THE CRESWELLIAN SITE SIEGERSWOUDE II (GEMEENTE OPSTERLAND, PROVINCE OF FRIESLAND, THE NETHERLANDS)
E. Kramer*, P. Houtsma** and J. Schilstra***
ABSTRACT: In 1962and 1984a small Late Palaeolithic site was excavated near Siegerswoude. The artefacts belong to the Creswellian tradition. The composition of the artefact assemblage suggests that the Creswellian hunters used the site during a short period. Coversand stratigraphy, and the position of some artefacts in two bowi-shaped pits indicate that this site should be dated in the Allerød interstadial.
KEYWORDS: Creswellian, Late Palaeolithic, Allerød interstadial, Younger Coversand, composite tools, tree fali pits.
1. INTRODUCTION or partly retouched. At that time, this type of point, called Dreieck-Messer by Schwabedissen (1954), The site Siegerswoude 111 was discovered in the was best known from a number of English sites, spring of 1962 by P. Mudstra, field surveyor/col including Mother Grundy’s Parlour, Creswell lector of the Frisian Museum, Leeuwarden, who Crags, Derbyshire, the site from which the name found a number of silex artefacts in soil sur derives. Creswellian points have been found in rounding a recently dug ditch. The provincial several Late Palaeolithic sites in the Netherlands archaeologist of Friesland, G. Elzinga, showed (Schwabedissen, 1954: p. 63; Wouters, 1982: p. them to Dr. A. Bohmers of the Biological Ar 123). Often, however, small numbers are involved, chaeological Institute (B.A.I.) of the University of found among larger numbers of other types of Groningen. He recognized the artefacts as be points. In Siegerswoude II most of the points longing to the Late Palaeolithic Cresweli tradition. belong to the Creswellian type. On these grounds, Since Creswellian sites are relatively rare in the the material from this site can be regarded as one of Netherlands, and at that date only a single site had the few typical complexes of this tradition. been investigated scientifically (Zeijen 1946), it was After the publications by Schwabedissen (1954) decided to proceed with an excavation. The in and Bohmers (1956; 1960), there was very littie vestigation took place from2 l6th June to 4th interest in Creswellian material in the Netherlands August, 1962, under the scientific supervision of for some time. Campbell’s detailed study of the Dr. Bohmers. Responsibility for the day-to-day English material (published in 1977), however, running of the excavation rested with the second provided a new impetus. In 1975 Stapert started a and third authors of the present paper. During the programme the purpose of which was to analyse preliminary work for this publication several ques and to publish the material on the Creswellian sites tions arose, solutions to which could apparently in the Netherlands. He himself published the small only be found by carrying out a small additional surface collection of ‘Opde Hees’, in the munici investigation. This took place from 5th to 2lst pality of Meerlo-Wanssum (Stapert, 1979), and the June, 1984, under the supervision of the first site of Emmerhout which was accidentally dis mentioned author. covered in 1967 and subsequently excavated (Sta The lint material of Siegerswoude II is con pert, this volume). Publications on the Zeijen site, sidered to be Creswellian, a Late Palaeolithic excavated in 1946 (Stapert, in prep.) and on the tradition rather rare in the Netherlands. Bohmers (1956) was the first to recognize and describe this Dutch Creswellian. According to him, its charac * Frisian Museum, Turfmarkt 24, 8911 KT Leeuwarden, the Netherlands teristic features inciude, among other things, points ** W.Kroezestraat 4, 8434 NN Waskemeer, the Netherlands with a pronounced angle in the side which is entirely G. ter Borchiaan 28, 7242 DM Lochem, the Netherlands
67 68 E.KRAMER, P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA
surface collections of Neer II (Kramer, in prep.) are expected shortly. An analysis and a description of Siegerswoude II were among the aims of the Cresweil project. Recently, too, Wouters (1982) published an article on Creswellian material in the Netherlands and Belgium. In addition to the sites already known from other publications, Wouters also mentions Creswellian artefacts from the sur face sites of Kessel 1, Drunen IB and Lommel 3IC.
2. THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1962 AND 1984
2.1. Procedures
In 1962 an excavation trench, 12 m (E-W) x 10 m (N-S) was marked out around the ditch from which had come the artefacts found by Mudstra. A 3 m (E-W) x 6 m (N-S) section of this trench in the north-east corner was not excavated. After removal of the heath-covered turf, layer after layer of the soil was carefully planed off with a spade. All the soil thus removed was carefully sieved. In accordance
Fig. 1. Map of the Netherlands, showing the location of with the then customary procedure, the position of Siegerswoude. the artefacts was measured up and entered on a
Fig. 2. Topography of the site Siegerswoude, indicated by the arrow, and surroundings.
a
to
of
in
in
of
is the
to
the
all
the
site
that
the
69
and
this
for
The
that
II area
and
what
close
were
over
all
situ
points
the
was
point
used
comple
possible
fillings
use
artefacts
splitting.
from
shown
Hohen the
down
in
for
necessity
of
man-days
1962
indicated
of
very
1962.
during
habitation
From
stones
(cf.
29,
as
in
horizontal
1962
of
the
are
(Bohnsack,
finds
40
concretions,
overlooked, the
preservation
assumed
underfoot
were
in
spread
shown
in
their
frost
concentration
not
and there
assumed
concentration
of
in
during
this
the underneath
and
material
be
were
the
site
large
in
by
types
are
groups
distribution.
at,
the
was artefacts
are
to
iron
some
their
were 28
be
the
of of
results
Siegerswoude
excavated
e.g.
or
points
occurrence
Saxony
flint of
obviate
however.
bone may
to
in
in
Since
left
explained
position.
15,
longer
They
shows
find occupation
permanent
it
1984
The
was
discovery
excavated
point
trampling
Small
1956).
finds may
which
that
The
be
6)
The
no
various
area
14,
in
artefacts
the
its
respect
together
causes,
impression
It
site absence
Lower
material spot.
would
brief
1,
the
the
places,
also
of
more
Creswellian
can
the
artefacts
a
to
of
(fig.
the
in
disturbance
site,
encased
an
ditch.
were
sieved,
the
this
tools.
a
small
of
distribution
calcinated
by
of The the
to
secondary
that
material
nos.
led
line
the
assemblage
disturbance
In contributed
fitting
the
artefacts
of
the
which
a
this
map
might
that was
for
noteworthy.
on
concluded Bohnsack,
joints
The
excavations.
were F5).
to
in
on
e.g.
relevant
pieces
together.
flint
information.
is
obtain
number
lint
zero point
be
II
with
The
because
have
area.
soil
discarded
a
which
and
number
from
major
under
pieces
Steinhude
evident 1984
to
and
joints
6.
the the
composite
purpose,
Many
a
any 1979).
months
or
horizontal
by
may
is
little
ditch
close
section
of
situ
may
artefacts
of distribution
1.
in
The
working
small
devoted
reason.
and
ditch
It
finds
The missing
working
near
in
small
6:
therefore
a
provisions
The
perhaps
distribution
order
so-called
Hohenholz:
the
figure
The
the
ever
any
excavated
Somejoints,
1962 flint
broken
table specific
broken
were
In
flint
teness
2.4.
of
of
(Mauss,
for
summer
hearths
(fig.
recent
together
which
very
so-called
can
affords
occur
the
lying
1956). particularly
scarcely
rfher
1984. in
loose
is
holz,
comparable
only
spread
were The
habitation,
2.3.
Siegerswoude
site
in
of
in
in
II,
a
is
the
the
the
the
for
was
was
on
the
ex
re
was
silex
large
been
flake.
It
were Pit
their
by
in
were
open
in
found
E-W,
of
given
below.
and
Three
which
m,
yellow
ditch.
trench
of m,
corner
baulks
A
profile
than
profile
cultural
1
the
found
examine
labelled
an
found
had
large
drawings
was
7a) the
the c.
the
outside
and to
1.3
were
unfinished
S-E
diameter
entered
to
Glacial
single
tools
artefacts
Creswellian
immediately
1
detail
in
filling.
type
two
of
was
corner
site
bowl-shaped
profile a
was
viz.,
was
the
a
and
c.
finds
profile
drawing
(fig.
the
detail.
the
artefacts
N-S
east,
from
few
younger
specific
the
After
The
of Late
determine
the
and
numbered.
of
established
the
to
N-E
discovered
In
the
these (B2h) a
orientated
more
material
with
in
only
this
depth
Each 221-27
E-F
the
are
too
addition
depth
soil
to investigated.
these
the
purpose
of podsol
more
a
numbers
1,
the
in
to
not
also
to
on concentration.
