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Martian Crater Morphology
ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter. -
Impact Cratering
6 Impact cratering The dominant surface features of the Moon are approximately circular depressions, which may be designated by the general term craters … Solution of the origin of the lunar craters is fundamental to the unravel- ing of the history of the Moon and may shed much light on the history of the terrestrial planets as well. E. M. Shoemaker (1962) Impact craters are the dominant landform on the surface of the Moon, Mercury, and many satellites of the giant planets in the outer Solar System. The southern hemisphere of Mars is heavily affected by impact cratering. From a planetary perspective, the rarity or absence of impact craters on a planet’s surface is the exceptional state, one that needs further explanation, such as on the Earth, Io, or Europa. The process of impact cratering has touched every aspect of planetary evolution, from planetary accretion out of dust or planetesimals, to the course of biological evolution. The importance of impact cratering has been recognized only recently. E. M. Shoemaker (1928–1997), a geologist, was one of the irst to recognize the importance of this process and a major contributor to its elucidation. A few older geologists still resist the notion that important changes in the Earth’s structure and history are the consequences of extraterres- trial impact events. The decades of lunar and planetary exploration since 1970 have, how- ever, brought a new perspective into view, one in which it is clear that high-velocity impacts have, at one time or another, affected nearly every atom that is part of our planetary system. -
Challenger's Lost Lessons
CHALLENGER’S LOST LESSONS Project Editor: Jerry Woodfill Content Originators: Bob Mayfield, Christa McAuliffe, Barbara Morgan and the STS-51L Teacher in Space Team (Project: Space Educators’ Handbook – OMB/NASA Report #S677) HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR TEACHER IN SPACE ACTIVITIES FLIGHT 51-L Bob Mayfield with bracketed comments by Jerry Woodfill 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Background 3 Hardware Development for Lost Lessons 6 Challenger’s Lost Live Lessons 21 Editor’s Comments 23 The Lost Hydroponics Chamber Lesson 25 The Lost Magnetic Chamber Lesson 34 The Lost Newton’s Laws Lesson 49 The Lost Effervescence Lesson 59 The Lost Chromatography Lesson 63 The Lost Simple Machines Lesson 69 The First Lost Live Lesson ( Ultimate Field Trip ) 78 The Second Lost Live Lesson 84 Instructions on using the CDROM and DVD 97 3 CHALLENGER’S LOST LESSONS [Background: In 2007, the space shuttle mission STS-118 launched with Christa McAuliffe’s backup Teacher in Space candidate Barbara Morgan. Though more than a score of years after the loss of Challenger’s crew, STS-118 was a reminder of the morning of January 28, 1986. That week Christa McAuliffe planned to perform both live and filmed science lessons. These lost lessons, prepared for the nation and world’s school children, were never done. This project delves into those undone educational activities. Indeed, after studying its content, all will appreciate NASA’s, Christa’s and Barbara’s efforts as well as Bob Mayfield’s in carefully researching, preparing and training for the performance of the six “Challenger lost lessons.” Though lost in the sense that they perished with Challenger and her crew, recounting, redoing, and examining them is, in a sense, a resurrection. -
Project: Apollo 8
v ._. I / I NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION TELS WO 2-4155 NEWS WASHINGTON,D.C.20546 • WO 3-6925 FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY December 15, 1968 RELEASE NO: 68.208 P PROJECT: APOLLO 8 R E contents GENERAL RELEASE----------~-------~·~-~-~--~~----~----~-~--~-l-lO MISSION OBJECTIVES------------------------------------------11 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS-------------~-------------~----~----~--~~12-14 5 Launch W1ndow~~-~----~--~-~--~-------~-----~---------w--~-14 MISSION DESCRIPTION-----------------------------------------15-19 FLIGHT PLAN--~---~-----·------------~------~----~---~----~--20-23 ALTERNATE MISSIONS---------------------------------~--------24-26 5 ABORT MODES-----~--------------~--~--~------------~---~~--~-27~29 PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS------------------------------------------30-32 SPACECRAFT STRUCTURE SYSTEMS--------------------------------33-37 SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE-------------------------------------38-50 APOLLO 8 LAUNCH OPERATIONS----------------------------------51.64 MISSION CONTROL CENTER--------------------------------------65-66 MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK---------------------------------67-71 APOLLO 8 RECOVERY-------------------------------------------72-73 APOLLO 8 CREW-------------~--~--~~-~~---~---~~~-------------74-86 K LUNAR DESCRIPTION-------------------------------------------87-88 APOLLO PROGRAM MANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS---~-------------------39-94 I APOLLO 8 GLOSSARY-------- -----------------------------------95-101 T -0- 12/6/68 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WO 2-4155 NEWS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 TELS. -
