DOCSLIB.ORG

O the Pollination of Cultivated Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
O the Pollination of Cultivated Plants THE POLLINATION OF VOLUME TWO VOLUME CULTIVATED PLANTS A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS POLLINATION SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE EXTENSION OF KNOWLEDGE BASE POLLINATOR SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE THE POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS Volume 2 Edited by David Ward Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME 2018 The text was prepared as part of the Global Environment Fund (GEF) supported project 'Conservation and management of pollinators for sustainable agriculture, through an ecosystem approach' implemented in seven countries – Brazil, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan and South Africa. The project was coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with implementation support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment). First edition: 1995 Second edition: 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130506-5 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO's endorsement of users' views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/ contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications- [email protected]. Cover photo © D. J. Martins Back cover photos left to right: © D. W. Roubik, © Eric Tourneret, © Eric Tourneret CONTENTS Compendium contents ...............................................................................................................................x Contributors ...........................................................................................................................................xii Preface to the second edition ................................................................................................................. xvii References ............................................................................................................................................ xix A note on references .............................................................................................................................. xix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. xx Part IV APPLIED POLLINATION: POLLINATOR MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Chapter 10. SUCCESSFUL POLLINATION WITH ENHANCED POLLINATOR ABUNDANCE (R. Krell)....... 1 10.1 Selection of crops and cultivation methods ...................................................................................... 2 10.2 Selection of pollinators .................................................................................................................. 3 10.3 Migratory beekeeping ...................................................................................................................... 3 10.4 Environmental impact ..................................................................................................................... 7 10.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 11. BUMBLEBEES (BOMBUS SPP.) IN MANAGED POLLINATION (A. VanDoorn) ...................11 11.1 Summary .....................................................................................................................................11 11.2 The history of commercial bumblebee rearing .................................................................................11 11.3 Fundamentals of bumblebee rearing ..............................................................................................12 11.4 Bumblebee pathogens and parasites ...............................................................................................13 11.5 Crops pollinated by commercially reared bumblebees ........................................................... 14 11.6 Management considerations ...........................................................................................................15 11.6.1 Climatic conditions ................................................................................................................15 11.6.2 Placement inside the greenhouse ..............................................................................................15 11.6.3 Greenhouse coverings .............................................................................................................16 11.6.4 Supplemental lighting.............................................................................................................17 11.6.5 Pesticide use ........................................................................................................................17 11.6.6 Natural enemies of bumblebees ...............................................................................................17 11.6.7 Plant virus transmission ..........................................................................................................18 11.6.8 Dispensing microbiological control agents and pollen ..................................................................18 11.7 Environmental concerns .................................................................................................................18 11.7.1 Hybridization between subspecies ............................................................................................18 11.7.2 Establishment and competition with native bees ........................................................................18 11.7.3 Hybridization between closely related species ............................................................................19 11.7.4 Spillover of pathogens ............................................................................................................19 11.8 Final remarks ................................................................................................................................19 References ....................................................................................................................................20 THE POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS: A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS - Volume 2 iii Chapter 12. DIPTERA AS CROP POLLINATORS (D. W. Inouye) ........................................................31 12.1 The importance of flies .................................................................................................................31 12.2 Life history ecology ......................................................................................................................33 12.3 Conservation of Diptera .................................................................................................................34 References ....................................................................................................................................34 Chapter 13. STINGLESS BEE COLONIES AND POLLINATION (D.W. Roubik, T.A. Heard and P. Kwapong) ....................................................................................39 13.1 Conservation and utilization of stingless bees .................................................................................39 13.1.1 Rational stingless beekeeping ..................................................................................................40 13.2 Biology ........................................................................................................................................42 13.2.1 Meliponines in the present and future ......................................................................................42 13.2.2 Stingless bees compared with other honey bees: food and resources ..............................................43 13.2.3 Stingless bees compared with other honey bees: colony organization and foraging ..........................44 13.2.4 Estimated species number .......................................................................................................46 13.3 Bee colonies for pollination ..........................................................................................................46 13.3.1 General considerations ............................................................................................................46