In
material
material
(B22)
drawing,
N-S
which
in
below. were
in
layer
haematite
depth
the
the they
across
middie
the
running
Pit
Originally that
intact.
was
and
1:10.
found
loose
a
was
assigned
of
excavated
the
the
profile
of
were
m
desired
flint
more
for
pits
numbers
layer
1984.
the
addition,
that
left
and
other
2
profiles,
however, of
possible
and in
was
contained
the
on
ascribed
Palaeolithic
during
section
and
the
220
described
c.
of
were
shorter excavated.
scale
That
the
(A2)
In
piece
say
in
trench evident trench.
indicated
distribution
the m
described
to
standing
be
of
m
were
field
it. and
be
edge
to
272-740.
were,
humus-rich
metres
Late
wide,
found
stratigraphy
two be
to
longer
ironpan
artefacts
6x3
All
layer
out
was 1962,
through
period
left
the
symbol
map,
2.5
relevant
small
the
m
excavated
will
artefacts
found
Mesolithic
few
The
viz.
a
will
in
became
numbers
number;
no
the
carefully
below
In
vertical
at
a
There
symbol.
were
of
dug
trench, black,
the
bowi-shaped
a
tool
it
suffices
0.5
only
pits
diameter
were
trench
than
it.
brown
These
excavation
single
it
excavation
of
(C)
investigation
a
also
1984
later
The
deeply
a
material
the
been
bleached
which
thin,
coversand
drawing.
1962
the
Two
the
artefacts
In
Here
concentration,
1962. situated These
with
number
more
situated
large
artefacts,
sand
later
in
the
below
the tradition. 4
the
In inhabited.
not
2.2.
was
the
artefacts
were large
made
had
of pits
baulks
cavation
Only respectively,
baulks,
artefacts,
to
assigned
with therefore
circle. position.
the
numbered
different
touched distribution is
a
in
17,
the
the
only
pieces
which
only
on
tool
both
of
was
a
it
were
i.e. as 6
e.g.joints
which
interlocking
numbers
220,
of with
the
figure
with
fragments in
case
identified
below
joints
between
the 11:44)
both
is
been
and
those
indicated
distance
number Moreover,
9:8 which
This
had
a
the
of
been
ACI) 39.
all.
(figs.
1:40)±blade
1
indicate
have
type
where
had
and
blade
11:36)
blade
14:4)
Joints after
to
6,
blade
(fig.
34
fig.
and
fragments
J.SCHTLSTRA (fig.
33, figure
& blade
illustrated) in
11:46) truncated
10:32) 11:35) 10:16) illustrated) 11:43)
9:15) illustrated, illustrated) 10:29) illustrated) illustrated) illustrated) 9:9) illustrated) illustrated)
truncated
9:12)
illustrated)
truncated
1962,
31, together fragments both possible drawing.
sections
(not
(fig.
(fig. (fig. (not (fig. (fig. (fig. (not (not (fig. (not (not (not (not (fig. (fig. fragment (not
illustrated;
(not blade
shown
blade+flake
truncated
obliquely
(not are
obliquely flake blade point blade
point
point point point point blade point point point point blade point poirit point point blade point point point point
be
X
the
with
from
P.HOUTSMA 1962,
an
typo fitted
of
blades flakes blades blades blades blades blades blades blades±flake blades flakes flakes points flakes
flakes
a
RA-burin±burin-spall 2 Broken Type Broken, 2 Broken Broken Broken 2 2 2 2 Core+point Core±small 2 2 Retouched 2 Blade±flake Broken Point+obliquely 2 2 Obliquely 2 2 Blade±blade 2 Core±flake Broken Broken Core+flake Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken, Broken 2 Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken Broken
In
with
should
pieces
6).
it given
identified
marked
labelling
that
correspond
(3677)
E.KRAMER,
(fig.
also
out
74b
134
170 144
1
+526 no. ±663
+635 ±401 ±334 ±556 ±51 ±470 ±201 ±455 +19 ±433 ±670 ±640 ±487 +245 ±507 ±63 ±558a±b ±313 ±210 ±641 ±521 +317 ±441 + ±736 +402 + ±680 + ±221 ±25 +158 ±211 ±72 +558b ±637 ±62b ±57 +133b ±167b ±43b ±103b ±107b ±228b ±A11 ±106b +182b ±
rule
numbers
always
map
a
differently
The
not
turned
as
typological
completeness,
1)
it
line.
been
joints.
does
the
of
were
1
7
58a 1984 76
31
88
30 89 the 99
90
26 71 69 62a
33a 42 43a
(76+663)
164
had
130 314 161 400 126 423 377 636 328 414 133a+b 193 168 244 372 199 463 147 216 1 485
103a 106a 167a 107a 182a 174a 212 558a
228a mv.
(400+526)
(414±20
straight
(193±736)
A10’/2
of
distribution
In
that
a
sake
table
by
the
in
which
out
Survey
artefacts
the
label.
1.
no. on
2 3 5
4 7 8 6
9
14 17
10 11 12 13 For 15 16
18 19 20
33 27 31
34 36 22 23 39 21 24 25 26 30 28 40 29
32 37 35 38
41 42 45 46 50 43 44 49 47 51 48
Table 70 represented
Joint xl
X
X X
X X X
X X X X
broken artefacts artefacts logical that pointed The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 71 few centimeters apart are not indicated in figure 6 (nos. 42-51 in table 1).
3. THE GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
The site is situated on the northern, high bank of the Boven-Boorne, on a cover sand ridge at an ele vation of c. 5 m +NAP. During the excavation of 1984, a profile (E-F; fïg. 7a) was studied by M.W. ter Wee (State Geological Service, Oosterwolde) and D. Stapert. The coversand proved to be of the Younger Coversand T type, which was deposited during the Early Dryas stadial. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that there is a thin layer of Younger Coversand II from the Late Dryas. In the Al and A2 horizons of the podsol profile that developed towards the top of the coversand deposit, however, it is no longer possible
peat > 1m boulderclay al surface to distinguish between Younger Coversand Tand [fl[[ll1
Younger Coversand II. The finely layered structure 0fl brook coversand on boulderclay . of the Younger Coversand 1 proved to be easily recognizable from the B horizon of the podsol coversand > 2m p1090 profile (the level at which and below which the Late peat < 1m on boulderclay Palaeolithic artefacts were found) down to a con 1km coversand 0fl brook siderable depth. At some points there were very thin deposits layers of coarser sand/very fine gravel. At c. 3 m on information from below the top of the B horizon, at c. 1.5 m +NAP, Fig. 3. The local geological context, based the State Geological Service in Oosterwolde. there was a transition from wind blown coversand to sandy brook deposits. Nearly 2 m deeper, Ter Wee, using a so-called Van der Staay drill, struck a gyttja-like layer. A sample of this was taken for 4. THE BOWL-SHAPED PITS AND THE DA Tree pollen accounted for and pollen analysis. 35%, TING OF THE SITE a rich variety of herb pollens was also present. On evidence of the pollen distribution, Van Zeist the 4.1. Description of the bowl-shaped pits excludes the possibility of a Weichselpleniglacial dating a formation date during an Early Weichsel Two bowi-shaped pits were discovered in the area 5 however, is a possibility. Since the excavated, pit T at the edge of the flint concen interstadial, ; c. 5 tration, pit II some metres to the east of it. sample came from sediment that was m below the level of the Late Palaeolithic artefacts, a Late The filling of pit Tcontained a large number of Glacial dating is unlikely. artefacts, especially along the north wall. In the In Ter Wee’s opinion, the stratigraphy and the profile (fig. 7b) it can clearly be seen that the pollen-analytical dating are compatible. According artefacts had slid down the wall. The distribution to him, the subsoil of the site actually contains the map (fig. 6) shows that there were fewer artefacts in bed of a small stream, which is likely to date from square G4 than could be expected. From this and the second last Ice Age, and which must have been from the position of the flint against the slope of the filled up with Early Weichsel deposits. The bed of pit, it can be concluded that the pit is more recent this stream is not shown in the geological context than the habitation. The dense concentration of map of figure 3. The latter was based on the results artefacts along the north wall of pit 1was situated in of drilling at intervals of c. 300 m. The bed of the a greyish-white layer which also contained some stream was too narrow to be detected in such a small pieces of charcoal (unfortunately too few for wide-meshed network of observations. a ‘4C dating!). Next to this layer, the soil was 72 E.KRAMER, P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA
Fig. 4. Plan of the excavation trenches of 1962 and 1984, with bowl-shaped pits Tand IT,and profiles A-B, C-D and E-F.
