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January 2016 EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEWS CHALLENGER’S LEGACY The loss of invincibility, the cultural shakeout and the lessons that shaped today’s NASA Page 18 Case Study: The New Horizons trajectory/14 Lessons for a sixth-generation fighter/30 Cleaner jet engines/34 A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTETE OF AERONAUTICS ANANDD ASTROASTRONAUTICSNAUTICS 2O16 13–17 JUNE 2016 WASHINGTON, D.C. “The ability to network with people from all over these different technical areas in one place in one location where you’re not running all over the place has just been terrific.” —Edgar G. Waggoner, Program Director—Integrated Aviation Systems, Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters AIAA AVIATION 2016 will combine the best aspects of technical conferences with insights from respected Technical Conferences aviation leaders, providing a single, integrated forum for 32nd AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement navigating the key challenges and opportunities affecting Technology and Ground Testing Conference the future direction of global aviation policy, planning, 34th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference R&D, security, environmental issues, and international AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference markets. Twelve technical conferences in one location make this a must-attend event in 2016! 8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, Why Washington, D.C.? and Operations Conference It’s the perfect place to combine business and AIAA Flight Testing Conference family fun. It is home to Congress, NASA 8th AIAA Flow Control Conference Headquarters, NASA Goddard, NOAA, the FAA, 46th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference NSSC, NRL, and the Pentagon. There are more than 100 free things to do in Washington, D.C.— 17th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis including most of the Smithsonian (with TWO and Optimization Conference air and space museums, art galleries, and the AIAA Modeling and Simulation National Zoo) and scores of famous landmarks— Technologies Conference most within walking distance of one another. 47th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference 46th AIAA Thermophysics Conference STAY INFORMED. SIGN UP FOR EMAIL ALERTS. aiaa-aviation.org/getalerts 16-964 January 2016 DEPARTMENTS EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK 2 The new year LETTER TO THE EDITOR 3 Page 10 Sharing the skies IN BRIEF 4 Expandable module; printing B-52 parts; circular runways; Solar Impulse 2 THE VIEW FROM HERE 10 Flying after Challenger CASE STUDY 14 Orchestrating a cosmic dance Page30 OUT OF THE PAST 42 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 44 FEATURES CHALLENGER’S LEGACY 18 On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded in front of a live-television audience. Aerospace America asked some of those connected to the STS-51L mission to recall that day, its lessons and how NASA summoned the courage to fly again. by Debra Werner Page 34 VIEWPOINT: LEARNING FROM ACQUISITION HISTORY 30 As technically amazing as the F-22 and F-35 may be, they arrived over budget and late, something the Pentagon can ill afford when it begins developing a sixth-generation fighter. by Robert Haffa and Anand Datla THE GREEN ENGINE DEBATE 34 Geared turbofans will square off against open rotor designs in the coming years as the industry seeks solutions for cleaner-operating airliners. by Keith Button Page 14 BULLETIN AIAA Meeting Schedule B2 AIAA News B5 AIAA Defense 2016 Event Preview B13 AIAA Courses and Training Program B15 ON THE COVER Space shuttle Challenger launches from Kennedy Space Center on January 28, 1986. Image credit: NASA Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200 Reston, VA 20191-5807 [703/264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S., $200; foreign, $220. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send address changes and subscription orders to address above, attention AIAA Customer Service, 703/264-7500. Periodical postage paid at Reston, Va., and at additional mailing offices. Copyright 2016 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 40,000 copies of this issue printed. This is Volume 54, No. 1. ® is a publication of the American Institute Editor’s Notebook of Aeronautics and Astronautics Ben Iannotta Editor-in-Chief Kyung M. Song Associate Editor Greg Wilson The new year Production Editor Jerry Grey We decided to jump into 2016 by publishing memories and insights from Editor-at-Large those with direct connections to the Jan. 28, 1986, Challenger tragedy. The Christine Williams loss of the Challenger crew still hurts even after 30 years, but our thinking Editor AIAA Bulletin was that many of the brightest minds in aerospace today were too young to remember the accident and the months of investigation that followed. We felt Contributing Writers there was