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STUDI – Ufficio Ricerche Nel Settore Della Politica Estera E Della Difesa  066706-2629-2180 -  [email protected]

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STUDI – Ufficio Ricerche Nel Settore Della Politica Estera E Della Difesa  066706-2629-2180 -  Studi1@Senato.It I princcosti XVII legislatura Partecipazione alla 69a Assemblea Generale dell'ONU (New York, 22-26 settembre 2014) settembre 2014 Senato della Repubblica Camera dei deputati n. 166/II n. 135/II Servizi responsabili: Senato della Repubblica SERVIZIO STUDI – Ufficio ricerche nel settore della politica estera e della difesa 066706-2629-2180 - [email protected] Camera dei Deputati SERVIZIO STUDI – Dipartimento Affari esteri 066760-4939 - [email protected] I dossier dei Servizi studi del Senato e della Camera sono destinati alle esigenze di documentazione interna per l'attività degli organi parlamentari e dei parlamentari. Il Senato e la Camera declinano ogni responsabilità per la loro eventuale utilizzazione o riproduzione per fini non consentiti dalla legge. I contenuti originali possono essere riprodotti, nel rispetto della legge, a condizione che sia citata la fonte. XVII legislatura Partecipazione alla 69a Assemblea Generale dell'ONU (New York, 22-26 settembre 2014) settembre 2014 Senato della Repubblica Camera dei deputati n. 166/II n. 135/II Classificazione Teseo: Organizzazioni internazionali. Stati esteri I N D I C E VOLUME I FOCUS TEMATICI E GEOPOLITICI IL PROCESSO DI RIFORMA DELLE NAZIONI UNITE (a cura del Servizio studi della Camera) ....................................................................................................... 11 LE INIZIATIVE INTERNAZIONALI PER LA MORATORIA SULLA PENA DI MORTE (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) ............................................................. 17 GLI SVILUPPI DEL CONFLITTO ISRAELO-PALESTINESE: CRONOLOGIA DEGLI ULTIMI AVVENIMENTI (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) .......................... 23 I PIÙ RECENTI SVILUPPI DELLA CRISI SIRIANA (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) ........................................................................................................ 43 L’EVOLUZIONE DELLA CRISI IN IRAQ DOPO IL RITIRO AMERICANO: CRONOLOGIA (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) ....................................... 51 IRAN: RECENTI SVILUPPI DEL QUADRO POLITICO (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) ....................................................................................................... 67 L'EVOLUZIONE DELLA CRISI IN SOMALIA (a cura del Servizio Studi del Senato) .......................................................................................................... 71 L'EVOLUZIONE DELLA CRISI IN LIBIA (a cura del Servizio Studi del Senato) ....... 81 AGENDA DI SVILUPPO POST 2015 E L'ACCORDO SUI CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI (approfondimento a cura del CeSPI per l'Osservatorio di politica internazionale) - ED. PROVVISORIA ........................................................................ 89 L'ATTIVITÀ DEL COMITATO AGENDA POST 2015, COOPERAZIONE ALLO SVILUPPO E PARTENARIATO PUBBLICO-PRIVATO (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera dei deputati) ................................................................................. 119 ORGANI E AGENZIE DELLE NAZIONI UNITE UNDP (a cura del Servizio Studi del Senato) ..................................................... 127 UNDESA (a cura del Servizio Studi del Senato) ............................................... 129 IL DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS (DPA) (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) ............................................................................................. 131 IL DEPARTMENT FOR PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS (DPKO) (a cura del Servizio Studi della Camera) ........................................................................ 133 IL RAPPRESENTANTE SPECIALE DEL SEGRETARIO DELLE NAZIONI UNITE PER LA SOMALIA (MISSIONE UNSOM) (a cura del Servizio Studi del Senato) ........ 135 IL RAPPRESENTANTE SPECIALE DEL SEGRETARIO GENERALE DELLE NAZIONI UNITE PER L'AFGHANISTAN (MISSIONE UNAMA) (a cura del Servizio Studi del Senato) ..........................................................................................................137 VOLUME II SCHEDE PAESE DEL MAE PER INCONTRI BILATERALI SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SULL'EGITTO (a cura del MAE) ........143 SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SUL GIAPPONE (a cura del MAE)......177 SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SULL'INDIA (a cura del MAE)...........189 SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SUL PAKISTAN (a cura del MAE) ....211 SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SULLA RUSSIA (a cura del MAE)......235 SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SULLA TUNISIA (a cura del MAE) ....245 SCHEDA PAESE POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALE SULL'IRAN (a cura del MAE) ............257 VOLUME II SCHEDE PAESE DEL MAE PER INCONTRI BILATERALI SCHEDA PAESE Repubblica Araba d’Egitto 143 INDICE CENNI STORICI ............................................................................................... 