somewhat harder and slightly yellower in colour. filling. It therefore must have been formed after the This combination was similar to a soil profile of pit had been filled up (cf. Zoller, 1981). The Late Usselo Layer 6type. Deeper excavation revealed Dryas stadial is actually the only plausible date for that the pit was filled with lumps of coversand the formation of the frost crack. which were no longer in situ, and whose layering was sometimes at right angles to that of the 4.2. The dating of the bowl-shaped pits undisturbed coversand outside the pit. Moreover, between the artefacts and the wall of the pit proper, Casparie and Ter Wee (1981) and Houtsma et al. there was a ‘shell’ with a thickness ofjust over 10cm (1981) described bowl-shaped pits discovered at a which contained no finds. site of the Late Palaeolithic Tjonger tradition near The layers of pit II were more clearly legible than Een-Schipsloot. According to these authors, the those of pit 1. The picture, however, was the same. pits at Een-Schipsloot should be regarded as micro Here, too, displaced lumps of coversand were pingos of some sort. They assumed that their present. Of more importance was the presence of a formation is connected with the occurrence of frost crack which started in the coversand under permafrost. Exactly how this happened, however, is neath the pit and which could be traced in the not dear. Palynological examination, C14 datings of The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 73
Fig. 5. Siegerswoude II, the excavation trenches of 1962.The profile baulks across the site are stil intact. The small white discs in one of the profiles indicate the positions of artefacts. Photo G. Elzinga.
peat from one of the pits and the subsequent fihling 4.3. The dating of the site in the pits with Younger Coversand II indicate of The bowi-shaped pits were probably formed around that the pits in Een-Schipsloot were formed at the 11,000 B.P. This dating is a terminus ante quem for the Late Dryas. beginning of the settiement, since the pits must have been formed It is doubtful, however, whether the pits of when the artefacts were already in position. A Siegerswoude II can be compared with those of terminus Post quem can also be given. The depo Een-Schipsloot. There are indications that such is sition of Younger Coversand 1 occurred mainly fihling of the Siegerswoude pits is not the case. The during the Early Dryas stadial. The artefacts were tilted lumps of Younger Cover composed partly of found in the top of this deposit. The hunters of the 1.This is they are much more reminiscent sand why Cresweli tradition of Siegerswoude II must have of the so-called ‘horseshoe-shaped features’, i.e. the camped here during the Allerød period, 1.e. between pils which are formed when trees are blown down 11,800 and 11,000 B.P. in C14 years. (Kooi, 1974). Such a process would also explain the presence of a section of soil profïle which resembles the Usselo Layer. 1fthese explanations are correct, 5. THE FLINT ARTEFACTS the most probable date at which the pits were formed is the transition from the Allerød to the 5.1. Unworked artefacts7 Late Dryas, i.e. the period around 11,000 B.P. in years. The approximate composition of the material is is
B B
1.4 the
7.1 3.3 %
2.8 2.4
the left the and
that
82.9 butt
99.9
find
find right
from 51,
from from
flake.
1962, AC2
(tip
hinge Distal
on
convex L
for backing
follows
fact
in
1).
the from
length,
medial
Made
Made
their
(1956) bottom type. point clearly
point shouldered
‘Châtelper shows
the retouch
7 6 3 5 = 1
used
15 previous at present.
to
table
175
type. 211 straight
L of
as
along found
by AB in
gives
and with Continuous 5
Amount
butt
Distal
present. type)
Campbell’s
ones
5. left,
HAl
mm.
produced
retouch no.
retouched
T blade-end artefacts. blade
describe
proximally. aware
or Bohmers
in from
type.
the percussion
point?) of Continuous of
No
points
17,
AC1
tools
blade.
1-12,
to joint of
to
3.
are B Continuous
map
31). all therefore Campbell’s
were AB2
otherwise.
Tip
brackets are AB2 of
T 5.
fragments
(ef. the percussion
the
present
modified
T
BuIb We
backing
15, present. Use-retouch, of and in
(nos.
blocks
Creswellian and of
side
blade.
334)
point. the 23,
narrowing B
all points
(atypical
stated
21 +
B
edge.
of
possible
remaining,
BuIb the
57,
artefacts
blade.
Campbell’s Campbeil’s type according
classified
right
numbers thickness, straight 59,
Campbell’s blades (1954). left
20, 56 of
blades, L
(314
points of
percussion L
L distribution
blade
=
the percussion
be
localised the number the shows unless
point. 10:
of
between
of side T AC2 blade.
to
on blade.
aiways these (177). 13-70, (68).
the fragments All
flakes,
double-ribbed
blunted
description
Subdivision
the
points’, tip
side,
due
also Buib right (fig. Buib in along 9:3 Points 9:1(12). 9:2 awls
illustrated
truncation Distal
and
3. Continuous
J.SCHILSTRA
not
should
the
nos.
from
the
4.
& butt No
Fig. Fig.
Fig.
Not to brief
is Châtelperronian
Creswellian
Retouched T breadth,
1.
1.
2. 1.
Table Points Type Obliquely Borers, Burins
Scrapers Retouched
Total and ronian Schwabedissen it difference points 5.2.2.
A below; numbers; points which numbers. ventral A. = backing missing). near 12, Made along section. single-ribbed B. C. type, side. fracture. Campbell’s double-ribbed base
is
is if in
of
of
in
the
can all, the 3.
on
The and
very
P.HOUTSMA Boh
The
were
of
of
given
reason
backs
regard
present length,
number
‘partial
1984. numbered) numbered) burin, numbered) after table
retouch’ been produced
modified to
vicinity in source cores at
number
The in
which is, not made not not
Glacial.
(1954), and classified
is
(1977).
and
points
and numbered) Number large Its whose
production
the
It explanation
have
mm retouching
few
few few few
nomenclature
blades are
was
for
1962
the
large
the
E.KRAMER, (not (a
(a (a the 50 given
type
Saaie
the the inclined i.e.
of
composition flakes. 3
used. of
is 53 81 14 67
30 must
or use
perfect,
161
155 211 points 336
they criteria
used
1111
scraper
the immediate
with ‘Continuous
are II
very than
(1977).
tools.
AC2
and
of
were a stili
tools,
that we Two
the
repair core not. excavations
survey whether
cm)
were
Perhaps
quantity undertaken.
limited
typological
1
Schwabedissen
nodules
more
noteworthy:
borer,
or
in
the flint on the
and the
with
the
blades them
the remarkabie
type.
is
the noted as was they
of than
only compared The
of
to Campbell Campbeli’s
of
from composite from
of
be
only
2. although
pieces
Campbell’s
known.
based
are from
Siegerswoude AC1 found
of
tool fragments
boulderclay that measure
such
rather
and is
What to
fragments
with
(smaller
cores fragments
of spot
not his be some
some
continuous
table
pieces varieties
tools
blade
Artefacts
from should
The is
derived
parts to
is of
contrasting
angle
reference
blade
this
in
here. Survey it
2.
blade assemblage types,
flakes
mystery, (1956)
it.
evident
as
preparation
numbers
subdivision
at The no
a
this
points, Many back
renewal
specialized
With
74
Table Type
Tools Flakes Small Proximal Blades Medial Distal
Flake/blade
Core Blocks
Total
given largely mers
probably exposures quality good,judging from total blocks worked/unworked for that a quite usual their of
found stili them 5.2. 5.2.1.
The artefacts below, accordance classification the corresponds have
retouch’ The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 75
Fig. 8a. Profile E-F from SW. The three nails bottom right indicate the position of the artefacts. Photo D.M. Visser.
