Continuity and change before and after the Arab uprisings The Arab uprisings of 2011 have sparked much scholarly discussion with regards to democratisation, the resilience of authoritarian rule, mobilisation patterns, and the relationship between secularism and Islam, all under the assumption that politics has changed for good in North Africa and the Middle East. While acknowledging the post- 2011 transformations taking place in the region, this book brings to the forefront an understudied, yet crucial, aspect related to the uprisings, namely the interplay between continuity and change. Challenging simplified representations built around the positions that either ‘all has changed’ or ‘nothing has changed’, the in-depth case studies in this volume demonstrate how elements both of continuity and rupture with the past are present in the post-uprising landscapes of Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt. Public policy, contentious politics, the process of institution making and re-making, and the relations of power connecting national and international economies are at the core of the comparative investigations included in the book. The volume makes an important contribution to the study of North African politics, and to the study of political change and stability, by contrasting the different trajectories of the uprisings, and by offering theoretical reflections on their meaning, consequences and scope. This book was originally published as a special issue of the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Paola Rivetti is a Lecturer in Politics of the Middle East and International Relations at Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland. She is the Secretary of the Italian Society for Middle Eastern Studies, a board member of the European Iran Research Group, and contributes to the blog Presidential Power. She is involved in an international research project on youth cultures in the MENA region. Rosita Di Peri is a Lecturer in Political Science & International Relations in the Department of Culture, Politics and Society at the University of Turin, Italy. She is the scientific co-ordinator of the Summer School ‘Understanding the Middle East’, and a member of the Italian Society for Middle Eastern Studies. 30450.indd 1 29/05/15 3:34 PM 30450.indd 2 29/05/15 3:34 PM Continuity and change before and after the Arab uprisings Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt Edited by Paola Rivetti and Rosita Di Peri 30450.indd 3 29/05/15 3:34 PM First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 British Society for Middle Eastern Studies All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-1-138-94290-5 Typeset in Times New Roman by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Publisher’s Note The publisher accepts responsibility for any inconsistencies that may have arisen during the conversion of this book from journal articles to book chapters, namely the possible inclusion of journal terminology. Disclaimer Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for their permission to reprint material in this book. The publishers would be grateful to hear from any copyright holder who is not here acknowledged and will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions in future editions of this book. 30450.indd 4 29/05/15 3:34 PM Contents Citation Information vii Notes on Contributors ix 1. Continuity and Change before and after the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: Regime Reconfiguration and Policymaking in North Africa 1 Paola Rivetti 2. Change and Continuity after the Arab Uprising: The Consequences of State Formation in Arab North African States 12 Raymond Hinnebusch 3. Constitutions against Revolutions: Political Participation in North Africa 31 Gianluca P. Parolin 4. The Project of Advanced Regionalisation in Morocco: Analysis of a Lampedusian Reform 46 Raquel Ojeda García & Ángela Suárez Collado 5. From Reform to Resistance: Universities and Student Mobilisation in Egypt and Morocco before and after the Arab Uprisings 59 Florian Kohstall 6. Enduring Class Struggle in Tunisia: The Fight for Identity beyond Political Islam 74 Fabio Merone 7. Labour Demands, Regime Concessions: Moroccan Unions and the Arab Uprising 88 Matt Buehler 8. An Enduring ‘Touristic Miracle’ in Tunisia? Coping with Old Challenges after the Revolution 104 Rosita Di Peri 9. Shifting Priorities or Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in the post-2011 IMF and World Bank Engagement with Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt 119 Adam Hanieh v 30450.indd 5 29/05/15 3:34 PM Contents 10. No Democratic Change . and Yet No Authoritarian Continuity: The Inter-paradigm Debate and North Africa After the Uprisings 135 Francesco Cavatorta Index 147 vi 30450.indd 6 29/05/15 3:34 PM Citation Information The chapters in this book were originally published in the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015). When citing this material, please use the original page numbering for each article, as follows: Chapter 1 Continuity and Change before and after the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: Regime Reconfiguration and Policymaking in North Africa Paola Rivetti British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 1–11 Chapter 2 Change and Continuity after the Arab Uprising: The Consequences of State Formation in Arab North African States Raymond Hinnebusch British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 12–30 Chapter 3 Constitutions against Revolutions: Political Participation in North Africa Gianluca P. Parolin British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 31–45 Chapter 4 The Project of Advanced Regionalisation in Morocco: Analysis of a Lampedusian Reform Raquel Ojeda García & Ángela Suárez Collado British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 46–58 Chapter 5 From Reform to Resistance: Universities and Student Mobilisation in Egypt and Morocco before and after the Arab Uprisings Florian Kohstall British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 59–73 vii 30450.indd 7 29/05/15 3:34 PM Citation Information Chapter 6 Enduring Class Struggle in Tunisia: The Fight for Identity beyond Political Islam Fabio Merone British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 74–87 Chapter 7 Labour Demands, Regime Concessions: Moroccan Unions and the Arab Uprising Matt Buehler British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 88–103 Chapter 8 An Enduring ‘Touristic Miracle’ in Tunisia? Coping with Old Challenges after the Revolution Rosita Di Peri British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 104–118 Chapter 9 Shifting Priorities or Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in the post-2011 IMF and World Bank Engagement with Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt Adam Hanieh British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 119–134 Chapter 10 No Democratic Change . and Yet No Authoritarian Continuity: The Inter-paradigm Debate and North Africa After the Uprisings Francesco Cavatorta British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 42, issue 1 (January 2015) pp. 135–145 For any permission-related enquiries please visit: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/help/permissions viii 30450.indd 8 29/05/15 3:34 PM Notes on Contributors Matt Buehler is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. His main research interests include democratization, authoritarianism, the Arab uprisings, Islamist movements, North African political parties, and Moroccan politics. Francesco Cavatorta is an Associate Professor in the Département de science politique at the Université Laval, Québec, Canada. His interests include democratisation and authoritarianism in the Arab world, Islamist movements and political parties, Arab international relations, and the dynamics of civil society. He recently edited Religiously Oriented Parties and Democratization (Routledge, 2014). Rosita Di Peri is a Lecturer in Political Science & International Relations in the Department of Culture, Politics and Society at the University of Turin, Italy. She is the scientific co-ordinator of the Summer School ‘Understanding the Middle East’, and a member of the Italian Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Raquel García Ojeda is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration at the University of Granada, Spain. Her research interests include local governance, and the processes of decentralisation in Morocco, France and Québec. Adam Hanieh is Senior Lecturer in Development Studies at SOAS, University of London, UK. His research interests include labour migration and the world market, the political economy of internationalisation and finance, and theories of class and state formation, with a regional focus on the Middle East. His most recent books are Lineages of Revolt: Issues of Contemporary Capitalism in the Middle East (2013), and Capitalism and Class in the Gulf Arab States (2011). Raymond Hinnebusch is the director of the Centre for Syrian Studies and a Professor of International Relations and Middle East Studies at the University of St Andrews, UK. His research involves international relations, comparative politics and political economy in the Middle East, and he also has an interest in Third World development. His most recent book is Syria: From Reform to Revolt, Political Economy and International Relations (ed.