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Science in Archaeology: a Review Author(S): Patrick E
Science in Archaeology: A Review Author(s): Patrick E. McGovern, Thomas L. Sever, J. Wilson Myers, Eleanor Emlen Myers, Bruce Bevan, Naomi F. Miller, S. Bottema, Hitomi Hongo, Richard H. Meadow, Peter Ian Kuniholm, S. G. E. Bowman, M. N. Leese, R. E. M. Hedges, Frederick R. Matson, Ian C. Freestone, Sarah J. Vaughan, Julian Henderson, Pamela B. Vandiver, Charles S. Tumosa, Curt W. Beck, Patricia Smith, A. M. Child, A. M. Pollard, Ingolf Thuesen, Catherine Sease Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 99, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), pp. 79-142 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/506880 Accessed: 16/07/2009 14:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aia. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. -
An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2017 An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England Julie Polcrack Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Polcrack, Julie, "An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England" (2017). Master's Theses. 1510. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1510 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND by Julie Polcrack A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Medieval Institute Western Michigan University August 2017 Thesis Committee: Jana Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D. Graeme Young, B.Sc. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND Julie Polcrack, M.A. -
Iron Production in Iceland
Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Fornleifafræði Iron Production in Iceland A reexamination of old sources Ritgerð til B.A. prófs í fornelifafræði Florencia Bugallo Dukelsky Kt.: 0102934489 Leiðbeinandi: Orri Vésteinsson Abstract There is good evidence for iron smelting and production in medieval Iceland. However the nature and scale of this prodction and the reasons for its demise are poorly understood. The objective of this essay is to analyse and review already existing evidence for iron production and iron working sites in Iceland, and to assses how the available data can answer questions regarding iron production in the Viking and medieval times Útdráttur Góðar heimildir eru um rauðablástur og framleiðslu járns á Íslandi á miðöldum. Mikið skortir hins vegar upp á skilning á skipulagi og umfangi þessarar framleiðslu og skiptar skoðanir eru um hvers vegna hún leið undir lok. Markmið þessarar ritgerðar er að draga saman og greina fyrirliggjandi heimildir um rauðablástursstaði á Íslandi og leggja mat á hvernig þær heimildir geta varpað ljósi á álitamál um járnframleiðslu á víkingaöld og miðöldum. 2 Table of Contents Háskóli Íslands ............................................................................................................. 1 Hugvísindasvið ............................................................................................................. 1 Ritgerð til B.A. prófs í fornelifafræði ........................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... -
Making Metals in East Africa and Beyond: Archaeometallurgy in Azania, 1966-2015
This is a repository copy of Making metals in East Africa and beyond: archaeometallurgy in Azania, 1966-2015. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103013/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Iles, L.E. orcid.org/0000-0003-4113-5844 and Lyaya, E. (2015) Making metals in East Africa and beyond: archaeometallurgy in Azania, 1966-2015. Azania, 50. pp. 481-494. ISSN 0067-270X https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2015.1102941 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ COVER PAGE Making metals in east Africa and beyond: archaeometallurgy in Azania, 1966–2015 Louise Ilesa and Edwinus Lyayab a Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, United Kingdom. Corresponding author, [email protected]. -
The Early Medieval Cutting Edge Of