Fig. 8b. Profile A-B through bowi-shaped pit 1. Photo P. Houtsma. 76 E.KRAMER. P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA
• .••...... r- • . Fig. 8c. Profile C-D (partly) through 1 Note the vertical • t bowl-shaped pit II. - position of the displaced lumps of — -& coversand. Photo P. Houtsma.
point. Use-retouch bottom right near butt. Part ot the dorsal side Not illustrated AC2-types from Siegerswoude of blade shows cortex (shown by dots on the drawing). Made from a double-ribbed blade. 5. (7 + 25). (cf.joint no. 34 in table 1). L 35 remainifig, B 13,T 2. Fig. 9:4 (85). L 41, B 16,T 4. Continuous retouch from base 3. Continuous retouch along left edge. Proximal point. Buib of to tip on right edge. BuIb of percussion near butt still present. percussion removed during retouching. Made from single Distal point. Made from single-ribbed blade. ribbed blade. 3. Fig. 9:5 (78). L 44 remaining, B 18, T 5. Point broken off. 6. (29). L 26, B 12,T 4. Continuous retouch from base to tip on Continuous retouch on the right edge. Buib of percussion left edge. Bulb of percussion near butt. Made from double present. At point of fracture top left backing from dorsal edge as ribbed blade. well. Left edge of blade shows traces of use-retouch on ventral 7. (48). L 35 remaining, B 13, T 5. Continuous retouch on left edge. Made from double-ribbed blade. edge. Butt with accompanying buib of percussion not present. 4. Fig. 9:6 (143). L 40, B 14, T 3. Continuous retouch from Part of dorsal edge shows cortex. Small part of the point broken base to tip on right edge. BuIb of percussion struck off at base by off. Made from blade with pIano surface, i.e. not ribbed. short flake. Point on distal end. Made from double-ribbed blade. 8. (52). L 35, B 10T 3. Continuous retouch from base to tip on left edge. Buib of percussion present near butt. Made from double-ribbed blade. -S Ln + (0
-S L) .4-
t)
— c’)
-S = — t)
L.)
— o c , t)
‘t -
— (..J ‘Q
— c’I — c’J
— r- t) °‘ — -S — C) — 4 (0 — tE-’
— t)
çJ
t,
c,J -S (., -
- + P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA 78 E.KRAMER,
21 ( 98 19 ( 207 20 ( 127 16(71/211) 17(6) 18 ( 79
ii
26 ( 75 ) 27 ( 204 24 (18 25 ( 125 ) 22 ( 124 23 ( 40
4
+
32 (168 1170 33 (149 30 ( 93 31 t 87 1 28 t 159) 29 t 107 1 indicate the points (Campbell’s AC1 type). The numbers in brackets Fig. 10. Siegerswoude II. Flint artefacts: 16-33: Creswellian inventory numbers. The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 79
9. (100). L 31 remaining, B 12, T 3. Buib of percussion present present. Tiny part of tip of point broken off. Made from double (butt broken off). Continuous retouch on left edge. Made from ribbed blade. single-ribbed blade. 27. Fig. 10:21 (98). L43,B 1l,T3. Partialretouchonleftedge 10.(145). L 32, B 10,T 2. Continuous retouch from base to tip near point and butt. Distal point. Buib of percussion present. on left edge. BuIb of percussion present at base. From the point, Use-retouch bottom right near butt. Made from double-ribbed two small flake-negatives can be seen which may have been blade. formed after being used as a projectile. Confusion with RA 28. Fig. 10:22(124). L 40 remaining, B L4,T3. Partial retouch burin practically impossible due to backing along entire back, on left edge near point and butt. Distal point. Butt with bulb of plus characteristic angle. Made from single-ribbed blade. percussion broken off. Use-retouch on right edge. Made from 11. (181). L 35 remaining, B 13, T 4. Continuous retouch ori single-ribbed blade. left edge, starting just above end of butt. Distal point broken off, 29. Fig. 10:23 (40). L 42 remaining, B 13T 5. Partial retouch as is that part of butt which contained bulb of percussion. Made on left edge near point and butt. Distal point. Butt with buib of from single-ribbed blade. percussion broken off. Made from double-ribbed blade. 12. (504) L 36, 8 12,T 2. Continuous retouch along left edge. 30. Fig. 10:24 (18). L 44 remaining, B 15, T 3. Partial retouch Bulb of percussion present at base. Distal point. Made from on left edge of point near point and butt. Distal point. Butt with double-ribbed blade. bulb of percussion broken off. Made from double-ribbed blade. 31. Fig. 10:25 (125). L 45 remaining, B 11,13. Partial retouch on right Campbell’s AC1 edge of point near point and butt. Distal point. Butt type with bulb of percussion broken off. Made from double-ribbed blade. 13. Fig. 9:7(178). L 62, B 14,T 4. Partial retouch on right edge. 32. Fig. 10:26 (75). L 38 remaining, B 10, T 2. Partial retouch BuIb of percussion present. Distal point. Part of dorsal edge on left edge of point near point and butt. Distal point. Butt with shows cortex. Use-retouch top and bottom left. Made from buib of percussion broken off. Use-retouch on right edge. Made double-ribbed blade. from single-ribbed blade. 14. Fig. 9:8 (126). L 58, B 13T 5. Partial retouch on the right 33. Fig. 10:27(204). L 37 remaining, B 14,13. Partial retouch edge. Buib of percussion present. Distal point. Made from on left edge of point near point and butt. Distal point. Butt with double-ribbed blade. Cf. joint no. 20 in table 1. bulb of percussion broken off. Made from double-ribbed blade. 15. Fig. 9:9(147 + 158). (cf.joint no.35 in table 1). L 61, B 15, 34. Fig. 10:(28) (159). L 36 remaining, B 12, T 2. Partial T 5. Partial retouch on left edge. Bulb of percussion present. retouch on right edge of point near point and butt. Distal point. Distal point. Made from single-ribbed blade. Butt with bulb of percussion broken off. Use-retouch on left 16. Fig. 9:10(34). L 53,8 14,T 3. Partial retouch on left edge. edge along entire length. Made from double-ribbed blade. Bulb ofpercussion present. Distal point. Use-retouch on medial 35. Fig. 10:29(lO7a+b). (cf.joint no. 49 in table 1). L 62, B 9, T right edge. Made from double-ribbed blade. 3. Partial retouch on left edge near point and butt. Distal point. 17. Fig. 9:11 (198). L 49, B 11, T 4. Partial retouch on right BuIb of percussion present. Use-retouch along nght edge. Made edge of point, along butt and point. Distal point. Buib of from single-ribbed blade. percussion present. Made from single-ribbed blade. 36. Fig. 10:30 (93). L 60, B 14, T 4. Partial retouch along left 18.Fig. 9:12 (182a+b). (cf.joint no. 50 in table 1). L 52, B 14,1 edge of point near point and butt. Bulb of percussion missing. 3. Partial retouch on left edge near butt and point. Tip of point Retouch on right edge of point along butt. Made from single broken off at distal end. Buib of percussion present. Slightly ribbed blade. burnt. Made from double-ribbed blade. 37. Fig. 10:31 (87). L 60, B 12,15. Partial retouch along left 19. Fig. 9:13 (77). L 50, B 14, T 3. Partial retouch of point on edge near point and butt. Base of butt with bulb of percussion right edge near butt and point. Bulb of percussion present. Distal missing. Distal point. Light use-retouch on right edge. Made point. Use-retouch bottom left near butt. Made from double from single-ribbed blade. ribbed blade. 38. Fig. 10:32(168+170). (Cf.joint no. 31 in table 1). L 41, B 20. Fig. 9:14(33). L 50, B 15,T 5. Partial retouch on right edge 11, T 3. Partial retouch on left edge near point and butt. Bulb of of point near point and butt. Distal point. Part of butt with buib percussion present. Distal point. Light use-retouch on right of percussion broken off. Use-retouch and notch on medial left edge. Made from double-ribbed blade. edge. Made from single-ribbed blade. 39. Fig. 10:33 (149). L 37, B 11, T 3. Partial retouch on right 21. Fig. 9:15(26+ 144).(cf.jointno 33intable 1). L47,B 14,T edge near point and butt. Bulb of percussion present. Distal 4. Partial retouch on left edge of point nearpoint and butt. Distal point. Made from single-ribbed blade. point. Bulb of percussion present. Tip of point broken off. Both 40. Fig. 11:34(142). L 37, B 14,T 4. Partial retouch on left edge fragments crâquelé. Made from single-ribbed blade. near point and butt. BuIb of percussion present. Distal point. 22. Fig. 10:16(71 +211). (cf.jointno. 36in table 1). L45,B 15, Small part of cortex bottom right near butt. Made from double T 3. Partial retouch on right edge of point near point and butt. ribbed blade. Distal point. Buib of percussion present. Retouch also near butt 41. Fig. 11:35 (199+221). (cf. joint no. 32 in table 1). L 38 left. Made from single-ribbed blade. remaining, B 12,12. Partial retouch on left edge of point near 23. Fig. 10:17(6). L 53, B 14, T 4. Partial retouch on left edge point and butt. Distal point. Butt with bulb of percussion broken near point and butt. Distal point. Buib of percussion present. off. Made from double-ribbed blade. Extensive use-retouch on right edge along entire length. Made 42. Fig. 11:36(134). (cf joint no. 27 in table 1). L 39, B 8, T 2. from single-ribbed blade. Partial retouch of point on right edge near point and butt. Distal 24. Fig. 10:18 (79). L 36 remaining, B 13, T 3. Partial retouch point. BuIb of percussion present. Made from double-ribbed on right edge near point and butt. BuIb of percussion present. blade. Tip of point broken off near distal end. Use-retouch on left edge 43. Fig. 11:37 (32). L 39, 8 10, T 3. Partial retouch of point along entire length. Made from double-ribbed blade. along left edge near point and butt. Distal point. Bulb of 25. Fig. 10:19 (207). L 46, B 12, T 3. Partial retouch on right percussion absent due to retouching. Made from double-ribbed edge near point and butt. Distal point. Buib of percussion blade. present. Use-retouch bottom left near butt. Made from single 44. Fig. 11:38 (137). L 41, B 13, T 3. Partial retouch on right ribbed blade. edge of point near point and butt. Distal point. Buib of 26. Fig. 10:20 (127). L 40, B 14, T 3. Partial retouch on right percussion present. On right edge, small part of cortex present edge near point and butt. Distal point. Bulb of percussion on unretouched parts. Made from double-ribbed blade.
