. "''^" -/——~ ••-'-'•„.-. 0 79-1.B2 70-2 CO 1/2• ' • £•£ Is* also reported that t_ba hwrxs, rate of po3.yet.hy leas,, should 11: ignites, .its X.D3 'in/aia. Tor. Slaasij iLtyaiuioa ef polyethylene to weeur, -fclis l &X5 £-«:ra Th« EIC la nade by -the rotational molding technique* "ft method of powder raoldingr by which a wide variety of large or asa&ll itena» axe produced In a rotating n«old." The rotational' molding process haes raany unique features that would cause It to be selected over norae of the older, store widely used molding processes. Soae of the snore {1} Econosiy (2) £ss« of Processing • " (3) High Quality Parts The absence of postive pressure in the powder wold- ing process* places certain liraits oss the typ* of recin that cen he \ia&&. The hSgh saoletnjslas- veight resins used for .blow jaoldin^ artsS sosscatiraas tioa taolding cannot Ixa rotationally rxoldcd thi'sy do not: £low out iu "fcjie absence of preaswra to forxa a hoacgeaeous part. This OTJS liraitati&n Jiad aiftde it: difficult for rota'iionalli' molded polyethylene -to coaspets in certain applications. Maries CL-100 aad G-FS?-80Sff polyntliylene resins, JiRve Jsisl.7'^5?. to overcrows this 5.:ir^.t;.a1r£c!rs by nakln^ it possible for tJhc rotational colder to precHJca high 'quality parts, larga or amall, that v resent s cSrynificnnt br^a^thrr\'^h since th^y tite fir«t rotational saoiciisug resiw* wi*iii sufficient «$• j-».-.»rt. r^^in, &nci Willie it Ass ct;i.lS rctatin?, tJha sold is cooled. 'Xixis can foe accescolishcd with farced cool air, at«KM.ia.ed air-water tog., wates spray, or a coa- _wt- p 4a removed £ra fcJi» sold iWii saes-e teaia ia erddaci t-ba cycl« sgain.u {Reference 7) r Q WECTERM RADUYtOM COMSW.fW-.TS. WC. ln&E»«J. f»fed»£4l, c ^ v .:D Fert Drains. C^; 203-4S2-3323 .:-: 1900 July &t 1980 Denver, CO 80223 Attention* , STATEMENT Fee for Professional Service* 1. ,Prepataticu of an experiment to test adequacy of tJje Schlege.1 polyethylene i for tainistizing Hadon-222 diffusion. TOTAL Jr^ 117 KACUATtOH CONSULTANTS. IXC tadusifis!. tfe Fcrt tSciAis. Csiassea iQ52& • !^'' Jtrly 6, 1SJG0 Denver, CO 80223 Attention* Pear Alt : As you requested ve have tested the Schlegel polythylene liner as a barrier to the diffusion of Radon in soil. A Schlegel sheet was obtained from Fred A. Staab and an experiment vas designed as shovn in the following diagraa. a liner was scaled tfith silicons to "the top of an open t contaissdng dry Uraniua saill tailings. An idsntacal' py bucket with ssapiinf? ports ws sealed to the top of the liner. After a period of -fchrss days sasr.ples vers taKen wifch Radon flaslcs (lucas chambers) and the radon concentration in *jrsis tx»p buek&t. ti'&s jaeauui'ea l>v fciCftnaajra £aS{-rtiS$ - scintillation counting. The results iiere as follows Tor 3 seperate determinations. ®n concEntration above linsr vas lesis than 1 July 6, 1980 a 2 . Radon Concentration without the linex- woulu be greater than 20G0 pCi/Liter. at. steady state conditions. On the basis of the above results it is our ccncltsnicjj that the Sehlegal linar Is nui «;ceq«at.e barrier to prevent / ' • diffusion of Radoa. Tha Schlegel liner vill fc*iadequat e for the proposed new bstjilting c3ea|.sn if uccd in eonji:cfcion vith other standard techniques to prevent, radon diffusing f rcaa' tiia contaminated si>il fi*csu reaching any building interior space above. It should be pointed oufe that, the long-term characteristics of the Schlegel liner are not known but perhaps may be inferred from other test data of Schlegel and Co. Ui A A solution W25 swbsrftted by Gulf Seal Sorporaticn for compatibility testing against SCS3LEGDL'"'' i>?>£et. Use solution as listed by analysis NSS composed pririarily of salts and ratals. tk> organic co^ountis were listed. Test Efetbsd: Sacples of SCKLEGEL® Sheet were totally iniffirsed In the solution as provided. Testing occurred over six weeks at 158° F according to LP-O42Q. Results; The total weight gain after exposure for six weeks was +.76%. Changes in tensile properties are listed as follows: A Z Yield - -.23* A E Yield » 0 L I Break • +1.72% A E Break .» 0 Conclusions: The test data Indicate SCHLEGEL® Sheet to bs resistant to chemical attack froa this solution. Tha change In tensile properties lie within the ±IOS rangs 8»11fi*?.ble. Yh« weight chenga lies within the ±3% ranga sllo\«ible. SCM.EGEie SJvsct will S^sve no probleia pesf-foruiing as a 'long terra imperrseable & liner fcr? this solution. TOISIIE PROPERTIES Control '5';^ r Yield Test Specimens: 4107.84 987.5 (2) 3029.53 15 3351.10 987.5 (3) 3029.53 15 3SD2.45 937.5 (4) 3132.23 25 4005.14 S87.5 (5) 297«.19 15 4005.14 987.5 Averaga: 3070.SI 15 3974.33 987.5 Chance in Tensile Propartiss (tIX): -.23 4 +1.71 [ ?~";HS;£l 5PEaFICATIC:iS F03 HEPS I. GEKEP/JL REQUIRE; :z;-:r.s A. Tha work covers the snanufacttire and installation of 3 High-Density Polyethylene (K3PE) liner for the linir.? of earthen basins, for the protection cf ground water. The work includes furnishing a'il labor, superintendence, tools, con- struction machinery and materials which nay be necessary to construct the project as described ir. tftese specifications. The Lining Contractor's approved drawings for construction will specify all components and details required to meet specifications whether the responsibility of the Owner or the Lining Contractor. B. Experience The manufacturer/installer must have at least five (5) years continuous experience in the manufacture and installation of the type of liner de- scribed in these docun^ents, and must have manufactured and installed at Tec-it TC,CCO,Onft ••««•*»•»» -Fppt of the material specified for this project. The manufacturer/installer shall subasit with the shoo drawir.53 i list of ten (10) similar installations which have been in service at least two (2) years. The list shall include ths ovmer's nans, location of project, square feet cf product installed, and the- completion date. .Shop drawings not including this required information will not bs accepted. C. Snbnrittals 1. Samples: Submit for approval samples of the liner material for custoHser review and tasting. Testing shall include compatibility analysis by material supplier or owner. 2- Shop Drawings: Submit for approval as soon as practical after award of the contract, six (6) sets of full and complete shop and Installa- tion drawings snowing a rainimusi of: (a) Layout of the linar systcs. (b) Details of jointing, liner system!, liner anchorages to concrete stfuciuraSi Uct»i*~ of sc-^in? th$ lining sssterial to concrete structures inas any cthsr openings into the structure. 3- Cet"t.tf icataa: Zeriificat::;C cf c-""-;:1i-sr.'-.:: with the reqwiresents of sfarflanrJf s c.ml te-stin^ r.othods r-p'scsffed herein shall ba submit ted prior to delivery, ine iinsr ffasmri*! fens^ulactyrcr I'.isst satisfy by ^ affiasvit tu u>«TOwner zv.z Ccntr?c'i<''?-. jilnfiy. that the material he _S' offers to furnish ar.a install will scat in every aspect the require- ments set forth in the spectficstions. Tivs Contractor shais transa*^ ta the Owner the affidavit given mm by tlse msnufsctursr or supplier ".* prior to appr»-'«a1 for the furnishing and installing of awy such material. ? '7 9 TAr.L£ 1 TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KDPE LINER Property Test fferhod Value Units Density ASTH D-732 0.34 g/c«3 .- Kathod B 0.94 Halt Flow Rate ASTH D-'s233 Condition E 0.2 q/10 nvin. Avera ••:> e hv 1 ecu "i a r ASTM D-2357 1.5 x 105 Weicht Coefficient of Linear 4 oC-l Thermal Expansion ASTM D-695 1.2 x lO" Hater Absorption ASTH D-570 0.085 S/4 days Shore D Hardness ASTH D-22&0 65 Shore D impact Resistance ASTH D-256 ft.lb/inch Notched Method 8 Uo break of Kotch I'srcefstcS'.fK Ganqation at Yield" " | ASTH D-633 15 Percentage ttongat?oh Speed C at Break Test Specimen M Typa IV Tensile Stress 2,1500 psi at Yield tensile Strength at Braa!". ct ! . ,.-..::.:.:• -..-• • . i S.CSS, Q.030, 1 in. and O.JUt) CFKEfl'l SPECIRCAYIC'S ?V*. \::">i Product «nd Hi;;*... .ct.urer: Provide alloy steel f::*'r-ners as manufactured Dy thf? -foUowir;':: 1. felly ! -abolts f.y L!SM Corporation 2. Kwifc-r-:.- ".: by hilti Corporation 3. R^.-r.et. :.PIC. 4. Or A"•;•;•.. ..ved Equal. G. Asphalt Craneru Wet or dry el. :A\c roof sealer as manufactured by HGN5EY PROOUCTS, INC. III. IN5TALUTI0N SPECIFICATIONS A. Inspection of Sheet Liner at Job Site The Lining Contractor stall be responsible for inspection of the sheet, rolls at arrival at the job site. Should rolls show damage fron transit, they will be so identified by the Lining Contractor and set aside. During unrolling of the lining material, the Lining Contractor will shall be repaired in A approved manner by the Lining Contractor. B. Area Subo •,-•<\ "• Installation 1. £-c'"'T3l.~- ^^-e ^f2- liner shall he laid out end installed by manu- tacturcr's trained technicians in accordance witft the applicable- r.{.;>jroved shop dr<3'win 219 u: '•. • -.;. _.r T L i r i A.' .1 i ",'ij / i • < r.,.f"'t I i N i !';;j Pr;c>r to ir»\l«» i i i". L I'.'H o{ trie \ :',or, Cu:if. rt'.c tor ihaii vt-rif_y cono'i li oi:S r.f «•• x 11-1 i t .-_j tV.ci i i lici ard sir jc l-.;r:?s to c:v,u;? in c.>•:=!, jrt t«-_- iuO'j.'i-Je for t.te liin.T, .;i '.ivfca fii'd i/i v;-ctior» Il.'.ij of ti.ii d_-'.i-.T>jnt. G. Tr s t. 1 Destructive An3 non-destructive tcsti.^j are carried out by trained p»r- sor.nel of t!ie Lining Conlrattur. Quality Control procedures arc spc-cifiec! in St-ction IV fol H. Wa rra ntv and condjtior.s of warranty to be agreed upon between the Owner tri the Lining Contractor. 11 • ^I^I^^iEi Ifner Mn: tinit -j jimii us; >s iiiOii ufrOilCy f.vy i _ve i ;i>-; t_ I.TT V "« , fillers or extenders. Carbon black Z% * iX shall be mio^d to the resin for ultra-violet res i stance. Hie linjrKi s sLt.-a shall be m-inu- fact»red. furnWs^d st.d installe C. ~J!2rf Sponge rubber shoetirr? shall be t: PYTUON, n?oprrr« jt'iifsjvf shall be used for fjlumg sponge tvbbef sheeting to cor.crev^ and i.jf't sur if: !x; two ipchss !sini?Ry-yi, Product sr.d ^rajfict'.irt-r; frovfds alloy st«cl fasteners *s ^inuf-ctwrtr by the fc>n Field Joints: (a) Genera"': Field .joirsv.:, r:hall be made by overlapping adjacent "sheets a raini!i>um of cane (8) inches and extruding a ribbon . of extrusion joining resin no less than 1.5 inches in width between the overlapped sheets or over the szutn between the sheets where hand weids are required. Prior to extrusion welding of the seams, all areas which are to become seam interfaces shall be cleaned of dust and dirt. The slick surfaces of the HDPE sheet which are to become seam inter- faces shall be roughened with a wire brush or other acceptable means before extrudate is placed between the overlapping sheets or over a lapped seam. Extrusion joining shall not take place unless tte sheet is dry and shall not take place unless the ambient temperature is above 45°F and below 90°F. (b) Field Joittta: Joints between the lining sheets shall be field welded using tha manufacturer's extrusion joining equipment and techniques. The joining procedure shall consist of softening the liner material by heated air. Tha temperature of the air imping- ing r ITS sheet for fchis purpose shjll range from 420°f- to 680°F. The i k. temperature used shall be determined by the installation supe. •• Directly following the application of heat, a one and one-ha'l. inch mirjcium width strip of the same high density poly- ethylene resin from which the sheet is made shall be extruded between the overlapped sheets. The temperature of the resin as it emerges from the extrusion die shall range from 428°F to 536&F. The overlapped sheets are then pressed together to form the ex- trusion joint. (c) Penetrations of Liner Material: Penetrations through the liner for pips flashings, patches, etc. snail he field weeded using an extrusion r.snd welder. The joining procedure shall consist of softening tin* lirmr nwtprial by heated air ?s above described. Directly following i:ln» application of heat, a hot strip of the same material frcm wntch the sheet is made will be extruded over the ja1;:t to produce, tha oxt.rud;:d joint. Any required repair af sm.il 1 hole* in the- 1 im-:r surfece shall he ns&de with the extrusion hand welder. Liner material shall be cleaceu uf ai'i dirt, duit and niiier foreign material, all smooth HDPE surfaces roughened, air heated to the prescribed temperature, and a strip of KDPE resin extruded over the hole to produce an extruded welded repair. • ?* Seals around penetrations shall be roade as described below. n i; ;:>'.'f. .AL !-rriF?r.crjr:{s J-CR rvc I. JNU'S A1"? pu.'_ pcnetraticns shall b.f: sloe-zed with V.uVf. pipe. Each to prevent Isskarie. The basin "iiiict s-hasT b» anchored to « concrete coilsr surrounding the psriKtroticr.. An HOPE apron shall be extrusion welded to the pipe s!swe and sh?11 to extrusion waJocd to t'.r? base .•crvj'jt outside of the area where the basr; sheet is anc.ncred to t-^2 concrete collar. OUALJTV CONTROL SPTCIFI CATION'S AND PPOCCD'JR^S A. Quality Control of K-nw Hateridi by its Hanufacture.r The manufacturer of the HOPE rssin used in sheet production tests each batcfi before delivery to ensure a maximum consistency of raw material quality'. The following tests are carried out by the producer of tbft rsw roaterial on each batch and the results forwarded to the sheet fabricator: 1. Density per ASTM Dasignation D-792-66: The density of the pv reflects tha degree of crystallirilty and thus serves «s an indirect check on mechanical qualities such as hardness, stiffness, and tensile strength. 2- Carbon 5~!ar?c r.enter.* r-^r ASTK Dssi^intioR D-1CC3-7G: CiiLon polyethvtp.ne serves prinarf )y as protection auainst thenaal aging and harmvul ultraviolet radiation, present "in outdoor .-'eathei'ing. Thus, quality control of the carbon black content ensures the good weathering properties of pclyethyl ens. helt Ir»riex per ASTM Designation D-7233-73: /> material's !r«;lt index Is a measure oi its mean nolecwlar ve-.fjht and Theological properties. Thus, holding the melt index of the base material within a narrow range is a criterion for uniform and opti-num HOPE liner production. at o l e i n ?t o 1 3 ffg) Jy-t^ l! t Vif'CQ-'i't-yWX^H-l^? g J ^ J P' ^3:;?7: This test monitors a plastic's rcean oeaiee of polj^nerijation fl~r:a nean molecular size - ensuring their consistency. As above, thss^i values affect the consistency of procesiing and ciechanita! properties of the resulting product. Bgll Ter,t p»r ASTM OesjZ^-.rJPH ®?j, f'!llzIP.'• Ee^ tcstincj is a relative) "fast rnetnoo at xnsziiio ?• rvsvena's !s rc^istsnce to stress crackino. This test evaluates a 'material's perfarr,jrit:e ur.cier r»«chan?cal stressin in ag 6. Moislure Cnnrt-nt per ASlrt C;?sionofcion n:S/D-rii: Kiintsinirr*j a cor»- s"t5n't"K:3TSturd' cc;.zr.Ht 'Vr:'"tr.c Z-.':- r-/^i.-.ri=;" Si"^~-J2issry tor prccessfn resulting in n parc-fr^z, biibblp-tra-; r;rcccc.t. £f^1cYi.»« cnily nstcria witf* a poistore content in a n«r»w^ <-o}srsnce rsnjn Is ansthsr re- quircr.cn& for consistent pj*s?ivict quality. t 1*7 TOR The d»td, determined is f/vsluafcea' by the manufacturer and, If deviating fran tha enretd tolerance rar.oes, tin* tested batch is not delivered. ..s a result of this testing,, the namnacturer is guaranteed consistent base rdateria* quality, essential in the light of the demanding condi- tions prevailing in the various applications of HOPE liners. Quality Control cf the Incoming Raw Material by Sheet Manufacturer The incoming raw material is again sampled and tested, this time ir> the lab facilities of the sheet manufacturer. As before, properties relative to processing are determined, specifically: Helt Index per ASTH Designation D-1238-73 Density per ASTM Designation D-792-66 Moisture Content per ASTH Designation D-570-63. This testing provides further verification of consistent product quality, l to thi» maniifartiirpr'c rnrt If the test results are positive, a sample of the batch is processed in manufacturing and evaluated as to melting behavior, forming behavior and the product sheet's visual appearance. No batch is sent into production Lefor? positive results are obtained for the incoming base material and the test processing. If negative results are obtained, the batch is excluded fron processing anJ returned to the manufacturer. „- All properties determined in these tests are conpiled in the final sheet certificate. C. Quality Control cf Shpet Proriiiction AutcT^tic control is a fosturc especially valued in the extrusion process and the successive processing stages. Important parameters >n all stages of processing are controlled by auton^tic control systems and indicated by pen reoorcers. Three different qualities of the sheet are inspected continuously during irq Process At Isait three random samples art tskrn from each shetft roll and forwarded to t!se UL-oritcry for exterssive t&st1»5. 'tf.c satrpJc sites are distributed tc. ensure a representative evaluation of ine overall quality. The following tests sre carried out for each sheet: - Tensile Testing per ASTM Designation D-6S3 - Impact Tensile Testing per ASTM Resignation 0-63S - Thickness - Stress Cracking Resistance {'Gall Test) per ASTM Designation D-1693-/ The following supplementary tests are carried out for sheet samples from each raw material batch: - Melt Index per ASTM Designation D-l238-72 - Thermal Shrinkage per ASTM Designation D-6S5 - Density per ASTH Designation D-7S2-6S. This testing effects a permanent surveillance of the production process and constant product quality. Narrow tolerance ranges ensure high quality in production. Products deviating from these ranges are removed and the cause determined. D. Quality Control of Installation Sheet installation wyr* -i* ""-u-i «..* »-dcr psir.^tsk'.-.^ stipe, vUiuu up to and including project completion. The quality control is carried cjt by the on-site enginsers as well as outside testing institutions. Quality control of installation can be divided into three areas: 1." Checking the sheets delivered to site for transport damages, check of sheet identification number with number on certificate. 2. Inspection and continuous control of all welding process parameters. 3. Testing of the completed weld seams. On-site welding of the lin<;r is carried out by an extrusion welding proccs: This process guarantees consistent weld seem quality within a wide range o ambient conditions. The control system of the welding machines are exten- sively automated to enable monitoring of the walding process by the operat'ing personnel. The welds era swde in one procedure by tssans of an automatic welding iRSCbina, which pretests zhs welding surfaces to the desired temperature, injects a ribbon of molten KDPE nuierisl and then applies contact pressure to the seasn. The procedure for fillet welds is similar in that th* wrlding area is ppreheate d and tha welding material is ssulten HOPE. Tiie necessary contact pressure cranes frcrf a ththa wsichihtt of thth e hinhdd weldinldi g ys»««t itsalfitlf . JtffJStt^.