University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. The Early Medieval Cutting Edge of Technology: An archaeometallurgical, technological and social study of the manufacture and use of Anglo-Saxon and Viking iron knives, and their contribution to the early medieval iron economy Volume 1 Eleanor Susan BLAKELOCK BSc, MSc Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences University of Bradford 2012 Abstract The Early Medieval Cutting Edge of Technology: An archaeometallurgical, technological and social study of the manufacture and use of Anglo-Saxon and Viking iron knives, and their contribution to the early medieval iron economy Eleanor Susan Blakelock A review of archaeometallurgical studies carried out in the 1980s and 1990s of early medieval (c. AD410-1100) iron knives revealed several patterns (Blakelock & McDonnell 2007). Clear differences in knife manufacturing techniques were present in rural cemeteries and later urban settlements. The main aim of this research is to investigate these patterns and to gain an overall understanding of the early medieval iron industry. This study has increased the number of knives analysed from a wide spectrum of sites across England, Scotland and Ireland. Knives were selected for analysis based on x-radiographs and contextual details. Sections were removed for more detailed archaeometallurgical analysis. The analysis revealed a clear change through time, with a standardisation in manufacturing techniques in the 7th century, and differences between the quality of urban and rural knives. -
Centre for Archaeology Guidelines
2001 01 Centre for Archaeology Guidelines Archaeometallurgy Archaeometallurgy is the study of metalworking structures, tools, waste products and finished metal artefacts, from the Bronze Age to the recent past. It can be used to identify and interpret metal working structures in the field and, during the post-excavation phases of a project, metal working waste products, such as slags, crucibles and moulds.The technologies used in the past can be reconstructed from the information obtained. Scientific techniques are often used by archaeometallurgists, as they can provide additional information. Archaeometallurgical investigations can provide evidence for both the nature and scale of mining, smelting, refining and metalworking trades, and aid understanding of other structural and artefactual evidence.They can be crucial in understanding the economy of a site, the nature of the occupation, the technological capabilities of its occupants and their cultural affinities. In order that such evidence is used to its fullest, it is essential that Figure 1 Experimental iron working at Plas Tan y Bwlch: archaeometallurgy is considered at each stage of archaeological projects, removing an un-consolidated bloom from a furnace. and from their outset. (Photograph by David Starley) These Guidelines aim to improve the its date and the nature of the occupation. For made use of stone tools or fire to weaken the retrieval of information about all aspects of example, archaeological evidence for mining rock (Craddock 1995, 31–7) and this can be metalworking from archaeological tin will only be observed in areas where tin distinguished from later working where iron investigations. They are written mainly for ores are found, iron working evidence is tools or explosives were used. -
ROMAN LEAD SILVER SMELTING at RIO TINTO the Case Study of Corta
ROMAN LEAD SILVER SMELTING AT RIO TINTO The case study of Corta Lago Thesis submitted by Lorna Anguilano For PhD in Archaeology University College London I, Lorna Anguilano confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ii To my parents Ai miei genitori iii Abstract The Rio Tinto area is famous for the presence there of a rich concentration of several metals, in particular copper, silver and manganese, which were exploited from the Bronze Age up to few decades ago. The modern mining industry has been responsible for both bringing to light and destroying signs of past exploitation of the mines and metal production there. The Corta Lago site owes its discovery to the open cast exploitation that reduced the whole mount of Cerro Colorado to an artificial canyon. This exploitation left behind sections of antique metallurgical debris as well as revealing the old underground workings. The Corta Lago site dates from the Bronze Age up to the 2nd century AD, consisting mainly of silver and copper production slag, but also including litharge cakes, tuyéres and pottery. The project focused on the study of silver production slag from different periods using petrograhical and chemical techniques, such as Optical Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy associated to Energy Dispersive Spectrometry and Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The aim of the project was to reconstruct the metallurgical processes of the different periods, detecting any differences and similarities. -
Beyond Wayland – Thoughts on Early Medi- Eval Metal Workshops in Scandinavia