)
223
(53) (
(113)
(247
indicate
59
45
39
52
(Campbejj’s
brackets
blades
in
(41)
blunted
(226)
numbers
51
(210)
58
(137)
The
44
38
obliquely
blade.
1
the
40-45:
(56)
of
50
62)
end
type);
(165)
(
57
32)
43
ACI
distal
{
at
J.SCHILSTRA
37
&
(14)
(Campbell’s
truncation
246)
49
(
points (61)
56
oblique
42
P.HOUTSMA
(134)
with
36
(505)
Creswelijan
248)
48
(
fragments
339:
55
E.KRAMER,
blade
(97)
artefacts:
41
47-59:
(13)
(199/221)
Flint
(238)
35
47
t
point;
II.
54
atypical nuinbers.
244)
46:
Siegerswoude
(99)
•
type;
(142)
11.
(225)
inventory
(507/ 40
34
53
Fig. the
AAl
46 80 The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 81
45. Fig. 11:39(113). L 4, B 10,T 2. Partial retouch on left side percussion present. In this joint, too, a burfit-ufiburfit part, viz. of point near point and butt. Left edge dorsal side shows cortex. the point crâquelé and the butt unburnt. Cf. also no. 57 Distal point. Buib of percussion present. Light use-retouch 00 (167a+b). Made from single-ribbed blade. right edge of point. Made from double-ribbed blade. 65. (229). L 56 remaining, B 14, T 4. Partial retouch 0fl right edge of point. Tip of point broken off at distal end. Bulb of percussion present. Light use-retouch on left edge. Made from Not illustrated AC1 types from Siegerswoude single-ribbed blade. 66. (236). L 52 remaifliflg, B 13,T 4. Partial retouch along butt 46. (19). (cf. joint no. 14 in table 1). L 35, B 11, T 4. Partial on left edge of point. Point broken off at distal end. BuIb of retouch on left edge of point. Distal point. Buib of percussion percussion present. Made from double-ribbed blade. Most present. Made from single-ribbed blade. probably Campbell’s AC1 type. 47. (22). L 43, B 12,T 4. Partial retouch on right edge of point. 67. (254). L 34 remaining, B 13, T 3. Partial retouch on right Distal point. BuIb of percussion present. Made from single edge of point. Tip of point broken off at distal end. Bulb of ribbed blade. percussion present. Use-retouch bottom left along butt. Made 48. (24). L 47, B 13, T 3. Partial retouch 0fl left edge of point. from single-ribbed blade. bottom left due to narrowifig of original No backing near butt 68. (302). L 33 remaining, B 15, T 2. Partial retouch on left blade. Distal point. Buib of percussion present. Light use edge near butt. Point broken off at distal end. Buib of percussion retouch top left near tip of point. Made from double-ribbed present. Extensive use-retouch along medial part of right edge of blade. point. Made from double-ribbed blade. Butt fragment probably 49. (44) L 36 remaifling, B 12,T 4. Partial retouch on left edge Campbell’s ACI type. Butt with bulb of percussiofi missing. of point. Distal point. 69. (305). L 31 remaifling, B 11, T 4. Partial retouch right edge Made from single-ribbed blade. of point. Distal point. End of butt with buib of percussion 50. (74). L 35, B 9, T 3. Partial retouch on left edge of poifit. broken off. Made from single-ribbed blade. Distal point. Bulb of percussion presefit. Made from single 70. Al0/-11. (cf. joint no. 47 in table 1). L 42, B 12, T 2. ribbed blade. Partial retouch 0fl left edge of point near poifit and butt. Distal 44 1). L 2 51. (103a+b). (cf. joint no. in table 53, B 17, T 4. point. Bulb of percussion present. Point was recovered on three Partial retouch on right edge near butt. Buib of percussion / separate fragments, the maximum distance (three-dimensionally present. Oblique truncation top right at distal end. Made from between any two of the fragments being c. 10 cm. Fractured single-ribbed blade. presumably during the period of habitation or after that due to 52. (104). L 36 remaining, B 15, T 3. Oblique truncation right soil movements or frost splitting. Made from single-ribbed near distal end. Tip broken off. Proximal end broken off. Made blade. The only complete Creswellian point from the later blade. from single-ribbed excavation of June, 1984 (from section J5, cf. distribution map, 34, B 10, 3. 53. (105). L T Partial retouch on left edge ofpoint. fig. 6). Distal point. Buib of percussiofi present. Light use-retouch 0fl right edge. Made from single-ribbed blade. 54. (119). L 34, B 12,T 2. Partial retouch on left edge of point. To sum up, the following features can be compared Distal point. Buib of percussion present. Small plane of fracture obliquely retouched later (after tip of blade broken off). Made in the seventy above-mentioned Creswellian points, from double-ribbed blade. some of which are stili complete. When retouching 55. (133a+b). (cf.joint nos. 42 and 27 in table 1). L 39, B 12,T was carried out, there was a slight preference for the 2. Partial retouch 0fl right edge of point. Distal point. Bulb of percussion presefit. Made from double-ribbed blade. left edge of the blade (41 times); 29 blades had been 56. (153). L 33 remaiflifig, B 13, T 4. Partial retouch 0fl right retouched on the right edge. The numbers of points edge of point. Buib of percussiofi present. Tip of point missing. with single ribbing or double ribbing do not differ Made from single-ribbed blade. 57. (167a+b). (cf. joint fl0. 45 in table 1). L 46 remaifling, B 14, very much: 33 double-ribbed as against 36 single T 3. Partial retouch on left edge of poifit. Proximal poifit. Tip ribbed. There was apparently a preference for with bulb of percussion broken off. Proximal part of joint partial retouch as this is the case with 58 specimens, crâquelé. Made from double-ribbed blade. Cf. also no. 64 (228a+b). so that Campbell’s AC1 type proves to be re 58. (175). L 36, B 12, T 3. Partial retouch 0fl left edge ofpoifit. presented 6 times as often as the AC2 type, of which Distal point. Buib of percussion present. No retouching near only 12 specimens occur. Only 4 specimens had butt bottom left due to irregular shape of blade. Made from double-ribbed blade. been exposed to burning. The average length of 46 59. (176). L 40 remainiflg, B 10, T 2. Partial retouch ori left still undamaged Creswellian points (5.2.2.) edge of point. Distal poifit (tip broken off). Buib of percussion was 44.1 mm. Figure 12 shows a comparison of the present. Made from double-ribbed blade. 60. (183). L 35, B 12,T 2. Partial retouch 0fl left edge of point. lengths of these complete points with those of Distal point. Buib of percussion present. Made from double undamaged, un-retouched blades. ribbed blade. It appears from the graph that the length of the 61. (190). L 33, B 11,T 2. Partial retouch 0fl left edge ofpoint. Distal point (tip broken off). Bulb of percussion present. Made un-retouched blades is shorter than that of blades from single-ribbed blade. which were retouched as points. According to Arts 62. (206). L 38, B 14, T 3. Partial retouch along butt on right. and Deeben (1981), who made the same obser Distal point not retouched. Bulb of percussiofi present. Made vation for the Late Palaeolithic material from from double-rjbbed blade. Ufifinished AC 1 type? 63. (206a). L 34 remainifig, B 10, T 2. Partial retouch on right Vessem, this difference may have been even greater edge of point. Tip of point broken off at distal efid, as is base of if we remember that a certain decrease in length butt with buib of percussion. Made from single-ribbed blade. 64. (228a+b). (ef. joint no. 46 in table 1). L 46, B 12, T 3. may have occurred previously due to the commonly Partial retouch on left edge of poifit. Distal point. Buib of occurring oblique truncation. Another explanation
of
of
at
at
of
8,
1
of
of
left
43
on
on
end.