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DNA Barcodes Reveal Deeply Neglected Diversity and Numerous Invasions of Micromoths in Madagascar
    Genome DNA barcodes reveal deeply neglected diversity and numerous invasions of micromoths in Madagascar Journal: Genome Manuscript ID gen-2018-0065.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 17-Jul-2018 Author: Complete List of Authors: Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), Sire, Lucas; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte Rasmussen,Draft Bruno; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte Rougerie, Rodolphe; Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Wieser, Christian; Landesmuseum für Kärnten Ahamadi, Allaoui; University of Antananarivo, Department Entomology Minet, Joël; Institut de Systematique Evolution Biodiversite deWaard, Jeremy; Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Decaëns, Thibaud; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE), , CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS Lees, David; Natural History Museum London Keyword: Africa, invasive alien species, Lepidoptera, Malaise trap, plant pests Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special 7th International Barcode of Life Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/genome-pubs Page 1 of 57 Genome 1 DNA barcodes reveal deeply neglected diversity and numerous invasions of micromoths in 2 Madagascar 3 4 5 Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde1,2, Lucas Sire2, Bruno Rasmussen2, Rodolphe Rougerie3, 6 Christian Wieser4, Allaoui Ahamadi Allaoui 5, Joël Minet3, Jeremy R. deWaard6, Thibaud 7 Decaëns7, David C. Lees8 8 9 1 INRA, UR633, Zoologie Forestière, F- 45075 Orléans, France. 10 2 Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS Université de Tours, UFR 11 Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • Honeybee (Apis Mellifera) and Bumblebee (Bombus Terrestris) Venom: Analysis and Immunological Importance of the Proteome
    Department of Physiology (WE15) Laboratory of Zoophysiology Honeybee (Apis mellifera) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) venom: analysis and immunological importance of the proteome Het gif van de honingbij (Apis mellifera) en de aardhommel (Bombus terrestris): analyse en immunologisch belang van het proteoom Matthias Van Vaerenbergh Ghent University, 2013 Thesis submitted to obtain the academic degree of Doctor in Science: Biochemistry and Biotechnology Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen, Biochemie en Biotechnologie Supervisors: Promotor: Prof. Dr. Dirk C. de Graaf Laboratory of Zoophysiology Department of Physiology Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Co-promotor: Prof. Dr. Bart Devreese Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Reading Committee: Prof. Dr. Geert Baggerman (University of Antwerp) Dr. Simon Blank (University of Hamburg) Prof. Dr. Bart Braeckman (Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Didier Ebo (University of Antwerp) Examination Committee: Prof. Dr. Johan Grooten (Ghent University, chairman) Prof. Dr. Dirk C. de Graaf (Ghent University, promotor) Prof. Dr. Bart Devreese (Ghent University, co-promotor) Prof. Dr. Geert Baggerman (University of Antwerp) Dr. Simon Blank (University of Hamburg) Prof. Dr. Bart Braeckman (Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Didier Ebo (University of Antwerp) Dr. Maarten Aerts (Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Guy Smagghe (Ghent University) Dean: Prof. Dr. Herwig Dejonghe Rector: Prof. Dr. Anne De Paepe The author and the promotor give the permission to use this thesis for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws, more specifically the source must be extensively specified when using results from this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Mi Bee Lab 9-21-1990 Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera) Charles D. Michener University of Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Michener, Charles D., "Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)" (1990). Mi. Paper 153. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi/153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Bee Lab at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 4 WWvyvlrWryrXvW-WvWrW^^ I • • •_ ••^«_«).•>.• •.*.« THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCIENC5;^ULLETIN LIBRARY Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 75-164 Sept. 21,1990 OCT 23 1990 HARVARD Classification of the Apidae^ (Hymenoptera) BY Charles D. Michener'^ Appendix: Trigona genalis Friese, a Hitherto Unplaced New Guinea Species BY Charles D. Michener and Shoichi F. Sakagami'^ CONTENTS Abstract 76 Introduction 76 Terminology and Materials 77 Analysis of Relationships among Apid Subfamilies 79 Key to the Subfamilies of Apidae 84 Subfamily Meliponinae 84 Description, 84; Larva, 85; Nest, 85; Social Behavior, 85; Distribution, 85 Relationships among Meliponine Genera 85 History, 85; Analysis, 86; Biogeography, 96; Behavior, 97; Labial palpi, 99; Wing venation, 99; Male genitalia, 102; Poison glands, 103; Chromosome numbers, 103; Convergence, 104; Classificatory questions, 104 Fossil Meliponinae 105 Meliponorytes,
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Alternative Pollinators a Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists
    Managing Alternative Pollinators A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists ERIC MADER • MARLA SPIVAK • ELAINE EVANS Fair Use of this PDF file of Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists, SARE Handbook 11, NRAES-186 By Eric Mader, Marla Spivak, and Elaine Evans Co-published by SARE and NRAES, February 2010 You can print copies of the PDF pages for personal use. If a complete copy is needed, we encourage you to purchase a copy as described below. Pages can be printed and copied for educational use. The book, authors, SARE, and NRAES should be acknowledged. Here is a sample acknowledgement: ----From Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists, SARE Handbook 11, by Eric Mader, Marla Spivak, and Elaine Evans, and co- published by SARE and NRAES.---- No use of the PDF should diminish the marketability of the printed version. If you have questions about fair use of this PDF, contact NRAES. Purchasing the Book You can purchase printed copies on NRAES secure web site, www.nraes.org, or by calling (607) 255-7654. The book can also be purchased from SARE, visit www.sare.org. The list price is $23.50 plus shipping and handling. Quantity discounts are available. SARE and NRAES discount schedules differ. NRAES PO Box 4557 Ithaca, NY 14852-4557 Phone: (607) 255-7654 Fax: (607) 254-8770 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nraes.org SARE 1122 Patapsco Building University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742-6715 (301) 405-8020 (301) 405-7711 – Fax www.sare.org More information on SARE and NRAES is included at the end of this PDF.
