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Montenegro: the Economic Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Technical Report Lucy Emerton September 2013

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Montenegro: the Economic Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Technical Report Lucy Emerton September 2013 GEF/UNDP PIMS 5024: National Biodiversity Planning to Support the Implementation of the CBD 2011-2020 Strategic Plan in Montenegro Montenegro: the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services Technical Report Lucy Emerton September 2013 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION: scope and content of the report ......................................................................... 1 Background to the assignment ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Aims and scope of the report ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2 BACKGROUND & CONTEXT: economic valuation and biodiversity planning .................................. 2 Valuation and the CBD .................................................................................................................................................. 2 The status of biodiversity valuation in Montenegro ..................................................................................................... 3 3 IDENTIFYING & ASSESSING ECONOMIC LINKAGES: how economic activities depend and impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services .......................................................................................... 4 Categorising and describing ecosystem services ........................................................................................................... 4 Economic linkages and indicators ................................................................................................................................. 5 Key economic sectors and stakeholders that benefit from ecosystem services .......................................................... 10 Ecosystem service providers and cost-bearers ............................................................................................................ 12 Economic trade-offs in managing and using ecosystem services................................................................................ 12 4 ESTIMATING & DEMONSTRATING BENEFITS AND COSTS: the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services ........................................................................................................................ 14 Framing the economic model ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Assumptions and data sources .................................................................................................................................... 16 The baseline economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services ......................................................................... 19 Economic benefits and costs avoided over the NBSAP period 2011-20 ...................................................................... 19 5 APPLYING BIODIVERSITY VALUATION: potential targets and actions in the revised NBSAP ........ 21 How valuation can assist in meeting the CBD Strategic Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets ................................... 21 Economic assessment of biodiversity values (in support of Aichi Targets 1 and 19) ................................................... 22 Formulation of methods and procedures for integrating biodiversity economic values into development planning and appraisal (in support of Aichi Targets 2, 3, 4 and 19) .......................................................................................... 22 Ecosystem capital accounting (in support of Aichi Target 2 and 19) .......................................................................... 23 Strategic communication of biodiversity economic benefits and costs (in support of Aichi Targets 1 and 19, cross- cutting other Targets) ................................................................................................................................................. 23 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 24 List of Figures Figure 1: Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services ............................................................. 4 Figure 2: Ecosystem services and economic indicators for Montenegro .......................................................... 6 Figure 3: Ecosystem services which have been valued ................................................................................... 14 Figure 4: Land cover and land use 2006 .......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 5: Contribution of different ecosystem services to 2011 baseline value ............................................ 19 Figure 6: Contribution of different ecosystem services to 2011-2020 value ................................................. 19 Figure 7: Annual values added and costs avoided from NBSAP 2011-2020 (€ million) ................................. 20 Figure 8: Cumulative gains over the baseline to 2020 (€ million) ................................................................... 20 List of Tables Table 1: Economic linkages and values for key ecosystem services, sectors and stakeholders ..................... 11 Table 2: Assumptions and data sources used in the economic model ........................................................... 16 Table 3: Baseline 2011 economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services (€ million) ......................... 19 Table 4: Net present value of biodiversity and ecosystem services 2011-2020 (€ million) ........................... 19 List of Acronyms CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CICES Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services COP Conference of the Parties EPA Environmental Protection Agency EU European Union GEF Global Environment Facility MONSTAT Statistical Office of Montenegro NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan PES Payments for ecosystem services TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity UNDP United Nations Development Programme 1 INTRODUCTION: scope and content of the report Background to the assignment The UNDP/GEF/Government of Montenegro project “National Biodiversity Planning to Support the implementation of the CBD 2011-2020 Strategic Plan in Montenegro’’ aims to integrate the country’s obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) into its national development and sectoral planning frameworks through a renewed and participative biodiversity planning and strategizing process, in a manner that is in line with the global guidance contained in the CBD’s Strategic Plan for 2011-2020. The current assignment is being carried out over a period of 25 days between June and October 2013. It seeks to identify and recommend appropriate economic information, approaches and tools to strengthen biodiversity planning, implementation and the achievement of national and global targets. In particular, it is envisaged to contribute to the following project outcome: Montenegro’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) is revised/updated and it fully integrates new aspects of the CBD strategic plan, such as mainstreaming and anchoring the implementation of the plan into national development frameworks, valuing ecosystem services and promoting ecosystem-based adaptation and resilience. As laid out in the terms of reference, the assignment focuses on three aspects of the economics of biodiversity: Assessing and integrating ecosystem services through economic valuation; Defining mechanisms to mainstream biodiversity into economic growth and development; and Developing detailed guidance for the implementation of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Aims and scope of the report This report deals with the first of the topics listed above: the economic valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. According to the workplan and following the terms of reference for the assignment, the current document is intended to provide a “technical report on the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services”. Its aim is to identify, describe and assess the economic value of ecosystem services in Montenegro. The report is one of three being delivered under the assignment. The other two comprise: an inception report detailing the agreed workplan and reviewing initial findings on biodiversity economics in Montenegro; and recommendations on economic and financial mechanisms for biodiversity conservation and mainstreaming, including payments for ecosystem services. The report contains five chapters: Chapter 2 describes the role of economic valuation in biodiversity planning, including the current status of biodiversity valuation in Montenegro; Chapter 3 identifies and assesses the key economic sectors and stakeholders that depend and impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services; Chapter 4 presents a rough estimate of the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services; and Chapter 5 identifies needs and niches to incorporate economic valuation into the revised NBSAP. 1 2 BACKGROUND & CONTEXT: economic valuation and biodiversity planning Valuation and the CBD Although not explicitly mentioned in the text of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the importance of economic valuation to biodiversity planning has been repeatedly underlined by the Conference of the Parties (COP) and is reflected in many CBD processes and programmes
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