--ffJS * welds are used only for repair work ar.d special dasioins. -.*-v. •*; GENERAL SPfXIF7CATie?iS FOR HOPE Tftst Held? are run preceding all extensive welding to assure r,vod weld quality yr.oer the prevailing site conditions; Wtes? weld sarapies are subsequently subjectea to mechanical testing. 1 • yiAH.?-I.J^~P&c>iryrt°f fo^sd Scan: The main prerequisite for tjood Bcnef;rcg fs~ continuous inonTfcarfng of the welding process parameters, such as hot air temperature, welding speed and contact pressure. This is best carried out by specially trained personnel. Visual inspection of the welding surfaces, the welding process end the completed weld by experienced plastic welders allows a reliable evaluation of seam quality. 2. Quality Control of Welding Seams: Production of a quality welding seam starts witH~a preliminary test weld. The machine settings, pretreat- Kent of the weld surfaces and adjustment to environmental effects are all. tested on a sample welding seam. A hand operable -ensile testing machine enables en sits confirmation of the joint's tensile strength ncinn ct-r-in eanole.j% After installation, two major types of quality control ars available for testing the seams: - destructive material tests of weld samples (spot check) - non-destructive material tests of all welding seasss. 3- Detgrmnation of Mechanical Strength • (a) Tensile and Peal Tests: Because it would be uneconomical to conduct destructive tests on all waid seasrsj destructive tests are conducted only on a spot check basis, txtensive site experience has shown that two samples daily are sufficient for evaluation purposes. These samples are then tested by Quality Control or Independently by official government testing agencies. (b) Point *strr»'?s'*.r*2jj. Point stT^sing of the n^y produced weld Ts suFTiclci'it zo locate areas of u\lUch'ion (>.e., not fu*»ly ) ihjs is dens by running a s'-rcw driver or similar ong Uw. rm'lii s<*nr,i b&'rtietm thu lortetr sheet a»d the 4. lestiiifjof; ggal^Cviitifj'-i-ity: After iniUsUtfLion, the lar^e si^e of the iHtiijt uieu l"ii'i£{" i-'vit.c«s DSTKi'tS t'.CStifiCj Oi'dy •. Xiift T.;'i£ Upper StwC* D« ».ijS liner. This restriction cansidurably »-educes tha nus^ef of reliable tciwii<« {.•;O^euure». iriwweVrer, \m\i iiuii'uoirfut.i.iv itif SiO be used to verify the continuity {%atcrt*ghtBcss) GFfT.TAL SPECIFK/VflCllS FOR WE LIN1HS (a) y^cuwjJTprt: One snethod of testing the seal is vocmxn testing. 'in'IJvls ustt the wald seat;! is placed tinder ? vfieuua using a clevsr p"iBst";c suction cup attodted to a vacir..rs piar.p. A foaaiirg cgo'it indicates the exact position of any "iRafes enccsunteresi. (b) Ultrasonic Testing: Ultrasonic testing is just as railable as vsouua testing and in addition provides information on the homogeneity of the welding se-2n. Easy haudling and a greater testing speed are further advantages of this method. Tho contr.-ctor will prepare the si'e in accordance with the stardruas acjreed to by the design engineer i in cooperation wim Schiegel, as stated in their con- tract apatification. The areas to be iined may be prepared from graded or natural material that is compacted by rolling or vibration to an even suitace. The area must be free Of major protrusions, such as rock outcrops or tree stumps. The standard for the finished surface will be dictated by the live and dead weight loadings to which the lining will be subjected during installation and service. Pipe works, weirs, sumps or other rigid structures that have been designed to pass through the Schtogel* r sheet will also be finished before the lining.work begins. The securing trench on the embankment crown may be excavated before or during the lining UncJ»r-the*; ovstn&fla m«v tak» ti>» iorm of mp ;-.-v-•.-s*....- *«C\-' •'..'-I"'" the aeJL hc=» cu^crop* trfxHS b» o»«r-«iim=!ad snd reptnetd 19 A!i or soma of thg following services may b& re- o,uc~ted from ih& r on 'tr,', oonlrnc-or io facilitate tho insl.ilmiion of ihs fj.ohi--N"*.•)*> lining system: 1. Unloading doiivered materials at job aite 2. Provision of oOen temporary storage area for cielivarcc1 sheet 3. Provision of covered storege ares for electrical plant and equipment 4. Transportation of rolls from temporary storage to the installation site 5. Provision of a vehicle for unrolling the Schi*ga(® sneet rolls 6. Excavation and subsequent backfilling of the perimeter securing trench 7. Maintenance of the site in a d^-watered condition tra 8. Additional general labor for short periods (chargeable at day work rates). The individual details for a particular site will be specmec at me time ot oner. TvpicM tc*n*t tkiring ^••; . ••••A 1 i •i .•--. v- • ,- '-S* •ij*-^ M £? 'is^a u. tf 15 *- •" '4 Each roll of Scn!ifcsi« shear weigns up to 5 tons, depending ori: n::i-i thickness. A roii ifiify bo I'fted by r.iinos or chains from \»o points in the center of the roll, i^olis will bo cioiivered to \tvi site in a flal-bao truck or container that carriss up to four '<'-?;^i!' rolis—52,000 h2 (2.1 acres) of shoet. If a crane is not roadily available, earth-rnoving vehicles, such as front-end loaders or backhoes may be used for unloading. The same equipment will then be used to transport the roll to its posi'.ion at the site, and to unroll it. L JK u&ed tor bath fiO*SHo«!*i< t'»* vi>«»t - •••••• :• J™ , 3.5 Gite joining is i.'is heart of ?. liniig system. The method u.*oct must bo csoablo of croatipo. joints that arrj not a point of chemical or physical weakness in tho conipleie lining system ur\oi:r varying bile con- ditions. The patented 5'>ch!sss%i» extrusion .voiding I process has this capability. Three different typos of machines are used to create homogeneous, welded joints: 1. Self-propsllod automatic extrusion welder- used on ie*el surfaces to make standard overlap joints 2. Semi-automatic extrusion weidei —used on steep embankments, using a controlling winch for propulsion 3. Hand-held extrusion welder—used for detailing Extrusion wftljlng maintain* if» tirtngth valucx o( th* parent >h««l through every inch of «v»ry scam. Th« joining aytttm It work, hard-to-reach areas, and repairs. «I«o »dipl*bl« lo on-ilt« design changes or repair*. Each machine is powered from a iocal generator, and creates a homogeneous weld by injecting into • ho nrA-h«atorl nvarlfln a mnlton rihbnn of pxtriiriat** of exactiy the same compositor* as tiie parent shoot. Immediate compression completes the seal. 04 a nCHLKGE!.* iiRi>s ere'w. £>*! rrifl crania wWttn narrow 6 2 * '& '- a (1 t' £ The joint testing systems used by SchSoqel Lining Technology ensure the secunt/ of trio linBO area. Two specific greens oi leolinrj procedures cover indivio'LTil muchins performance, and the final weld quality obtained. Pra-Vrtslding Simulation Tttalltuj Procedure* Each day, prior to welding the nncr, two pieces of sheet are joined under the same conditions as exis! for ihp 'Vier. The joint is then subjected to an -^=9 on-site ti • it mere' test to determine behavior under tensile load:"}. This test ensures optimum machine settings for the conditions, as well as providing a strict operator control. StmubKfcm l«af>o prov*d*« eontrcn o*w opmator and mwMn* pvrformene* under actual *tt« conditions. Post-Waldlng Testing Proc«dur«s After the installation of the lining, joints are tested by one or more of the following methods: 1. »J!irs-5or.!c $n:;r.-destructive) Testing A high-frequency sound wave is passed through the thickness of the joint. !f any voids. foreign objects, or obstructions are detected, an audibis signal notifies the operator, and the spot en the sheet is marked. 2. Random fjsmpilng (destrucMvs) Random samples of weld are cut from the sheet and subjected to on-site tensile testing, or to independent laboratory testing. A replacement patch must be made with this form of testing st the point whore the sample is taken. 3.7 ^ii Tha construction c'^tails illustrated are cpBCiiica'ly designed for cojrioatibiiity with (h<3 properties of th& fjciWtrbi^ !,;•.••.:•'. v'jririiions or 'iie.se cetaiis may b3 required (or fi.-'svroaf Oj.ipi'cynons or si's circumstances. In chemical containment applications whore HDPE pipes are used. Schiejjel sheet is welded directly to the external surface of the pips, providing a homo- geneous joint. I i S«curing of SCKLEGEl,* Sfiiat to Embankment Crown. •>1 l\-~ - • :-'•- •. s .••1a .- •- -,vflf l(rti 3.8.1 Dt-f.icrn of Lir.in^ S/rfftm A typ:Lii. di)','i(! men! arid vehicios arid from the subsequent tnataiieti system itself Some subgrades can be used as ex- cavatwj. but most r&qutre some preparatory works. The surface of fh« nntural subomae sriould oo npproxiciately paraiU:l to the surface of the synthetic liner The surface rood not t>e smooth, but larger protrusions such as large rocks and tree slumps should bn removed as these can cause damage if u.ieven soil sot:lement occurs The degree of com- Maxi'r.um Deign 0/ Groonc' V<'aler Protection Un<:r paction shouirl bo soff-crent to ensure subgrade permanence and firmness. A typical compaction Fig. 1A value would bo 90% of the Standard Procter density 5.1.1 f no -..on .*! I.:- '••.•'•J.'i •:• .! :u'LiC.<: '.:>' '• •; •i,:'.1Ni--:'.C. !.••••. il n 1 ! "3 :s '''.I '' •'. :L.O VVJKI I' .'; ?•..'.'f.ji Viir.M '!• (i r: Uy Ui'_- iron M'fjti" rock Oiilf IO;VI| ! •' ', i .3> • - r •. <;v;0 r.aw cooo vv nlc ii of 0 i:r0" I 1>'X; Mm', i r.;.i!iC]uC..f. ri [>'<.•{.;• ' ' ":> lor 'jrSiM.i'J'* o! lor:.'H 'iuri/tC v-».'''..;?, or '..-'•'.<"i if1-!' r.opDcr'.^.rj Uytr if'f.'Old COfjiSt ol ;» •..Mir) (.ir ')r.:-!-.ul.ii ' it -r ti'OfOximyicly 2-4 in ti'.i',K U:'.:iiliv if>u if!': !'i;r:i v-r. oy^fi '..KouicJ bo round'.--] .'orni (n,;!'.?r,al wi! <;r;jm c lameior noi qr';;ii(;r !!'an 0 -: It ari:tic:iai crushed mnKidil is ir>'-;. I lie n iximum grain Ci should no; t.'o Synthfttlc Liner The synihotic fmor r> !."•.« irnpftrmeabio harrier between lha Da.i.n conlprits anc inn sufrounOmg fjroufid water. II ii tho heart of th» i :nj r./"itern. ancl !)•. enrji- :• '; ••!>c 'ir,;:r rrT:J^* ! t!i!" bftii••"• ar rr:.j'.; r,(,i; 'juoo (ifiysica 1 'r:£' . £J; ..,,,• .. _>•• 5.1.2 1 The primary requirement of the covering layer n->._y vary with the lietailect applicat-on but v/'il provide .C^ss/T^i, __ *ii''P Gnvistf St'p /O/u-'.g i ay»r 1 some or ail of t^itf foi'owing functions: (a) Distiibutien ol point stressing to the synthetic I'ning: (b) Reduction ot temperature fluctuations, na/ or River iiwng System weathering, etc.: Fig. 2a (c) Filtration and drainage mecid to assist in minimizing effluent contained; (d) Protection of synthetic lining for extraction of settled solids Oy mechanised means. Basin Contents Primary Ltner The thickness of this covering layer must be suf'i- -, Fine CSnmod Layer cieot to achieve the primary requirement for tho application—in general this layer should not be less '•- ... . _ Shaped Si/!>9'a.f<> than 12" in thickness. The yianular size and type oirininvori will hfi rfiiated to its primary requirements. Wafer Resen/o;r Lining System In th& case of drs.'oaoe. w^ere regularity of sire is required, the granules should no*, exceed a maxi- mum size of .8/' to prevent point stressing under comwaction, w operational loading. When used purfiiy ns a pro.action layer, vanatiie gradings (I n sard and o,ravcl). may be employed with a maximum grain size content no'exceeding 1.?". If !arge granules are required for protection or stability under high water flow conditions this total protec- tive loyer is increased t»y graded thickness allowing i large granules or rock formation to he u»ed y The four-component system described is sui'icient for thrt majoniv of ground water protection applications. •t the structure to be lined is a canai or river, a different lypti of covering layer can bo used: a sand layer topped with a crusrteo rock layer. Thib system i:\ shown in Figure 2a. A Ubnr mat may be included botwt-on tho two K.yers lo pri.'v«iu intermixing if required. Kosecvoir lining systems do not usually require a covering layoi. itrn basin contents seive to cover the linoi and no physical protection is nsftiod as shown in Hgiiro .'o. In a given liner system, two factors can r>« varied ThB two vor;ut>!rt factors for o ouon system fiie t. to op!nri!;e sue performance the rosin employed in the liner thicKfo:.-. and O. trv: torco trsnsler coefficient pioduction (described in the section pnti'lnd "Raw TIIH vdlLe o) the (ore? uarislc-r cco'ficient depend? or. Material") and the liner Thickness Ir'ur.iive'.y. i! is the type oi lorco tfnnj!fcr, es shown in f-'igure 4. orwious that the thicker the liner, 'he Ivcshei the The forco trjnstci coefficient is ihe sum or ihe co- stienptfi properties will be. More ex-act data on Ihe efficient of iiiction \s and the tprming coefficient '. effect of thickness on physical oroperties can be illustrated by mathematical models and experimental fy*~j*~Z data. Deformation Bohavior Deformation of a synthetic liner usually occurs due to differential soil settlenant from operational loading. An important proporty of a liner is i*.s ability to spread such deformation over neighboring areas, spreading concentration of local deformation. This process can lie simulated by the model shown in Mgure j OPIOW. i ms rnuuui upo 2A .a 'a 'fl'f'c"**1'^,' * • t T't.n. Hn\ii.''- As can bo seen in Finute 4, a thin, flexible liner is Actual r'lHttiriais testing corroborates those estimates effect'voly clamped in place t>V the upper and lower Bursting strength testing causes multiaxial tonsne adioining surfaces. (Tft's is rspn^onfcd in thr mode! stress m a Sinnr as found in practice. In this testing, by a approaching i.) When this effect i'j pronounced, a circu'3< liner is loariad with pressure until it bursts. conduction of stress to neighboring zones is re- Typicai results of this testing for Scfciegef* shoe-t suicted. c&using danger of local failure in the are shown in Figure 5. !t can be s*>en th*t the critical atfscted areas of the linor. pressure, the depression depth and averags elon- On tha other hand, a thick liner would represent gation, ail increase for increasing thickness. Again the other extreme. Ideally, f equals zero in this case, this only reflects lin*»r thickness and not any effect which implies that the entire fores transfer is only of reduced physical properties as found in other frictiona' As can be s^een in the lower part of Figure 4, systems, as all specimens were cf Schltgot sheet. this arables stress to be conducted over large areas of the liner, keeping the actual local deformation low. The force transfer ccelficient or is dependent on the thickness t; therefore in actuality, only the thickness t will additionally affect the deformable length x. w>,e>"i one consiaora trie eiongaiioos in settlements found in field conditions. Experimental Apparal.j. and Calculation ! n •"•0 8 -i ; »-4 - p MMIIIHM •-_; ••; : i i isrt^c: ' fi.*ci!n*ss / f ^ cf i.^tTJi Bursting Prazsura. Maximum S»Q »nd Average Deformation vs e- s Tear Rssiiisnc* Todiicvj in a synthetic ftnor is usually e whrrn an area containing existing (iamaoe (eg small perforations, munutiicturir.p tauiis etc ) is subjected to tensili. siress, causing tne existing damage to propagate. Laboratory tosting shows that Scfstegs*® sheet has excellent tear resistance properties as illustrated — in Figure 6. The hign strength of the sheet material s is enhanced by the h'gh theet thickness. It c?n be seen from the graph in Figure 7 that tear resistance d increases linearly with increasing thickness within the range tested. Puncture R*»lft#nc» Puncture to a synthetic liner can be defined as com- pressive stress concentrated in a small area causing failure. In practice, this can occur due to falling object* or to vehicles Drougni into contact wnn me t'ner creating high dynamic loadings during the installation works Schiag^J sheet's hicjh physical strength and thick- ness Give ;' r;uod puncturfe resistance propert'es. Puncture resistance* testing has b«;cn conducted on Sch:#oel sheet ns shown in f-iqure 8. The results shown in Figure 2 (page 5.1.2) indicate a linear relationship betweer. puncture resistance and thick- ness for Sch!s»g*! sheet. 1UMg $•'•* ten I f 1 | *gfH i tWO ACGQ*Oti*(l ro 4$rw i iNTEROFFiCE CORRESPONDENCE TO: fir. R.T.Clarke FROM: H.J.Suerbeum/H'l DATE: hsrch 4, 1532 SUbJECT: ''Cold Region Installaticn I should like to give you in writing vhat was discussed between us on the phcr.e on March 3, 1932. The projects in Canada are surely beautiful in size and we should find ways and techniques to overcome the risks caused by low temperature application of SCHLEGEL-She-et. ' My suggestions: 1. Use SCHLEGEL-Sheet 2,5 mm instead of 2,0 ma in this area. The reason: It's more rugged and it can be welded properly. When it comes to low temperature it is most important that there is no weak spot in thi liner system. The liner tries to shrink in winter time. &TxU* + 2(J°C7 - 45°C x 1.5 y 10"Vc = 65°C x 1,5 x ID'Vc » IX that is Im/IOD* We cannot allow shrinkage but the design of a basin can ensure that the lir^r takes everywhere this IS as stress and not that part of it has to take nothing and the rest all stress. The toes and the comers arv» the weak spots of an empty basis Here uplifting will happen. To avoid uplifting 2 precautions are possible: a) The client should 2gn?3 to a rain, waterlevel which stays in the basin (for example 3'}. That would avoid uplifting in the toe area. b) In thff 4 comers of a basin the SCTiLEGEL-Sheet shoul be covered. £ty suqgestion is kind of min. 2 n thick sand or graver layer which can also operate as entry exit raaeps for the basin. 3. Th« toe and the corner areas should be designed with a genero di For the endfixircg of the SDJIEGEL-Shact on the crest several details should be carried out csrevully. ' ' 244 Interoffice CorvespcndtNice R.T. Clarr.?? ...it a) Trenchprofile Tb» trenchprcfile should show a siopa on the basin sid?. The trench should be carr-ied out. in a straight line. As the sketch shows, the ssr:d layer shall be placed on tr«e crest and jr. the trench area to allow the sheet to form smoothly to the ground without edges. b) ; Welding in the trench area The slope sheets have to be welded together up to the very end of the sheets which are placed in the trench. This can be done by placing a plank across the trench. 