B
off,
the
right
from
from
blade
edge,
L
near
blade.
end
end
single
end
right
FD Made
right
AAl blade. on
blade.
broken
point
edge,
present.
36,
on
buib
Oblique
Bulb Oblique
Oblique
of
00
missing.
L
left
removed.
obliquely distal
top
from
blade.
percussion
2.
4. Made from
Made
4.
distal
distal
illustration. dorsal
distal
single-ribbed
right
single-ribbed
1).
11:46).
retouching.
broken
trufication
at
truncation
Distal
blade.
type).
of
blade.
with
T
double-ribbed
T
T
at
at
butt
truncation
type?).
in
edges
double-ribbed at
truncation
on
blades’.
to
of
Blade
lig. 8,
of
Tip
truncation
Made
retouch
10,
11,
9:8.
thereby
table
from
from
bottom
butt. 4. truncation
retouch
AC3
along
percussion
part
BuIb
in
(Campbell’s
B
Backing
from
single-ribbed
AC3
both
due
left,
present.
ofpercussion
present.
right double-ribbed double-ribbed
B
jal in
T
B
from
illustration.
of
Oblique Oblique
(Campbell’s
lig.
base
oblique
part.
edges
9,
on
39
near
Oblique
truncation
1; 3. 3.
top
in
top
retouching.
B
Part
bulb
from Made
Made
double-ribbed
1.
blade
truncation
from
truncation
blade.
Oblique
partial
from
truncation
notch. Made
T
3. T
correction
Buib
Oblique
no.
and
also
3.
retouch left
absent
removed.
Made
3.
a
of
double-ribbed
both
left
T
line
proximal
4.
T
percussion
end,
illustrated
ii,
15,
table
with
blades T
truncation
and
of
off.
from
remaining,
Made
T
table
and
(Campbell’s
percussion percussion
Made
of
on ‘core
by
B B proximal
11,
remaining, in
joint
remaining, end
10,
(Campbell’s Oblique
Made
13,
top
in
and
from
end
of
present.
16, Oblique
ecige.
of present.
end, Oblique
33
of
Partial
of
B
B
Oblique
bottom off.
present.
6.
B
20
truncation
7
distal
part
35 Use-retouch
38
(cf.
remaining,
19
B
form
blade.
5.
7.
buib
L
Made
2.
blade
along 3.
T
at
L
percussion L
end,
broken
32,
blade
T
percussion 46 T
no.
single-ribbed
and Oblique
no.
percussion
edge
T
BuIb
T 50,
Buib
formed
Made
right
the
no.
L
distal
L serrated.
11,
Near
of group
end,
L
of
present.
8,
end.
19, 14,
truncated
3.
6,
11:43. proximal
of
broken
is
Tip
in
B
Proximal
one
specimens:
remaining,
11:44. remainifig,
at
on
butt
present.
blade. off.
B
B
B
use-retouch
B
joint
at
joint
the
T
from
11:42.
11:41.
proximal
halfway
‘bec’,
percussion percussion
remaining,
(joint
remaining,
blade.
13:4.
end
blade.
percussion 35
30
11:45.
Buib
34,
Fig.
11:40.
Bulb
cf.
to
blade.
39, 53,
left
64,
distal
and
Buib Cf
35, to
of
left
proximal
11,
L L
Fig.
35
of
blade
of
L
35 the blade.
blade.
of
of
truncation
along
of
blade.
L
L
L
Fig.
Fig.
L
Light
L proximal
double-ribbed Fig.
Fig.
L
Made on
at
on
Fig.
B
of off).
of
broken
double-ribbed 126,
single-ribbed of
end.
of
sort
near
Distal
at
percussion
truncation
end.
23.
end 42.
267. 470.
end 82.
232.
point
210.
61.
81.
97.
type)
Obliquely 53.
62a+b.
a
Buib
Buib
blade.
99.
Buib
percussion
83.
166.
244+507
belongs
252.
end
retouch
end
of
use-retouch from
part
illustrated
side. is
from
single-ribbed
of
from
edge
Oblique
SWII
This
edges
J.SCHILSTRA
distal
near
broken SWII
SWII
SWII SWII
distal
SWII
distal
SWII
SWII
SWII
SWII
SWII
SWII
2.
SWII
SWII
&
SWII
SWII
SWH
SWII
blade.
blade.
blade.
blade.
ribbed
off. Use-retouch
distal
distal
which blade.
Buib
blade.
there Not
double-ribbed
at at
Fits single-ribbed
truncation
removed.
Made
BuIb
percussion
truncation T
from
truncation
blade. percussion.
Light
truncated
5.2.3.
right
medial
remaining,
proximal
Made
near
both
Made
(tip
type). edge
dorsal
medial
is
a
of
13
of
of
of
In
so
still
mm
line,
frag
16
core
AC1
same
burnt
of
blade
differs
90 which
partial
shape).
P.HOUTSMA
212+72
basis
else.
double
with
12
lengths
and
the
in
complete
the
blade
fragments,
80
all
the
probably
21
of
the
usable
shape
the
specimens,
fragments,
SWII
(continuous
on
blade
retouch
point
certainly
70
N=105)
fragments,
mentioned:
on
stili
edge
inciude
called
Creswellian 20,
is
medial
between
be
point
blades
probably
line,
E.KRAMER,
somewhere
whose the
—
the
be
60
22
butt
11:47-59,
(Le.
single-ribbed/double
26
of
specimens,
of
of They
plano-convex
of
complete
46
SWII
from
partial
4
of
of
50
subdivided
of
continuous
taken
(broken
should
single-ribbed,
better
points
part
found
figure
made
be
total
250,
retouching
being
been
ratio
Comparison
total
a
40
single-ribbed/double-ribbed
of
truncation.
follows:
in
total
a
show
blades
were
can
the
II.
also
were
a
could
above
fragments
as
The
points
have
practically
22 SWII
30 proportion
truncation.
ratio
of
surface
22
and
a
they
the
fragments
fragments.
were
oblique
the
the
number
blades
163.
of
20
burnt.
24
type:
a
16/6
the
to
that
illustrated
dorsal
In
type); and
fragment
un-retouched
Creswellian
oblique
point with
is
fragments
and
Siegerswoude
burnt; of
10
that
be
number
them
previously SWII
of
of
AC1
retouched;
12
12. them
--
of
Point-medialfragments:
Pointfragmenrs:
AC2
Medialfragments:
Buttfragments:
0
Finally,
from
16/9(1
and
the
ments
Some
18
called
of pieces,
on
ribbed
artefact.
may
ribbed.
was
them
type
or
type
large
addition
10
pieces
N46). could
Fig. complete
complete
20
30
fz 40 82 The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 83
1 ( 21) 2(28) 3(502) 6(81)
0
/ 1
/
// /
5 (161) 6(91) 7 (117) 8 (195 a.êb)
Fig. 13.Siegerswoude II. Flint artefacts: 1:double end-scraper; 2-3: end-scrapers from blade; 4: obliquely truncated blade; 5: blade; 6-7: Zinken-like tools; 8: retouched blade. The numbers in brackets indicate the inventory numbers.
