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Title: “The Agrarian Question: the Agrarian Movement and Issues of Land Ownership in Greece, 1821-1923” Author: Kaiti Aroni

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Title: “The Agrarian Question: the Agrarian Movement and Issues of Land Ownership in Greece, 1821-1923” Author: Kaiti Aroni Title: “The agrarian question: the agrarian movement and issues of land ownership in Greece, 1821‐1923” Author: Kaiti Aroni‐Tsichli How to cite this article: Aroni‐Tsichli, Kaiti. 2014. “The agrarian question: the agrarian movement and issues of land ownership in Greece, 1821‐1923”. Martor 19: 43‐62. Published by: Editura MARTOR (MARTOR Publishing House), Muzeul Țăranului Român (The Museum of the Romanian Peasant) URL: http://martor.muzeultaranuluiroman.ro/archive/martor‐19‐2014/ Martor (The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review) is a peer‐reviewed academic journal established in 1996, with a focus on cultural and visual anthropology, ethnology, museum studies and the dialogue among these disciplines. Martor review is published by the Museum of the Romanian Peasant. Its aim is to provide, as widely as possible, a rich content at the highest academic and editorial standards for scientific, educational and (in)formational goals. Any use aside from these purposes and without mentioning the source of the article(s) is prohibited and will be considered an infringement of copyright. Martor (Revue d’Anthropologie du Musée du Paysan Roumain) est un journal académique en système peer‐review fondé en 1996, qui se concentre sur l’anthropologie visuelle et culturelle, l’ethnologie, la muséologie et sur le dialogue entre ces disciplines. La revue Martor est publiée par le Musée du Paysan Roumain. Son aspiration est de généraliser l’accès vers un riche contenu au plus haut niveau du point de vue académique et éditorial pour des objectifs scientifiques, éducatifs et informationnels. Toute utilisation au‐delà de ces buts et sans mentionner la source des articles est interdite et sera considérée une violation des droits de l’auteur. Martor is indexed by EBSCO and CEEOL. The agrarian question: the agrarian movement and issues of land ownership in Greece, 1821-1923 Kaiti Aroni-Tsichli Professor of Social History Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences of Athens ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Since the foundation of the Greek state in 1830 arises an agrarian issue which un- Agrarian Reform, National Lands, til 1923 takes various forms and causes an agrarian movement. his is mainly due Uprisings, Feudal System, Tschitliks, to the changing institutional and social framework when new lands are annexed. Currant Crisis. his article refers to the problem of “national lands”, the lands that belonged to the Ottomans and were appropriated by the Greek state during the War of Indepen- dence (1821-1829) in order to be distributed to the peasants. Many uprisings took place between1833-1852. he solution is found with the First Agrarian Reform in 1871. he article refers also to the problem of the feudal system which existed in the Ionian Islands as well as to the problem of Tschitliks in hessaly, Epirus and Macedonia. he latter inds a solution with the Second Agrarian Reform in 1917. Another acute problem is also mentioned: the currant crisis, which appears in northwest Peloponnese at the turn of 19th century. King of Greece in 1832 (see map), the domi- Introduction nant problem in agriculture is the question of ‘national lands’, i.e. the lands that the he terms “Greek agrarian question Ottomans had abandoned and were given and agrarian movement”, covering a to the Greek state because of the war. his Tperiod over a century from the begin- problem was inally solved with the First ning of the Greek state in 1830 until 1923, do Rural Reform in 1871 when these lands not only depict the various successive phases were being allocated to peasants and culti- of the same phenomenon, that is the agrar- vators over a low price. ian problems, claims, movements or revolts. Another acute problem during this pe- During this period, the agrarian question it- riod was brought about by the annexation self is being transformed. his is mainly due of the Ionian Islands in 1864 (see map), to the varying institutional and social frame- where, especially in Corfu, from the very works in which the difering rural problems beginning of Venetian rule, 1204-1797, an arise when new lands are annexed. extremely feudalistic system was imple- From the outset it can be said that the mented - similar to that of feudal Europe agrarian question in Greece, as it appears in - which, nevertheless, continued to exist diferent periods of time or social contexts, during the British Protectorate (1815-1864). is related to either land ownership or the in- Despite the diferent nature of this ques- corporation of peasants in the market. tion in relation to those of national lands, Following the successful Greek Revolu- its settlement is part of the same policy that tion against the Ottoman rule, 1821-1829 led to the distribution of national lands. and especially ater the election of Otto as A new period starts for the agrarian 43 