4. The welding seams which connect the slope liner to the floor liner and every third or fourth slope seam should be carried out at a certain temperature. Doing so we tensile stress it has to take in winter time. Placing the ramps in the basin corners should be started at night also, the sarae I recommend for the water filling pro- cedure. 5. Pipe penetrations and concrete structures in the slept1 areas are realty unwanted for this kind of application. Inlets should be allowed to ba placed on top of the liner, outlets in the floor but wall off the toe area. 6. As far as I know we never had the oppcrtimitr to watch s SCHLEGFL-Sheet lined basin being filled witb'watsr durir.y the winter tiiss. 5 y^ars ago t»e lined a big basin in Sar Cbe Iran- There ths SCHLERtL-Sheet is exposed to a very high rate of UV-rfidiation. The winters in Sar Cheshsseh (about ?0.000 feot above sea level) can ks as cold as - 20"C. Ws npver heard that any d-V3fiS* *^r failure {wppened tes th<» project, faring instaVsation '.•a foil owed thf» ni'Ses I p^r.tinnsd before. What w«? cou'id not SPOIV in S^r Cheshach wfl$ cover ing fcSi»!corne r areas of the basin with a l.Tysr of sand or river gravel. » P*«V cause r Af*>£NDXX D-2-4 STAFF INDUSTRIES, INC. 2.6/Sla J V, " L!H!?»G MATERIAL SELECTOR (Confirm suitability wilh Staff industries or Staff iepresentat m Fiiter Beds X~ !,| Fire Poncis X 6° Fi^PonOs_ XF Fly As>h Pc-r:ds X 71 Course Poncis i | Industrial Wastes Ponds _ Industrial wastes p; '<• 1 Ha7a>dous wastes ^Landfills Municipal H Industrial '^ i-caching Pits Manure : HR ;Oi'-Sp»'i CcT.tain.~enCC'ntai } X X X° X° ^Oxsdatton PondPonds X^ X_ _ _X_ X X X_ -«.?££2L^yai!i"lElir'H^ 5 ^ * 5_ Li Recreaiiai--. POPS; X JncSustiial X X 2: _x _ — X _x _x "x" X " ~ "" "" x~ A tj Tattings Pongj ^X X. X_ X " ' " x" X X K X "~~~ X~ X~ STAFF INDUSTRIES, INC. 78 Dryden Road Upper Montclair, N. J. 07C43 STANDARD SPECIFICATION.", lor REINFORCED HYPALOU* PLASTIC L.'N'NGS and COVERS #3210 - industrial GracJt 01 - GENERAL REQUiREMnNTS The work covered by these spscifications consists of insi.*iiing a reinforced Hypilon plastic lining in the striictursy vhcre shown or. ths drcv-'ingc ov directed by the Engi- neer. All work shall Le dene in strict accordance with the drawings and these speci- fications sj-id L.e subject to ths terms and conditions of the contract. 02 - MATERIALS A. General. The materials supplied under these specifications shall be first quality products designed and manufactured specifically for the purposes of this work. and which have been Sctisfactorily uemonstrated by prior use to be suitable and dura- ble for such purposes. The contractor shall, at the time of bidding, supply the Engi- neer with the name of the lining fabricator and, later, a certified test report from the sheeting producer that the sheeting meets these specifications for durable liner and cover material. B. Description of Reinforced Hypalon Materials. Reinforced Hypalon plastic lining shall consist of widths of calendered reinforced Hypalon sheeting fabricated into large sections by STAFF INDUSTRIES. INC., Upper Montclair. N. J.. 07043. by means of Hypalon-solution-bonded factory seams into a single piece or into the minimum num- ber of large pieces to fit the facility. The reinforced Hypalon sheet shall be made by encapsulating reinforcing fabric between two sheets of 15 mil or heavier-gauge Hy- Di-lon sheetintr. nur{i> from a rr»rnTM-i«;if-inn r>f wV.i«-V» »*• ^ by v;-cight of the finished sheeting. 03 - MINIMUM MA NUFA C TUR ING SPECIFICA TIONS A. Unreinforced Film (Prior to Laminating). Specifications shall be as follows: Min. Manufacturing PROPERTY SPECIFICATIONS ' TEST METHOD 1. Tensile strength 1500 psi min. ASTM D-412 2. Elongation @ break 300?, min. ASTM D-412 3. Heat aging ASTM D-573 Tensile strength 1&00 psi rain. 14 days @ Elongation Q break 150% min. 212°F 4. Water absorption 2% (wt.) max. ASTM D-471. 7 days 9 70°F 5. Brittlencss point -45 F, no failures ASTTvI D-746, Procrdure £ 6. Ozone resistance No effect ASTM D-1149. 3 ppm g 30% strain @ 1G4°F. for 72 hrs. B. The reinforced Hypmlon shall be made by c.nlencter-iarfi'nating hypalon with the above specifications on both sides of polyester fabric to pive the following properties for Staif Sr?2IQ Industrial Grade sheeting: 1. Fabric count 10x10-1GC0 d polyester 2. Laminate thickness, inch .036 + 10vt & .0^5 + 10% AS1M D-751 3. Cold bind (26 n.-.il) -45 F, no crocks AST!A D-2I36. 1/3" mandrel 4. Tensils strength, lbss., gr-zb rsethod 200 ASTM D-751 5. Tear strength, Iba., tongue tear method M0 ASTM A. Pnr>rt,,r~r«*ist-£*ir». lbs. ISO FTW1 7. n-linen&ional stability AS7"M D-1204-54 2 hrs. ° C 8. Seam strength, factory & field. Iba. 170 ASTM D-751 April 1930 MO *i-eK»stered trade mark of du Pont AIA?SA-O?IA '' TION The i-einfovcirif; fabric -hall be Jaiiiinaied between th? I'-vo KypaioT! &hef-.lir>.^s t'-o that the : t.ul,;i-ii ui Lie iiCiira arc eHtausuiitiu i/i' •*• i/'-'~ so i«>*ii m; ticuc-jea tenra •s,>o*'» on u.-e edcrc. E^.ch width o: ro^nici-ced Hyp a Ion so made s;'i;sii be il7p:-.lan-foiut:c'r)-br of *Vorkn>!i-:h^. All joints: en cc;7:pl2licn of ',hc. work, shall be tightly bonded. Any limn.;; surface showing injury dirt to scufi'i.ir . penetration by foreign objects, or distress from ipo«f.;b subgroeJe shall, as directed by the Engineer, be replaced or covered snd sealed with an adaiuorsil layer of Kypaion of the proper sise. B. Technical Assistance. A representative of the company furnishing the plastic lining shaJi be present during tne entire installation procedure and shall provide i! assisU>nee for the installation of the lining. 9210 HYF--R-" » STAFF INDUS"rrUl'.S. INC. 78 Drvclen i'.nid Upper Man.ciajr. N . J . OlOii STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS for REfilFORCCD HYPALOV PLASTIC LINiHGS end COVERS Gl - GEN ERA I. REOUI.-i Ei. 'cN T5 Thi -j/orK covered '-jy t'cxer-a specifications coniist;? o£ irtaU-i'iinr. s rpiniorccd Hypaion plaatic lining in t^e structures where shown on if;-:; drawmos, or ciirecttci by the Engi- neer. Ail work i.IiS.11 >r,r. Uoti».- in strict accorrinc": v.'ith the drawings and these speci- fications and be sutsj'^ct to the lerr;-i.*; and ccnaitions oi the contract. 02 - ha.ATJ.P.i,\LS A. Q_~>~T*^' The Materials supplied under those F-pccificstions shall be first quality procici-s designed and manufactured specifically for ih-s purpos.es of this work, and vvhi-.n have bc April 1989 •registered trade mark of du Pont 040130-3210 151 The reinforcing ?;.,bric sh.iil be l,v:un:.l- d b>twten the two Hypaion sheetings so th.it the tdi-CiS of tht i-.zriv 3.rv enciiosuiaU'G 1/L~ '•• \l V r.c that no ^xpost-d 'jcrini si-.ows on :bc ct!;ve. E~-h wn'u'-i of r.vliii'o; ced 'i'-'p:.:: •. J r.-r>.<'~ sh-:':i b~ H\'p->!on-'".o)ut:on- bonded joiats a uiiniMv.iJi ot 1 1/2" scrlni-'.o-r.c; r•>. ;,.:-. c wit/: il.e encapsulated edp.es boncsd on both top ^)?d bouom cd^cs. £io."irr:3 '-'.:- il •.: : ;i-:i^ih\vi''.e Lro .13 tc ^".niim;<: ii.t: joinirj? ot cut ends of i-M'^c- panels. Scam stren^nj ^riali be *U ic-js i/0 pounj.3 by A3TM DV'il. Ti;a linin^ i-i'sa;! bo 5ccord.c:i-•iwld^tl :.;':o !:;;vy care:.^rci b~:;---s cr wooden boxes, for 05 - IN'STALLAT^.'i 6-~ HYPALON I.IN!'••", A. Gongr.-d. T^c Hypalon lininr; ibaw be placed over ihe prt-parci surfaces to be lined in suci .1 ir:&nr;rr a,s to assure Mininvjm hcndlint^. It r'..—»i be scaled to all concrete structure;; and oihcr openings throu;.n tise lining in .-sccorfi3nt:e with details shown on drawings subrailtcd by the contractor -ar-i ;-.ppiuved fay the Engineer. Tlie lining shall be closely fitted and seaied around inlets, outlets, and other projections through the lining. Any portion of lining damaged during installation by any cause shall be reraovd or re- paired by using an additional piece of lining, as specified hereinafter. 1. Field Joints. Lap joints shall be used to seal factory-fabricated linings of rein- forced Hypalon together in the field. All field joints between sections of Hypalon lining shall be made on a supporting smooth surface such a3 A board and, unless the weather is warm and the sun shining brightly, heat guns shall be used to make the sealing temperature at least 100 F. Field searas shall be rolled during heating to effect a satisfactory bond of full strength. The lap joints shall be formed byj lapping the edges of pieces, a mini mum of 1 1/2" scrira-to-scrim. The contact surfaces of the ierials. Sisfiicisnt STAFF Hypaiuri-to-Kypaloa bonding solution shall be applied tc both contact surface1: in t}ic ioint area ar.d the two surfaces pressed together ajid rolled. Any wrin'-.i. s uhall be smoothed out and 3xsy cut edges of the rc-inforccd Hypalon r.hali be sealed with a flood coat of Hypalon solution to prevent v/icking. Z. Joints to Structures. All curing compounds and coatings shall be completely recsovftcj U-oca Uie joint ar< n. JominR of "•j-paion 10 concrete shall be made witli STAFF Hypaion-to-concrete adhesive und. mechanic&l fasteners. Unless otherwise shown en the drawings, the minimum width 01 concrete shelf provided for the cement joint shall be 4 inches. For all shapes iike pipe boots that require extensibility, un- reinforced Hypalon sViall be used. 3. Repairs to H'rpalori. Any necessary repairs to tJie Hypalon shall be patched with the LLiing rcittersai itself and STAFF II\7iaIon-to-Hypalon bonding solution The bending Siilutian yhail be applied to *h? r.ho'wir;?h ; injury due to scuffing, penetration by y^c'in, or di'stres.'s from rou-h sub?r^c 8210 JVC STAFF 2NDi;STi'.!::-S. INC. >J n*-yc>n Road l>;.p'_r M>.r.tc!^r, N'. j. 07G rOLYV:'<'vL d-'! C•'.)['.'Z P'.A'~T;C i/.'.7VGT The work covered by l:ice t-prcificaUon-i consists of inu".^ii;T^ * f.-oiy vinyl chloride fPVC) plastic 'Jr.in;> tn the facilities '.vhcrp shown o/i ':.£ drsv.-.n^i or ,is direel's^ ay the Enfr;:icer. A;l v.ork shall be done ir. r.trict accorrj^nce w:th ti-.-r drawings a.nd these spiroiicaliouj and shall be subject to the terms and CGr«c;jL.,ns of the contract. - !4ATLMM.5 A. Gen.gr al. The materials supplied under these .specifications shall be first quality products designed sna manufactured :.pecil»ca51y for ihs purposes of this work and •which hrv» been ,ss.ti'>iactori)y demonstrated by prior use to be suitable and d'jr«- ble for sue':; purposes. The Contractor shall, at the time of Lidding, supply the Engi- neer with the name of the lining fabricator and, later, a certified leit report trom the sheeting producer that the sheeting meets ihsse specifications for durable lining ma- terial . ^' Description of PVC Materials. PVC plastic lining shall consist of \*--idths of cal- endeTed PVC sheeting fabricated into large sections by STAFF INDUSTRIES, INC . Upper Montclair, N. J., 07043, by means of PVC-solution-bonded factory seams into a single piece or into the minimum number of large pieces required to fit the facility. 03 - MINIMUM MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATIONS A. 3 the following minimum manufacturing s] cations: Min. Mfq. PROPERTY SPECIFIC A TIONS TBST ME THOU Thickness Specified * 1G% Specific gravity 1.24 - 1.30 Tensile strength, psi, min. 2300 ASTM D882-B Elongation, % min. 300 ASTM DS82-B 100% modulus, psi 1000 - 1600 ASTM DSS2-B Graves tear, lbs. /in. , min. 300 ASTM D1004 Water extraction, % max. 0.35 fiSTA D12J9 Volatility , % max . 0.7 ASTM DJ203 Impact cold crack , F . -20 ASTM 1790 Dimensional stability, % max. , (iOO°C - 15 minutes.; Solvent-bonded seam strength, % of tensile, inii- 60 Resistance to buria! Formulation shaH have passed USDR test (specially formulated n for resistance ttj rmcrob;o'o£''r-il *t.tsf k Passes Corps of bnsj. Color - Gray (CiJ.) CLlacl; u oihe Factory seals - 3/-1" r.olut:.or.-bor.dcd 0922SQ-A I i r? .-,-''".. '• . . V .- :. i . . ' . , . t - *. \> ~ ,. / . .... ~ f - -, _ ,1. -' : ~ - .: *-~ - r-. ' '~J ' *' V-'^-'^- * >«>..! - ^ -•*'.**..« lliL.f.'. J>..-.-^J»., ^...MliW-i^.*.!. •--.——-.-...• «- -- - - ~ ' ' - ff '* I polyvmvi -J'IU.T j-.i;- resin and specii; calty cniiiU'C-'-"!': t*d ror uje in hyd:-«uhc facilities. Hor-vocc:".-it:tj r.i:»t-.-r" :".l kh.ul riot be used, it :;huli bu dark ft:-;.y :r. color and produced in a stantJ.-srd juiniwum width o! h3 inches. Thickness shall b«- ss S chovr. en the pr.'.jcct :h-L::\'r.•:.:•• C;.:rtii:cJ test rrrui'.s sh^w:r.^ thai the sh'.-'.1ng » meets U =. M ' FACTORY FA ^-'iCA r'lON \'t Individual widlhii of PVC r.iateri.il«-. ;'ii;ill be fabricated into large sections by PVC-sol- urioTi-bondiny by STAFF INDUSTRIES. INC.. Upper Montc/;iir. N. J., into a single 5. piece or into the minimum number oJ pieces, up to iOJ fret wide, as are required to ?! lit the facilUy . l,,;p joints with a minimum joint width oi 3/4 inch shall he used. " After fabrication, the lininp, shall be accordion- : Ided in both directions into heavy cardboard boxes or wooden boxes for shipping ^t'rposes. I 05 - INSTALLATION OF PVC LINING A. General. The PVC lining shall be placed over the prepared surfaces to be lined g in such a manner as to assure minimum handling. It shall be sealed to all con- § Crete structures and other openings through the lining, in accordance with details showis on drawings, submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. The •B lining shall be closely fitted and sealed around inlets, outlets, a.na otwer projections || through the lining. Any portion of lining damaged during installation by any cause -hall br: removed or repaired tsy using an additional piece of lining, as specified hereinarter . it i}j 1. Field Joints. Lap joints oi the v,Ame kind as used in the factory shall be usfid to seal i.^cvory-fabricvited pirccs of PVC together in the field. Lap joints shall ., be formed by Kipping (lie- <. cj;cs oi pieces a minimum of 2 inches. The contact sur- <:1 faces of the pi fires shall be wiped clean to remove ?A1 dirt, dust, moisture, or other for.-:ic!n materials. Sufficient STAFF vinyl-lc-vinyl bonding solution shsH be applied lo both contact surfaces in the joint area and the two surfacrs pressed n together immediately. Any wrinkles shall be smoothed out. 2. Joints to Structures . Ml curi.ip; compounds and coatings shall be completely removed Irorn the jomt area. Joir.inft cf PVC to roncreic shall be made with K| STAFF vinyl-t'j-coricr;;te adhesive. Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, tJ the minimum width of concrete shelf provided for the cemented joint shall be 6 •riches. Where shown on the drawings, batten strips sti.ill be used to rcinforci- T\ the adhesive bond. Any pipe bocts required .shall be made of the same material. •*• Repairs to PVC. Any necessary repairs to the PVC shall be patched with tl-.o Ii.-.'iri,^ m^tcria! lUci.'imi STAFF vir.y 1 • to-vinyl bonding aoiuticti. The ;^ bonding solution shall be applied to she contact surfaces of both the patch and S lining lo be r. -paired -xnd the two surfaces; pt essed together immediately. Any wns'ikiPS -shasi be .'smoothed out. ';,? 4. Quality of VVorknang.hip • All loints, on comyjl^tion of the work, shall be tiiliit'y bonded. Any i'.ning sur'f.toe shovinp injury due t.o .'-.cuffinij, onTtt— iration by foreign objects, or distress from ronnh r.ubgrade shall, as directed ^ by the Eu^mccr, be s (.placed or covered anu ^crflcd with an aiiiiiuon»I ijyer of El PVC of the proper sire . B . Techn2£.aj_ AjiSi£t5£5£- A representative of the company furnishing the plastic lining shali be presi-rnl during the enfire installation procedure and shall pro- vid» technical assistance for the installation cf the lining. 092280-PVC STAFF INDUSTRIES. l.NC. 78 D.-y«\-n Kn?ci V**.;:r: .v.&m.-.'air. W . j . 0'<•«.•.• 3 5 7/ '-OARD WLCihlCS, no:,'S for c:-::.CR!.l:ATr.D roz.v.r;'!J.YI.L,\--: PLASTIC Lr;!-:cs .••* CQVPPS .;. / - Tiic .v.trrt. covered oy ::-.':ie s;\-c:f,c;.t^or,s cc.Mbts of aliiri',1 ^ i-hiorinsteri po!y«£i- ylcne (CPE) pla.'Ut iw,;:ij.; in i'.it' Ucihties 'vlicrc ^ii'.'wn in the lit ;u-.n.^s or ^i> directed by the iinqincer. All "vurlv. sh.u.1 ."": u,nf ui i.'ijci f.uii thf:.r! spccuu'jtions and £.hj*l be >ubj>?>:t to the U" ri3 ^mi cci-iu-U.-is of the contract. A. Oi'nTcX The rri.itcri^li •juppiied unJer thj-se specificatiofm Khali be first quality products desifjnccl ^;JO iriarjuiacturrd spcrciiicaliy for Ibc purpose* of this work, and which have bec-n :^\it^c'.ozily d P501B1 M«y 1981 :5. <".']•'. c!:l"r:-..' .'•-•o' y!.1- y !-nc rule : 1 o j s :.:.r.;l be rr.zn j.:~ct\ircd fro." lioritesJiC virgi ch:^nn;;tro •,.-: •; yc-my jri r. i.-rm ti'.i • •.•:•!_ I !:iv.i lv coj.-ocuriocu :'or i'...* in hydr*-Uiic :.ri!|':!-^. ;.•..,...... „..„.•. , ...... , <•-:'- • . -. . - , A . •; .••..i]^ ,.„,>.•' ..,...., |.lr.-V tL'j-.-r ind pro^.j-;;! in i ;.•.;;:•. ra r::r.;r-!'.:j.i v-.cai o! cl i;v:r-.ts. T.'iiCK'irsa sh^ii !;c £.3 r,h.v*n en the ;.T-i..j<-ct cir.i v.-\:-. .~:i. Cc-rliiicci test rrsuhs showing ihat Ihe sheeting rrjcc the i.ncciijcalio:)^ !»haU be MJpiiii.^d. Individual widths of CPE rr.a:f.rials sii-.ill be fabricated mio I^rive Eectionf by CPE-solu- lic!i-t.ond;nf{ by STAFF .'NnUSTKIr^. Inc.. Vpper Mor.tobir. N. J., 07043, into t single Piece, or into the- minimum nuinDer ot pieces, up to 100 fret wide, as required to fit the (aciijiy . L*p jo;;i!5 with a m in; in urn joint oi 2/1 inch shil. be used. After fabrication, the iimnc; L-i>a!i !"•«? accor-'lici-fakicd iii both directions into heavy ciidiiOird boxes or wooden boxes, for shipping purposes. - INSTALLATION OF CPE LINING A. Central. The CP2 lining shall be placed over the prepared surfaces to be lined in sucTTa manner as tc assure minimum handling. It shall be sealed to all concrete structures and other openings through the lining in accordance with details shown on drawings submitted by the contractor and approved by the Engineer. The lining shall be closely fitted and sealed around inlets, outlets, and other projections through the lining. Any portion of lining damaged during installation by any cause shall be re- moved or repaired by using an additional piece oi lining, *s specified hereinafter. 1. Field Joints. Lap joints shall be used to seal factory-fabricated pieces of CPE together in the field. Lap joints shall be formed by lapping the edges of piecec a minimum of 2 inches. Tha contact surfaces of the pieces shall be wiped clean to retnovft al! dirt, rfust n-nJ«hn-»y .->»• «FI..- (, — z'-~z\z. Z:."-ticizi*l 'ZT.'STCT C tc-CPE bonding soluu«« ahzU. be applied to Ixuh contact surfaces in the jolm area zr^d the two surfaces pressed together immediately. Any wrinkle* shall b* smoothed out. ?