A Study About the Temporal Constraints on the Martian Yardangs’ Development in Medusae Fossae Formation
remote sensing Article A Study about the Temporal Constraints on the Martian Yardangs’ Development in Medusae Fossae Formation Jia Liu 1,2 , Zongyu Yue 1,3,*, Kaichang Di 1,3 , Sheng Gou 1,4 and Shengli Niu 4 1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (S.G.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China 4 State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-64889553 Abstract: The age of Mars yardangs is significant in studying their development and the evolution of paleoclimate conditions. For planetary surface or landforms, a common method for dating is based on the frequency and size distribution of all the superposed craters after they are formed. However, there is usually a long duration for the yardangs’ formation, and they will alter the superposed craters, making it impossible to give a reliable dating result with the method. An indirect method by analyzing the ages of the superposed layered ejecta was devised in the research. First, the layered ejecta that are superposed on and not altered by the yardangs are identified and mapped. Then, the ages of the layered ejecta are derived according to the crater frequency and size distribution on them. These ages indicate that the yardangs ceased development by these times, and the ages are valuable for studying the evolution of the yardangs. -
The Minor Planet Bulletin 44 (2017) 142
THE MINOR PLANET BULLETIN OF THE MINOR PLANETS SECTION OF THE BULLETIN ASSOCIATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY OBSERVERS VOLUME 44, NUMBER 2, A.D. 2017 APRIL-JUNE 87. 319 LEONA AND 341 CALIFORNIA – Lightcurves from all sessions are then composited with no TWO VERY SLOWLY ROTATING ASTEROIDS adjustment of instrumental magnitudes. A search should be made for possible tumbling behavior. This is revealed whenever Frederick Pilcher successive rotational cycles show significant variation, and Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) quantified with simultaneous 2 period software. In addition, it is 4438 Organ Mesa Loop useful to obtain a small number of all-night sessions for each Las Cruces, NM 88011 USA object near opposition to look for possible small amplitude short [email protected] period variations. Lorenzo Franco Observations to obtain the data used in this paper were made at the Balzaretto Observatory (A81) Organ Mesa Observatory with a 0.35-meter Meade LX200 GPS Rome, ITALY Schmidt-Cassegrain (SCT) and SBIG STL-1001E CCD. Exposures were 60 seconds, unguided, with a clear filter. All Petr Pravec measurements were calibrated from CMC15 r’ values to Cousins Astronomical Institute R magnitudes for solar colored field stars. Photometric Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic measurement is with MPO Canopus software. To reduce the Fricova 1, CZ-25165 number of points on the lightcurves and make them easier to read, Ondrejov, CZECH REPUBLIC data points on all lightcurves constructed with MPO Canopus software have been binned in sets of 3 with a maximum time (Received: 2016 Dec 20) difference of 5 minutes between points in each bin. -
Appendix a Apollo 15: “The Problem We Brought Back from the Moon”
Appendix A Apollo 15: “The Problem We Brought Back From the Moon” Postal Covers Carried on Apollo 151 Among the best known collectables from the Apollo Era are the covers flown onboard the Apollo 15 mission in 1971, mainly because of what the mission’s Lunar Module Pilot, Jim Irwin, called “the problem we brought back from the Moon.” [1] The crew of Apollo 15 carried out one of the most complete scientific explorations of the Moon and accomplished several firsts, including the first lunar roving vehicle that was operated on the Moon to extend the range of exploration. Some 81 kilograms (180 pounds) of lunar surface samples were returned for anal- ysis, and a battery of very productive lunar surface and orbital experiments were conducted, including the first EVA in deep space. [2] Yet the Apollo 15 