O the Pollination of Cultivated Plants

O the Pollination of Cultivated Plants

THE POLLINATION OF VOLUME TWO VOLUME CULTIVATED PLANTS A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS POLLINATION SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE EXTENSION OF KNOWLEDGE BASE POLLINATOR SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE THE POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS Volume 2 Edited by David Ward Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME 2018 The text was prepared as part of the Global Environment Fund (GEF) supported project 'Conservation and management of pollinators for sustainable agriculture, through an ecosystem approach' implemented in seven countries – Brazil, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan and South Africa. The project was coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with implementation support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment). First edition: 1995 Second edition: 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130506-5 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO's endorsement of users' views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/ contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications- [email protected]. Cover photo © D. J. Martins Back cover photos left to right: © D. W. Roubik, © Eric Tourneret, © Eric Tourneret CONTENTS Compendium contents ...............................................................................................................................x Contributors ...........................................................................................................................................xii Preface to the second edition ................................................................................................................. xvii References ............................................................................................................................................ xix A note on references .............................................................................................................................. xix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. xx Part IV APPLIED POLLINATION: POLLINATOR MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Chapter 10. SUCCESSFUL POLLINATION WITH ENHANCED POLLINATOR ABUNDANCE (R. Krell)....... 1 10.1 Selection of crops and cultivation methods ...................................................................................... 2 10.2 Selection of pollinators .................................................................................................................. 3 10.3 Migratory beekeeping ...................................................................................................................... 3 10.4 Environmental impact ..................................................................................................................... 7 10.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 11. BUMBLEBEES (BOMBUS SPP.) IN MANAGED POLLINATION (A. VanDoorn) ...................11 11.1 Summary .....................................................................................................................................11 11.2 The history of commercial bumblebee rearing .................................................................................11 11.3 Fundamentals of bumblebee rearing ..............................................................................................12 11.4 Bumblebee pathogens and parasites ...............................................................................................13 11.5 Crops pollinated by commercially reared bumblebees ........................................................... 14 11.6 Management considerations ...........................................................................................................15 11.6.1 Climatic conditions ................................................................................................................15 11.6.2 Placement inside the greenhouse ..............................................................................................15 11.6.3 Greenhouse coverings .............................................................................................................16 11.6.4 Supplemental lighting.............................................................................................................17 11.6.5 Pesticide use ........................................................................................................................17 11.6.6 Natural enemies of bumblebees ...............................................................................................17 11.6.7 Plant virus transmission ..........................................................................................................18 11.6.8 Dispensing microbiological control agents and pollen ..................................................................18 11.7 Environmental concerns .................................................................................................................18 11.7.1 Hybridization between subspecies ............................................................................................18 11.7.2 Establishment and competition with native bees ........................................................................18 11.7.3 Hybridization between closely related species ............................................................................19 11.7.4 Spillover of pathogens ............................................................................................................19 11.8 Final remarks ................................................................................................................................19 References ....................................................................................................................................20 THE POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS: A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS - Volume 2 iii Chapter 12. DIPTERA AS CROP POLLINATORS (D. W. Inouye) ........................................................31 12.1 The importance of flies .................................................................................................................31 12.2 Life history ecology ......................................................................................................................33 12.3 Conservation of Diptera .................................................................................................................34 References ....................................................................................................................................34 Chapter 13. STINGLESS BEE COLONIES AND POLLINATION (D.W. Roubik, T.A. Heard and P. Kwapong) ....................................................................................39 13.1 Conservation and utilization of stingless bees .................................................................................39 13.1.1 Rational stingless beekeeping ..................................................................................................40 13.2 Biology ........................................................................................................................................42 13.2.1 Meliponines in the present and future ......................................................................................42 13.2.2 Stingless bees compared with other honey bees: food and resources ..............................................43 13.2.3 Stingless bees compared with other honey bees: colony organization and foraging ..........................44 13.2.4 Estimated species number .......................................................................................................46 13.3 Bee colonies for pollination ..........................................................................................................46 13.3.1 General considerations ............................................................................................................46

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