•. Joints to Structures. All curing compounds and coating* shall be completely removed Irom the joint ar?a. Joining: of CPE to concrete shall be made with STAFF CPE-to-concrete adhesive and mechanical fastener*. Unles* otherwise shown on the drawings, the minimum width of concrete shelf provided for tlm cemented joint shall be 4 inches. Where shown on the drawings, batten strips • shall be uued to reinforce the adhesive bond. Any pipe boots required shall be made of the saxue material. '• ^*yair* to 9^.* Any "ecessary repairs to the CPE shall be patched with the lining issaicriai »t««lf suid STAFF CPE-to-CPE bonding solution. The bonding solution shall be applied to the contact surfaces of both the patch and lining area to be repaired and the two surfaces pressed together immediately. Any wrinkles shall be sraoothnd out. li li; £• p * Y of ^orVrr:an?hin. All joints, on eocr.p'ction of the work, shall be tightly bonded. Any lii-.unj iiul'we sHo«fiiig injui-y d"_;e tn scuffing, penetrstion by foreign objects, or distress ft-ona rous-h subgrads shall, ae dirrttcd by the Engineer, be repUcc-a or covered *.nd tictled with an additions! layer of CPE of tha proper *»xe. XH;!ill£5?.._fIii;ll!?. vve of the con»p«\y f«s.mF«h5.iig the plestic lining ahsJt be present during the entire installation procedure and tball provide technical l l U iii oi the i r.ti.-r.r-ZI^TAHT C.'ILO.il.'JATLO rOLYi.: ir-'i.£f:£ PLASTIC LIKINGS ir-.-f.cd polye'-'-.ylrrie 1 A. 's materials, supplied und;r tfcss* specifications shall be first quality .i'/.ne shotvn c.i the pro'vc! dovxtrjge . Cv.rU:jtd ic«;t r-.r--Jis th.i-vurrj c'ixJ the eheetjng the rpcci.acfsiionj! Ehjiii Dft su(">piif.d. IndividnsJ widths ot Cl'E rr.atcriula r-hall be fabricst--d iwto '.irro a-ectiorxs by CP.I-solu- tion-i^TuLis by ST/u-r Ls;i)U5Ti UII5, Inc., Upper Hcr.ttlxir. N. J.. 07043. into c single piece, or into liie w.in;rovi3) number of pieces, uc to 10i» f^cf tri;1c, as required to fit txi< facility . Lap joints with a romirnu.ro loin: ci 3/4 inch shall bt used. Alter fabrication. the lining shall be 2ceoj.-cijon-folded in both directions into heavy c?.r<:board boxes or wooden boxes, for 1.2-appi.ng purpestts. 05 - INSTALLATION OF CPE LINING A. General. The CPE lining shall be placed over the prepared surfaces to be lined in such a manner as to assure minimum handling . It shall be se*led to all concrete structures and other openings through the lining in accordance with details shown on drawings submitted by the contractor and approved by the Engineer. The lining shall be closely fitted and sealed around inlets, outlets, and other projections through the lining. Any portion oi lining damaged during installation by any cause shall be re- moved or repaired by using an additional piece of lining, as specified hereinafter. i. neiq jotnss . Lap joints shall be used to ses! fsrfcry-fsbricit-d pircrs of CPE together in the field. Lap joints shall be formed by lipping the edges of pieces a minimum of 2 inches. The contact surfaces of the pieces shall be wiped clean to remove all dirt, dust, moisture, or other foreign njatcri&ls. Sufficient STAFF CPE- t.o-CPH horidinp, solution shall be applied to both contact surfaces in the joint ares and the two surfaces pressed together immediately. Any wrinkles shall be • smoothed out. '• Joints to Structures. All curing compounds and coatings shall be completely removed irom the joint area. Joining of CFE to concrete ohill be made with ST/FF CPE-to-concrels adhesive and mechanical faBteners. Unless otiierwise sbov.~n on the drawings, the minimum width of concrete shelf provided for the cemented joint shi.il be 4 inches. Where shown on the drawings, batten strips shall be ustd to reinforce the adhesive bond. Any pipe boots required shall bs tsade of tJhe saae material. 3. Repairs J.o CPK. Any necessary renssirs to the CPE *hall he patched with the \w\n3~ny-M?r':l.)l*?zlf ':md ZT*S? C?Z.-lz-Cl~Z bcndi:;g solution . The bonding solvtion shrill be spplirJ *•:• i'>c csnt^ct surfaces of S>cui *5»-i patch and lining area *.n b*» Y-.->-»\T*'?. frA rhs two -vrfscc-s prcrscci ts^i'.'J'.c-i- ic;r/,;d:itcly. Any wrinkles Eha!) b? erxv^th^d out. i. Ci-i-atit-y j--f y^r'' ;v. ^.^••^ Ali jcii-.la, cn trcsspJclJOj; of the wc-rk, &hall be tightly bonncd. Ar«y iinirj «nr<5cc sho^'fDjj inivury du: to scu£S.~g, pirsctrsticn hv ol>j*cij«. or <-.'.-^ir^B* urota *r>»»«ij subsjraris shssi, »s directed by the Engineer. B. TeciuucaJi Atfeifctgr.ca. A representative oi 1h& cor^psny burnishing the p.-astic lining SHll be pre»«n» durxing; the cofcire instsllitioa procedure »nd fhsAl provide technical for ihe in... tall at ion o' Use lining. s STAR- i;\!DU3Tf- .13 !.VC £-C0 C< -:*>:* S . r^vrn-xm- r:.-', -V.n;-^ '"•'-u liiafoctwJ :••«: Lr or cov-crcd KSL5? T.TC noiL Area? (c.'<££i.t!ic-vi i;;-( £".tES Aftdl After ihc IM3 a co;>-v5«.Ki. tfcr boadinn driven: «-iii hsv« tsmjed «3 feiias ww? no* t»5(e pfes*. A w«f 'sr i ?» fcitfcrf s-ri-3 first Irnnl ci-*:^. barter, osr -j iSs srte c' Hit ro."ii-"w»_ If «rt* U> fcs iss'orrynrs-iv^; — ^er r'aaa a SJC?« psscc *-;2 ctwtr, SC-UORS tas R is i3v; r«iJ w c^-'-'cr any cria, rrjs--re'-r5. sf ijg. "5 Li ANCHOR! NCI TO CONCRETE ^3/ TCH-WITCH* TRENCH U. ANCHOR METHODS F*—f o-CNr. 41 -@- ..•/ • £-r-CT 73 i-ry^a i-.ta 01 - (g SSgTO?.Tpag StKFACZS A. grgTwurfttloa of Efrth Subrange. He eurface of tee •ubjr/ra<3« »b»ll be prepared by exciTatijifl; aha triesalc^ the earth to elera.clooa mnii aectloaa aa abova on the 6,avl2g». The pxepared •ubsrad* fhavll b« free froc looe* eaxtfa, reck, cobble*a rubblah or other forel$a emterlala. The surface at tb* eoc^leted aubgrade thall be maoottt, unlfora asd free fro* ertktas cfc*B5»» in grade* 1 !il ^ II. A» directed by the Sngia- o, la Uxt ''xtoibs ttrcs Stra grawai^/ cit'Jrlds cc=*sd?J^J3.; Lsr»» c or bo^LJeri cxia-fc, tbe^a eaterials tsbali be esea-ratisd ta a depth cf » _ BJnlsasi eatlra Biitf-^rfflSs"iwali be ireed by fer iast»lla.tloa cd" p of the e«xth oub- roiler cs a E'Cc«l vti«el tfc^a JO poussds iir.ear liict of drua vlstli. 3Vo rallwr c4s«JJ. &« ecceesible to tba ZG c? P'l^-j shall b« la a ecadltir^ o? the S* PN.CAO& - ME7H Q D _/ f-.^TCM TO fi>" JViSXs. ALL AROUPiO ANCHOR-METHOD COLLAR-?-SZ? 1 0 5 TQPOfDlOPE ANCHORAGE. / BOHWHG SOtVEBTT am, PATCH £FOBM TYPICAL LAP JO1MT r SE.AL TO PI PL © MAHWATSLR lXVt.L I si I a £ARTH ^ ..6.RAVLL COVPR — FULL SLOP5.5 13 APPENDIX D-2-5 WA7ERSAVER COMPANY, INC. s ?T ? ^"* * "IT' ?"*?• *L 1 if'' ? '' ?**• " 1.1 Ti>«» scope cowffsd by ttwss » synthetic iiiober resin is the sole covsrs Uig fumishirKj ar.fl ir.siaiiation of & Specification Test Method Tensile StrcfKjth, v ', "'in. 1500 ASTM 0-*12 Eloop*tioo, & Brs«k % min. 300 ASTM D-412 Water Absorption, (max */t. gain), % ASTM 0-471 1.0 1«dsys© 73 °F 1.0 1.0 14 days © i:>3'(- 300 30 rJays e? ii>6*F 30.0 Lo- Tem{>s!-cli!f», Co!d f "and, -45 ASTM D-213S 1/3" mantfro! (or 4 P..'s.. *F Pass ASTM 0-1149 x ™ 104 T, 72 r.m.) Hsat Agifg, (14 days @ 212'F) T6n3!l9 Strftrjjjth, psJ, min. 1500 ASTM D-412 si. Elongation, % min. 160 if Spscification Test Method .035 and not AST?/ D-751 I t » Drsaking Sir:- _:ih, ibs., mirs. 2'DO ASTM D-751 IT Grad Mothod •1 f? Tongue T -r, ibs., mln. 80 ASTM D-413 >; Ply A'j"!'"1-•••!. Machine Melhod 0 ASTM D-413 i&O" rot;i, lbs./2" width, min. Method A 3.5 Th« i?bric3tor shall ba an expertencod fitm fiaid. All ficiJ join's beiween sheets of fah'ic-remforced cuslomai ily engaged in (3Clory-iabfir.3img individual Hypalon shall be made on a supporting smooth surface v.;.'th3 o! 1ab:ic-reinforced Hypaion roil stock into large and, unlosi tne vts^ther is sufficiently warm, heat guns • ,v3t3. Factory seams shall liavefc minimum of ^-Vs" shall be used to make the sealing temperature at least 1 i:rr> to scrim cverlpp v/hen ma '•z by the solvent seam- 90*r. The lap joints shall be formed by lapp'ng the ing method, and 5.'B inch scrim to sctim overlap when edges of sheets a minimun- ol 3" scrim-to-scrim. Tho made by the heat welded method. contact ~urf3ces o! the sheets shall be wiped clean to Each tactory-labricaied sheet shall be give.i promi- remove a'l dirt, dust, moisture, or other foreign nent, unique indelible identifying markings indicating materials then wiped clean. Sufficient Hypalon-to- nropof direction of unrolling and/or unfolding to Hypalor. bonding adhesive shall be applied to both con- facilitate layout ana positioning in tho field. Each iact surfaces in the joint area and the two surfaces factory-fabricated sheet shall be individually packaged pressed together while v«et and immediately rolled. in a heavy cardboard or v;ooo>n crate fully enclosed Any wrinkles shall be smoothed out and any cut edges and protected to prevent damage to it during shipment, of the fabric reinforced Hypalon shall be sealed with a prominently identified in the same fashion as the sheet Hypalon adhesive (o provent wicking. within and showing the date of sh.pmont. UnUl install- 5.3 Any necessary repairs to the Hypalon membrane ed, factory-fabricated sheets shall be stored in their shall be patched witn a piece ol the membrane material original unopened cfatp**; if outdoors thpy '.haij be itself and Hvnaion-to-Hypalon adhesive. TP.e adheoivp stored en pallet and sha'i be potectod from ths direct shall be applied to the contact surfaces of both the rays of the sun under a light-colored heat-reflective patch p.nd lining to be repaired, the two surfaces press- opagua cover in .- mamier !.ia! provides a free-flowing ed together immediately and rolled, and any wrinkles air space betwoun the crate and cover. smoothed out, all in accordance with Paragraph 5.2 ti. hereof 5.4 All ' jints, on completion of the work, shall be 4. OTHER MATERIALS tightly bondad. Any membrane surface showing injury 4.1 Solvent lor cleaning coniact surfaces of field d^'e to scuffing, penetration by foreign objects, or joints end for oi^er re-quired u?es shall be as recom- distress from othsr causes shall, as directed by the mended by 'he manufacturer or approved fabricator of engineer, be replaced er repaired "vith an additional : j the fabiicreintorced Hypalon piece of fabric-reinforced Hypalon membrane ol the Li 4.2 Ail seaming, sealing and high-solids adhesives proper size. shall bo of a type or types (ecornmanded by the 5.5 On comDlction of installation, the contractor manufacturer or approved faaricntor of the lahnc- shall dispor.e of all trar.h, waste, material and equip- reinforcec; Hypalon and shall bs Oclivere 5. INSTALLATION 0. S 5.1 Prior la ordering fabric-reinforced Hypalon 6.1 All t-sdory arid iicla seamr; (joints) shall, after 12 rnsicrmi, liva co 1. SCCPc pose of if.is wo.-*. nr:z) s'-.ail tiave bc-^!"" saiAiaco^iy 1.1 The scope covered iv tr>er>e specifications cov- demonr.(ri:t-0 by V< or w.o !O De Su'ta^s sr-.d :U ra^e ers 1he furnishing; and installation of a fabrtc- for sucn purposes. Tiiir manufaciL/rer shaii h:iv: pro- i enforced hypsion lining. Ail woiK shail b-> done v\ du'vjetj. I'ifKi (i<-vt in iarvicri in sirr.iiai spp.;.t«!;&"- •'-' ^ sine! accordance with !r,<> c-ncimeeri, drawings and pcrioo o! rio; less Uv--: on<; (1) year, a! leas! t-.-;i (iGj Spc.'C!iica!i&dS. nr.il.'ion squ.'if J U:':l 01 Sa'jcc-rcmfo'c&d Hyp.T'oi mate- rial u\;ii? og tne sair>e s ~.um specified (or use uncier 2. CONTRACTOR'S EXPERIENCE those speci^cat'ons. 2.1 Any conlraclor proposing to pcriorrn the wotk hereunder snail havfc demonstrated his ability to do the 3.2 Hypa'on utiii/reri ici encapsuianon of the senm work by having successfully installed at Itast iwo ."nil- shall be ma.nufacturb& uom a composition of highqjal- lion squars leet of reinforced inernDrane lining. tty ingied^ents, suitably compounded, of wrvch Hypalon 45 synthetic ,ubber retm is ihe sole elastomer. Zinc 3. LINING MATERIAL compounds ot any kind, including zinc oxide, zinc 3.1 The membrane used for lining material shall be stcarate and zinc dusting agents, are prohibited. Dust- fabric-reinforced Hypalon of new. first-quality products ing agents of any fond are prohibited on the finished designed and manufactured specifically for the pur- product. Properly Test Method Specification Tensile Slrength 1600 psi mm. E'Ongadon <^} Preak Water Absorption ASTM D-471 (7 days (a 70'F) 2% (w.1) max. Cold Bend (36 mi! ASTM D-213S - 3.3 Scrim usr>d in the memhrane shall be 10 x 10 extend closer than \* men so tne edge c' tne Hypaion 10000 polvf.'Rtor of an open type weave !h3t permits coaling e'.;ier cide s fabric. Exposed fabric along strikc-trirounitof a .at-iPAMY. INC, K'Opirry TV.) Mf'V-ju AS V'.'. [_/'•<';> 1 W.np A'iTM 0-701 7c jr: Wjrp AS7M O-?f>J Fill tO Lb'» Piy Adhesion Lfcj-'in wr:i!h Minimum A5TW D-4KI tO Lbs iaO* peel back r,'.,-•! hod A 3 r> "! hf> fah'.ca.or shall !>? .u> oxiviienced firm cus- (O:n?orcod Hyr.a'or. sh.?'! t--e m.iie on 2 syprKirfirsj tomarily iviq ,»c,.- d m IflclOry-KlfK. .Ming individual smc»-:i!h Ci'ji*.ii"iir .'.n'.t. urir-s^ the we3Uic?r is cufiiCie::"v \v;<"ins of l.'ibric-rciri'orced Hyf .i-cn ;c;il slock mso !.i-'c;e w.iirn, he.it cuns sha:i CJ usco to mjke the f.eaiin.3 sh.jels fac'.O'.y sc.urc sh.i!' I'.iv-.; j minimum of l-1'*" lomppralufe at least f?O"F. The lap joints shall De scrim (O scrnn overlap v«l>er» made by trie solvent formed by ! j;jj>-ncj the ti-rj 5.? Lnp jomis shall be USPJ to SCJI sc;ir('. v.ioih. snci s.'iiii; h3«e iutlicit'ol sirp!>g!h in s SfeO* pvvi uatx KMI nit; jnooe 01 lanure sha'i tie in the p'ana of sn the de'd All f'e"J joints between she.:::, of ialir-.tz- the scxim rs'.ha.' I'an in t.^.o pi^n* o! ih« &«»m i^^^^^ii^^^%i^ni^^^i^^^^3i;^^ ei^M^^eXVi^^^^A^^iS^i*UiifS^xiSSSU ELAr.TOMCR'C PRODUCTS DEPARrviNT EAST MAM."'fOiV. MA 010?? f «!.•)( S27 W« UJJP5H 2/S5 GHiDK BTP1LC3 J. P. STEVEBS KEIWFOBCO) L1KIJS3 J. P. Stevens 60 nil sictabrane lining is a 3 ply construction cf two plies Hypalon and encapsulated reinforceoient of 10 X 10 1P00 denjer polyester scrim. PHTSICAL SPECIFICATIOa PROPERTt TEST HETHOD SPECIFICATIOK Gauge (noolnal) — 60 Thickness f tails minimum ASTM D751 55 BreaJd.r.8 Strentrth-Fabrics AJSTM D7S1 Method A Tear Strength (pounds, ASTM D751 90 raini.nsua) Low Teaperature, °F ASTM D2T?6 -no 1/8 in. mandrel 1 l.rs., Pass Dimensional Stability ASTM D120<* P (each direction percent 212°Ff 1 hr. ™ change aaxiour:) I VcUtil e Lor« ASTM D1203 0.5 g (percent loss aaxiaua Method fc 30 ail sheet Hyi'rostatic Resistance ASTM 575' 300 (lb?./3 Vxy Adheaioa («.-ccb ASTM direction, ibs./Ir.. MaehJi. width iainiaus) Type A (yi«rc«nt H days 7C°? 1.5 maxita>xa- 30 dnya 70°!f 3h*et) 30.0 20 days 2 30.0 INDUSTRIAL GRADE KYPALON8 PEF.CE fiT WEIGHT GAINS 1 REAGENTS % SOLL'PON pH 7XS HR&. tt CAYS SI DAYS Actitic Acid 5 2.9 1J2 2.2 6.6 Ac8ton« 100 2.4 IS 7.0 7.7 Ammonium Hydroxide 12.1 2.0 4.5 14.0 Aniline 100 9.1 23.2 21.0 21.6 Bcnezene 100 10.9 dissolved 0 0 Carbon Tetrachlnride 100 1.0 dissolved 0 0 Citric AcW 1 1.9 1.0 0.9 0.3 Cottonseed Oil 100 N/A ZO 36 73 Deterflent. Heavy Duty 0.025 10.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 DimethylformamkhJ 100 13.1 10.8 11.0 10.7 Ethyl Alcohol 50 4.8 0.8 0.9 0.1 Ethyl Acetaie 100 8.1 16.0 16.5 13.7 Ethyl D'Ch!orid« 100 7.7 152.8 1*8.6 237.6 Hsxane 100 6.8 7.4 7.8 104 Hydrochloric ACKI 10 1.3 CJ2 03 008 Hydrogen Peroxida, 23T 3 3.5 02 0.9 0.3 Isooctane 100 10.4 5.0 5.2 70 n Kero5or>tt 100 4.0 30.7 26.7 42.5 Mineral Oil 100 N/A 1.0 :A 2.6 Meif-.yl Alcohol 100 6.4 0.6 0.6 02. Nitric Acid 40 0 1.3 Z.7 13.0 li Nitric Ac'd 10 .5 0.4 0.5 3.0 Oi£ic Acid 100 1.8 5.5 7.8 8.6 O!ivn Oil 100 N/A 14 2.0 50 Phenol 5 6.C< 5.6 6.0 6.0 1 Sodium Casbonate 20 11.2 1.0 OS 0.9 Sodium Garbonaie 2 11.6 0.9 0.8 0.3 Sodium Chloride 10 S.2 1.3 1.2 1.0 Sodium Hypocnlortte 100 12.2 1.0 0.6 0.4 Sodium Hydroxirfs 60 8.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 Sodium Hydroxrcte 10 12.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 •ry 1 12.5 03 n? 02 j 4 Soap Sciution 1 10.1 0.5 0.3 -D.7 j Suit uric Acid 30 .7 h.2 07 C Sulnjftc Acid 3 1.5 0.2 07 -6.5 j C icludtiB too .7 tSlSSOlvwi 0 0 I '{r£n-^o;rtx>-r Oil f\!fA 17.? ?fs 7 Turpantin* 100 46 1258 123.0 d:ssolvod i r VV'--!*ff — Oisi.'Hs-d •'.00 V.-' G.3 0.7 | t Wa June 22, 1 £• 33 Mr. Jim Bryan Watersaver Co., Inc. P. 0. Bo/. 16465 Denver, Colorado 80216 RE: Uranium Project Test results of sample me.ubrane taken froa the Uranium Project. 3^c«.I<..=ii> icieived were iar>«ied: uortft fop t.'orth Bottom East Top East Bottom Specimens as received were in excellent condition. The l-typalon rubber was finn end smooth with no indication of deterioration. fEST METHODS Breaking Strength ASTH 0751 Grab Method Tear Strength ASTH 0751 Tonuue Tear Ksthod Pi-nct-j.-e Resistance FIH 10)B Method 2031 Factory seam test p X1^3..Strength - ASTH 075? J.ts. C-rs-b f'etfvqd Tcp 27E 2P,S 255 271 Uorth Pot tea 257 . 315 257 312 "Vce 2 •jratr lui) Protect 1 letr Strength - AST?? D7S1 lbs. 7cnv-u? Tear f'pthod 1 40 43 50 KorLh r!;"»ttca •;3 4: 42 46 li fast To-> <;;) 48 50 cast Dottorn 31 25 2& 2S 3 PuncUirp n«sistance - s H?lhod i' FTfC 101 ?H31 North Top 173 ia» 150 170 North Bottom 175 1ES ISO 194 i f.a Dfrpesal t*ii:J'j;£Jes page «E3. This p^g» is ^^tschs-d •- .--«5 report. lt^lCiPAlJL.flItC_i^TJl^AL " modified spscirsn 4" 1 3" plus seam width Parent Valeria]-eria]:: | 4" X 6" spt'Ciw.n 260 255 250 250 260 Original 5es;s: S 4" X'1" «.p A review of the original specification provides for fabric test ASTH 0751 Crab Ksthod of 60 Tbs. and 15» elongation and the rubber 100 lbs. and 1502 elongation. A typical testreport of the fabric whctn it is received frees the Dunean Plant at Greenville. S.C., is attached. The rubber itself is part of the rubber, scrim tr.alrex, end it is difficult to separate to tea in ordsr to obtain a good idea of the rubber elongation after aging. However, we.aid take four norn speci- mens froa thx north top ami rerasasured the fabric break and elongation at fabric break: rsm D/51 GRA8 KTf^D 4" X S" Spec umim tap ~ EIOHCAJion P FABRIC BREAK FAS^IC BR£M Fill Direction ' 3SF '&% Vfsrp Directicn 293 2CS T?.itt p?f»afy'tfpo at fs^fic br«»^?! rmnar?* ?o thfi oriofnai elnntjalioft of Use scrim fabric KSHS ih« fabric brsek is *««cJ'« ht&r» hong of ru?>fi«?r to scri« rpsyit-frcg in a atcsr jo«a •i no '••I: • Proj.?ct The curing effect of Hypa)on rubber cert be seen by the attached I'aui, Hawaii study fcr non-reinforced K^paion ever & 5 year period. Both the tensile strength c"d 100% modulus increased white the elongations cf"?cr?«ffd. 7uis, «nd other it'-dies. indicate that «fter 15 yefirs U.e i I black nypsion wil) cun* to an e'icngation range of 1022 to 1405 at bJ test results indicate 3 normal cure of the Hypalon is taking place.