crew are best remembered for carrying envelopes to the Moon, and the mission is remem- bered for the “great postal caper.” [3] As noted in Chapter 7, Apollo 15 was not the first mission to carry covers. Dozens were carried on each flight from Apollo 11 onwards (see Table 1 for the complete list) and, as Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott recalled in his book, the whole business had probably been building since Mercury, through Gemini and into Apollo. [4] People had a fascination with objects that had been carried into space, and that became more and more popular – and valuable – as the programs progressed. Right from the start of the Mercury program, each astronaut had been allowed to carry a certain number of personal items onboard, with NASA’s permission, in 1 A first version of this material was issued as Apollo 15 Cover Scandal in Orbit No. -
Glossary of Lunar Terminology
Glossary of Lunar Terminology albedo A measure of the reflectivity of the Moon's gabbro A coarse crystalline rock, often found in the visible surface. The Moon's albedo averages 0.07, which lunar highlands, containing plagioclase and pyroxene. means that its surface reflects, on average, 7% of the Anorthositic gabbros contain 65-78% calcium feldspar. light falling on it. gardening The process by which the Moon's surface is anorthosite A coarse-grained rock, largely composed of mixed with deeper layers, mainly as a result of meteor calcium feldspar, common on the Moon. itic bombardment. basalt A type of fine-grained volcanic rock containing ghost crater (ruined crater) The faint outline that remains the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase (calcium of a lunar crater that has been largely erased by some feldspar). Mare basalts are rich in iron and titanium, later action, usually lava flooding. while highland basalts are high in aluminum. glacis A gently sloping bank; an old term for the outer breccia A rock composed of a matrix oflarger, angular slope of a crater's walls. stony fragments and a finer, binding component. graben A sunken area between faults. caldera A type of volcanic crater formed primarily by a highlands The Moon's lighter-colored regions, which sinking of its floor rather than by the ejection of lava. are higher than their surroundings and thus not central peak A mountainous landform at or near the covered by dark lavas. Most highland features are the center of certain lunar craters, possibly formed by an rims or central peaks of impact sites. -
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Volume 12 Issue 2 February 2016 www.nasa.gov GoddardView Trending – 2 NASA Reflects on 30th Anniversary of NASA REFLECtS ON 30tH ANNIvERSARy Challenger Disaster – 3 Spinoff at 40: How Tech Transfer Brings NASA OF CHALLENGER DISAStER Back Down to Earth – 4 By Sarah Schlieder From Rodent Research to Beer Bubbles: ince its establishment in 1958, NASA has made generations has remained strong,” said Ed Campion, news Select Technologies in Spinoff 2016 – 5 significant strides in science and exploration, thanks chief at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and then- Citizen Observations Help Scientists Better largely in part to the determination and dedication spokesperson for the project during the disaster. GPM Celebrates Two Years Understand Auroras – 6 Sof its men and women. But like many endeavors, great The Global Precipitation Measurement achievements are often accompanied by great risks. The The agency would later eliminate the Space Flight Partici- mission celebrated its second launch NASA Engineers Tapped to Build First agency’s annual Day of Remembrance honors those who pant Program, of which Teacher in Space was a part. In anniversary on Feb. 27. Managed by Integrated-Photonics Modem – 7 made the ultimate sacrifice while pushing the boundaries 1998, a new category of astronaut candidate was cre- Goddard, GPM provides observations Hitomi to Study Structure and Evolution of the of human achievement. ated: educator. The Educator Astronaut Program allowed of rain and snow worldwide every three Universe – 8 teachers to apply during astronaut recruitment and, if hours and improves the forecasting of Employee Spotlight – 9 In 1967, during the first manned mission of the Apollo pro- accepted, become fully trained NASA astronauts and mis- extreme weather events. -
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary
APPENDIX 1 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary AA Associate Administrator AAA Active Acquisition Aid AAP Apollo Applications Program ACS attitude control system ACN Ascension ACU antenna control unit AES Apollo Extension System AFSC Air Force Systems Command AFSCN Air Force Satellite Control Network AGO Santiago AIS Apollo Instrumentation Ship ALT Approach and Landing Test CDR Critical Design Review CDSCC Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSM Command and Service Module CSOC Consolidated Space Operations Contract DAF Data Acquisition Facility dB decibels DDMS Department of Defense Manager for Manned Spaceflight 404 “Read You Loud and Clear!” DF direction finding DJS Dzhusaly, Razakhgtan DLR Germany’s Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt DOD Department of Defense DOI Department of the Interior DOS Department of Supply DRSS Data Relay Satellite System DSN Deep Space Network DSS Deep Space Station EGO Eccentric Geophysical Observatory EGR Eglin Gulf Test Range ELVIS Enhanced Launch Vehicle Imaging System ERS Earth Resource Satellite ERTS Earth Resource Technology Satellite ESA European Space Agency ESD Air Force Electronic Systems Division ESMC Air Force Eastern Space and Missile Center EUMETSAT European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites ETR Eastern Test Range EVA extravehicular activity EUT Eupatona, Ukraine FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission -
Table of Manned Space Flights Spacecalc
CBS News Manned Space Flights Current through STS-117 Table of Manned Space Flights SpaceCalc Total: 260 Crew Launch Land Duration By Robert A. Braeunig* Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin 04/12/61 04/12/61 1h:48m First manned space flight (1 orbit). MR 3 Alan Shepard 05/05/61 05/05/61 15m:22s First American in space (suborbital). Freedom 7. MR 4 Virgil Grissom 07/21/61 07/21/61 15m:37s Second suborbital flight; spacecraft sank, Grissom rescued. Liberty Bell 7. Vostok 2 Guerman Titov 08/06/61 08/07/61 1d:01h:18m First flight longer than 24 hours (17 orbits). MA 6 John Glenn 02/20/62 02/20/62 04h:55m First American in orbit (3 orbits); telemetry falsely indicated heatshield unlatched. Friendship 7. MA 7 Scott Carpenter 05/24/62 05/24/62 04h:56m Initiated space flight experiments; manual retrofire error caused 250 mile landing overshoot. Aurora 7. Vostok 3 Andrian Nikolayev 08/11/62 08/15/62 3d:22h:22m First twinned flight, with Vostok 4. Vostok 4 Pavel Popovich 08/12/62 08/15/62 2d:22h:57m First twinned flight. On first orbit came within 3 miles of Vostok 3. MA 8 Walter Schirra 10/03/62 10/03/62 09h:13m Developed techniques for long duration missions (6 orbits); closest splashdown to target to date (4.5 miles). Sigma 7. MA 9 Gordon Cooper 05/15/63 05/16/63 1d:10h:20m First U.S. evaluation of effects of one day in space (22 orbits); performed manual reentry after systems failure, landing 4 miles from target. -
NASA Astronauts
PUBLISHED BY Public Affairs Divisio~l Washington. D.C. 20546 1983 IColor4-by-5 inch transpar- available free to information lead and sent to: Non-informstionmedia may obtain identical material for a fee through a photographic contractor by using the order forms in the rear of this book. These photqraphs are government publications-not subject to copyright They may not be used to state oiimply the endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product piocess or service, or used in any other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if any photograph is used in advertising and other commercial promotion. layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release. Front cover: "Lift-off of the Columbia-STS-2 by artist Paul Salmon 82-HC-292 82-ti-304 r 8arnr;w u vowzn u)rorr ~ nsrvnv~~nrnno................................................ .-- Seasat .......................................................................... 197 Skylab 1 Selected Pictures .......................................................150 Skylab 2 Selected Pictures ........................................................ 151 Skylab 3 Selected Pictures ........................................................152 Skylab 4 Selected Pictures ........................................................ 153 SpacoColony ...................................................................183 Space Shuttle ...................................................................171 Space Stations ..................................................................198 \libinn 1 1f.d Apoiio 17/Earth 72-HC-928 72-H-1578 Apolb B/Earth Rise 68-HC-870 68-H-1401 Voyager ;//Saturn 81-HC-520 81-H-582 Voyager I/Ssturian System 80-HC-647 80-H-866 Voyager IN~lpiterSystem 79-HC-256 79-H-356 Viking 2 on Mars 76-HC-855 76-H-870 Apollo 11 /Aldrin 69-HC-1253 69-H-682 Apollo !I /Aldrin 69-HC-684 69-H-1255 STS-I /Young and Crippen 79-HC-206 79-H-275 STS-1- ! QTPLaunch of the Columbia" 82-HC-23 82-H-22 Major Launches NAME UUNCH VEHICLE MISSIONIREMARKS 1956 VANGUARD Dec.