717 the RADIOCARBON DATING and AUTHENTICATION of IRON ARTIFACTS P T Craddock1 • M L Wayman2 • a J T Jull3 the Radiocarbon Da
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Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon As Carburizer
Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, 483-487, 2009 © 2009 Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon as Carburizer Fatai Olufemi Aramidea,*, Simeon Ademola Ibitoyeb, Isiaka Oluwole Oladelea, Joseph Olatunde Borodea aMetallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria bMaterials Science and Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Received: July 31, 2009; Revised: September 25, 2009 Due to the complexity of controlling parameters in carburization, there has been relatively little work on process variables during the surface hardening process. This work focuses on the effects of the carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of mild steel carburized with activated carbon, at 850, 900 and 950 °C, soaked at the carburizing temperature for 15 and 30 minutes, quenched in oil, tempered at 550 °C and held for 60 minutes. Prior carburization process, standard test samples were prepared from the as received specimen for tensile and impact tests. After carburization process, the test samples were subjected to the standard test and from the data obtained, ultimate tensile strength, engineering strain, impact strength, Youngs’ moduli were calculated. The case and core hardness of the carburized tempered samples were measured. It was observed that the mechanical properties of mild steels were found to be strongly influenced by the process of carburization, carburizing temperature and soaking time at carburizing temperature. It was concluded that the optimum combination of mechanical properties is achieved at the carburizing temperature of 900 °C followed by oil quenching and tempering at 550 °C. -
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
Three Hundred Years of Assaying American Iron and Iron Ores
Bull. Hist. Chem, 17/18 (1995) 41 THREE HUNDRED YEARS OF ASSAYING AMERICAN IRON AND IRON ORES Kvn K. Oln, WthArt It can reasonably be argued that of all of the industries factors were behind this development; increased pro- that made the modern world possible, iron and steel cess sophistication, a better understanding of how im- making holds a pivotal place. Without ferrous metals purities affected iron quality, increased capital costs, and technology, much of the modem world simply would a generation of chemically trained metallurgists enter- not exist. As the American iron industry grew from the ing the industry. This paper describes the major advances isolated iron plantations of the colonial era to the com- in analytical development. It also describes how the plex steel mills of today, the science of assaying played 19th century iron industry serves as a model for the way a critical role. The assayer gave the iron maker valu- an expanding industry comes to rely on analytical data able guidance in the quest for ever improving quality for process control. and by 1900 had laid down a theoretical foundation for the triumphs of steel in our own century. 1500's to 1800 Yet little is known about the assayer and how his By the mid 1500's the operating principles of assay labo- abilities were used by industry. Much has been written ratories were understood and set forth in the metallurgi- about the ironmaster and the furnace workers. Docents cal literature. Agricola's Mtll (1556), in period dress host historic ironmaking sites and inter- Biringuccio's rthn (1540), and the pret the lives of housewives, miners, molders, clerks, rbrbühln (Assaying Booklet, anon. -
The White Book of STEEL
The white book of STEEL The white book of steel worldsteel represents approximately 170 steel producers (including 17 of the world’s 20 largest steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations and steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of world steel production. worldsteel acts as the focal point for the steel industry, providing global leadership on all major strategic issues affecting the industry, particularly focusing on economic, environmental and social sustainability. worldsteel has taken all possible steps to check and confirm the facts contained in this book – however, some elements will inevitably be open to interpretation. worldsteel does not accept any liability for the accuracy of data, information, opinions or for any printing errors. The white book of steel © World Steel Association 2012 ISBN 978-2-930069-67-8 Design by double-id.com Copywriting by Pyramidion.be This publication is printed on MultiDesign paper. MultiDesign is certified by the Forestry Stewardship Council as environmentally-responsible paper. contEntS Steel before the 18th century 6 Amazing steel 18th to 19th centuries 12 Revolution! 20th century global expansion, 1900-1970s 20 Steel age End of 20th century, start of 21st 32 Going for growth: Innovation of scale Steel industry today & future developments 44 Sustainable steel Glossary 48 Website 50 Please refer to the glossary section on page 48 to find the definition of the words highlighted in blue throughout the book. Detail of India from Ptolemy’s world map. Iron was first found in meteorites (‘gift of the gods’) then thousands of years later was developed into steel, the discovery of which helped shape the ancient (and modern) world 6 Steel bEforE thE 18th cEntury Amazing steel Ever since our ancestors started to mine and smelt iron, they began producing steel. -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
History of the Hardening of Steel : Science and Technology J
HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY J. Vanpaemel To cite this version: J. Vanpaemel. HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C4), pp.C4-847-C4-854. 10.1051/jphyscol:19824139. jpa- 00222126 HAL Id: jpa-00222126 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222126 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C4, suppZ4ment au no 12, Tome 43, de'cembre 1982 page C4-847 HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3. Vanpaemel Center for historical and socio-economical studies on science and technology Teer EZstZaan 41, 3030 Leuven, SeZgim (Accepted 3 November 1982) Abstract. - The knowledge of the hardening phenomenon was achieved through a very cumulative process without any dis- continuity or 'scientific crisis' . The history of the hardening shows a definite interrelationship between techno- logical approach (or the application-side) and academic science . The hardening of steel appears to have been an operation in common use among the early Greeks The Greek and Roman smiths knew, from experience, how to control the. -
Guide to Non-Ferrous Metals
14 Manufacturing Processes CHAPTER 2 Ferrous Materials and Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys 2.1 INTRODUCTION Ferrous materials/metals may be defined as those metals whose main constituent is iron such as pig iron, wrought iron, cast iron, steel and their alloys. The principal raw materials for ferrous metals is pig iron. Ferrous materials are usually stronger and harder and are used in daily life products. Ferrous material possess a special property that their characteristics can be altered by heat treatment processes or by addition of small quantity of alloying elements. Ferrous metals possess different physical properties according to their carbon content. 2.2 IRON AND STEEL The ferrous metals are iron base metals which include all varieties of iron and steel. Most common engineering materials are ferrous materials which are alloys of iron. Ferrous means iron. Iron is the name given to pure ferrite Fe, as well as to fused mixtures of this ferrite with large amount of carbon (may be 1.8%), these mixtures are known as pig iron and cast iron. Primarily pig iron is produced from the iron ore in the blast furnace from which cast iron, wrought iron and steel can be produced. 2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON STEELS Plain carbon steel is that steel in which alloying element is carbon. Practically besides iron and carbon four other alloying elements are always present but their content is very small that they do not affect physical properties. These are sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and manganese. Although the effect of sulphur and phosphorus on properties of steel is detrimental, but their percentage is very small. -
Experimental Design for Copper Cementation Process in Fixed Bed
Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2010) 3, 187–190 King Saud University Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Experimental design for copper cementation process in fixed bed reactor using two-level factorial design I. Yahiaoui *, F. Aissani-Benissad Laboratoire de Ge´nie de l’Environnement (LGE), De´partement de Ge´nie des Proce´de´s, Faculte´ de la Technologie, Universite´ A.MIRA de Bejaia 06000, Algeria Received 20 July 2009; accepted 20 December 2009 Available online 18 April 2010 KEYWORDS Abstract This work deals with cementation of copper onto iron grid in a fixed bed reactor. The 2+ Copper; influence of several parameters is studied, namely: initial concentration of copper [Cu ]0, temper- Iron; ature and flow rate. Moreover, their influence on the copper cementation reaction is investigated Fixed bed reactor; statistically by the experimental design in view of industrial application. The estimation and the Factorial design comparison of the parameter’s effects are realized by using two-level factorial design. The analysis of these effects permits to state that the most influential factor is initial concentration of copper 2+ [Cu ]0 with an effect of (+2.4566), the second in the order is the temperature with an effect of (+0.18959), the third is the flow rate of the electrolytic solution with an effect of (À0.4226). The significance interactions found by the design of experiments are between initial concentrations of copper ions–flow rate (x1x3) with an effect (b13 = +0.6965). ª 2010 King Saud University. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ultimately, this wastewater is discharged in permitted concen- trations of suspended solids and dissolved salts. -
Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility Or Ethnographic Aberration?
Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility or Ethnographic Aberration? T. O. PRYCE AND S. NATAPINTU introduction Laterites deposits (orlateriticsoilsastheyarealsocalled)arefrequently reported in Southeast Asia, and are ethnographically attested to have been used for the smelting of iron in the region (Abendanon 1917 in Bronson 1992:73; Bronson and Charoenwongsa 1986), as well as in Africa (Gordon and Killick 1993; Miller and Van Der Merwe 1994). The present authors do not dispute this evidence; we merely wish to counsel cautioninitsextrapolation.Modifyingour understanding of a population’s potential to locally produce their own iron has immediate ramifications for how we reconstruct ancient metal distribution net- works, and the social exchanges that have facilitated them since iron’s generally agreed appearance in Southeast Asian archaeological contexts during the mid-first millennium b.c. (e.g., Bellwood 2007:268; Higham 1989:190). We present this paper as a wholly constructive critique of what appears to be a prevailingperspectiveonpre-modernSoutheastAsianironmetallurgy.Wehave tried to avoid technical language and jargon wherever possible, as our aim is to motivate scholars working within the regiontogivefurtherconsiderationtoiron as a metal, as a technology, and as a socially significant medium (e.g., Appadurai 1998; Binsbergen 2005; Gosden and Marshall 1999). When writing a critique it is of course necessary to cite researchers with whom one disagrees, and we have done this with full acknowledgment that in modern archaeology no one person can encompass the entire knowledge spectrum of the discipline.1 The archaeome- tallurgy of iron is probably on the periphery of most of our colleagues’ interests, but sometimes, within the technical, lies the pivotal, and in sharing some of our insights we hope to illuminate issues of benefit to all researchers in Metal Age Southeast Asia. -