^ After coring the values wh'ch we could fiiaasure still exceed tlie original specification. ORIGiriAL RCOUlRE/'ilNT AGED RESULT Puncture Resistance Lbs. Min. 120 170 - 194 Breaking Strength Fabric Lbs. Kin. 60 271 - 312 Elongation £ Kin. 15 20 - 25 Tear Strength Lbs. Kin. 15 26 - 50 Colu o'end Pass per ASTM 02135 -45°F -45°F (5 of I I _ We hope fftis infonnation is of help to you and thank ;ysu for sending \ tf the material for testing, as it helps us in estabiishina aged field \ « data. J. P. ST£VFNS,4 CO.. INC- £1 asto.-nei/ic,Products Dep»rtjnant Technical Director .» fi L..closures I A SUCSiDiARY OF J. P. STcV£[^3 & CO.. IMC. April 33. Mr. Jia Bryan P. 0. Box 16455 Denver, Co'iorstfa Dear Jin; The attached graphs shot? the difference be'tvzen a standard potable water grad* Kypalan and our Industrial Sjra&i Hypalon. The tests were standard weight gain tests per AST* D471 at the tin and teaperature noted on ths graphs. The weight gain for the uranitsa sill tailing solution 1s wiy reveal- ing *% \i. >liu|Alf U iSa OJttL&lUxSi titai. ile i.-J^»i.< i«;T Grwirii; irjp«tuu ceaes to ecuilibriyaj very quickly with a vary low «si§M gain efter 300 dsys ct 7S°C (153*F). As vt«j kr»«a«, tl^sips Is concern ebout the effect of tfiesa ursnitaa ©ill tailings on a Hypaicn liairtg B!«^>r£?», as RO c<» has K-ach data to shew re§srdifjg Icr.g tsr« effect. The data here is perhap? tfa test effort to Ths data yr*?^* trtll fit tJsa data boofcs your sales perse«n*t have. Wa appreciate yoyr continue support to eiefee Stevens Kypalon the b&st product aviflebls. Sincerely, PLASTIC PSC3UCTS IRC, A Sot>sid1firy ef J. P. .Stawsw & Co., IRC Tsehsical Di cc: S. Slifer R. Tfta-rest, H. Lssfiry, L. CCCD T23? £125 Mqucrt froa Uranium Kill Tailings Uranium peroxide Effluent was reduced 6:1 b«fori- start of tGmsrsion tcac 4 Feat Oxide Ion f 70*C Teri:i«-ry tsiaa (trace) £2j«uir.a (trace in calciua «ulfat« 2GO ppa) l3cJt«csial (tries', (1) Industrial Gradt Hyp*Ion (7} Potebl« Grada Hypalon 10 ISO 300 DAYS IN IMMERSION a o 01 5 > IT. SMMOIBH p~7 i ; 8 NO6H Of AMcPMCA »JC 10 Lf-JX DWVE. ROCKUiGH. NEW JERSEV 07647 PHONE (201) 767 1660 TELEX 13S240 1 j a ALL fe'EL-L WE1TTEH SPECIFICATtCilS FO3. PTC A»D CPE r.SE^^RAME LINER 1 • ElATEStJALS SZl^S? CONTAIN THE FO?XQW!M<3 EM V3GRD FOH?J IH ADDmCH | R TO Th>~. S'MYSSCAL fc*aOFEKT1f KIEQUIREMIENYS IM ORDER TO ENSURE FIRST '• g QUALITY ?aOOUCTS ARE SPECIF.'ED. I | KECOKSMENDED PVC EPEC?FiCA-nON STATEMEWTS MUST pass all physical property requirements 1 * BJOCIDES: Must contain biocide at a viable formulation level NO deep gas checks or surface divits * I GOOD surface quality NO cold flow B NO unmixed formulation ingredients or compound • NO windows m • MUST not require an adhesive for seaming that is chemically different from S the liner material itself M • MUST be formulated from 100% virgin domestic, first quality raw materials $ ta • &U3T not contaiM any setup or trim materials that are foreign to isie virgin •I a formulation ?l -, • ONLY first quality Phthalste and/or Phospliate plasticizers shall be used | § • THE use of water soluable formulation ingredients is prohibited I | P.ECOMMENDED CPE SPECIHCATION STATEMENTS 1 a MUST pass all physical property requirements I I " MUST contain a minimum of 45% Dow CPE Resin based on total weight of 1 compound (this is equivalent to greater than G0% CHE Resin based on total | _ weight of the po'ymer content) I y • MUST not contain any plasticizers .$ * iJlUST be formulated from 100% virgin domestic, first quality raw materials j y • MUST not require en adhesive for seaming ihat is cl>emicaUy different from I the liner itscif NO deep gns checks or surface dtvits \ i GOOD surfjice quality I I -i NO ccld flow ••- :.•• . * WO unmixed formuiation ingredients or eomiXwrKf Dp-:-:"? NO windows fc-. ^ & * MUST not contain any setup or trim m«teriaL"t that ure foreign to the virpin |;.-:4 " formulation ^_ KHD/w/4-29-83 But since, generally, cheaical resistance is the most iizportant. factor, one must be aware of the dlffprance thickness makes with re^a'-d to chemical resistance. PVC Manufacturers currently manufacturing a viable pond liner grade PVC : •-.eeting only offer warrantees OQ material 20 nils in thickness or greater. '., a suitable application, 20 all FVC ce.u be warrantee^ for a period of up to 20 years. Although a 30 mil PVC in the sans application would ba expected to last a sign- ificantly longer period of tiaae, the state-of-the-art and the liuited experience period (about 15-20 years) prevents FVC manufacturers from going beyond the 20-year warrantee period for the 30-gauge product at this time. R. H. Dickinson, Technical Marketing Manager Dynamic. Nobel of America Inc. 179 i * DYNAMff NO6EL Of AMciftCA tMC. 10 UNK DiJTVE. ROCKUISH. NEW JERS£V 07647 PHONE (201) 767-1660 T[LEX 135 E» PVC IKL SHEETING 1 • a Useful Service Life Expcctandy " versus 9 Thickness a Generally one expects that the increase in the mass (thickness of a material) || is the only reason that an increase in service-life can be expected since in the case where the same type of material is being considered it would be reason- •m able to expect equal chemical resistance regardless of thickness. This type of B logic is probably most often applied to flexible PVC liners because it is well known that plasticizers are lost, with time, from PVC until the material finally becomes non-functional. Knowing this, one would naturally think that the thicker B the PVC, the more plasticizer that is available for loss and therefore it will <3 take longer. j y nut the primary consideration. I ^ When chemical, or extraction, resistance is a consideration, any strain (as the I ti result of a stress) increases the propensity of all flexible membrane liners to •{ degrade. PVC is no exception. ;| M To support this argument one only has to refer to the "actual" modulus (@100% •% ® elongation) values shown for 10, 20, and 30 mil PVC (or any other unsupported I material). Using PVC as a reference, one will note that the "actual" modulus f 9 (stress) values at 1002 elongation (extension) of 10, 20, and 30 mil PVC are 9, • i H 20 and 30 pounds respectively. Any cne of these materials at 100X extension I would be much more susceptible to chemical attack or extraction than in their I ft relaxed state. 1 li j It must be realized, however, that under a nine-pound stress the 20 and 30 mil J materials would not h«i elongated 100%. The 20 ail perhaps 502 and the 30 mil * p alncst not at all. These facts relate directly to field performance where 3 "* strcs3 points due to rocks or other rai3ed objects in the subgrade are present •f_ under ths linar. In summary, the more the strain, the less the chemical resis- •'i t| trusce nr.d the greater the thickness (and thereby, strength) the less the j te possibility th«t a strsin will be present in an installation. :-i So as not to overlook the other added strength benefits that are inherent with greater thicknesses, one must also be aware ot t\e increased tensile, elongation, tear, etc. properties. I ' / /' \ .010 POLYVINYLCr.L; 01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS j The work covered by these specifications consists of installing a polyviny! chloride (PVC) \ plastic lininy in the (lagoon, reservoir, canal, etc.) where shown on the drawings or directed by the \ Engineer. All work shall oe dons in strict accordance with the drawings and these specifications and subject to the terms and conditions of tne contract. 02 - PVC MATERIALS A. General. The materials supplied under these specifications ai.aii be first quality products and manufactured specifically for the purposes of this work, and which have been satisfactorily demonstrated by prior use to be suitable and durable for such purposes. The manufacturer of the calendered rolls shall show where a minimum o? 2,000,000 sq. ft. (185,000 sq.m.) of its 76" (193 crn) wide material has been installed for lining hydraulic structures. B. Description of PVC Matoiicafs. PVC (polyvi.iyt chloride) plastic lining shall consist of 76" (193 cm) widths of calendered polyvinyl chloride sheeting fabricated into large sections by means of special factory-bonded seams into a single panel, or into the minimum number of large paneis required to fit the jobsite as supplied by WATER- SAVER CO., INC., P.O. Box 164G5, Denver, Colorado (303-623-4111). s \ O 1. Physical Characteristics - The PVC materials shali have the following physical i ~± characteristics. •; i 6 VALUE TEST METHOD Color Biack O Thickness, mils., ± 7% 10 ASTM D-15S3 Tensile Strength, min., psi 2400 ASTM D-882 z (lbs./in. width, min.) (24) r- Modulus & 100% Elongation rrin. psi 900 ASTM D-882 O (Ibs./in. width, min.) 0) ASTM D-882 Ultimate Elongation, % min. 250 ASTto D-832 o Tear Resistanco: TO (a) Elmendorf, grams, rnin. 1600 ASTM D-1922 (gms./rnll., min.) (160) (b) Graves Tear, ibs. min. 3.25 ASTM D-1004 o (Ibs./in. m!n.) (325) Low Ternpsrature Impact, Pass, 'F •10 ASTM D-.7S0 Volatility, % !css, :r.: v V. 01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS The work coveiod by ther.e specifications consists of installing a fjolyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic lining in ihi> ;!.:ccc;.i, rsseivc/r, carol, etc.) ;:•>.&c ^ho/.Ti &n the drav/ings or diiECted by tna Enpiiiccr. A)! wck sht:.;! bo donfj in f.fricl acr.yrdance vvith the dsawings and these specificatioas and ' f subject to thot icrrns ;md conditions of She.- contract. 02 - PVC MATERIALS A. General. The materials supplied under these specifications shall ha first quality products and n m nave ine loiiowing | characteristics. • PROPERTIES VALUE TEST METHOD Color Black Thickness, mils.. ± 5% 30 ASTM D-1593 Tensiie Strength, min., psi 2200 ASTM D-882 (Ibs./in. width, min.) (66) Modulus © 100% Elongation min. psi 1000 ASTM D-S82 (ibs./in. width, min.) (30) ASTM D-882 Uitin.ate Elongation, % min. 325 ASTM O-SS2 I- § Tear Resistance: (a) Eimenciorf, grams, min. oOOO ASTM D-1922 I (gms./mii., min.) (200) (L>) Graves Tear, lbs. mfn. 8.25 ASTM D-1004 (ibs./'in. min.) (275) Low Temperature impacS, Pass, *F •20 ASTM Volatility, % (os3. max. 0.75 ASTM D-1203 Water Extnction (© 10.4'r, 2& hrs.) % IOSD, mi?*. 0.25 ASTM Specific Gravity, min. 1.23 ASTM 0-792 Dimensional Stability {<£> ?12*F, "5 n\\n.\ % ma*, chanrjo 5.0 ASTM D-1204 Resistance to soil Burial: Tensile Strength Loss, % max. 5.0 ASTM Elongation Loss, % max. 20.0 3 j.;J «1 n 2. PVC materials shall be manufactured from domestic virgin polyvinyl chloride resin and specifically compounded for the use in hydraulic facilities. Reprocessed male-rial shul! no! bo Uocti. II silo!! be iHiuiii.'! yiay to birtCK in ooiut and p.o'jucuo in s sianuara minimum width of at least 76" (193 cm). Thickness shall be as shown on l\,e drawings. Certification test resuhs showing that the sheeting meets the specifications shall be supplied on request. 'i 03 - FACTORY FASRiCATIG?* Individual calender widths c! PVC shall be- factory fabricaic-d into large panels. 13 The manufacturer of the calendered ro!is shall show whore a minimum cf 2,000.000 sq.ft. (185,000 sq.m.) of its 76" (103 cm) wide material has been installed (or lining hydraulic structures. Lap joints with a minimum join! width of '/» inch (13 mm) shall be used. Factory made splices shall have a strength of 80% of the specified sheet strength. After fabrication, the lining shall be accordion folded in both directions and packaged for minimum handling in the field. Shipping boxes shall be substantial enough to prevent damage to contents. 04 - PLACING OF PVC LINING A. General • Installation shall be performed by a contractor that has previously installed a minimum of 2,000,000 sq.ft. (185,000 sq.m.) of this material or by a contractor that has a fabricator field representative in attendance. The surface (substrate) to receive the liner shall be smooth, and free of sharp objects that could puncture the lining. All vegetation must be removed. A soil slerilant may be required at the discretion of the Engineer. The PVC lining shall be I placed over the prepared surfaces to be line in such a manner as to assure minimum handling. It shall be sealed to all concrete structures and other openings through the lining in accordance with details shown on the drawings submitted by the contractor and approved Dy the Engineer. The lining shall be closely fitted and sealed around inlets, outlets and ether projections through the lining. Any p.~,.'.!w.< J< !i..!.,y uan.aycu iiuniiy n ii nil id 1 ion shah De lemyvea or reoairea ov using an additional piece oi lining as specified hereinafter. I. Field Joints - Lap joints will be used to seal factory fabricated panels of PVC together in the field. Lap joints shall be formed by lapping the edges of panels a a minimum of 2 inches (50 mm). The contact surfaces of the panels shell be wipod clean to remove all dirt, dust or other foreign materials. Sufficient cold-applied vinyl to vinyl bonding adhesive shall be applied to the contact surfaces in the joint area, and the two surfaces pressed together immediately. Any wrinkles shall be smoothed out. Field made splices shall have a strength of 80% of the specified sheet strength. 2. Joints to Structures •_ All curing compounds and coatings shall be completely remov- ed from the joint area. Joining of PVC to concrete shall be made with vinyl to concrete adhesive and mechanically fastened. Unless otherwise shown on the draw- ings, the minimum width of concrete to PVC jo'nt shall be 3 inches (20 cm). 3. Repairs to PVC • Any necessary repairs to the PVC shall be patched with the lining material itself and coid applied vinyi to vinyl spiicmg adnesive. The splicing adhesive shall be applied to the contact surfaces of both the patch and lining to be repaired, and the two surfaces pressed together immediately. Any wrinkles shall be smoothed out. 4. Quality oi Workmanship • AH joints, on completion of the work, shall be tightly bonded. Any lining surface showing injury due to scuffing, penetration by foreign objects or distress from rough su&gracie shall, as directed by the Engineer, be replaced or covered and :;-:-a!ed with an additional iayor of PVC of tnf. proper SITS A technical Service Representative will be made available to the sontracior if the contractor desires. The con- tractor wi" tear the cxpenss of iWia Te^iu'iiccti Sttivice fieuresenianve. Tne iecnnical Service Representative is not directly responsible for the quality of tho wck involved; such responsibility will be solely that of the contractor. n A 2. P^C materials shall b9 manufactured from domestic virrjin pofyvinyl chloride resin 3nc! specifically ccmpcuiidsd for the use in hydraulic facilities. Reprocessed material .s^.ttli iioi ba us**d. it ahiifi ce neutral gray 10 nlscK tn color rind produced in a standard minimum width of at least 76" (1S3 cm). Thickness shall be as shown on trio drawings. Certification lest results showing that the shesiing meets ins specifications shall be supplied on request. 03 - FACTORY FABRICATION Individual calendar widths ol PVC shaiS be factory fabricated into larrja panels. The manufacturer of the calendered rolls shall show where a minimum of 2,000,000 sq.ft. (185,000 sq.m.) of Its 76" (193 cm) wide material has been installed for lining hydraulic structures. Lap joints vviih a minimum joint width of Vi inch (13 mm) shall be used. Factory made splices shall have a strength of 60% of the specified sheet strength. Afier fabrication, the lininq shall be accordion folded in both directions and packaged for minimum handling in the field. Shipping boxes ' S shall be substantial enough to prevent damage to contents. 04 - PLACING OF PVC LINING A. General - Installation shall be performed by a contractor that has previously installed a minimum of 2,000,000 sq.ft. (185,000 sq.m.) of this material or by a contractor S that has a fabricator field representative in attendance. The surface (substrate) to receive the liner shall be smooth, and free of sharp objects that could puncture the lining. All vegetation must be removed. A soil sterilant may be required at the discretion of the Engineer. The PVC lining shall be S placed over the prepared surfaces to be line in such a manner as to assure minimum handling, it shall be sealed to all concrete structures and other openings through the lining in accordance with « details shown on the drawings submitted by the contractor and approved by the Engineer. The lining yj shall be closely fitted and sealed eround inlets, outlets and other projections through the lining. Any ^uiiiun ui liiiiny udmageu uuring installation snail be removed or repaired by using an additional jj piece of lining as specilied hereinafter. ^ 1. Fiald Joints • Lap joints will be used to seal factory fabricated panels of PVC together in the field. Lap joints shall be formed by Sapping the edges of panels a (| minimum of 2 inches (50 mm). The contact surfaces of the panels shall be wiped clean to remove ail ui dirt, dust or other foreign materials. Sufficient cold-applied vinyl to vinyl bonding adhesive shall be applied to the contact surfaces in the joint are-a, and the two surfaces pressed together immediately. r§ Any wrinkles shall be smoothed out. Field made splices shall have a strength of 80% of the yj specified sheet strength. P,, 2. Joints to Structures • All curing compounds and coatings shall be completely remov- Fj ed from the joint area. Joining of PVC to concrete sh/ill be made ** with vinyl to concrete adttesive and mechanically fastened. Unless otherwise shown on the draw- ings, the minimum width of concrete to PVC joint shall be 8 inches (2C cm). ii 3. P.epaire to PVC • Any necessary repairs to the PVC shall be patched with the lining material itself and cold applied vinyl to vinyf splicing adhesive. The f$ splicing adhesive shall be applied to the contact surfaces of both the patch and lining to be y| repaired, and tha two surfaces pressed togsthar immediately. Any wrinkles shall be smoothed out. _ A. Quality of Workmanship • All joints, on completion of '.he work, shall bo tightly U bonded. Any linino surface showing Injury tins to scuffing, •^ penetration by foreign objects or distress from rough subgrade shall, as directed by the Engineer, be replaced or covnrwo ar>o t PERCEPT WEIGHT LOSSES | REAGANTS % SOLUTSOM 1 DAY 7 DAYS 23 DAYS Acetic Acid 2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Acetir: Acid 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 Benzene 100 deteriorated Diesel Fuel 100 6.5 11.6 12.6 Ethylene Glycol 100 0.4 1.1 1.2 Gasoline 100 23.0 24.0 24.0 Hydrochloric Acid concentrated + 1.9 + 0.5 + 2.0 Hydrochloric Acid 10 0.1 0.1 0.2 JP-4 Jet Fuel 100 2G.8 20.0 20.2 Kerosene 100 17.8 17.7 18.8 Methanol 5 0.1 0.1 0.2 Methanol 50 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.5 Methanol 100 13.4 20.6 24.0 SAE 30 Motor Oil 100 2.1 5.1 8.7 Nitric Acid concentrated 3.4 13.1 16.1 Nitric Acid 10 + 0.2 + 0.6 + 1.9 t>.2 14./ 164 Pr.enoi 100 deteriorated Sodium Chloride (Aqueous) concentrated 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sodium Hydroxide 2 0.2 0.4 0.5 Sodium Hydroxide 10 0.3 0.8 3.0 Suifuric Acid concentrated deteriorated Sulfuric Acid 10 0.4 0.2 0.1 Tetrachloro Ethylene 100 deteriorated Toluene 100 deteriorated Water - Tap 100 0.1 0.2 0.2 The above tests were run under ASTM D 47I, Immersion Method. Weight losses are expressed in percent. Tests were run at room temperature 75 *F. Above results were based on .030 thickness. PVC - CROS: 02S2 •r v^- ••him^PCtillEQ. WITH 10 x 10 iGSOd SCRiitf y 1. SCOPE shall r>e rn<:nu?acH.TetJ Uo.n a compositicrt of .