SWII 307. L 50 remaining, B 12, T 7. Oblique truncation at called a double end-scraper: the angle of retouching proximal end of blade. Buib of percussion removed. Made from at the end of the scraper, on the proximal edge of double-ribbed blade. the blade, is rather acute. In all three of the SWII 164+ 556. L 53 remaining, B 11,T 5. Oblique truncation at distal end. Made from single-ribbed blade. Cf. joint no. 6 in specimens both edges were also retouched. The table 1. end-scraper in figure 13:3 shows a number of notches on both edges. The scraper angles mea 5.2.4. Scrapers sured were as follows: SW 21 (fig. 13:1) 45° and There are three convex end-scrapers, each made 65°, SW 28 (fig. 13:2) 55°, and SW 502 (fig. 13:3) from a blade. The scraper in figure 13:1 can even be 55°. 84 E.KRAMER, P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA
5.2.5. Borers or awls and Zinken-like bols Four retouched artefacts, made from short, broad blades or flakes, were classified as borers or awis. All four were retouched from the ventral side on both sides of the apex. The apex of one of them is situated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the blade. The other three artefacts are Zinken-like tools.
SWII 141. L 26, B 8, T 2. This specimen is quite comparable with Campbell’s EB1 type. SWII 227. L 27, B 11, T 3. Also resembles Campbell’s EB1 type. SWII 35. L 28, B 18, T 3. This specimen has two pointed projections at the distal end of a flake. One of the points is situated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the flake, the second is almost perpendicular to it. Both tips are formed by retouched notches which meet at the ends. SWII 503. L 22 remaining, B 6, T 2. Retouching at distal end of blade. The prong thus formed has a triangular cross-section. Proximal end broken off. Made from single-ribbed blade. Campbell’s EA1 type. SWII 110. L 27, B 10,T 3. The apex was formed by continuous retouch on both edges. Since the retouching extends on both edges along the entire length of the blade, this might be called a Kremser point, after Schwabedissen (1954: Abb. 5, p. 17). SWII 117 (fig. 13:7). L 58 remaining, B 12, T 8. Distal end retouched along one edge producing, as it were, a Zinken-like ‘bec’ which tapers off to a point. SW 91 (fig. 13:6). L73, B l1,T7. This specimen, made from a core preparation blade, shows a Zinken-like ‘bec’ on both proximal and distal ends.
Fig. 14. Multiple burin SW 189, cf also fig. 15:1. Photo M. de Bie. 5.2.6. Burins
SWII 189(fig. 15:1). The largest specimen is a multiple RA burin or truncation burin. Both ends of a large, bilaterally SWII 121 (fig. 15:5). On first sight closely resembling a bow retouched blade were truncated by retouching; a burin edge was burin (burin busqué), a type already known from made with flakes on either side of the retouching at both the the much older Aurignacian (Wouters, 1981). In the production of characte distal and proximal ends (cf. fig. 14).The negatives of a total of 7 ristic specimens the first thing that was done, after burin spalls can still be observed (four primary and three preparation of the plane of percussion, was striking spall. secondary); three burin edges were secondarily renewed. The offa burin Then a so-called encoche was applied to the opposite side and present widths of the burin edges are 4.5,3,5 and 4 mm, and the small lamellae (small burin spalls) were struck off the first burin spall burin angles vary from 80°, 85°, 95° to 110°. Comparable negative in the direction of the encoche. The encoche here, specimens are rare in the literature; one of them, from le Cirque though, cannot be clearly seen, for do the small burin spalls de la Patrie at Nemours near Paris, is illustrated in A. Leroi extend very far. The burin was made from a core renewal piece, Gourhan ei al. (1976). According to the authors, this type is the width of the burin edge is c. 4.5 mm, characteristic for the so-called Périgordien supérieur. and the burin angle 90° SWII 73 (fig. 15:6).This specimen is presumably an AA-burin SWII 88 (fig. 15:2) is a good example of a so-called double (dihedral bürin). This burin was made from a natural frost-split sided burin (AA-burin or dihedral burin). The burin was made flake. It is difficult to determine the width of the burin edge from a core remnant; the width of the burin edge is c. 6 mm and (several small spalls meet from the burin angle 85°. different angles): at a rough estimate c. 4-5 mm; burin angle c. 45°. SWII 10 (fig. 15:3). This RA-burin seems to have been made from a natural frost-split flake. Part of its side was re-retouched, probably to improve the grip. The width of the burin edge is c. 1 mm, which is enough to indicate that this specimen should rather 5.2.7. Retouched blades, flakes and blocks be regarded as a burin plan. The burin angle is 90° SWII 58b (fig. 15:4). A blunt, single RA-burin, whose The artefacts SWII 203, 166 and 161 (fig. 13:5) can corresponding spail (SW 58a, cf joint no. 1 in 1) was table be as recovered. This burin, too, was made from a retouched blade, mentioned examples of retouched blades. like fïgure 15:1. The burin spail was reworked along practically SWII 89 is a retouched block, which may have the full length of the back, which presumably means that a very served as a plane. The large blade SWII 195 a+b particular shape and length of the spali had been chosen (cf. (fig. 13:8) Bohmers ei al., 1961: p. 138). The width of the burin edge is 1.5 shows traces of retouching at the distal mm and the burin angle 95°. end. The
85 burin. AA 6:
(10)
3 qué; (73) 6 bus burin 5:
‘, burin; RA 4:
II burin; RA 3:
Siegerswoude AA-burin,
site 2: (121) burin; 5 RA
Creswellian ,1 numbers.
The multiple 1: inventory artefacts: the Hint (189 II. 1 indicate brackets
(58a.b) in Siegerswoude
4 15.
(1 Fig. numbers 86 E.KRAMER, P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA
Fig. 16. Distribution of the most important Creswellian sites. The shaded area indicates the extent of the North Sea and the English Channel during the Late Glacial (after Schwabedissen, 1954). open square: excavated ‘open-air’ sites: 1. Siegerswoude, 2. Zeijen, and 3. Hengistbury Head; closed circle: ‘cave’ sites: 4. Dead Man’s cave, 5. Mother Grundy’s Parlour, 6. Robin Hood’s cave, 7. Gough’s cave and 8. Presles. open circie: surface collections of ‘open-air’ sites: 9. Drunen, 10. Meerlo-Wanssum, 11. Kessel, 12. Neer II, 13. Lommel and 14. Hohenholz, near Steinhude.