Beyond Wayland – thoughts on early medi- eval metal workshops in Scandinavia Ny Björn Gustafsson ABSTRACT: This paper reflects on and summarises the current state of research on early medieval (750-1100 AD) metal workshops in Scandinavia by way of examples from workshops and metalworking sites recovered via archaeological excavations and surveys over the last 30 years. A critique is presented of a number of features which occur perennially in Scandinavian archaeometallurgical presentations, such as the tendency to overemphasise the importance of written accounts and the common habit of over-interpreting archaeometallurgical finds. Introduction The use of metals in past ages is a subject of seemingly endless possibilities in terms of research and publica- tions – Scandinavia is no exception. It is explicitly or implicitly included in most academic works within the fields of Iron Age and early medieval studies, but as with so many other important and fundamental cultural features, it is more or less taken for granted – as if the extraction and working of metals took place almost on its own. The situation was of course much more complex than that, and this paper aims to highlight some aspects of one of the fundamental prerequisites for metalwork- ing – the workshop. The workshops and production sites listed below have mainly been found within the bound- aries of modern day Sweden, but some important sites in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Estonia have been included (Fig 1). The timeframe is that of c750-1100 AD, often referred to as the Viking Period. The ever-productive forge of myth and legend In many studies of early medieval Scandinavia, the working of metals is mainly presented as taking place under the ever-watchful eyes of masterful smiths. -
Archaeometallurgy in Mesoamerican
Contents List of Figures | vii List of Tables | xi Acknowledgments | xiii 1. Archaeometallurgy in Ancient Mesoamerica | 1 —Scott E. Simmons and Aaron N. Shugar 2. An Interdisciplinary Survey of a Copper-Smelting Site in West Mexico: The Case of Jicalán el Viejo, Michoacán | 29 —Hans Roskamp and Mario Rétiz 3. Mining and Metallurgy, and the Evidence for Their Development in West Mexico | 51 —Blanca Maldonado 4. The Production of Copper at El Coyote, Honduras: Processing, Dating, and Political Economy | 77 —Patricia Urban, Aaron N. Shugar, Laura Richardson, and Edward Schortman 5. Late Prehistoric K’iche’ Metalworking at Utatlán, Guatemala | 113 —John M. Weeks v CONTENTS 6. Archaeometallurgy at Lamanai, Belize: New Discoveries and Insights from the Southern Maya Lowland Area | 135 —Scott E. Simmons and Aaron N. Shugar 7. Breaking the Mold: The Socioeconomic Significance of Metal Artifacts at Mayapán | 161 —Elizabeth H. Paris and Carlos Peraza Lope 8. How “Real” Does It Get? Portable XRF Analysis of Thin-Walled Copper Bells from the Aztec Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán, Mexico | 203 —Niklas Schulze 9. Mesoamerican Metallurgy Today | 227 —Dorothy Hosler List of Contributors | 247 Index | 251 vi ONE Archaeometallurgy in Ancient Mesoamerica Scott E. Simmons and Aaron N. Shugar In recent decades there has been much discussion among archaeologists about the transformative roles material objects play in human societies. Various scholars have focused attention on the ways that material culture is an inte- gral part of social and economic systems through time, with considerable dis- course centered on the role of specialized crafting in ancient societies (Apel and Knutsson 2006; Arnold and Munns 1994; Brumfiel and Earle 1987; Clark and Parry 1990; Costin 1991, 2001; Earle 2002; Flad and Hruby 2007; Helms 1992, 1993; Henrich and Boyd 2008; Hirth 2009; Peregrine 1991; Roux 2003; Schortman and Urban 2004; Spielmann 2002; Sullivan 2006; Vaughn 2004; Wailes 1996). -
Archaeometallurgy in Europe
ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR KUNST UND KULTUR IM BERGBAU BEIHEFT 26 Archaeometallurgy in Europe III Archaeometallurgy in Europe III BEIHEFT 26 Andreas Hauptmann Diana Modarressi-Tehrani Archaeometallurgy in Europe III Archaeometallurgy in Europe III Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum June 29 – July 1, 2011 Editors Andreas Hauptmann Diana Modarressi-Tehrani Bochum 2015 Montanhistorische Zeitschrift Cover Der ANSCHNITT. Beiheft 26 Domus Vettiorum / Casa dei Vettii, Pompeii (Campania, Italy, 63-79 BC), which was excavated in 1894. Section of a Pompeii- = Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen style scenic fresco showing Erotes and Psyches in a gold