-.ifjr. 1.1 The sccp« covered by these specification., quality ingreoiem^.. Dusfing agenij of any kind ?:s covers the turaishinq snd insiailaiiori of s fabric- proh.'biied on tl^e fin.'ihfd ptocuct. reinforced fining. All work shall be done in s>.,-ict accordance wiih the engineers drawings ana 3.3 Scrim used in the membrane shall be 10 x 10 spocifications. 10CCd pclyosier of an op^n type weave lhat permits strike-through of tha CPE through the fsfcrtc to 2. CONTRACTOR'S EXPERIENCE facilitate adhesion between the plies o< CPE. The 2.1 Any contractor proposing lo perform 'he work fill yarn must have 2.5 turns per inch maximum and hereuntier shall have damonsiratet/ his ability to do 2.0 turns per inch minimum. Al! selvsfle edges must the work by having successfully > "'ailed at least be trirnmod prior to applying the CPE coating. two million square feet ol reinfoiced membrane 3.4 The composite membrane material shall lining. consist of a thoroughly bonded, fabric-reinforcad CPE sheeting. It shall be manufactured oy 3. LfNING MATERIAL the calendering process and shell be uniform in 3.1 The membrane used for lining material shall be color, thickness, size, and surface texture. The fabric fabric-reinlorced CPER of new. first-quality products shall be totally encapsulated between plies of designed and manufactured specifically for the CPE and shall not extend closer than 1/8 inch to purpose of this work, and shall have been satisfac- the edge of the CPE coating either side of the O tOrily 0«rflOnKtr3t«>rt hu nrinr ••«• In Ko enitflKlo »r><< fabric. Exposed fabric along lonaitudinal edges of roll stock and indications of delarT1'^'f i^n will not be durable for such purposes. Tiie manufacturer shafi O have produced, and have in service in similar applica- permitted. The composite material shall be a flexible, tions for a period ol not less than one (1) year, at durable, watertight product free of pinholes, blisters, i- least t«'O (2> million square feet of fsbiic-r»inforced holes, and contaminants and shall not detaminate in CPER material utilizing the sane scrim specified for a water environment. use under these specifications. The composite membrane material shall be fabric- reinforced CPE consisting of one ply of scrim and rn 3.2 CPE utilized for encapsulation of the scrim two plies of CPE. Z " Property Specification Test Method Thickness .036, not (ess ASTM D-751 on than .033 rn ^ Tensile Strength, lbs., min. 200 ASTM D-751 Grab Method Tongue Tear, lbs., min. 80 Hydrostatic Resisiance, 250 ASTM D-751 psi. min. 3 ^ Dimensional Stability ASTM D-1204 ~» 17 (@ 160*F, 2 hrs.) % max. change 1.0 (© 212 *F, 2 hrs.) % max. change 1.0 Volatile Loss, % max. 0.2 ASTM D-1203 Method A Low Temoerature. Coici Bend, -25 ASTM D-2138 1/3" mandfol for 4 hrs., *F \j£Oim nc Pass ASfM O-7149 <3 ppm © 30% strain & 104 #F for 72 hrs.} Oil Resisiance, Smmsfsion Method, 35.0 ASTM 0 471 (ASTM No. 3 oil. 151 days (3> 1 max. wt. gain, %) Ply Adhesion, Machine Method, 16 ASTM 0-412 35 The fabricator shall be an espeoer.rod firm 5.2Lap jorr.ts shaii heuuxi to?.*3ifacion-fabTic?:^ cu3!orr.:ri(y entyiQotJ tn fa jtorytztxicatin.-, irvjivtriu*! wK sr;;-ets of f? b'ic-"-:r.',vc?4 Cri! tog<-rh«r in trK" f:-;W Ail ins of 1ab.'icr»ir>lofCK) CPS roll stork m?n h'r? «.v°t5 I'.-'.- jC.nlU L-^*'.*'iL.\ I.'~^'.S \*t >u^i*^,-iuii >I*JI _•;'«; urf t- alloi* Factory seams shall have a minimum of t-Vi" scrim to 08 nwis ori a 5>!poort.r-i srroo;h ^.vrlace arid, unless ihe scim avsrtao when made by ihe soiwsn! searrnrvg method. wcatfusf is SUl!'C!'rn!!v wnrm, t^cM c;jrn i^ail ^« i>se<3 .0 ar 5. INSTALLATION 6. SEAM STRENGTH 5.1 Prior to ordering fabric-reinfeced CPF material, the 6.1 All faciory 3nd tield seams (joints) snail, after ;2 contractor may sutrnit. for the engineer's approval. shc>p dsys,ris«oe wctrn strcnrrth of OFICPEJV. <*•**i~i£.i-iiidriim• Hii/J*Vi< tltM • L>/-\ t /i iJiTcultZ *^ /•*. --v ' -T- -<\ vi. - 3 I PERCENT WEIGHT GAINS | i REAGENTS % SOLUTiON pH 70 HRS. 11 DAYS 81 DAYS i • Acetic Acid 5 2.9 2.7 5.4 17.3 i Acetone 100 2.4 44.0 43.5 40.4 Ammonium Hydroxide 10 12.1 4.7 9.6 34.7 • I Aniline 100 9.1 135.0 125.0 134.0 • • Benezene 100 10.9 dissolved 0 0 Carbon Tetrachloride 103 1.0 137.0 123.0 deteriorated - A I Citric acid 1 1.9 2.0 3.3 7.0 ii Cottonseed Oil 100 N/A 1.6 2.7 7.4 Detergent, Heavy Duty 0.025 10.5 2.0 36 12.0 1 Dimethyiformamide 100 13.1 110.3 110.0 99.8 1 Ethyl alcohol 50 4.8 4.2 7.8 16.7 5 B Ethyl acetate 100 8.1 75.5 68.5 cJissoivod I Ethyl dichloride 100 7.7 dissolved 0. 0. •'S3 Hexane 100 6.8 4.5 2.5 1.0 Hydrochloric Acid 10 1.3 •».8 3.0 7.4 Hydroqen Peroxide. 28% 3.5 1 ? •» n •? C-G 'sooc'.zne 100 10.4 2.3 2.0 0.6 Kerosene 100 4.0 11.6 130 12.4 Mineral Oil 100 N/A 0.4 -o.w -0.9 ;'; Methyl Alcohol 100 6.4 2.0 2.6 -0.3 :"i y Nitric Acid 40 .0 4.0 12.0 47.0 Nitric Acid 10 .5 1.7 3.0 15.5 .^5 Oleic Acid 100 1.8 2.0 3.8 6.2 Olive Oil 100 N/A 0.5 0.5 0.8 ; / Phenol 5 6.0 13.3 22.6 29.0 1 Sodium Carbonate 20 11.2 18 2.4 2.2 Sodium Carbonate 2 11.6 2.0 3.2 6.4 Eodium Chloride 10 9.2 1.6 2.3 2.7 j SotJ'um Hypcchlorite 5 12.2 2.3 4.0 8.2 % Sodium HyJrox'de 60 8.3 0.7 1.0 0.7 Sodium Hydioxide 10 12.3 3.0 6.0 13.0 p Sodium Hydroxide 1 12.5 3.0 6.0 15.6 Soap Solution 1 10.1 2.8 6.4 34.0 Sulfuric Acid 30 .7 0.1 0.0 0.5 Sulfuric Acid 5 1.5 1.4 2.8 6.7 =-. Tolupne 1C0 .7 dissolved 0 0 ': Tran«=tormi»r oil #55 100 N:A 3.6 6.5 12.8 Turp?ptin? 100 4.5 30.0 31.0 3C.7 ; Water - D -3tiiled 100 L. :; 2.0 3.4 10.6 i Water - tap too ?." 2.0 3.5 10.7 Above tests are run under ASTM D 477. im.TiefSior. M*HliOd MM WaigM oains aie expressed in parccnt. I 1 Tssis ware run at >oom temperaturo 75"F. 3 CPE/CPER-OR-CRDS:02S2 •1 i. p .-<• re-;.' if GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FCU JOBfiiTE PREPARATEON 1. The earth Lipon which the liner will ba placed must be smooth and free from sharp rocks, roots, vegetation, and other foreign material. A compacted substrate is advisable to prevent settling. Compaction around pipes and structures is especially important. 2. Check measurements and grades prior to start of liner installation. Surveyor control stakes should be left in place to assist in placing the lining panels. 3. Dig the anchor trench as shewn on the shop drawing or tho engineering drawings. ALWAYS THROW EARTH FROM TRENCH AWAY FROM SIDE SLOPE. 4. Crew size will depend on the project size. A minimum of 6 men is required, most projects need at least 10 men to spread panels. 5. Sand bays wiii oe neeaea 10 Keep me material in position during windy conditions. Normally 20 sands bags per pane! are required. 6. Tools and equipment not supplied by Walersaver include; wiping rags, paint brushes for adhesive, rakes and shovels. Liner panels may weigh as much as 4000#. A large front end loader or forklift will be required to assist in the spreading of the lining material. Palleted cartons are about S4" x 36" x 35". 7. Cements and adhesives shall be kept from extreme heat and cold. 8. A Technical Services Representative is available from the Watersaver Co. for a small fee when made part of the purchass agreement. 9. All PVC (Vinyl) liners must be covered with earth if an extended Mfe is expected. A minimum of 12" of earth should be placed on the bottom and slopes. Side slopes of 3:1 or less are normally required to hold the earth cover. Windy conditions may require special rip rap considerations. 10. Driving on th-D liner !o permitted only when the liner in first covered wi«h 12" of earth, if an area if io have susiainsd traffic 24" of cover Is sd-'ised. Damage to the iinec must be repaired as it is discovered! 11. Structures including, pipas. so!ash oao«. :r»!sis. oulisis. and headwaiis should he finished prior to piacement of tha linar to structures. This sheet is furnished to aid in planning liner installations. Watsrsaver Co., Snc. as a supplier of materials only, does not assume responsibility tor errors in design, engineering, quantities, or dimensions. Ji LINER USERS APPENDIX E-l QUESTIONNAIRE TO LINER USERS NOTE: For distribution refer to Table 9.1 in report. a I a March 20, 1934 Our ref: 841-2015 ft RE: FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE LINERS AS LONG-TERM Dear Sirs: Colder Associates has been retained by Department of Supply and Services, Canada to conduct Phase I of an evaluation of flexible membrane liners for use as uranium tailings pond liners and dam membranes. The study is being carried out for Energy, Mines .>nd Resources, Canada as part of the National Uranium Tailings Program. Although the study vill fouus on x:> ners for uranium tailings, information related *:o liner performance in the mining industry in general, as well as in the hazardous waste industry is also required. Phase 1 of the study will be based on available published information, information fror. suppliers and information from industrial users. We understand that you currently have facilities in operation which utilize flexible i..«nibrdne liners and v/e have therefore attached a question- naire which we would like ;, ou to complete ana return. >'c aro presently considering polymeric liners such as HDPE, KYPALCK, CP2, PVC etc., as well as c^.phiit. Responses from industry users will be incorporated in March 20, 1934 2 £41-30 The Phase I draft report is scheduled to be completed about April 1, 1284. Due to project tinting constraints we would ask you to complete and retorn the attached questionnaire as soon as possible, preferably .-rithin two weeks. Should you have any questions, please contact the under signed in our London, Ontario office. Yours truly COLDER ASSOCIATES Frederick W. Firlotte, P. Eng. FWF/j1 .INDUSTRY USER QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Location of Facility: 2. Dimensions of facility (area and depth) 3. Year and Month(s) Liner Installed: 4. Designer (Consultant): 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) 6. Liner Supplier: 7. Liner Manufacturer: 8. Liner Installer: 9'. Liner Thickness: 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) Choiiii i.V Properties/Composition: "Oft Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 13. Describe site? preparation pricr to iir.cr placement: 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) Industry User Questionnaire (Contd. ) 841-3015 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) March 1, 1984 t f\c\ Oil'OU FWF/jl APPENDIX E-2 COMPLETED USER QUESTIONNAIRES INDUSTRY USEfl QUESTIONNAIRE Cotter Corporation 2 miles so-jth of Carer; C;ty, Colorado 1. Location of Facility: Sec. 16, T.19S., R.7UW., 6th P.M., Fremont County, C 2. Dimensions of Fiicility (area and depth): Approximate!V 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: ____1_278_ Attn: Mr. Forrest Gifford 4. Designer (Consultant): Wahier Associates, Palo Alto, California 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalcn, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) 1.5 ft. compacted clay subliner overlain with Hypaion. 6. Liner Supplier: Watersavers. Inc.. Denver, Colorado 7. Liner Manufacturer: DuPont 8. Liner Installer: Wahier Associates/jjgyater Way Engineers/ Stafford Coristr. 9. Liner Thickness: 36, 45 and 60 mil 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) Yes, but information about scrim pattern not readily available. 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 2-3 feet on shallow slopes. 12. Nature of Material/Wasts Retained by Liner: Low pH uraniurn mill tailings Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) Approximately 30% solids, 2C0 rr.g;h Chemical Properties/Composition: Ore Is leached using sulphuric arid. Nnmingi pH in pond is 4, however, samples indicate pH has beer. 2s low as 2 in soiiie areas, at times. Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 Cotter Corporation (cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: Site overburden removed to bedrock. Fractures in bedrock grouted. System underdrain system installed (See item lfi, below). Eighteen inch compacted clay subliner installed. Hypalon -Installed over clay. 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Yes Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if !-:r-rwr.^ : Please see response to Item 15, below. 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: l a fipnf nni-prf. For further informationt please contact former proiect jnanagr>r - Mr. Amhrosp McCready, Lawson Associates (714) 833-799? 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? _YgS If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release rates/vol.vines etc.)* (attach information if necessary) The "Monitoring S.y;ten" is a system undsrdrain designed to relieve hydrostatic pressure due to spring flow beneath impoundment. Data indicate no change in water quality or flow rates relative to pre- eoi industry User Questionnaire (Contc.) 841-3015 Cotter Corporation (cont'd) 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? _Jf£3 If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) Literature searches indicate Hypaion resistance to lengthy (i.e., 15 year) ^ of 1-0) "arch 1, 1984 NDUSTRY USER QUESTIONKAI RE 5\~7 / /o.:N'i &/ Minerals Exploration 1. Loc<2ir*ry«""'b£ Facility: ^>ui * g- \'t±rJ^j\ C^o 0Jy^/^.: 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth): 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: 4. Designer (Consultant): _j, 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) P*-^ /VC 6. Liner Supplier: 7. Liner Manufacturer: 5~}E H. Liner Installer: (*2 9. Liner Thickness: 2/ , n>u ?i!(: dcTTcm, 7 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: A0\ Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) L % Chemical Properties/Conposition: TD5 203 [1 _ i * •' I - • ;; i j * ;,' . Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 I; I Minerals Exploration (cont'd) • 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: I i - - - «*r \ 3 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or \ n operation of facility which might be liner related: H Ac Tt/OAJ •iiVA 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release H rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) iv — Industry User Questionnaire {Contd. ) 841-3015 t; Minerals Exploration (cont'd) \\ 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? ii If SO/ briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) 5 ? S 4 i March 1, 1984 INDUSTRY USER QUESTIONNAIRE DENISON MINES 1. Location of Facility: Dan No. 1, Williams Lake 2. Dimensions of Facility (area anc depth): 28,000 ft 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: 1979 4. Designer (Consultant): Golder Associates 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HOPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) Laminated hydrocarbon resistent PVC 6. Liner Supplier: Synflex Industries 7. Liner Manufacturer: 2. Liner Installer; 9. Liner Thickness: 0.045 inches 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 0.3 metres of bedding sand below the above liner 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Inactive Uranium Tailings Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) Chemical Properties/Composition: B one Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 Denison Mines (cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: The membrane was fastened to a specially designed anchor beam 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Yes Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known) 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: 15. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release • rates/volu-.es etc.): (attach information if necessary) M INDUSTRY USER QUESTIOHN'.M KL Dawn Mining Company 1. Location of Facility: f-G&D 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth) : 1^QS/__/_ X 3. Year and Month(s) Liner Installed: 4. Designer (Consultant): 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon,^HDPE_ijJesphalt> etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) 6. Liner Supplier: 7. Liner Manufacturer: -. ft - - 8. Liner Installer: 9. Liner Thickness: 10. Liner Re: nforceinent/Scrim (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) i~-rA 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: ^-<.-^»v. K./-*.'i? Physical Properties: {grdin size distribution, ware: con Lent, etc.) Chsmicsi Propercicd/Ccr.pc^iticr.: r» r\r\ _Tndnstr" <.icaT O'^'^'jiornairc (Ccr.td.) Dawn Mining Company 13. Describe cite preparation prior to liner placement; S 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known) 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related; . J? 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? If so>,, brreflbrieflyy describe results of monitoring (release ratcc/voiu.7,23 etc.): (attach information if necessary) It * J ft • b-ii-3015 Dawn Mining Company \ 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to cva1'ia*-e ; performance of liner syst.em? /VG \ If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach j published case histories if available) ; i March 1, 1984 Pi 0 Ssi-3015 FWF/jl 9 1 ij ir.'DUS'PRY USER QUESTIONNAIRE Rio Algom ' Panel uranium mine, Llijot -..ake"~O!ii.ari"6T Liner:; Ir.uLaTl"i7a in ciJiiVs ;' A, B, D, F, .settling ponds LI ar.d L2 (JcviiUtream of _rcatir>t:rst. plant. ; 1. Location of Facility: Strike Lahe Tailims Area. \ iO'.iOij L,I = 3 acres i 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth): -2 = 4.2 acres ; A length -• 600 ft.B lonrjth - 3cJ0 it. ri \,-. nc£R~=~T5i!rTt~~Fi"Tt;ngth = 030 li. DAMS depth = 42 f.t. depth = 70 ft depth = 49 ft depth •= 28 tv from foundation level 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: l^fLJilEL 4. Designer (Consultant): Colder Associates [ 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hynalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) Hypalon P 6. Liner Supplier: Dunlire (Sppt. 1978) and Synflex Industries (Nov. 197S & 1979 n 7. Liner Manufacturer: Dunline and Synflex Industries Inc_: Ponon Const. Company under supervision of personnel 8. Liner Installe~: from Dunline and Synflex Industries Inc. 9. Liner Thickness: 0.030 inches. 