    [Show full text]
  • Halcroft Etal 2015 Delimiting the Species of Austroplebeia
    Apidologie Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2015 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0377-7 Delimiting the species within the genus Austroplebeia , an Australian stingless bee, using multiple methodologies 1,2 3 4 Megan Therese HALCROFT , Anne DOLLIN , Tiago Mauricio FRANCOY , 5 6 1 Jocelyn Ellen KING , Markus RIEGLER , Anthony Mark HAIGH , 1 Robert Neil SPOONER-HART 1School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia 2Bees Business, PO Box 474, Lithgow, NSW 2790, Australia 3Australian Native Bee Research Centre, PO Box 74, North Richmond, NSW 2754, Australia 4Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil 5Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor, Research & Development, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia 6Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia Received 18 January 2015 – Revised 17 May 2015 – Accepted 26 June 2015 Abstract – Austroplebeia Moure is an Australian stingless bee genus. The current descriptions for the species within this genus are inadequate for the identification of specimens in either the field or the laboratory. Here, using multiple diagnostic methodologies, we attempted to better delimit morphologically identified groups within Austroplebeia . First, morphological data, based on worker bee colour, size and pilosity, were analysed. Then, males collected from nests representing morphologically similar groups were dissected, and their genitalia were imaged using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Next, data for the geometric morphometric analysis of worker wing venations were obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Profile Madagascar and Indian
    ECOSYSTEM PROFILE MADAGASCAR AND INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS FINAL VERSION DECEMBER 2014 This version of the Ecosystem Profile, based on the draft approved by the Donor Council of CEPF was finalized in December 2014 to include clearer maps and correct minor errors in Chapter 12 and Annexes Page i Prepared by: Conservation International - Madagascar Under the supervision of: Pierre Carret (CEPF) With technical support from: Moore Center for Science and Oceans - Conservation International Missouri Botanical Garden And support from the Regional Advisory Committee Léon Rajaobelina, Conservation International - Madagascar Richard Hughes, WWF – Western Indian Ocean Edmond Roger, Université d‘Antananarivo, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Christopher Holmes, WCS – Wildlife Conservation Society Steve Goodman, Vahatra Will Turner, Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International Ali Mohamed Soilihi, Point focal du FEM, Comores Xavier Luc Duval, Point focal du FEM, Maurice Maurice Loustau-Lalanne, Point focal du FEM, Seychelles Edmée Ralalaharisoa, Point focal du FEM, Madagascar Vikash Tatayah, Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Nirmal Jivan Shah, Nature Seychelles Andry Ralamboson Andriamanga, Alliance Voahary Gasy Idaroussi Hamadi, CNDD- Comores Luc Gigord - Conservatoire botanique du Mascarin, Réunion Claude-Anne Gauthier, Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris Jean-Paul Gaudechoux, Commission de l‘Océan Indien Drafted by the Ecosystem Profiling Team: Pierre Carret (CEPF) Harison Rabarison, Nirhy Rabibisoa, Setra Andriamanaitra,
    [Show full text]
  • Open Access Author Fund Annual Report FY19
    The KU Open Access Author Fund Annual Report (July 2018 - June 2019) The KU One University Open Access Author Fund (OAAF) had an active year receiving many applications and publishing more articles in open access journals for which the OAAF provided at least partial funding. The number of applications received remained stable for several years but declined slightly in FY19. However, competition for the awards has increased due to rising article processing charges making the criteria and point system even more important. All the articles paid for and published so far have been placed in the KU ScholarWorks institutional repository under “Open Access.” Included in this report are the statistics for FY 2019 in the following tables: Table 1. Numbers of applications and awards Table 2. Total amount spent and a break down by campus We’ve also included appendices covering the fund from Inception (Oct. 2012) through June 2019: Appendix A A Short History of the First Six Years of the Open Access Author Fund Appendix B Cumulative Statistics Appendix C Highlights of Article-Level Metrics for Selected Papers Funded by the OAAF Appendix D Full List of Published Papers Funded by the OAAF Appendix E Applications Received by Unit 1 KU Open Access Author Fund Annual Report, FY 19 Table 1. Statistics for FY 2019 When compared to the figures from the previous fiscal year (July 2017-June 2018), there was a 17% decrease in the number of applications received and therefore a smaller number of applications that were rejected. The number of awards that were offered and paid were similar.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
    ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P.
