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Downloaded from Brill.Com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM Via Free Access I APPENDICES Joshua Castellino - 9789004480896 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM via free access I DIARY OF A NATION: BACKGROUND TO THE CRISIS 1948 11 Mar Mujib arrested in language demonstration. 1950 6 Oct Aziz-Ul-Haq enounced Constitution drafting committee's re- port, accused Liquat Ali Khan regime of a dictatorship in guise and feel. 14 Nov 13 members of the Muslim League issue joint statement call- ing for autonomy of East Pakistan. 1954 15 Mar Section 92A applied in East Pakistan on expiry of Provincial Legislative Assembly. 19 Mar United Front created with H S Suhrawardy (Awami League) and Fazlul-Ul-Haq (Krishak Smarik Party) to lead a majority government. 17 May Pak premier Mohammed Ali describes language disturbances as 'foreign conspiracy'. 29 May United Front dismissed, Governor's rule imposed, Iskandar Mirza dispatched to Dhaka as Governor. 1958 24 Jun President's Rule imposed in Pakistan. 20 Sep Speaker of Provincial Assembly declared mentally unsound, Deputy Speaker Shahid Ali beaten to death. 7 Oct Unveiling of martial law. All political parties banned. 12 Oct Mujib, Bhashani, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan arrested. 1960 12 Sep Mujib convicted on criminal misconduct. 1961 21 Sep Police firing on student demonstrators shouting anti-Ayub slogans. 24 Sep HS Suhrawardy demands return to democracy. 1962 9 Jun Lifting of Martial law. Formation of a new constituency based on basic democracy. East Pakistan opposes. Joshua Castellino - 9789004480896 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM via free access 268 Appendix I 1966 Feb Mujib enumerates the Six Point demand. 20 Mar Mujib arrested. 7 Jun Rioting in Dacca, Chittagong, Narayanganj and Taragaon. Police fire on 1000s of people for breaking the peace. 17 Jun Awarni League and Krishak Party form a shadow govern- ment. 1967 2 Feb Opposition unites to call for autonomy of East Pakistan. 27 Apr Mujib arrested for a 'prejudicial speech'. 1968 5 Jan Dacca students exhibition demonstrating economic disparities. 6 Jan 28 arrested for planning the secession of East Pakistan. 18 Jan Mujib arrested in Agartala Conspiracy Case (allegedly inde- pendence for East Pakistan with the help of India). 7 Dec Anti Ayub demonstration in Dacca, Chittagong and Jessore. 1969 25 Mar Ayub replaced by General Aga Yahya Khan. 26 Mar Broadcast to the nation - promising to bring sanity. 28 Mar Mujib releases plans for a federal set-up. 10 Apr Yah ya promises election based on adult franchise. 28 Nov Yahya declares Oct 5 1970 as election day. 1970 1 Jan Political activity begins. 1 Apr Dissolution of one unit of West Pakistan into 4 provinces. 2 Sep Election postponed due to floods in East Pakistan. 7 Dec Elections held. Result: Awarni League 169/313, Bhutto's People's Party 81/313. 9 Dec Mujib declares that Government will be based on the Six Point demand. 1971 14 Jan Yahya refers to Mujib as future prime minister. 29 Jan Talks between Y ahya and Bhutto fail. 13 Feb March 1 fixed as date for the meeting of the National As- sembly. 15 Feb Bhutto threaten to boycott Assembly unless Mujib compro- mises on Constitution basis. 16 Feb Mujib elected leader of the Awami League. 28 Feb Bhutto seeks postponement of National Assembly meeting. Joshua Castellino - 9789004480896 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM via free access Diary of a Nation: Background to the crisis 269 1 Mar Y ahya postpones assembly meeting, sacks Governor of East Pakistan Ashar. Mujib calls for a general strike to be ob­ served. 2 Mar Resentment flares in Dacca, army deployed to curb violence. 3 Mar Awami League launches non-co-operation & non-violent movement based on demands for autonomy. 5 Mar 300 A wami Leaguers killed. 6Mar Y ah ya declared new date for Assembly meeting - 25 March. 7 Mar Mujib calls for holding back on taxes, civil disobedience movement. East Bengal Rifles regiment refuses to shoot on civilian populations. 8 Mar Civil Disobedience movement launched. 9 Mar East Pakistan judge refuses to swear in new Governor, Mar­ tial law convenor - General Tikka Khan. 15 Mar Mujib issues unilateral declaration for autonomy continues to negotiate with Yahya who arrives in Dacca. 21 Mar Bhutto arrives in Dacca. 22 Mar Yahya postpones assembly session indefinitely. 