HISTORY of METALLURGY 2Nd Edition
A HISTORY OF METALLURGY 2nd Edition A HISTORY OF METALLURGY Second Edition R. F. Tylecote MANEY FOR THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS Book B0789 First published in paperback in 2002 by Maney Publishing 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DB for the Institute of Materials First published in 1976 Reprinted in 1979 2nd edn published 1992 © The Institute of Materials 1992 All rights reserved ISBN 1-902653-79-3 Printed and bound in the UK by Antony Rowe Ltd v Contents Preface to the Second Edition vii Foreword viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi 1 Metals and ores in the Neolithic period 1 2 The technique and development of early copper smelting 7 3 The Early Bronze Age 18 4 The Full Bronze Age 35 5 The Early Iron Age 47 6 The Roman Iron Age 62 7 The Migration and medieval period 75 8 Post-medieval metallurgy 95 9 The Industrial Revolution; AD 1720-1850 122 10 More recent times; AD 1850-1950 164 11 The contributions of the scientists 177 Appendixes: 188 Technical Glossary 188 Note on units of weight, stress, and hardness 190 Table of elements 190 Approximate date of start of metal ages 191 Chinese chronology 191 Journals consulted and abbreviations 191 Principal works consulted 193 Maps 1-6 194-198 Subject and name index 199 vii Preface to the Second Edition The first edition was published in 1976 and an enormous increase in the general interest in the subject of archeometallurgy has taken place since then. Much of this relates to the early phases and has been discussed in Proceedings of International Conferences. -
Comparative Properties of Wrought Iron Made by Hand Puddling and by the Aston Process
RP124 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT IRON MADE BY HAND PUDDLING AND BY THE ASTON PROCESS By Henry S. Rawdon and 0. A. Knight ABSTRACT The hand-puddling method of making wrought iron has not greatly changed for a century. More economical methods in the manufacture of thjs product is the crying need of the industry. A radically new process, recently developed, is now coming into commercial use, in which pig iron, which h>as been refined in a Bessemer converter, is poured into molten slag so as to produce intimate mingling of the two. A comparison of the properties of wrought iron made thus with that made by hand puddling forms the subject of this report. The test results failed to show any marked difference in the products of the two processes. The new product appears to have all of the essential properties usually connoted by the name—wrought iron, CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 954 1. Resume of the Aston process 955 II. Purpose and scope of the investigation 959 III. Materials and methods 960 1. Materials 960 (a) Pipe 960 (6) "Rounds" 961 (c) Slag 962 2. Methods 962 IV. Results 962 1. Composition 962 2. Density 964 3. Mechanical properties 965 (a) Pipe materials 965 (1) Tensile properties 965 (2) Torsional properties 970 (3) Flattening tests 971 (6) 1-inch rounds 972 (1) Tensile properties 972 (2) Torsional properties 973 (3) Impact resistance 973 4. Corrosion resistance 976 (a) Laboratory corrosion tests 976 (6) Electrolytic solution potential 979 5. Structural examination 979 (a) Pipe materials 980 (1) BaU 980 (2) Muck bar 980 (3) Skelp 981 (4) Pipe 981 (&) 1-inch rounds 981 (c) Slag 981 953 : 954 Bureau of Standards Journal of Research [vol. -
Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solutions by a Steel-Making By-Product F.A
ARTICLE IN PRESS Water Research 37 (2003) 3883–3890 Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by a steel-making by-product F.A. Lopez*,! M.I. Mart!ın, C. Perez,! A. Lopez-Delgado,! F.J. Alguacil Department of Primary Metallurgy and Materials Recycling, National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain Received 11 October 2002; received in revised form 10 April 2003; accepted 14 April 2003 Abstract A study is made of the use of a steel-making by-product (rolling mill scale) as a material for removing Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The influence of contact time, initial copper ion concentration and temperature on removal capability is considered. The removal of Cu2+ ions from an aqueous solution involves two processes: on the one hand, the adsorption of Cu2+ ions on the surface of mill scale due to the iron oxides present in the latter; and on the other hand, the cementation of Cu2+ onto metallic iron contained in the mill scale. Rolling mill scale is seen to be an effective material for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions. r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Copper; Steel-making by-product; Rolling mill scale; Cementation; Adsorption 1. Introduction membrane processing and electrolytic methods, etc. [3–10,24–26]. The effluents generated by modern industries (petro- Rolling mill scale is a steel-making by-product from steel leum refineries, non-ferrous metal works, motor vehicles, hot rolling processes and is basically composed of iron aircraft plating and finishing, etc.) generally have a oxides and metallic iron with variable oil and grease complex composition which includes metals (ions or contents [11,12].