    [Show full text]
  • Recursos Florales Usados Por Dos Especies De Bombus En Un Fragmento De Bosque Subandino (Pamplonita-Colombia)
    ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CIENCIA ANIMAL Rev Colombiana Cienc Anim 2017; 9(1):31-37. Recursos florales usados por dos especies de Bombus en un fragmento de bosque subandino (Pamplonita-Colombia) Floral resources use by two species of Bombus in a subandean forest fragment (Pamplonita-Colombia) 1* 2 3 Mercado-G, Jorge M.Sc, Solano-R, Cristian Biol, Wolfgang R, Hoffmann Biol. 1Universidad de Sucre, Departamento de Biología y Química, Grupo Evolución y Sistemática Tropical. Sincelejo. Colombia. 2IANIGLA, Departamento de Paleontología, CCT CONICET. Mendoza, Argentina. 3Universidad de Pamplona, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Grupo de Biocalorimetría. Pamplona, Colombia Keywords: Abstract Pollen; It is present the results of a palynological analysis of two species of the genus palinology; Bombus in vicinity of Pamplonita-Norte of Santander. On feces samples were diet; identified and counted (april and may of 2010) 1585 grains of pollen, within which Norte de Santander; Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae and Fabaceae were the more abundat taxa. Hymenoptera, feces. With regard to the diversity, April was the most rich, diverse and dominant month; however in B. pullatus we observed greater wealth and dominance. Finally, it was possible to determine that a large percentage of pollen grains that were identified as Solanaceae correspond to Solanum quitoense. The results of this study make clear the importance of palynology at the time of establishing the diet of these species, in addition to reflect its role of those species as possible provider in ecosistemic services either in wild plant as a crops in Solanaceae case. Palabras Clave: Resumen Polen; Se presentan los resultados de un análisis palinológico en dos especies del palinología; género Bombus en cercanías de Pamplonita (Norte de Santander-Colombia) dieta; durante los meses de abril y mayo de 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera
    Chapter 6 Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera Michael D. Greenfield Abstract Pair formation in moths typically involves pheromones, but some pyra- loid and noctuoid species use sound in mating communication. The signals are generally ultrasound, broadcast by males, and function in courtship. Long-range advertisement songs also occur which exhibit high convergence with commu- nication in other acoustic species such as orthopterans and anurans. Tympanal hearing with sensitivity to ultrasound in the context of bat avoidance behavior is widespread in the Lepidoptera, and phylogenetic inference indicates that such perception preceded the evolution of song. This sequence suggests that male song originated via the sensory bias mechanism, but the trajectory by which ances- tral defensive behavior in females—negative responses to bat echolocation sig- nals—may have evolved toward positive responses to male song remains unclear. Analyses of various species offer some insight to this improbable transition, and to the general process by which signals may evolve via the sensory bias mechanism. 6.1 Introduction The acoustic world of Lepidoptera remained for humans largely unknown, and this for good reason: It takes place mostly in the middle- to high-ultrasound fre- quency range, well beyond our sensitivity range. Thus, the discovery and detailed study of acoustically communicating moths came about only with the use of electronic instruments sensitive to these sound frequencies. Such equipment was invented following the 1930s, and instruments that could be readily applied in the field were only available since the 1980s. But the application of such equipment M. D. Greenfield (*) Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l’insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France e-mail: [email protected] B.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Trends in Bumble Bee Health
    EN65CH11_Cameron ARjats.cls December 18, 2019 20:52 Annual Review of Entomology Global Trends in Bumble Bee Health Sydney A. Cameron1,∗ and Ben M. Sadd2 1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; email: [email protected] 2School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2020. 65:209–32 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on Bombus, pollinator, status, decline, conservation, neonicotinoids, pathogens October 14, 2019 The Annual Review of Entomology is online at Abstract ento.annualreviews.org Bumble bees (Bombus) are unusually important pollinators, with approx- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118- imately 260 wild species native to all biogeographic regions except sub- 111847 Saharan Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. As they are vitally important in Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. natural ecosystems and to agricultural food production globally, the increase Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2020.65:209-232. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org All rights reserved in reports of declining distribution and abundance over the past decade ∗ Corresponding author has led to an explosion of interest in bumble bee population decline. We Access provided by University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign on 02/11/20. For personal use only. summarize data on the threat status of wild bumble bee species across bio- geographic regions, underscoring regions lacking assessment data. Focusing on data-rich studies, we also synthesize recent research on potential causes of population declines. There is evidence that habitat loss, changing climate, pathogen transmission, invasion of nonnative species, and pesticides, oper- ating individually and in combination, negatively impact bumble bee health, and that effects may depend on species and locality.
    [Show full text]