25 Mar Awami League announces Constitutional deadlock. Y ah ya and Bhutto leave for West Pakistan. Army goes on the ram­ page. Alleged genocide begins. Joshua Castellino - 9789004480896 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM via free access II INTERVIEW WITH HIS EXCELLENCY, KHALIL HADDAOUI Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Moroccan Embassy, at 49, Queen's Gate Gardens, London [The Ambassador consented to speak after a three hour meeting the previous day with Mr. Ariad, First Secretary to the Moroccan Embassy in London. The Ambassador was unwilling to be recorded on tape but allowed me to take ex­ tensive notes. His reason for not going on tape was that he would then have to speak as the Moroccan Ambassador rather than this way, in which he spoke as a Moroccan Diplomat who had been personally involved in the situation since it developed in the mid-seventies. For this particular interview, I handed His Excellency, via Mr. Ariad, a list of questions which I would have liked him to address, to consider, overnight. The meeting took place the following day, on the 17th of March, 1998 in his office in the Moroccan Embassy, Queen's Gate, London. Mr. Ariad, the First Secretary was the other person present throughout the duration of the meeting which began at 11 :30 and terminated at 14:45.) Q: Your Excellency, I am conducting research within International Law into the issues ofsovereignty and the threat that Self-determination poses to it. One of my case studies for my thesis is the situation in the Western Sahara. Sir, how do you view the situation - and how do you react to the politics of identity and difference as we have been discussing? A: It is important to understand the Western Sahara issue by looking at the history of the region of North Western Africa. Too many people fall into the mistake of looking at this particular situation in isolation of the culture and history of the region. If you look at the period immediately following the decolonisation process you will find that the Western Sahara issue is another extension of the historic misunderstanding between Kingdom of Morocco and Algeria. Joshua Castellino - 9789004480896 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM via free access 272 Appendix II Let's go back in history first to look at the colonial aspects of the presence of colonial powers in the region. Algeria was occupied and colonised by France in 1830. This presence remained until its independence in 1957. Morocco on the other hand is the only real state in the area. This has been so for the last twelve centuries. It is important to remember that the Kingdom of Morocco at some points in history included parts of what is now Spain, in the north and extended as far west as Tripoli in Libya. In fact looking at the broader sweep of history you will find that it was a Moroccan (Maourabadeen) who prevented the further extension of the Ottoman Empire - which extended all the way up to the Moroccan borders. Algeria on the other hand has never existed as a state. It is a manufactured entity - manufactured solely by the authority of the French colonial rulers. Its boundaries are artificial and the lack of internal cohesion today can be traced back to French rule. Moroccan colonisation did take place however it took a very different format from what could have been witnessed in Algeria. Moulay Hafidh signed, with the French, the Treaty of Protectorate in 1912. However the ruler of Morocco was constantly at odds with the French and it took superior French arms to restore their order after the treaty was brought down within weeks of being signed. But even this serves to demonstrate that the French negotiated with a Moroccan sovereign - unlike in Algeria which was always treated as a possession. In 1947, the King of Morocco made a speech calling for an end to the Treaty of Protectorate by 1953 - which required the King of Morocco to counter-sign legislation in the region. Trouble brewed when the King refused to sign one of the bills put before him, and was exiled to Madagascar with his family - which included the current King - then Crown Prince Hassan; and signalled the beginning of a civil movement. But I would like to highlight once again the fact that the King was required, even under the so-called occupation by France, to counter-sign all laws - which is further proof of the existence of the Moroccan state. The French had begun to test nuclear bombs in the Western Sahara, and by this time had begun to re-draw Algeria with Moroccan territory within it. A look at the map of the region shows very clearly that many of these boundaries have been drawn with little regard to the ethnicity and history of the region. By 1955, the Royal Family returned to the Kingdom, and the Treaty of Protec­ torate of 1912 was soon rescinded, and the Kingdom of Morocco once more, granted independence. A few years later (1958) saw the Algerian revolution. The movement and call for independence in neighbouring Algeria was supported by Morocco which through the 1960s, attempted to give the Hassani led national liberation movement in Algeria the support they needed to overthrow colonial Joshua Castellino - 9789004480896 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 11:52:32AM via free access Interview with His Excellency, Khalil Haddaoui 273 rule.
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