6. FINAL REMARKS pansion after c. 16,000 B.P. There is, for example, a remarkable resembiance between two harpoons The subject of possible contacts among Late Gla from Kent’s Cavern and specimens from the Mag cial groups in England and on the Continent has dalenian in France. been extensively dealt with in the literature (Schwa In order to give an impression of the Cresweli bedissen, 1954; Collcutt, 1979). We should always tradition on both sides of the North Sea, the bear in mmd that c. 120,000 2km of the then partly relevant sites are shown in figure 16, based on data dry North Sea basin (fig. 16)were later flooded. It is in Campbell (1977) and Wouters (1982). Campbell possible that over this huge area, practically Un mentions more than 30 so-called Late Upper Palaeo known and inaccessible territory for the archaeo lithic sites with Creswellian points. From them, we logist, there were contacts among various popu have included only those sites which yielded 5 or lation groups and flint traditions. It is Collcutt’s more Creswellian points. The map suggests that the opinion that the origin of the British Later Upper Cresweil tradition originially had a continuous Palaeolithic tradition is to be found on the con distribution area on both sides of the southern tinent, possibly in the Magdalenian, in an ex- North Sea 8region. The Creswellian site Siegerswoude II 87
7. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 4. In 1962 charcoal samples were collected from a hearth and two shallow depressions (‘sunken huts’), associated with the Mesolithic habitation layer. These samples were submitted Der Creswellienfundplatz Siegerswoude II liegt auf by R.R. Neweli, and were dated: 7465±50 B.P. (GrN-6460), dem nördlichen Ufer des kleinen Flusses Boom auf 7535±45 B.P. (GrN-6455) and 8620±80 B.P. (GrN-6470). einem Flugsandrücken, etwa 5 m über dem Meeres Hearth and depressions are not indicated on the here published plan of the excavation. The radiocarbon dates spiegel. Das Werkzeuginventar enthklt mehr als seem to indicate that at least two periods of Mesolithic siebzig komplette Spitzen, nur drei Schaber und activity at the spot were involved. auch nur sechs Stichel. Neben Flintsplittern, Feuer 5. On l7th December, 1984, Dr. W. van Zeist wrote to us as follows: “From the pollen spectrum it appears that the herb steinabschlagen und sehr viel Klingen und Kim pollen outnumber the tree pollen. Grasses and Cyperaceae genbruchstücken, liegen trotzdem nur drei Kern (sedges and cotton grass) are the predominant types of herb steine vor. pollen: Artemisia is fairly well represented. Pinus accounts for far and away the highest percentage of tree pollen”. Die Feuersteinfunde, begleitet von einigen kal 6. NeweIl (1973: p. 429, note 4) and, after him, Lanting and zinierten Knochensplitterchen und einem winzigen Mook (1977: p. 22) report that Creswellian artefacts were Stückchen Hematit, lagen stark konzentriert auf found on top of an Usselo Layer in Siegerswoude II. This is obviously based on an incorrect interpretation of the find einer kleinen Oberfliche zusammen, wie das auch context of the artefacts in pit 1. der Fall war bei Hohenholz bei Steinhude (Nieder 7. The artefacts collected in 1962and 1984are in the collection sachsen). Das Fehlen von Herdstellen und anderen of the Frisian Museum in Leeuwarden. Only recently it became known that in 1962some artefacts were given to Mrs. Bewohnungsspuren macht es wahrscheinlich, dass Bruyel-Loopstra. These and the artefacts in the private man sich hier wahrend der Jagd nur sehr kurz collections SW IIB mentioned in note 1were not included in aufgehalten hat. Bemerkenswert sind zwei Gruben. this study. 8. This paper was translated into English by Mrs. and Mr. Van Grube Thatte em Durchmesser von 21/2 m und eine der Meulen-Melrose. Tiefe von 1.30 m und die Feuersteinfunde waren zum Teil in die Grube hineingeglitten. Die zweite Grube hatte einen Durchmesser von 2 m, war 1 m 9. REFERENCES tief und praktisch fundleer. In der Füllung war em sekundarer Frostriss aus der jüngeren Dryaszeit. ARTS, N. & J. DEEBEN, 1981. Prehistorische jagers en Diese Tatsache macht es deutlich, dass die Jager verzamelaars te Vessem.Een model. Eindhoven. BOHMERS, A., 1956. Statistics and graphs in the study of flint von Siegerswoude II hier nicht nach der Jüngeren assemblages. 1-11.Palaeohisioria 5, pp. 1-26. Dryaszeit gewesen sein können. Es ist wahrschein BOHMERS, A., 1960. Statistiques et graphiques dans l’étude lich, dass sie sich hier wiihrend der Allerødzeit, d.h. des industries lithiques préhistoriques. V. Considérations générales au sujet du Hambourgien, du Tjongerien, du irgendwann zwischen 11.800 und 11.000 vor heute, Magdalénien et de l’Azilien. Falaeohistoria 8, pp. 15-37. aufgehalten haben. BOHMERS, A. & P. HOUTSMA, 1961. De prae-historie. In: Boven-Boorngebied. Rapport betr. het onderzoek van het Lânskip Genetysk Wurkforbân van de Fryske Akademy. Drachten, pp. 126-151. 8. NOTES BOHNSACK, D., 1956. Em spteiszeitlicher Fund vom Hohen holz bei Steinhude. Die Kunde N.F. 7, pp. 67-84. 1. The co-ordinates of the site Siegerswoude II are 209.35/ CAMPBELL, J.B., 1977. The Upper Palaeolithic of Britain. 566.58 (map sheet 11E, Drachten). The name Siegerswoude 1 Oxford, 2 vols. was given to a Mesolithic site in the immediate neighbour CASPARIE, W.A. & M.W. TER WEE, 1981. Een-Schipsloot. hood which was investigated by Bohmers in 1956. The site The geological-palynological investigation of a Tjonger site. caHed Siegerswoude I1B by Wouters (1982) comprises Palaeohistoria 23, pp. 29-44. material that originates from the site (SWII) described here COLLCUTT, S.N., 1979, Notes sur le ‘L.U.P.’ (Creswellien, (letter from A. Wouters to P. Houtsma dated lOth April, Cheddarien, etc.) de la Grande Bretagne. In: D. de Sonneville 1986) and is spread over several private collections. Bordes (ed.), Lajin des temps glaciaires enEurope. Bordeaux, 2. Permission for the excavation was given in 1962 by the then pp. 783-789. owner, Mrs. A.C. Bruyel-Loopstra, Delft, for the excavation DANTHINE, H., 1960. Fouilles dans un gisement préhistorique in 1984 by the new owner, Staatsbosbeheer (the State du Domaine de Presle (Hainaut). Documents et rapports de la Forestry Service). We are very grateful to both. We would Société d’Archéologie et de Paléontologie de l’arrondissement also like to thank P. Mudstra, S. Voordewind, K.H. Looijen de Charleroi 50, pp. 1-38. gaand R. Nolles who helped with the excavation in 1962,and ELZINGA, G., 1962. Verslag over de Archeologische Afdeling N.W. Manshanden, J.K. Boschker and D.M. Visser (all voor het jaar 1962. 134eJaarverslag Fries Genootschap, pp. employed by the Frisian Museum, Leeuwarden) who assisted 29-30. in the 1984 excavation. HOUTSMA,P.,J.J.ROODENBERG&J.SCHILSTRA, 1981. 3. Wouters (1982) illustrated seven artefacts from the material A site of the Tjonger tradition along the Schipsloot at Een excavated from Siegerswoude II in 1962,viz. the pieces SWII (gemeente of Norg, province of Drenthe, the Netherlands). 34, 149, 85, 98, 87, 12and 21. His illustrations numbered figs. Palaeohistoria 23, pp. 45-74. 6:2, 6:4, 6:5, 6:6 and 6:7 and figs. 7:21 and 7:25 correspond KOOI, P.B., 1974. De orkaan van 13 november 1972 en het with our figs. 9:10, 10:33, 9:4, 10:21, 10:31, 9:1 and 13:1, ontstaan van ‘hoefijzervormige’ grondsporen. Helinium 14, respectively. pp. 57-65. 88 E.KRAMER, P.HOUTSMA & J.SCHILSTRA
LANTING, J.N. & W.G. MOOK, 1977. The pre- and proro STAPERT, D., 1985. A site of the Hamburg tradition with a history of the Netherlands in terms of radiocarbon dates. constructed hearth near Oldehoidwolde (province of Fries Groningen. land, the Netherlands); first report. Palaeohistoria 24, pp. LEROI-GOURHAN, A., M. BREZILLON & B. SCHMIDER, 53-89. 1976. Les civilisations du Paléolithique supérieur dans le STAPERT, D., this volume. A small Creswellian findspot at centre et le sud-est du Bassin Parisien. In: La préhistoire Emmerhout (province of Drenthe, the Netherlands). Palaeo française. 1,2. Paris, pp. 1321-1338. historia 27. MAUSS, M., 1979 (1904/05). Seasonal variations of the Eskimo. WOUTERS, A., 1952-1953. Het Palaeolithicum en Mesolithi A study in social morphology. (English tradition). London. cum in Limburg. Publications de la Société Historique et NEWELL, R.R., 1973. The post-glacial adaptations of the Archéologique dans le Limbourg 88-89, pp. 1-18. indigenous population of the northwest European plain. In: WOUTERS, A., 1982. Vindplaatsen van de Creswell-Compo S.K. Kozlowski (ed.), TheMesolithic inEurope. Warsaw, pp. nent (Epi-Gravettien). Archeologische berichten 11/12, pp. 399-440. 122-130. SCHWABEDISSEN, H., 1954. Die Federmesser-Gruppen des ZOLLER, D., 1981. Neue jungpalolithische und mesolithische nordwesteuropöischen Flachiandes ( Offa Bücher 9). Neu Fundstellen im nordoldenburgischen Geestgebiet. Archöo münster. logische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland 4, pp. 1-12. STAPERT, D., 1979. Preliminary report on the presumed Creswellian site ‘Opde Rees’ (mun. of Meerlo-Wanssum). Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor her Oudheidkundig Bodem Figs. 6, 7a-c can be found in the fold at the back of this volume. onderzoek 29, pp. 133-141.