DOCSLIB.ORG

Centre for Archaeology Guidelines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Centre for Archaeology Guidelines 2001 01 Centre for Archaeology Guidelines Archaeometallurgy Archaeometallurgy is the study of metalworking structures, tools, waste products and finished metal artefacts, from the Bronze Age to the recent past. It can be used to identify and interpret metal working structures in the field and, during the post-excavation phases of a project, metal working waste products, such as slags, crucibles and moulds.The technologies used in the past can be reconstructed from the information obtained. Scientific techniques are often used by archaeometallurgists, as they can provide additional information. Archaeometallurgical investigations can provide evidence for both the nature and scale of mining, smelting, refining and metalworking trades, and aid understanding of other structural and artefactual evidence.They can be crucial in understanding the economy of a site, the nature of the occupation, the technological capabilities of its occupants and their cultural affinities. In order that such evidence is used to its fullest, it is essential that Figure 1 Experimental iron working at Plas Tan y Bwlch: archaeometallurgy is considered at each stage of archaeological projects, removing an un-consolidated bloom from a furnace. and from their outset. (Photograph by David Starley) These Guidelines aim to improve the its date and the nature of the occupation. For made use of stone tools or fire to weaken the retrieval of information about all aspects of example, archaeological evidence for mining rock (Craddock 1995, 31–7) and this can be metalworking from archaeological tin will only be observed in areas where tin distinguished from later working where iron investigations. They are written mainly for ores are found, iron working evidence is tools or explosives were used. curators and contractors within archaeology unusual before the beginning of the Iron in the UK and will help them to produce Age, and precious metal working is more Little is known about how ores were project briefs, project designs, assessments likely to be concentrated at high status and/or transformed into metals in Bronze Age and reports. urban sites. Britain. Neither smelting furnaces nor slags from the smelting of copper ores have been The Guidelines are divided into a number of The following chronological summary of the recovered from Bronze Age contexts in sections. First is a summary of the sort of archaeometallurgical record for the UK England (Craddock 1990; 1994), although metallurgical finds to expect on sites of all indicates the types of evidence that are likely some slag has recently been found on the dates (p 2-4). This is followed by a section to be found. Great Orme in North Wales (Jones 1999). entitled ‘Standards and good practice for archaeometallurgy’, outlining its relationship Bronze Age In the Bronze Age copper alloy artefacts were with other aspects of archaeological projects Copper alloy and gold artefacts of this period produced by casting and smithing. Clay (p 4). Then come the fully illustrated show that these metals were worked. Some mould or crucible fragments have been found sections describing archaeometallurgical evidence exists for copper mining, while on many Bronze Age occupation sites and a processes and finds: for iron (p 9), copper other evidence demonstrates working, mostly few have produced large quantities of these and its alloys (p 15), lead (p 18), silver and casting, of copper alloys. There is almost no objects, for example Dainton, Devon gold (p 19), tin (p20) and zinc (p 21). A direct evidence for how other metals used (Needham 1980), Jarlshof, Shetland shorter section on non-metallurgical high during the Bronze Age were obtained. It is (Hamilton 1956) and Springfield Lyons, temperature processes illustrates finds that generally accepted that the tin ores in south- Essex (Buckley and Hedges 1987). However are often confused with metalworking debris west England were exploited from the Bronze finds of this type are rare in Early Bronze (p 21). A glossary of common metallurgical Age onwards but there is little direct evidence Age contexts. terms is provided (p 23). Finally come for this (Penhallurick 1997). sections introducing some of the scientific Some evidence for iron working has been techniques commonly used in Evidence for mining can only be expected in found in contexts that are culturally assigned archaeometallurgy (p 23) and a list of regions where ores are found. In England, to the Late Bronze Age. specialists who may be able to advise on copper ores are known in Cornwall, Devon, archaeometallurgical aspects of Shropshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, North Iron Age archaeological projects (p 26). Yorkshire and Cumbria, and other sources Iron Age settlement sites generally