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Cipango, 15 | 2008, « Guerre, Colonialisme Et Commémoration » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 29 Septembre 2011, Consulté Le 30 Juin 2021 Cipango Cahiers d’études japonaises 15 | 2008 Guerre, colonialisme et commémoration Michael Lucken (dir.) Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/cipango/89 DOI : 10.4000/cipango.89 ISSN : 2260-7706 Éditeur INALCO Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 janvier 2008 ISBN : 978-2-85831-177-4 ISSN : 1164-5857 Référence électronique Michael Lucken (dir.), Cipango, 15 | 2008, « Guerre, colonialisme et commémoration » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 29 septembre 2011, consulté le 30 juin 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/cipango/ 89 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/cipango.89 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 30 juin 2021. Cipango est mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International. 1 À l'heure où les hommages des hommes politiques japonais au sanctuaire Yasukuni suscitent des réactions violentes, le numéro 15 de Cipango s'articule autour d'un dossier tentant d'aborder, avec précision et sans concessions, la question de la guerre, de ses crimes, du colonialisme et de la commémoration, dans sa complexité et son ambiguité. Ces questions sont délicates, certes. Elles nécessitent un travail méticuleux sur les sources ; elles méritent une analyse historique qui ne peut se satisfaire d'à peu-près ou de généralisations lacunaires. Or l'historiographie française tend parfois à être "exotisante", là où il serait souhaitable qu'elle conserve ses bons principes méthodologiques. On ne peut que regretter que l'analyse de la violence de masse en Asie orientale durant la Guerre de l’Asie et du Pacifique adopte de la sorte des facilités coupables. Comment comprendre par exemple qu'elle ne s’inquiète guère de voir publier sur certaines aires culturelles lointaines des types de discours qui seraient épidermiquement rejetés si on les appliquait à l’Europe de l’Ouest ? Nous avons là il nous semble un témoignage éloquent des blocages et des impensés académiques prompts à surgir dès que l’on évoque un pays extra-européen, qu’il soit d’Afrique ou d’Asie. Il ne faudrait pas pourtant que la critique nous dédouane de toute responsabilité : la communauté des spécialistes de la Chine, de la Corée et du Japon est sans doute trop restreinte encore dans notre pays. Peut-être est-elle aussi trop silencieuse ou ne réussit-elle pas à se faire entendre. Car c’est également sur fond d’une certaine carence de publications historiques françaises de qualité à propos de l’Asie orientale, malgré de rares et brillantes exceptions, que des ouvrages plus faibles peuvent émerger. Il nous faut retrousser nos manches, ce numéro de Cipango se veut une étape et un appel. Cipango, 15 | 2008 2 SOMMAIRE En guise d'éditorial Le succès de L’Armée de l’Empereur : un symptôme Arnaud Nanta Guerre, colonialisme et commémoration Pour réintégrer le Japon au sein de l’histoire mondiale Histoire de la colonisation et guerres de mémoire Arnaud Nanta Le traumatisme du Pacifique Le sanctuaire Yasukuni et sa vision de la guerre John Breen Les militaires coréens de l’armée japonaise et les procès pour crimes de guerre Tetsuya Takahashi Autour de quelques os La mémorialisation des criminels de guerre de catégorie A Michael Lucken Varia Taguchi Ukichi, un libéral opiniâtre de l’ère Meiji Pascal Hurth La traduction en japonais de Ma Bohème Rimbaud lu par Nakahara Chūya Hatsuho Kawamura Quelques aspects de la culture populaire d’Okinawa Masanobu Akamine Notes de lecture Du pinceau à la typographie : regards japonais sur l’écriture et le livre. Textes réunis et présentés par C.-A. Brisset, P. Griolet, C. Marquet et M. Simon-Oikawa Anne-Marie Christin Langue, lecture et école au Japon, sous la direction de C. Galan et de J. Fijalkow Pascal Griolet Capitalscapes. Folding Screens and Political Imagination in Late Medieval Kyoto, par M. P. McKelway Nicolas Fiévé Cipango, 15 | 2008 3 La société japonaise devant la montée du militarisme – culture populaire et contrôle social dans les années 1930, sous la direction de J.