3 STRUTTURA ISTITUZIONALE E POPOLAZIONE.................................. 4 POLITICA INTERNA....................................................................................... 5 POLITICA ESTERA ......................................................................................... 8 Relazioni con l’Unione Europea...................................................................... 10 SITUAZIONE ECONOMICA........................................................................ 11 Quadro Macroeconomico ................................................................................ 11 Politica Economica ........................................................................................... 12 Settore energetico ............................................................................................. 14 Settore delle Infrastrutture ............................................................................. 15 Relazioni economiche e commerciali con i Paesi terzi.................................. 16 Rapporti con Organizzazioni Finanziarie Internazionali ............................ 17 Principali indicatori macroeconomici ............................................................ 17 RAPPORTI BILATERALI............................................................................. 18 Relazioni Politiche............................................................................................ 18 Relazioni economiche e commerciali.............................................................. 19 Investimenti....................................................................................................... 20 Criticità e Contenziosi commerciali ............................................................... 23 Cooperazione in ambito di sicurezza.............................................................. 26 Relazioni culturali, scientifiche e tecnologiche.............................................. 28 Cooperazione allo Sviluppo............................................................................. 31 Visite istituzionali ............................................................................................. 33 2 144 CENNI STORICI Nel 1922 i britannici concedono l’indipendenza all’Egitto riservandosi il controllo sul Canale di Suez e nel 1947 inizia il definitivo ritiro delle truppe inglesi dal Paese. L’anno seguente l’Egitto prende parte al Primo conflitto arabo-israeliano, conclusosi con una sostanziale vittoria israeliana e l’annessione della Striscia di Gaza da parte egiziana e della Cisgiordania da parte giordana. Dopo la rivoluzione degli ufficiali del 1952, che costrinse Re Farouk all’esilio, il Generale Nasser assume la guida del Paese: la pianificazione economica e la nazionalizzazione delle banche commerciali e del Canale di Suez sono i caratteri della sua politica. In quegli anni l’Egitto assume la leadership del mondo arabo, rafforzato dal fallimento dell’operazione militare anglo-francese nella zona del Canale (1956). La successiva partecipazione al conflitto arabo- israeliano del 1967 segna, tuttavia, una pesante sconfitta per Nasser, che perde il controllo della Striscia di Gaza e del Sinai. A Nasser succede il suo Vice-Presidente Sadat. Nonostante la sconfitta militare della guerra del Kippur nel 1973, l’Egitto recupera credibilità e prestigio internazionale e Sadat inaugura un periodo di liberalizzazione politica ed apertura all’economia di mercato globale. In politica estera, l’azione di Sadat è volta a normalizzare le relazioni con gli USA e, nonostante le critiche dei Paesi arabi, nel 1977 intraprende una storica visita in Israele per rivitalizzare il processo di pace. Con il summit di Camp David, nel settembre 1978, viene stipulato un trattato di pace tra Egitto ed Israele in base al quale Israele si impegna a restituire la penisola del Sinai all'Egitto, mentre quest'ultimo riconosce lo Stato di Israele. L’assassinio del presidente Sadat (ottobre del 1981) da parte di un esponente del gruppo Al-Jihad, islamisti radicali contrari al processo di pace, apre le porte alla successione di Hosni Mubarak, appartenente all’oligarchia degli Ufficiali delle Forze Armate egiziane, come i suoi predecessori. Mubarak sposa da subito una linea di continuità con la politica di Sadat, ovvero di rinuncia al panarabismo nazionalista e socialista di Nasser, per condurre una politica filo-occidentale e vicina agli Stati Uniti. Con la nuova leadership, l’Egitto riacquista centralità nel mondo arabo, persa dopo Camp David. Il Paese è riammesso nella Lega Araba nel 1989 e l’anno successivo svolge un importante ruolo nella crisi del Golfo nella formazione della coalizione araba contro Saddam Hussein. Negli anni ’90, attentati e violenze verso i turisti, come quello di Luxor del 1997, danneggiano economicamente
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