provide are known in mid and north Wales more evidence for metalworking, and for a What to expect (Timberlake 1991). Old workings and wider range of metals, than Bronze Age sites. hammer stones (Pickin 1990) have been It is useful to know what sort of discovered during more recent mining and Iron ores, unlike copper ores, are found in archaeometallurgical evidence to expect from similar evidence has been recovered during many areas and iron mining and smelting a particular site. This depends on a number archaeological excavation of Bronze Age could be carried out on a small scale almost of factors, such as the location of the site, mining sites (Lewis 1990). Early working anywhere in Britain. No Iron Age iron mines 2 Archeo guidelines v10 hi res 28/6/02 11:45 am Page 3 are known, but bog ores and other surface of metalworking. These gradually developed structures and occupation layers have been outcrops were probably exploited. Only a few to incorporate some ‘Roman’ techniques. preserved, for example at Caerleon sites have so far yielded furnaces and large (Zienkiewicz 1993). Where workshop remains quantities of iron smelting slag, for example Roman are well preserved there is often evidence for Brooklands, Surrey (Hanworth and Tomlin A great variety of evidence for Roman a range of both ferrous and non-ferrous 1977), Welham Bridge,Yorkshire (Halkon and metalworking has been found throughout metalworking. Millett 1999) and Bryn y Castell and Britain. Any substantial excavation of a Crawcwellt, Gywnedd (Crew 1986; 1998). Roman period site is likely to recover The best known evidence for Roman lead some evidence. production consists of large inscribed lead Evidence for iron smithing is much more ingots, but some large litharge cakes, widespread, as at Dragonby, Lincolnshire Roman sites with large numbers of furnaces showing that silver was extracted from lead, (May 1996) and Scalloway, Shetland and huge quantities of iron smelting slag have have also been found in the Mendips and (Sharples 1999). Iron smithing can also be been discovered in the Weald of Kent and Welsh borders, for example at Pentrehyling indicated by cut fragments of iron stock and Sussex, for example at Bardown and Beauport (Bayley and Eckstein 1998). Small litharge hoards of blacksmiths’ tools – for example at Park (Cleere 1974). Other major iron smelting cakes, produced during the extraction of silver Waltham Abbey, Essex (Manning 1991) – centres existed in the Forest of Dean, from debased alloys, are also often found on while the microstructure of finished objects Northamptonshire and Lincolnshire but iron urban sites. provides information about the smiths’ smelting evidence has also recently been found techniques (Salter and Ehrenreich 1984). in other areas, such as at the Blackdown Hills, The only evidence for tin mining in the Important information on the use and trade Devon (Griffith and Weddell 1996), and can Roman period is the occasional inscribed of different types of iron stock can be be found almost anywhere. Iron smithing slags ingot. The casting of pewter is fairly well obtained from currency bars, for example the are routinely discovered on almost all Roman known from stone moulds that have been hoard found at Danebury, Hampshire sites, and occasionally blacksmiths’ workshops recovered from both urban and rural sites (Cunliffe 1984), and from more rare smithed are found, for example at Ashton, Northants (eg Blagg and Read 1977). blooms and billets. (Hadman and Upex 1975). Roman-period gold mining is known Most English Iron Age settlement sites have A number of large, circular, stamped copper from Dolaucothi, Dyfed (Burnham 1997). yielded some clay mould or crucible ingots have been found, particularly in Wales Parting vessels, for separating silver from fragments for casting copper alloys but a few (Kelly 1976), although no evidence of copper gold, have been found on a few urban sites sites, including Gussage All Saints, Dorset mines, furnaces or slag involved in their (Bayley 1991a). (Wainwright 1979) and Grimsby, production has yet been discovered. Lincolnshire (Foster 1995), have produced Specialised crucibles for brass production have Early medieval large assemblages. Coin manufacture can be been identified on a few urban sites (Bayley Both urban and rural settlements produce a demonstrated at a number of oppidum sites, 1984). Clay moulds and crucible fragments great variety of evidence for the working of such as Verulamium (St Albans), are relatively common finds on many Roman many different metals. The finds are not all the Hertfordshire (Frere 1983), and there was sites and occasionally the evidence is same in the different cultural areas of the possible silver production at Hengistbury particularly abundant, for example at British Isles (Bayley 1992c). Head, Dorset (Northover 1987). Castleford (Bayley and Budd 1998). Stone and metal moulds are also known, but are far A variety of iron smelting technologies, which Those parts of Britain that were not within less common. A number of workshops have produced distinctive types of slag, were in use. the Roman Empire kept Iron Age traditions been discovered in which a variety of Large slag blocks have been found at a number of sites, including Mucking, Essex and Aylesham, Norfolk (Tylecote 1986, fig 81), while at Ramsbury, Wiltshire (Haslam 1980) both non-tapping and tapping furnaces were found.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
    PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2017 An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England Julie Polcrack Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Polcrack, Julie, "An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England" (2017). Master's Theses. 1510. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1510 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND by Julie Polcrack A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Medieval Institute Western Michigan University August 2017 Thesis Committee: Jana Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D. Graeme Young, B.Sc. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND Julie Polcrack, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Production in Iceland
    Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Fornleifafræði Iron Production in Iceland A reexamination of old sources Ritgerð til B.A. prófs í fornelifafræði Florencia Bugallo Dukelsky Kt.: 0102934489 Leiðbeinandi: Orri Vésteinsson Abstract There is good evidence for iron smelting and production in medieval Iceland. However the nature and scale of this prodction and the reasons for its demise are poorly understood. The objective of this essay is to analyse and review already existing evidence for iron production and iron working sites in Iceland, and to assses how the available data can answer questions regarding iron production in the Viking and medieval times Útdráttur Góðar heimildir eru um rauðablástur og framleiðslu járns á Íslandi á miðöldum. Mikið skortir hins vegar upp á skilning á skipulagi og umfangi þessarar framleiðslu og skiptar skoðanir eru um hvers vegna hún leið undir lok. Markmið þessarar ritgerðar er að draga saman og greina fyrirliggjandi heimildir um rauðablástursstaði á Íslandi og leggja mat á hvernig þær heimildir geta varpað ljósi á álitamál um járnframleiðslu á víkingaöld og miðöldum. 2 Table of Contents Háskóli Íslands ............................................................................................................. 1 Hugvísindasvið ............................................................................................................. 1 Ritgerð til B.A. prófs í fornelifafræði ........................................................................ 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Medieval Cutting Edge Of
    University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. The Early Medieval Cutting Edge of Technology: An archaeometallurgical, technological and social study of the manufacture and use of Anglo-Saxon and Viking iron knives, and their contribution to the early medieval iron economy Volume 1 Eleanor Susan BLAKELOCK BSc, MSc Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences University of Bradford 2012 Abstract The Early Medieval Cutting Edge of Technology: An archaeometallurgical, technological and social study of the manufacture and use of Anglo-Saxon and Viking iron knives, and their contribution to the early medieval iron economy Eleanor Susan Blakelock A review of archaeometallurgical studies carried out in the 1980s and 1990s of early medieval (c. AD410-1100) iron knives revealed several patterns (Blakelock & McDonnell 2007). Clear differences in knife manufacturing techniques were present in rural cemeteries and later urban settlements. The main aim of this research is to investigate these patterns and to gain an overall understanding of the early medieval iron industry. This study has increased the number of knives analysed from a wide spectrum of sites across England, Scotland and Ireland. Knives were selected for analysis based on x-radiographs and contextual details. Sections were removed for more detailed archaeometallurgical analysis. The analysis revealed a clear change through time, with a standardisation in manufacturing techniques in the 7th century, and differences between the quality of urban and rural knives.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Design for Copper Cementation Process in Fixed Bed
    Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2010) 3, 187–190 King Saud University Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Experimental design for copper cementation process in fixed bed reactor using two-level factorial design I. Yahiaoui *, F. Aissani-Benissad Laboratoire de Ge´nie de l’Environnement (LGE), De´partement de Ge´nie des Proce´de´s, Faculte´ de la Technologie, Universite´ A.MIRA de Bejaia 06000, Algeria Received 20 July 2009; accepted 20 December 2009 Available online 18 April 2010 KEYWORDS Abstract This work deals with cementation of copper onto iron grid in a fixed bed reactor. The 2+ Copper; influence of several parameters is studied, namely: initial concentration of copper [Cu ]0, temper- Iron; ature and flow rate. Moreover, their influence on the copper cementation reaction is investigated Fixed bed reactor; statistically by the experimental design in view of industrial application. The estimation and the Factorial design comparison of the parameter’s effects are realized by using two-level factorial design. The analysis of these effects permits to state that the most influential factor is initial concentration of copper 2+ [Cu ]0 with an effect of (+2.4566), the second in the order is the temperature with an effect of (+0.18959), the third is the flow rate of the electrolytic solution with an effect of (À0.4226). The significance interactions found by the design of experiments are between initial concentrations of copper ions–flow rate (x1x3) with an effect (b13 = +0.6965). ª 2010 King Saud University. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ultimately, this wastewater is discharged in permitted concen- trations of suspended solids and dissolved salts.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solutions by a Steel-Making By-Product F.A
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Water Research 37 (2003) 3883–3890 Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by a steel-making by-product F.A. Lopez*,! M.I. Mart!ın, C. Perez,! A. Lopez-Delgado,! F.J. Alguacil Department of Primary Metallurgy and Materials Recycling, National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain Received 11 October 2002; received in revised form 10 April 2003; accepted 14 April 2003 Abstract A study is made of the use of a steel-making by-product (rolling mill scale) as a material for removing Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The influence of contact time, initial copper ion concentration and temperature on removal capability is considered. The removal of Cu2+ ions from an aqueous solution involves two processes: on the one hand, the adsorption of Cu2+ ions on the surface of mill scale due to the iron oxides present in the latter; and on the other hand, the cementation of Cu2+ onto metallic iron contained in the mill scale. Rolling mill scale is seen to be an effective material for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions. r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Copper; Steel-making by-product; Rolling mill scale; Cementation; Adsorption 1. Introduction membrane processing and electrolytic methods, etc. [3–10,24–26]. The effluents generated by modern industries (petro- Rolling mill scale is a steel-making by-product from steel leum refineries, non-ferrous metal works, motor vehicles, hot rolling processes and is basically composed of iron aircraft plating and finishing, etc.) generally have a oxides and metallic iron with variable oil and grease complex composition which includes metals (ions or contents [11,12].
    [Show full text]
  • Through in Situ Carburization of Refractory High Entropy Alloys Yuanlin Ai National University of Defense Technology, [email protected]
    Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Proceedings Extreme Environment Applications IV 9-18-2017 Feasibility research of gaining “refractory high entropy carbides” through in situ carburization of refractory high entropy alloys Yuanlin Ai National University of Defense Technology, [email protected] Shuxin Bai National University of Defense Technology Li’an Zhu National University of Defense Technology Yicong Ye National University of Defense Technology Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.engconfintl.org/uhtc_iv Part of the Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Yuanlin Ai, Shuxin Bai, Li’an Zhu, and Yicong Ye, "Feasibility research of gaining “refractory high entropy carbides” through in situ carburization of refractory high entropy alloys" in "Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications IV", Jon Binner, The nivU ersity of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom Bill Lee, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2017). http://dc.engconfintl.org/uhtc_iv/53 This Abstract and Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Proceedings at ECI Digital Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications IV by an authorized administrator of ECI Digital Archives. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Feasibility Research of Gaining “Refractory High Entropy Carbides” Through In Situ Carburization of Refractory High Entropy Alloys Lian Zhu, Yuanlin Ai, Shuxin Bai National University of Defense Technology, China Outline 31 Introduction 32 Experimental 3 Results and discussion 43 Conclusions 2 1. Introduction High-entropy alloys (HEAs) – First proposed by Yeh in 2004 – Excellent comprehensive properties – 4 core effects Sluggish diffusion High- entropy Severe lattice- distortion Cocktail Gludovatz, B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ironworks and Iron Monuments Forges Et