assay Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Nr. 202 laboratory. In the left corner, scales for weighing gold are put on a table. Next to it, one of the Erotes is working with a small hammer on an anvil. On the right side, an assay furnace is shown. Ano- ther of the Erotes is holding a small crucible with pincers with the right hand while using a blowpipe with his left hand, supplying the fire with air. The large bellow for the assay furnace is driven by the third of the Erotes. The conference Archaeometallurgy in Europe III was supported by Keyence Analyticon MLS GmbH Zeiss DER ANSCHNITT Thermo Scientific Herausgeber: Vereinigung der Freunde von Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau e.V. Vorsitzender des Vorstands: Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Prof. Dr. Karl Friedrich Jakob New York Vorsitzender des Beirats: Bergassessor Dipl.-Kfm. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Achim Middelschulte Geschäftsführer: Museumsdirektor Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Stefan Brüggerhoff Redaktion Schriftleitung: Diana Modarressi-Tehrani, Andreas Hauptmann Dr. phil. Andreas Bingener M.A. -
Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Copper Smelting Technologies in the South Caucasus: the View from Ancient Colchis C
Journal of Archaeological Science 49 (2014) 147e159 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Late Bronze and Early Iron Age copper smelting technologies in the South Caucasus: the view from ancient Colchis c. 1500e600 BC Nathaniel L. Erb-Satullo a,*, Brian J.J. Gilmour b, Nana Khakhutaishvili c a Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA b Research Lab for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom c Department of History, Archaeology, and Ethnology, Shota Rustaveli State University, 10 Rustaveli Ave, Batumi 6010, Georgia article info abstract Article history: Many of the arguments for how and why people began to use iron in Southwest Asia rely on assumptions Received 10 November 2013 about the technology and relative organization of copper and iron smelting. However, research on the Received in revised form technological transformations of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age suffers from a lack of investi- 13 March 2014 gation of primary metal production contexts, especially in regions outside the Levant. The current Accepted 29 March 2014 research examines metal production debris from a large number of smelting sites in western Georgia, Available online xxx and addresses questions of technology and resource utilization through detailed examination of few select sites. Through the chemical and mineralogical analysis of slag samples, we demonstrate the ex- Keywords: Bronze Age istence of an extensive copper-production industry and reconstruct several key aspects of the smelting Iron Age technology during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. -
Archdometallurgie Der Alten Welt Old World Archaeometallurgy
SONDERDRUCKAUS: ArchdometallurgiederAlten Welt Beitrdgezum lnternationalen Symposium ,,Old World Archaeometallurgy , Heidelberg1987 OldWorld Archaeometallurgy proceedingsof the InternationalSymposium "Old World Archaeometallurgy", Heidelberg1987 DerAnschnitt, Beiheft 7 Herausgeber: AndreasHauptmann ErnstPernicka GUntherA. Wagner Selbstverlagdes Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum1989 Effi Photos/ChaidoKoukouli-Chrysanthaki/Ronald F. Tylecote/GeorgiosGialoglou PreciousMetals Extraction in Palaia Kavala, N.E. Greece AnArchaeometallurgical Attempt to LocateSkapte Hyle Abstract The aim of this long-termstudy is to identifythe precise and the interlyingvalley, east the RiverNestos, and south locationof SkapteHyle, an area in Macedoniafamous in the delta of the same river and the Gulf of Kavala.Ar- antiquityfor its gold and silver mines. Skapte Hyle is chaeometallurgically,Palaia Kavala is renownedfor abun- knownto have been situatedin the ThasianPeraial, the dantevidence of "ancient"mining and large,as yet largely coloniesof Thasoson the coastalstretch of the mainland, undated,slag heaps.These activitiescan be attributed oppositethe island,from the 7th centuryBC to the Roman eitherto antiquityor to the Ottomanperiod or both. period. Recently re-evaluateddocumentary and ar- The long-termaim of this projectis to discoverthe location chaeologicalevidence has suggestedthat the regionof of SkapteHyle, a "villageor town oppositeThasos"2, fa- PalaiaKavala, north-east of the town prob- of Kavala,was mousin antiquityfor its preciousmetals, particularly