33 feet wide panels 10. Liner Reinforcemont/Scrim (if applicable) 0.045 inches thick liner for sections of ponds above water surface. 11. Thickness a"nd Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if f"/• applicable) Liners installed on and covered with A bedding sand layer 2 ft. in j V thickness for dams B « D. Liners dropped against concrete cut-off wall and A 2ft thick chinuiey layer of sand placed agairut liner for dams A & f, Liners placed~on~2 '~tiuck bodding~and layer ;-it bottom oi poTids L"l i L2. Liners in 12. Nature o£ Material/Waste Retained by Lir.er: ir. jams were i ncorporated into the tTll core. Treated uranium tailings effluent in ponds. Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) j f Chemical Properties/Conposition : - pa 1 * s try Ur. e r Ques t i o n na_i re (Contd . ) 841-3015 Rio A]gom {cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: Ponds: excavated to bedrock. Granular material foundation over rock with 2™feet thlciTTJedd'inT'liaRcriaye'r uiitHFTIher dcur^s A, t: Liner placed «aains't conciKte cut-off wall. Upst.rcai.-i side o£ iinet protected to 2 f^et'IFIc.k Tayc^T oi 'budlli:ig sand. Ui.-^s D annis: Elr.fer plaCST on and covered with_j toot thick l 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Yes Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): Pin holes required field patching One batch of membrane cement was of poor quality. 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: Wet weath required tent over sections being welded Must be; free of oil, water, grease and requires heat to weld panel. Initial slot design of 3 inch had to be increased to 4 inch rubber plugs Were to stiff to be stretched into the Slop and had to hammered in. _ 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? 1» Yes, soniplincj w .Is installed downstream of Dam A and in pond herms to monitor iiOcpijye. 9 If so, briefly describe results ci monitoring (release y rateb/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) B Information rctair.r.d by Rio Alg;v>r. Li.v.itrid 212 1 Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 ; \ Rio Algom (cont'd) ',. | 17. Wab there any ioiiow-up work carried out i.o evaluate performance of: liner system? Not by colder Associates _ | If so, briefly describe liner performancet (attach • : published case histories if available) 1 k. -• I B \ t-i March I, 1554 m 841-3015 B ii^vjS'iv.Y IT.'.P. WESTJ2PIJ NUCLEAR INC. 1. Location of Facility: _Spcfea:ne_IndianJt^wa^ic^JYashington^USA 2. Di'nsnsions of Facility (area nnd depth): currently covers _approcirrately__SO_acres/ current maximum dgpth, approximately 55 feet. 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: Original installed in 1977, _additions in 1979. 1st use JLn May, 1978. 4. Designer (Consultant): Dravo Engineers ____ 5. Lir.er Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDFE, asphalt, o.tc.) (if asphalt, indicate if spray&d or •.•o.:c:cte) Reinforced Hypalon I 6. Liner Supplier: B.F. Goodrich 7. Li.-,er Manufacturer: B.F. Goodrich 6. Liner Installer: B.F. Goodrich supervised 9. Lir.er Thicknoss: 30 mil 10. Liner Rein force-me n t/Scrirr. (if applicable) nylon _l 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover ever Liner: (if y applicable) 12-inches select sand b 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Lir.er: R Uranium mill tailings Physical Properties: (grain size ci stri bi;t ion, v.-;-.ter content, etc.) Top size = 20 mesh - 55£ +_ 150 nsesh slurry discterged at approximately _J5 ^^^^i2^j.AnrPla.^I©_t°-.J?]^t_?0 ^b-. fby solids per cu._£t. Chemical Propcrtics/Ccni^oaition: Spli&s mostly quartz type material; solution hi^i in Ca and SD4 + ^ath pH ranging fror. 5 to 0. Industry User Quest i or.nni re (Con td. ) 1 •; 1 - 2 0 :. a Western Nuclear, Inc. (cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner piaccn.c-nt: Area grubbed, topsoll removed, then area excavated, to grade on clean sand. Any basement rock exposed is covered by suitable sandy 14. Is liner installation considered successful? yes Describe nature of liner defects (if ar.y; if '•'.nev;.-i) : None known WM «r» 15. Describe any problc-ms rc-latc-d to liner installation or IJ- operation of facilitv which niuht be liner related: |-;Ji Liner can be punctured if sufficient care is not taken. This is ?" ? probably true with all liners. *• " 16. Vvas a monitoring system installed at the facility? _Yes It so, briefly describe results o: nonitoring (.rcl:-..so iT.es etc.): (attach inf orii.d tion if noccsst.xy Monitor ^ells were placed into basement rock both upgradient and dewngradient frcm the icpoundracnt area. To-date, ancsnolies in the sanpling data do not appear to be liner related. Radionuclides have not !*?tai .present. Ir^ustry User Qnosc) or:r.dirt (Cento. ) c 4 1 - 3 01 5 Western Nuclear Jnc. (cont'd) 17. V.'as there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner systc-n? Not per ss If so, briefly describe liner p^rrcr.- \,r:ce: (attach published case histories if available) of the ^oundwater regiro J.^^_ongoj:n^e^a.luation_ of the lined pond. March 1, 1984 INDUSTRY USER QUESTIONNAIRE DEN I SON MINES Dam 10, Denison Mines Tailings, 1. Location of Facility: Management Area, Elliot Lake, Ontario 2, Dimensions of Facility (area and depth): 75 Hectares, presently 25 metres i 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: \- Initial installation, 1971-72, men raised annually since 1977. | 4. Designer (Consultant): Golder Associates t; 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) Hypalort Several, initially Dunlop Industries, then later j? 6. Liner Supplier: Synflex Industries 7. Liner Manufacturer: Calendered in Dunlop's Plant in Southern Ont. i Reema tip top to 1981, since then Denison's i- o. iiiner installer: own torces. Supervised by supplier V. r 9. Liner Thickness: 0.030 inches [. «... j 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) None 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: j- Uranium Tailings Iri Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water L J content, etc.) Silt sized tailings 50-80 per cent water content — — Chemical Properties/Composition: P17 — — • Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 DENISON MINES (cant'd) 13. Describe .site preparation prior to liner placement: Hypalon liner is attached to anchor beam on bedrock abut- ments. Upstream toe of dam is located on very thick granular deposits. The liner was weighted and sunk against the upstream force of the dam. 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Yes Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): Not known 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: Liner slopes at 1;5 - 1:0, new upstream force. Stability of upstream shell on steeply sloping liner due to reduced angle of internal friction sand/hypalon (approx. 20 degrees) has been of concern. 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? Yes. Downstream too monitoring system If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) a 9 la INDUSTRY USER QUESTIONNAIRE IHCO 1. Location of Facility; do pp-g^ cupp, , 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth): 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: 4. Designer (Consultant): INCo . 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) I (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) g 6. Liner Supplier: I 7. Liner Manufacturer: 8. Liner Installer: Ctfu-rfiAt-ToS. Te 9. Liner Thickness: 3o 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12. Mature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) SO fVj« Chemical Properties/Conposition: •Aick&l n Industry ','ser Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 Inco (cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: .__si JM 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? Mo If so, briefly describe results cf ironitoring (release rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) :.J Industry User Questionnaire (Contd. ) 841-3015 Ineo (cont'u) 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) tern m «•» e\ • March 1, 198A I - INDUSTRY USEP QUESTIONNAIRE to tih C^>,rp. of Saskatchewan 1. Location of Facility: /f^ *$ />'£„;„« ATP- ^A»^^= ^' ' ... ^ _ . 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth) : /J? / 3. Year and Month (s) Liner In-tailed: 4. Designer (Consultant) : j^c £ T%^uL**4^^- 6. Liner Supplier: 7. Liner Manufacturer: 8. Liner Installer: 9. Liner Thickness: r^JZZ^f 3/0 10. Liner Painforcement/Scrira (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) Chipm \ rra 1 P rope r t i»? c/Coirpos i t ion: Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 :1 Potasn. Corp. of Saskatchewan (cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: I •*-••-—• —y- 14. Is liner installation considered successful? _ Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be lirv.r related: i *y ^C^J^ 16. Was a monitoring s;item installed at the facility? y 0if /&& y O, briefly describe rcst-lns of rcni taring (release rates/volumes etc.): (attach inr^rnration if necess / 223 Potanh Corp. of Saskatchewan (cont'd) 17. Was there aiiy follow-up work carried out to evaluate periormance or liner system? tvV-j . i If so, britt?.y describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) March 1. 1984 541-3015 FWF/jl i Falconbridge Mines 3 . Location of Fart i lity : fA^<. < ,^,j *"..-/" •--' 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth) 3. Year and Montts (s) Liner Installed: i 4. Designer (Consultant): fa ~(>c.<-^ 1. Liner Manufacturer: " |_J 8. Liner Installer: P*, yr 1- J~'-J<•>-^--~"c/£ /*-/(• t 10. Liner Reinforceuient/Scrim (if applicable) ! < >j . .< 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if appii cable) 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: f ^A^J ?_^L^.-: Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) Ch'MnJc^l Proof >" tics/Corv'Osi tion: [•".._ BS.1 *r>vrt Industry User Que stionnaire (Cont a . ) Falconbridye Mines (cont'd) 13. Describe site prppsration prior to liner placement: f± 2IL: c t- /?y •_ /?<..J/.- /~,rs<. ,- 14. Is liner installation considered successful? I Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): 1 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: I 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? J If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (releare rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) Industry User Questionnaire (Contd.) 841-3015 Falconbridge Mines (cont'd) 17. iiiis there any follow-up work udititu out to evaluate performance of liner system? _A_[p If so, briefly describe iiner performance: (attach published case histories if available) m Npm .-> rt * 841-3015 Central Canada Potash 1. Loci-i'.n of Facility: Central Canada t'otasn - tailings area PO Box ISOUrToTonsayT^i'SKtitcncwan SftfCDZCT 2. Dimensions of Facility (irea and depth) : In •' sections of tailinos and brine pond dyke to prevent brine migration .cuoh compactcd glacial ti'ii 3. Year and Month(s) Liner Installed: Fall, 1981; Summer - 1982 4. Designer (Consultant): Kilborn (Saskatchewan? Ltd. 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) I 2 types: 30 mil Hypalon, 30 mil Chlorinated Polyethylene ! 6. Liner Supplier: Synflex Industries Inc. ; 7. Liner Manufacturer: Hypalon - Polymer Dupont, Membrane Dunlop Polyethylene - Mfgr Synflex, Resin Supply Canadian CeneraT Tower 8 Liner Installer- Brodsky Construction, Saskatoon i t?i-i., Ill i III I Iw Ifflfiu. P-rn,iM S. Liner Thickness: 20 ni1#1 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) None 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) See Item 13 12. Nature of Material/Waste P.otained by Liner: Solid salt and sodium chloride brine Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) j Vanabig grain size - ell —20 mesh down to clay particles likely, j -lTrVtssii i trie if is LG nrsvenT 'rfitjirnrTinTirTtToTr- satursrM-Tov nearly so) i sodium chloride bri: :. ! . | Chemical Properti.es/Conposition: j NaCl 200,000 npm, balance H?0 f*-?| industry User Questionnaire .iConta.) 841-3015 { | Central Canada Potash (corit'd) !• | 13. Describe site preparation prior to lir.ar placement: l J Construct compacted till dyke with suraothed inside face. 3:1 ? slope. Compacted 6" fine sand ua^'der liner. V compacted fine ' ~sim'd~oVSr~Ti'n«fr;—?^trtstfe \ 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Yes (See Below) I Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): Don't know yet, will take some years to find out. 15. Describe any pioblems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: None of any account to date. i-i IS. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? Yes but not to monitor liner performance pe• se monitors overall tails area bshaviour. If so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release rates/ vol times etc.): (attach information if necessary) No information of use to date. No change in background water ^ ^ quality levels. t 'i ___ . pug Industry User Questionnaire .(Contd. ) 841-3015 Central Canada Potash (cont'd) 17. i:.-.v there sr.y follcv-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? tot, ypt. If no, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) Please note that the liner used here is not a pool or pond type. It is a strip type installed in various compacted till dykes to prevent essentially horizontal migration or brine Cfirough the Hyl 1f. Thp 11" n.ar install a firm yji 11 ft"|<:p ^gr>j tn ^HrrPaSP the length of any potential flow path under the dykes to the J line areas. I Kirch i# 1504 841-3015 INDUSTRY USED r-< . Potash Corp. - . ;•-.•:;;•:... 1. Location of Facility: _£#/.'• ' >:£.' ^ToO f^f 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth) : J2S"S~ X JZ. "SO 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Ii.stalled: 4. Designer (Consultant): ^>. 7h/X///*s CY - Pc/ss^e- \ >. *~ 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HOPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt/ indicate if sprayed or concrete) 6. Liner Supplier: /? 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, i '31 Industry User Questionnaire .(Contd.) 841-3015 Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan Mining Limited (cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liriei- placement: i 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: fists' £ /**<«•- ^V^g^r^W-^^/C ^/^ ^^ 16. Was a monitoring systera installed at tha facility? If so, briefly describe results of monitoring {release rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) 1.3 Industry User Questionnaire .(Contd.) 841-301S : 3 Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan Mining Limited (cont'd) i i 17. Was there any follow-up work carried, out to evaluate performance of liner system? I I If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) "7* - (b^ -see- s?7& SSa ^r. i IM r ^ B 033 g March 1, 1984 841-3015 INDUSTRY USER QUESTIONNAIRE Public Service Company of Colorado 1. Location of Facility: Pawnee Station, Brush, Colorado 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth): 8 ponds - total area approximately 2,874,442 sq. ft. (65.9 acres). Avg depth 10'-12' 3. Year and Month(s) Liner Installed: 1979 & 1980 4. Designer (Consultant): Stearns-Roqer Inc. 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPS, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) HOPE 6. Liner Supplier: Schiegei Area Sealing Systems 7. Liner Manufacturer: Schleqel Area Sealing Systems 8. Liner Installer: Schiegel Area Sealing Systems 9. Liner Thickness: 80 mils 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) I1 of sand on bottom to prevent lifting by wind while dry 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Processed water, bottom ash from boiler Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water- content, etc.) Chemical Properties/Composition: AH mixed salt: pH: 5.0-TI .0, TDS: 1000 - 2000,000 tr^ie, Na+: 100-80,000 mgie; C1~:100-80,000 ingle; Ca++:O-C-SO. saturation r>o A Industry User_Qujsstjj^nnaJL££_ (Contd.) 841-3015 Public Service Company of Colorado 'cont'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: Approximately 2' clay liner, rolled with steel drum, hand removed a remaining sharp objects, dressed any rougci ^reas by hand raking just prior to Mnroilinq liner. 14. Is liner installation, considered successful? Yes Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): None 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: None : f 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? T;" Yes - 7 monitoring wells around perimeter of site '^ If so, briefly describe results of rronitoring (release *fM rates/volumes etc.): ^attach information if necessary) £|:; Have not detected any evidence of any leakage. Wells are checked H| on a monthly tosis. 235 1 Industry User Questionna j re (Contd. ) 8*11 3015 • P'liiiiic Sci'vicvi Company o£ Coj.oircido ico/it u) u 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate | performance of liner system? If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach ^ published case histories if available) a All seams were inspected and ultrasonically tes:ed. a Sample attached. n Li 1 I •hi March 1, 1984 841-3015 INDUSTRY L'^.En QUESTIONNAIRE Chevron Canaaa Resources Limited 1. Location cf Facility: Fort Saskatchewan, Alherna 2. Dimensions of Facility (area*, and depth): |. j 318 m lon% x !3^m wide x 10 B deep 3. Yea., and .Month U) Liner Installed: Jaiy 1982 4. Designer (Consultant): EEA Engineering Consultants Ltd. 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or corcrete) HDPE 6. Liner Supplier: SchLegel Lining technology Inc. 7. Liner Manufacturer: SchLegel Lining Technology Inc. P. Liner InstfllTer: Sci.Ley.el Llnlug Technology Inc. 9. Liner Thickness: 60 nils • 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) N/A 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) None 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Brine Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water content, etc.) Specific Gravity 0 C - 1.18 ?3 Chemical Properties/Cor.position: Refer to properties of pure brine. Jnd'.:r, V ry Uner Ciicstionnain*. (Contd.) S A} -301b Chevron Canada resources Limited 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: "Hit-1 Jj-iifi' w,i:> i il:> ( ci 11 til uli The original cl.iv liner was repaired ;md av. \jiuierdrnin sy.stc-::, ccnnisciv.f, of cic-.r. send .uiu piirforat i:J pipes, WJJ^ in.scaili-d. The flexible liner w.