    IRONWORKS AND IRON MONUMENTS FORGES ET MONUMENTS EN FER I( ICCROM i ~ IRONWORKS AND IRON MONUMENTS study, conservation and adaptive use etude, conservation et reutilisation de FORGES ET MONUMENTS EN FER Symposium lronbridge, 23-25 • X •1984 ICCROM rome 1985 Editing: Cynthia Rockwell 'Monica Garcia Layout: Azar Soheil Jokilehto Organization and coordination: Giorgio Torraca Daniela Ferragni Jef Malliet © ICCROM 1985 Via di San Michele 13 00153 Rome RM, Italy Printed in Italy Sintesi Informazione S.r.l. CONTENTS page Introduction CROSSLEY David W. The conservation of monuments connected with the iron and steel industry in the Sheffield region. 1 PETRIE Angus J. The No.1 Smithery, Chatham Dockyard, 1805-1984 : 'Let your eye be your guide and your money the last thing you part with'. 15 BJORKENSTAM Nils The Swedish iron industry and its industrial heritage. 37 MAGNUSSON Gert The medieval blast furnace at Lapphyttan. 51 NISSER Marie Documentation and preservation of Swedish historic ironworks. 67 HAMON Francoise Les monuments historiques et la politique de protection des anciennes forges. 89 BELHOSTE Jean Francois L'inventaire des forges francaises et ses applications. 95 LECHERBONNIER Yannick Les forges de Basse Normandie : Conservation et reutilisation. A propos de deux exemples. 111 RIGNAULT Bernard Forges et hauts fourneaux en Bourgogne du Nord : un patrimoine au service de l'identite regionale. 123 LAMY Yvon Approche ethnologique et technologique d'un site siderurgique : La forge de Savignac-Ledrier (Dordogne). 149 BALL Norman R. A Canadian perspective on archives and industrial archaeology. 169 DE VRIES Dirk J. Iron making in the Netherlands. 177 iii page FERRAGNI Daniela, MALLIET Jef, TORRACA Giorgio The blast furnaces of Capalbio and Canino in the Italian Maremma.
    [Show full text]
  • Calculation of Carbon Diffusion Forcementation of Gear Wheels
    components (eg gears, shafts) made of steel to provide CALCULATION OF CARBON hardness and strength while maintaining a tough core. The tough core provides low carbon steel to about 0.2%. DIFFUSION However, the steel containing 0.2% C is not a guarantee to get the necessary amount of martensite. The theoretical amount of carbon for steel quenching (hardening) is 0.3%. FORCEMENTATION OF More favorable for quenching (hardening) is the carbon content - about 0.7 to 0.8%. Therefore, the surface of the GEAR WHEELS steel structural component must be saturated with carbon - cementing. However, the cementation would not produce JIRI MACHUTA, IVA NOVA, PAVEL SEVCIK the desired result without subsequent heat treatment, so Technical University of Liberec called quenching. E.g. thepresent thermal treatment of Department of Engineering Technology gears is accomplished by cementation in batch furnaces or Liberec, Czech Republic in vacuum, followed by martensitic hardening and low DOI: 10.17973/MMSJ.2018_10_201826 temperature tempering. The martensitic structure in the e-mail: [email protected] surface layer of the gear wheel increases the hardness and abrasion resistance of the surface. The paper deals with the determination of the precise calculation of carbon diffusion and carbon prediction in the Subsequently, attention is paid directly to carbon steeping, production of gear wheels cementation from steel by Czech i.e cementation, and subsequent heat treatment. The standard (steel CSN 14220, or ASTMA 506). In the research components must be quenched after carbon saturation part of the paper, considerable attention is paid to the itself to obtain a hard surface layer and a tough core, and determination of the necessary data for calculating the subsequently lowered to lower the residual austenite to cementation, especially the mass- the carbon-binding reduce internal stresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Wayland – Thoughts on Early Medi- Eval Metal Workshops in Scandinavia