Kaiti Aroni-Tsichli ism as its central characteristic. According to the National Assemblies Map 1. Successive territory gains throughout the Greek War of Independence for Greece: 1832, Sterea Hellas, the and the “right to war’’, all former Turkish Peloponnese, territories, state and privately owned, had 1864 Ionian Is- lands, 1881 Thes- been appropriated and declared Greek “na- saly, 1913 Crete / tional lands”, and they had been transferred Macedonia / Epirus, 1920 to the ownership of the Greek state, with a Thrace, 1947 the Dodecanese view to be distributed to Greeks as a reward for their participation in the war. (Petro- poulos 1985: 272) his was later adopted by Ioannis Kapodistrias, the irst Governor of Greece (1828-1831). In the meantime, in 1830 a law was passed granting a plot of one movement with the annexation of hessaly stremma (1 stremma = 1,000square me- and part of Epirus to Greece in 1881 (see map), tres= 0.247 acres) to all Greeks so they could where the dominating issue is the problem of build a house with a garden and yard. Tschitliks (large holdings) and the conse- his creation of small land ownership quent problem of koliyi (landless sharecrop- was adopted by the three-year Regency of pers) which is aggravated as time goes by due Otto (1833-1835), as well by King Otto’s 1) See the introduction of the to the reaction of koliyi that turns into an up- reign (1835-1862). he aim was to create a Volume, page 11 rising. During the same period, a number of nation of small land owners1 (Petropoulos other agrarian issues occur, originating ater 1985: 11) who would support the monar- Macedonia and the remaining part of Epirus chy’s power and at the same time would were liberated and annexed to Greece follow- contribute in diminishing the powers of no- ing the victorious Balkan wars in 1912-1913 tables and chietains. In any case, the Greek and, inally, hrace in 1920 (see map). he state was irm in its promise to distribute Second Agrarian Reform regulating the main national lands to the peasants and did not agriculture problem in Greece, the problem of succumb to pressure from the land owners Tschitliks, was efectuated in 1917. who asked for national land auctions so that Another question, which is related to the they themselves would purchase them. incorporation of the peasants in the market, Τhe request for building a European and was the currant crisis that tormented the modern society in Greece had to deal with Peloponnese in 1892-1910. Due to the non- diferent reactions from many parts, relect- absorption of large quantities of currant, a ing actions and feelings against modernism big crisis of currant burst out. Τhen, in the and the West and favouring the old tradition- areas of the currant cultivation, mainly in al ways that are considered to be threatened Northwestern Peloponnese, dynamic mobi- and endangered (Diamantouros 2002: XI). lizations of the populations took place, de- In 1833-1852 the Greek kingdom sufers manding a state intervention policy. from successive uprisings which cannot be characterized as clearly agrarian, because they are not part of a deinite agrarian Rural Uprisings movement with deined rural demands. Nevertheless, these uprisings could be seen he nature of the Greek war of Indepen- as part of the early history of the Greek dence against the Ottoman Empire (1821- agrarian movement because they are car- 1829), as it was formed under modernism, ried out by peasants as well as being part was right from its start national, bourgeois, of a pro-capitalistic stage of agrarian rebel- liberal and democratic, having egalitarian- lion. On the other hand, what can be seen as 44 The agrarian question: the agrarian movement and issues of land ownership in Greece, 1821-1923 very typical of the situation is that no revolt usufruct during the Ottoman rule. proclamation contains a claim for the burn- he Regency undertook these mea- ing issue of national land sharing. sures so a strictly centralised system could In the newly formed kingdom of Greece, be established, urged certain discontented in 1832 (see Map1 above), the Regency tried groups to express their dissatisfaction, thus to shape a modern institutional framework, revealing a complex of controversies and ri- but any kind of change in any department, valry (Aroni-Tsichli 2004a). What is mostly mostly in religious matters, in economic evident among the various actions of the measures or matters that had to do with the opposition is the widespread conlict be- traditional ways of life would become a rea- tween the countryside and the capital. he son for uprising (Aroni-Tsichli 2009). We areas with the highest autonomy during the should also mention the policy of the Re- Ottoman rule, Mani (Aroni-Tsichli 1994: 2) “Armatoloi” were gency that aimed to fully reform the struc- 11-57) in the Peloponnese as well as the old armed groups of ture of the Greek Church by bringing into areas of the Armatoli2 of Sterea Hellas, were Greeks who were in the service of the Turks and force three main regulations (Frazee 1987: the areas where most uprisings took place guarded main cross- 119-160; Petropoulos 1985: 214-227, 607-611; during King Otto’s reign.
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