-i.s pl.irod above the- unrtercir.-iin pystera. 14. Is liner installation considered successful? Yes Describe nature of liner defects (if ar.y; if known) : N/A 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or { operation ot facility which might be liner related: j Tnstall.Tt ion of this ty po of linrr is lahor in ten sivc and highly j i dopendanc on favourable w«arher conditions. 1G. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? If so, briefly describe results of nonitonno ratcs/voluin-js etc.): (attach i niormat j on if f ornariop i nr:mcl'.irlv-- nf- !ht;. lin-. ' ...... ( ANDUSTfO' USJ.:R C't'KSTKjMNAIRK : I Allied Chemical Limited '. % 1. Location of IWnlity: A1Ucd c!uimical i"'-"^-'* Anherstburg. Qnv. '. | 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and dep'.h^ : IJTiidf" • ' BJSS - 185' x 230', Vop - 27V x 320', Height - IS' : j 3. Year and Mcnth(s) I,ine: Inst.al 1 ed: JJU 19GG, (2 «. 3) spring • ;j 1971, (4) Su.Tjnf.-r I'iTt • | __ • ^ 4. Designer (Consultant): ;1) Gilfcls As,soc. (2,3,4' Carr S Donald Assoc. I 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HOPE, aspndlt, etc.) [ (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) [r (1) Royal Seal E.P.D.M., (2 - 4) E.P.D.K. 1 _ 6. Liner Supplier: (2 s 3) Water Guidance Systems Inc., (4) Lexsuco Canada 7. Liner Manufacturer: (1) U.S. Rubber Co., (2 - 4) Uniroyal Co. (1) Supplier 8. Liner Installer: (2 f. 3) Supplier, (4} Supplier s L. Bondy Excavating Liner Thickness: m n.n^a" (? K T. I/IP" IA\ ^.n mi i 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scriin (if applicable) _j; I I 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) r •; 12. Mature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: Lic Calcium Chloride Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water • content, etc.) \. t Chfmi ca .1 Prope r t i o s/Conpos i t i on : v>i r.->. Cl. '39 Industry User Questionnaire (Contd. ) F "• i - 3 011 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: The sites were .'".tripped of all t.opsoil, fill .irni rn-t.rii; iuiun of pond 4 was scorified and rc-compacted. The bmv.'J of all [iciniis wort- constructed using a ir.-.ported silty clay material placed and compacted t' between 9S and 100 per cent Standard Proctor. Prior to placing the liner in pond 1, the su£>grade was hand raked to remove all loose earth, (Over) 14 Is liner installation considered successful? Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): The compacted clay/rubber liner system is operating successfully, however, the liners themselves could not be considered successful. Most of the problems with the liners occur at the seams where loss of bond between two sheets is a continuing problem. Further, problems have also been encountered where patching of vips or tears have been carried out. (Over) 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: _lnstallatior. of the rubber ]incr should be carried cut by qualified personnel. Installations carried out by suppliers were quite smooth and followed cont >urs oi pond very well. Work done by untrained personnel, however, resulted in nonuniform finished product, with folds and pockets etc. in the finished liner'. 16. Was a monitoring system Installed at the facility? No If JO, briefly describe results of inonitorinq (release rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) 13. rocks, and cobbles, etc. Prior to placing the liner for 2 to 4, inclusive, a layer of fine czivi cuvec.!! inches thick, was placed on the subejrade. 11. On the oldest liner slight surficial cracking cf the liner material or deterioration of tlie material is evident, in sone areas. This is believed due to agincj and was called "ozoi:o depiction o£ the plasticizers" by one of the suppliers. El Industry User Questionnaire_(Contd.) 841-301 Allied Chemical Limited (cont'd) 17, Was there flny follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? NO_ If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) March 1, 1981 841-3841-3010 5 *-"•*•' | FWF/jl Allied Chemical Limited 1. Location of Facility: Allied Ch-Tnic^l c^r.ada. :-..:; e r 3 tliuig, O; 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth) : Bast; - 185' x 230', Top - 275' x 3?0', Height 15' 3. Year and Month (s) Liner Installed: <5) August 1981 4. Designer (Consultant): (5) Allied Chemical \ 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, HDPE, asphalt, etc.) [ (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) (5) Asphaltic Concrete and sprayed r 34 6. Liner Supplier: (S) A.A.P.CO. Asphalting 7. Liner Manufacturer: (5) A.A.P.CO. Asphalting 8. Liner Installer: (5) s. Bondy Trucking Liner Thickness: (S) 3 Inches 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) i Li uid 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: q i 1 r Calcium Chloride : Physical Properties: (grain size distribution, water I content, etc.) J Chemical Properties/Composition: 35% Ca. el. 1 r, d'.:':. > r v L':or 1'JC-Ct:cr,;r-..ic" f Co".-T! . 1 "/-1 - "• ~ "I 5 Allied Chemical Limited (confc'd) 13. Describe site preparation prior to liner placement: The site was stripped of all topsoil, fill <.-.nd debris material and the base was scarified and recempacted. Prior to placing the asphaltic concrete a 6 inch thick layer of Granular "A* was placed within the pond. Fallowing placement of the asphaltic concrete the surfaca was : sprayed with a liquid asphalt sealer. i i 14. Is liner installation considered successful? j Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): ! The asphalt liner has performed satisfactorily to date. Some slight j drying and or cracking of the liquid asphalt has been noted but it is : proposed to reapply the liquid asphalt at regular intervals to offset this slight deterioration. A routine maintenance program of spraying ] every 3 to 5 years is ceir.g undertaken. • • ———————————— ; i 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or i operation of facility which might be liner related: t During placement problems were had with compaction of the rich asphaltic mixture on the 3 to 1 slopes of the pond. Tearing of the material occurred and required removal and replacement on several occasions. Asphaltic mixutre should be designed to achieve minimum air voids content under minimum corcpactive effort. 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? Ho If so, briefly describe results of monitoring {release rates/volumes etc.): (attach information if necessary) T44 Ur.r>r OucM:i o:inn i re. (Co ".-:.;. 5 R ^ ' - 3 r. 1 5 Allied Chemcial Limited (ccnt't) 17. Was there any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? ^ If so, briefly describe liner performance: (attach published case histories if available) March 1, 1994 841-3015 FWFAil IWDOSTRY USER (yJESTICWKA I RE Petrolevur. 1. Location of Facility: KERROSERT, SASKATCHKWAH SW 1/4-34-33-22 H3 2. Dimensions of Facility (area and depth): 600B 2 BOTTOM X 5K HIGH 3. Year and Month(s) Llnsr Installed: SEPTEMBER 1903 4. Designer (Consultant): DO«E IN-HOUSE - A. VX^G 5. Liner Type (i.e. Hypalon, KDPE, asphalt, etc.} (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) PVC 6. L*"»r Supplier: NILOS CANADA LTD. OF EDMONTON 7. Liner Manufacturer: CANADIAN GENERAL TOWER OF ONTARIO 8. Liner Installer: KENGO CONSTRUCTION 6 EQUIPMENT LTD. 9. Liner Thickness: 20 MIL !C. Lir.cr Reinfcrct-.flest/Scrim (if applicable) N/'A 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 305 mm SAND 12. nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: BRINK - FROM HATTOAI, GRS LIQUIDS STO?JVGE CAVERNS Physical Properties: (grain si^« distribution, water content, etc.) BRIMS - SOWS HYDROCARBON CONTEKT Cheaical rrcjxssties/Cosiposition: Dorne Petroleum (cont'a) Industry I'ser Qaest.ionrss.i.re (Contd. ) g41-3015 13. D^scribo rite prcpyriticr. pricr to iir.cr plicOKiat: 1 . PIT BOTTOM CUT TO 5OLID SOIL 2_. BUILD BB.Cn 'I? WITH ft AY COMT'ACfPD TO <*!%. H.P.D. 3. PLACE BEDDING SAKD 50 ITITS THITt, 4. LIFER ANCHORED IB A TRENCH EENEJ'TH A COMPACTED CLftY BEHK. CUtY DYKES WERE NOT LINED AKD HAVE 3 TO 1 INTERIOR SLOPE. 14. Is liner installation considered successful? YES Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): NONE 15. Describe any problems related bo liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PREVENT ADHESIVE FROM PEGRADATION DUE TO EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE, PARTICULARLY IN HOT WEATHER. 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? YES II so, briefly describe results of monitoring (release rates/voluaes etc.): (ettach information if necessary) 2a woaiToa WSXX5 INSTALLED TO raraiToa -ras KSW FIT RHO AW EXISTI;«; ADJACENT PIT. 7 AJROOHP TOP Of THZ DTKES AKD BALABC2 IW KR3EA jj PIT. MA WSIXS SAKPLSD ai-rtCWTKL?, RHP SEtTT TO IHDEPgKDBgjT. KYCSOL0GI5T . POR :47 Dome Potro'eir-i (ront'.'l) Inductry Ucer fluertionnairc (Contd. ) 841-3015 17. Wa» thare any follow-up work carried out to evaluate performance of liner system? YES If oo, briefly describe lin«*r perforrrance: (attach published case histories if available) ALL WELLS TO HE 3AKPLSD MO>JTHI-y FOR THE FIRST 6 UNFROZEN H9HTHS OF 1934. lurch 1, 1934 841-3015 IKDLTC-T!>Y USER QUESTIONNAIRE Dome Petroleum 1. location of Facility: B1/2-14-55-??-'-?.-.M. For-** s»^rnT.*i:n 2. DimenBiona of Facility (area ar.d depth): DEPTH - 23*-0" NORTHSIDg-621.33'- F»STSID3-6t2.«35' , £O'JSr,lSXVZ-5Q4. .05 , V-?ST5IDK-S30. T5 3. Year rjjd Month(s) Liner Installed: JUKE, JULY. ROGiJST 1901 4. Designer (Consultant): rCHEX COHSUT.TANTS T^TD., DAVID J. FOOXES 5. Liner Type »i.e. Hypalon, HTPE, asphalt, etc.) (if asphalt, indicate if sprayed or concrete) PVC BOTTOM WITH REINFORCED HYPOLON ON SIDE WALLS. 6. Liner Supplier: SYNFLEX INDUSTRIES 7. Liner Manufacturer: DU POMT OF cy.HADA 8. Liner Installer: SYNFLEX INDUSTRIES 10. Liner Reinforcement/Scrim (if applicable) SIDEW&LL'S HAO REIHFORCED HYPOLON, WITH SCRIM FOR REINFORCEMENT 11. Thickness and Type of Soil Cover over Liner: (if applicable) 12" SAHD 12. Nature of Material/Waste Retained by Liner: BRIHE Physical Properties: (grain site distribution, water content, etc.) BRIKE -SLIGHT HYDROCA>13OB C Chemical Properties/Coasposltion: BRIHE 249 Industry Ur.nr g-jcrrtionnalrfe JCont<^. ) 841-3015 13. Describe jrita preparation prior to :i;.tr pLc^ir.t: - PARADING Or POK'D - STETUT.TZATRIOM OF r>TDr. V.-KIJ...S - DHAIH/V3S Trtr::.'CHES, PIP1? flfTO r:""-" - PLACEMENT 0? DEDD1MG SAND OS <~ :-OTEXir, - LAY LINER 14. Is liner installation considered successful? YES Describe nature of liner defects (if any; if known): NO SERIOUS PROBLEMS• LATE 1983 EXPERIENCED SHALL AREAS OF CONCENTRATED BLISTERS ON THE EXTERNAL LAYER OF THE SIDE WALLS (HYPOLON). THE SCRIM AND BOTTOM LAYER DID NOT SEEM TO BE AFFECTED AND NO LEAKAGE WAS EVIDENT. THESE "SPOTS" ARE TO BE PATCHED DURING 1984. 15. Describe any problems related to liner installation or operation of facility which might be liner related: HAD A PROBLEM '.'ETTING THE BASIN OF THIS POND DRY TO ENABLE US TO ACCOMPLISH DtSIRED COMPACTION. USED A GEOTEXTILE TO COMPENSATE COMPACTION. 16. Was a monitoring system installed at the facility? YES I£ so, briefly aeucriba results of monitoring (release rates/volumes etc.): (attach Information if nocensary) AK ADJAC-NT POND IS UrTLINSP AND, AS SUCH, KO CONCLUSIVE RESETS HAVE BEEN GATHERED TO DATE ON TaE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LINEK. or50 TYPICAL WARRANTIES WARRANTY '..'arranty Nur.ber Effective Date GUNDLE LINING SYST2.MS LTD. warrants each Liner, which is manufactured and sold as first qualify, and .o be free from defects in ".accrials, and to be able to withstand normal weathering from date of •inq^iisHnn or salf> for a jeriod of Years ^or "il unccr the; norira.1. uses and servic-:s for .nicn it is deriv-.n-.ja and manufactured in any cu3tc-...iry weather which :r,ay be encountered and which is not eesco.'njrily conquered to be in the nature of an Act of GoJ i casualty or catastrophe such as (but net limited to): earthquake, flood, piercing hail, tornado, etc. liorm.il use and service excludes, arr.ong other things: the exposure ol the liner to hai^ful chemicals; mechanical abuse by machinery, equipment or peocie; excessive pressure or stress from any source. 'jefects or prer.iature loss of use vitnan the scope of 'he above y occur, GUADLE HI11NC SV3TE.v'.r. LTD. will at their option supply repair, or replace ~vnt mat-,:rial on a piu-ruti basis at the then current nric in such mmn»r as to charoa thu t-urchaser/'Jser only for that portion of the v.tr.rtint'-d Veav liie which h;;3 cl.ipsed since he purchased th',» material. To enable GUNDLl! LIIJTNG SV"Tr'-!3 LTD. technical staft to pio'ocily datc-rninr i.he cjuse of any _Iico->d defect and t.o take appropriate slips to supply repair or replacement materia' for timsly corrective measures,, if such detect is within the warranty, i - 2 - .iny clai:r. for ;i ± J t> a e d brcjrh of warranty r.ust be rr.acc in 'writing, by rertifi-d :na i 1, t.o GV::n:X T.IN'Zt.T, SYSTEM" LTD. within thirty (20) cays after the alleged deject wss. ^irct r/. tic.^, cr the do'eet: ar.d all i.arra.-.ti'.r will b*» defirso to have been waived by che Purchaser/User. In t!v event repairs cr replacements are to be effected, the lined area must be delivered to GUKOLE LINING SYSTEMS LTD. in a clean, dry ur.:ncaiibere<3 condition. This includes, but is not limited to: water, dirt, sludge, residuals or liquid of any kind. GUNDLE LINING SYSTEMS LTD.'s liability under this warranty shall in no event exceed the amount of the sale price of the material sold to the Purchaser/User for the particular installation in which it failed, and liability for any special, direct, indirect, or consequential aanzazs arising froa loss of productio.i or any other losses owing to failure of the material or installation, ard no allowance will be n.arie for repairs, replacement or alterations made by the Purchaser/User unless with GUN'DM: LIKING SYSTEMS LTD.'S consent in writing. CUKDLE LINING SYSTEMS LTD. neither assumes nor authorizes any person other tnan an officer of the Conpany to assume for it any other or additional liability in connection with the Liner. Any materials sold, other than as first quality, are sold as is and without warranty of any >:ir.d or nature. Th? warranties htrein •TP aiven in lieu of all other possible warranties: express, implied, statutory or othervise; and by accept..\r.g delivery of the nateiials, the Purchaser/User expressly waives all otV.*r such possible war:ar.t\a-» except those specifically given herein; and Purchaser/Jser acknowledges thereby that the warranties given herein die accepted in prefer*.**ce to any ail ssuch other possible warranties. C53 r , ^E^U WAHHAMTY MM LIABILITY LIMITATION V t Seller wifijnlstrut SCHUGU* JrierI wili. al If* litre of ule conlor-n 10 the specifications aqietd By the parties and '^Ics3 00 Atiachmenl A II, within Iwo (?) ytau ot If? d.i!e 0! completion ol msiaiUlioo. Buyer Osmcnslrales Ic $el*r thai all w part oi 11* SCHLfcGLL* Srieel supplied iir-.^f the contiacl was rot. at ine tirr* of sale, m ccnJormance «nh tne jgieed speciVaicns and irul 5uCh non coniormance ruipi«it> impairs the perlwnunce ot Hie SCHUGU" Sheet undif is* uses aid iervxe w*O'l»ns loreseen by told parlies xi me ri-ne of sale. Seller will Wher rrpji' w rjpuce. it us option. Ifut oon.on of ihe SCMUGEL" Shetl supplied under '.he lonujc; which was not in caritonntnce »iin I he jj'rrt sprcifiuiions Sciici miKts no wjrrjniy witn irspect to goods, rruietuis c component pans wfuch aie not at its own nwnulaclure b Seiter lurthef warrants that any SCHt ECEL* Sheet installation work it pfCMOes under the coriiact wilt os f'fe tiom any sijniticanl flctecl in woikntansnip to» » peuoO 0.' Iwo (?) ytars I^wn Ihe dale of comptel'on ot instalialior II wilhm i«o (?| years ol thp cate d completion ol insu'Ution. Buyrr rojilm Seller ol tne discovery ol any such delect. Seller will 'tcuir or replace that pon>on o< toe installation trork srtown by Buyer to be detective C Self's pblitwlKMis in 1 a and 1 ft «;e con3;l>onrd on Buyer prnviamq Sf'*r win access to lr>e a>ta 10 De iepa"M or lea'acetf wiinou! cnarji. in iuch minnti as 10 eniWe St'.ier '.0 ellect i prooef reoair or tcoiicrrrnx 0 !-.\ Me tvtr.l Sti-ei tills ;o supp.'y leoiir or tepUcemcnl rmteruis witnm a rejsnnabif <,me pursuant to its i&''CJ'"on m S.'::«" ' a . 0* 10 ti'lec: a p;t ifiail insi?jto ifvni) MU1 poiiiCT :•! lie lolal ccnliict puce wfiich re ales to Ine noncO'^crrmg rtyiC(,is or cetrci'.< "'5^ ii^on work as lie case niay be 2 !l SCriltGCL" S^cel is installed by o'ivr irun S»n»r ot a S?i>i ipprcvto insuiutian roii'acio' in KCO'CJ"!r. »:ti Sr'f s TM-US- lions (when will inciuoe tne legmrcnfnl irval Selie' s t^pio-^ces prnorm tu to-nmq jin cujuly comioi tu.'icr.jr.ii ne•tv me iVairjn ty a\ Section 1 nc a^y clhet wanaify shaii be in enect or cniorcEaDif aoa^tsi Sener j f Nc ;h!ifJ!»ni Jt1 tarn in !«;^«n 1 ,-rf nrltism am! »r: ia ten d »9 vth«f cbl:g2t)M Jhaii (<3vt no lability in any even! lor any specm. indirect incidmui v consf^ucntial toss or damage S The cirrapes. ptrunis-?. nvjennific^ncms USiMies. coi!s cv t«p!"'»sfs incuned Dyjjciief as a result of any i?.'uie Dy Se:'e' '0 meft <'.S urtt'f lt« contra:! or t\ Uw snali uooer m re 6 C*ce«1 m j^arfgaw. atvjn From hj5»: c F«c»-i(i h-i K* SQoitxuie. mtiwtfig Mwirty incwrrrt pu'M>am to J^ H;j>rr.p»»r P!^r» the samples in s labeled rfuiniess steel bucket and wash in cc!d water utiiii-inq a "detergent v^ash" end a "distilled w>ior rirsse" (L:L dGteicen? 101 and £1 dstsrrjejrt sdditive G01 are used for washing; Economics Laboratories, Inc., St. Pfcul, MN 55102). Pinally, rir.se the samples in en organic-free1 weter, and piece in a laminar flow hood until thay are dry and/or to be erposac1.oa. iWinvE sr.auM Jc carifu!- A perKS«t« trc»c& Su 12 iadact iquare, SSOFV? list wsicriirc is !y triipiciai, xfs^ * kslf fco«r or tntxz, to descct «sd rose! say rot;* in ile wnsia. reverse jkfe:.) Note Kssscsr UtE3««. lUfer to scsi^icsi inuruoJosa csa tlse febd of tbc m&cavc 2. HfCJH WfATES TASi.£ Afx'O OfiSSY AREAS If ffnmi are i.r«n-.i«l over fte-cferwoas RiWrnsu* K»^I i« «. ssi, bcji, etc., w ta fcrr*s oJ" ('ucit^siss WS>J?T IBWSJ m-aid* Fcr c., s-r 9 tiris sias. A;o»wS i.;p» vz Ks to we:a ssxi yae a»i the fscl End. va;fe? K-as*, lbs U3;T IL«3 very 8 litlte wc~?a. Wharr svcil ca*