    Beyond Wayland – thoughts on early medi- eval metal workshops in Scandinavia Ny Björn Gustafsson ABSTRACT: This paper reflects on and summarises the current state of research on early medieval (750-1100 AD) metal workshops in Scandinavia by way of examples from workshops and metalworking sites recovered via archaeological excavations and surveys over the last 30 years. A critique is presented of a number of features which occur perennially in Scandinavian archaeometallurgical presentations, such as the tendency to overemphasise the importance of written accounts and the common habit of over-interpreting archaeometallurgical finds. Introduction The use of metals in past ages is a subject of seemingly endless possibilities in terms of research and publica- tions – Scandinavia is no exception. It is explicitly or implicitly included in most academic works within the fields of Iron Age and early medieval studies, but as with so many other important and fundamental cultural features, it is more or less taken for granted – as if the extraction and working of metals took place almost on its own. The situation was of course much more complex than that, and this paper aims to highlight some aspects of one of the fundamental prerequisites for metalwork- ing – the workshop. The workshops and production sites listed below have mainly been found within the bound- aries of modern day Sweden, but some important sites in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Estonia have been included (Fig 1). The timeframe is that of c750-1100 AD, often referred to as the Viking Period. The ever-productive forge of myth and legend In many studies of early medieval Scandinavia, the working of metals is mainly presented as taking place under the ever-watchful eyes of masterful smiths.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Copper from Wastewater by Cementation from Simulated Leach Liquors Ehssan Nassef1* , Yehia A
    ineering ng & E P l r a o c i c e m s e s Journal of h T C e f c h o Nassef and El-Taweel, J Chem Eng Process Technol 2015, 6:1 l ISSN: 2157-7048 n a o n l o r g u y o J Chemical Engineering & Process Technology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000214 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Removal of Copper From Wastewater By Cementation From Simulated Leach Liquors Ehssan Nassef1* , Yehia A. El-Taweel2 1Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos University, Smouha, suburb, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Alexandria, Egypt 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University, Lotfy El-Sied st. off Gamal Abd El-Naser, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract Every year, tons of precious and/or toxic metals are thrown away in industrial liquid effluents and most frequently directly in natural environment. The recovery of those metals in dilute solutions is an everyday problem associating both ecology and economy. Copper is among the most prevalent and valuable metal used by industry. Cementation is one of the most effective and economic techniques for recovering toxic and or valuable metals from industrial waste solution and from leach liquors obtained by leaching low grade copper ore. The present study was carried out to investigate the removal of copper metal ions from synthetic waste water by cementation using a rotating iron cylinder. The study covered the effect of different parameters in batch mode which are: Initial copper concentrations, pH values, rotational speed, and reaction temperature on the rate of cementation.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent [191 [111 3,734,582 Beauchet [451 May22,1973
    United States Patent [191 [111 3,734,582 Beauchet [451 May22,1973 [54] COMBINATION BEARING MATERIALS Primary Examiner-Charles J. Myhre Assistant Examiner-Frank Susko [75] Inventor: Jean Beauchet, Annecy (Haute Attorney-Stevens, Davis, Miller & Mosher Savoie ), France [73] Assignee: Societe Nouvelle De Roulements, An [57] ABSTRACT necy (Haute Savoie), France This invention relates to the manufacture of rolling [22] Filed: ' Oct. 29, 1971 contact bearings wherein the outer and inner races or rings were hitherto made of the same steel grade and [21] Appl. No.: 194,069 subjected to a heat treatment with or without a Related US. Application Data preliminary cementation. [63] Continuation of Ser. No. 4,729, Jan. 21, 1970, aban According to this invention, the inner races of the doned. bearings are made of cementation steel and the outer races as well as the rolling-contact members, such as [52] U.S. Cl ................................................. ..308/l73 balls and rollers from core-hardened alloy steel. The [51] Int. Cl. ...................................................... ..F16c treatment consists of a case-hardening or cementation [58] Field of Search .................... ..308/8, 2, 241, 237, applied to the inner races and of a hardening process 7 308/177 applied to the outer races and rolling bodies. [56] References Cited 2 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,275,389 9/1966 Neilson et a1 ........................ _.308/8.2 3,734,582 1 2 COMBINATION BEARING MATERIALS creased fragility but also by a distortion of the treated parts, as a consequence of the above-described stress This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 4,729, effects, this distortion being frequently too important ?led Jan.
    [Show full text]