value in providing fresh, unfiltered words about that chapter in Keith Button, Henry Canaday, spaceflight history. Anand Datla, Robert Haffa, As photos of the interviewees rolled in, I realized that most of them, naturally, Philip Butterworth-Hayes, Jim Hodges, Tom Jones, Robert van der Linden, showed the subjects smiling. The pictures seemed to say: “Yes, it is possible to Debra Werner, Frank H. Winter heal even after a terrible tragedy.” That’s something that would surely please the crew. I can’t help but wonder what they would think about the hiatus in America’s Jane Fitzgerald ability to launch humans into space and bring them home. Art Direction and Design This month’s edition also points to some potentially breakthrough moments James F. Albaugh, President in 2016. James “Jim” Maser, President-Elect We’ll learn this year about the performance of Snecma’s open rotor engine Sandra H. Magnus, Publisher when it is run on a test rig in Southern France. The feature article, “The green Craig Byl, Manufacturing and Distribution engine debate,” explores the tradeoffs between open rotor concepts like this one versus next-generation geared turbofans. Which of these will be the secret to a STEERING COMMITTEE John Evans, Lockheed Martin; Steven E. greener future? Is it even an either-or question? Researchers are beginning to Gorrell, Brigham Young University; Frank Lu, explore the answers. University of Texas at Arlington; David R. Riley, In our Briefs section, the article, “Next step eyed toward circular runways,” Boeing; Mary L. Snitch, Lockheed Martin; suggests that a flight trial could be on the horizon if Europe decides to continue Annalisa Weigel, Fairmont Consulting Group the research. The computer rendering accompanying the article made me think EDITORIAL BOARD that maybe the idea isn’t crazy after all. Ned Allen, Jean-Michel Contant, Our Case Study with physicist Yanping Guo, who designed the New Horizons L.S. “Skip” Fletcher, Michael Francis, flight geometry, got me to thinking about whether NASA should fund an Cam Martin, Don Richardson, extended mission past another Kuiper Belt object. An extended mission sounds Douglas Yazell like a slam dunk, given the excitement over the Pluto flyby, but these are tight ADVERTISING budget times. NASA must weigh what can be learned in the Kuiper Belt against Joan Daly, 703-938-5907 early funds for the next unmanned missions, such as one that might tell us [email protected] whether Jupiter’s moon Europa nurtures primitive life under its icy surface. Pat Walker, 415-387-7593 The new year is setting up to be an eventful one, that’s for sure. [email protected] Ben Iannotta LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE Editor-in-Chief Ben Iannotta, [email protected] QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS CHANGES [email protected] ADVERTISING MATERIALS Craig Byl, [email protected] January 2016, Vol. 54, No. 1 Letter to the Editor Sharing the skies Events Calendar 25 - 28 January 2016 Some points need to be made about of birds could not be tracked on radar Reliability and Maintainability the article “Close Encounters of the and incorporated into our air traffic Symposium (RAMS) Drone Kind” (November, page 18). control system. It is also possible that Tucson, Arizona The article has a couple of sentences birds could be turned away from air- about bird-strike testing: “We have a ports with infrared lasers that are not 14 - 18 February 2016 26th AAS/AIAA Space Flight big Daisy BB gun, with a 4-inch di- powerful enough to injure, but power- Mechanics Meeting ameter barrel. In place of your BB, ful enough to make the birds want to Napa, California you load up your anesthetized or re- leave the area. cently deceased chicken.” I think the aviation industry is in 5 - 12 March 2016 Using a live bird, even an anes- the best position to find ways to limit 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference thetized one, in these tests is just bird strikes in humane ways. This is Big Sky, Montana plain senseless and cruel. the best way to protect both birds and 8 - 10 March 2016 Also, the 138,257 bird strikes listed aircraft. AIAA Defense and Security Forum in the article are the fault of human (AIAA DEFENSE 2016) beings. We have been seeing birds Ron Marshall AIAA National Forum on Weapon on radar since World War II. There is Garland, Texas System Effectiveness no technical reason why many flocks [email protected] AIAA Strategic and Tactical Missile Systems Conference Missile Sciences Conference All letters addressed to the editor are considered to be submitted for possible publication, Laurel, Maryland unless it is expressly stated otherwise. All letters are subject to editing for length and to 16 March 2016 author response. Letters should be sent to: Correspondence, Aerospace America,12700 Congressional Visits Day 2016 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200, Reston, VA 20191-5807, or by email to: [email protected].
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