-J. Tschudin et C. Hamon Christine Lévy Le Corbusier et le Japon, traduit par E. Peschard-Erlih, sous la direction de G. Monnier Minami Asuka Kaitai shinsho, The single most Famous Japanese Book of Medecine and Geka sōden, An early very Important Manuscript on Surgery, G. LUKACS Annick Horiuchi L’Éducation au Japon et en Chine – Eléments d’histoire, sous la direction d’A. Horiuchi Pascal Griolet et Marianne Simon-Oikawa Thèses et mémoires Les Mutations du yin et du yang : étude des relations entre divination, société et représentations au Japon, du VIe à la fin du XIXe siècle Matthias Hayek Tradition du mouvement dans les écoles classiques de combat du Japon Kacem Zoughari Les rapports entre les danses et les arts martiaux d’Okinawa. De la forme à l’identité Jean-Charles Juster Le statut juridique de la femme mariée en droit japonais de la famille Isabelle Konuma Nagai Kafū (1879-1959) et le champ littéraire : genèse d’un écrivain Tomomi Ōta L’expérience de l’art abstrait au Japon. Une nouvelle conscience de l’art à partir des années 1970 Marie Parra-Aledo Les principes de monumentalité dans l’architecture moderne : Analyse du discours architectural dans les premières œuvres de Tange Kenzō (1936-1962) Benoît Jacquet Les sources d’inspiration et les influences dans la musique de Yoshihisa Taira Chen Hui-Mei L’architecture moderne en quête de tradition Le cas du pavillon du Japon à l’Exposition Internationale de 1937 Kelly Lebel Ethnographie du rite du Gohō du temple Ryōsanji Coline Selmo Les persécutions contre le Christianisme sous Inoue Masashige (1640-1658) et la débâcle de Kōri (1657-1658) Martin Nogueira Ramos Nationalisme culturel et mouvement démocratique : Discours et participations politiques du Seikyōsha (1887-1898 Morvan Perroncel Le fantastique chez Enchi Fumiko Pauline Masure Cipango, 15 | 2008 4 Le système de prostitution moderne et réglementé du Japon des périodes Meiji et Taishō (1870 – 1930). Aux origines du système d’esclavage sexuel militaire des « femmes de réconfort » Michael De Pasquale Information sur le numéro Comités Cipango, 15 | 2008 5 En guise d'éditorial Cipango, 15 | 2008 6 Le succès de L’Armée de l’Empereur : un symptôme The Success of L’Armée de l’Empereur: a Symptom Arnaud Nanta 1 L’Armée de l’Empereur de Jean-Louis Margolin 1 présente et analyse les crimes de guerre commis par les Japonais durant la Guerre de l’Asie et du Pacifique (1937-1945)2. Ce gros ouvrage a retenu l’attention des historiens, ainsi que d’un plus large public. Il a fait l’objet de plusieurs recensions élogieuses3 et a obtenu le Prix Augustin Thierry 20074 . Son auteur a ensuite présenté à plusieurs reprises ses positions dans la presse5. Ce travail présente néanmoins un certain nombre de faiblesses qui ne semblent pas avoir été suffisamment perçues ni soulignées6. C’est pourquoi, vu l’importance des sujets abordés en eux-mêmes, mais aussi les questions que pose la reconnaissance publique et scientifique par la communauté intellectuelle française d’un ouvrage de cette nature, il a paru utile de lui consacrer une recension approfondie. Car plus que de l’Asie orientale, ce livre ne nous parle-t-il pas surtout de la France contemporaine, et de la manière dont celle-ci regarde (encore) le monde extraeuropéen et son histoire ? 2 Nous nous pencherons dans un premier temps sur l’organisation générale du livre afin d’éclairer la grille d’interprétation qui est la sienne. Nous analyserons ensuite la façon dont sont présentées trois questions majeures : le massacre de Nankin, le procès de Tōkyō et le système dit des « femmes de réconfort ». Nous nous arrêterons enfin sur l’écriture et la documentation de cet ouvrage. 3 Comme l’indique clairement l’auteur (p. 13), L’Armée de l’Empereur n’a pas pour objet la Guerre de l’Asie et du Pacifique. L’ouvrage se situant résolument dans le courant des études sur les génocides et la violence de masse, il est composé de douze chapitres qui s’organisent selon un plan thématique, simple et logique. Il commence en effet par énoncer les origines des crimes et des violences dans les trois premiers chapitres, puis, dans les sept suivants, il expose les événements eux-mêmes, déjà expliqués a priori, pour tenter finalement d’éclairer leurs conséquences dans deux derniers chapitres qui portent sur la période actuelle (débats mémoriels au Japon7, puis dans le reste de l’Asie). Les trois premiers chapitres – respectivement : « Le bréviaire de la haine », « Un Cipango, 15 | 2008 7 crime contre la paix » et « Un fascisme impérial ? » – sont donc essentiels. Ils mettent en place un cadre d’interprétation censé expliquer les horreurs de la période 1937-1945 : les violences de guerre en général (chap. 4), le massacre de Nankin (chap. 5), différents épisodes de la guerre, dont le massacre de Manille et l’affaire de l’unité 731 (chap. 6), les prisonniers de guerre occidentaux (chap. 7), le traitement réservé aux civils européens (chap. 8), le « néo-esclavagisme », le travail forcé et la question des « femmes de réconfort » (chap. 9), l’administration des territoires occupés et la question de l’opium en Chine (chap. 10). 4 L’Armée de l’Empereur se construit ainsi à partir d’une certaine vision du Japon moderne et contemporain, élaborée autour de trois notions essentielles : le néoféodalisme, l’impérialisme intrinsèque et le fascisme plébiscité. 5 Venons-en au premier élément. Dans son chapitre 1, l’auteur remonte très loin dans le passé pour déterminer « les origines […] des violences de guerre japonaises » (p. 131). Il explique que celles-ci auraient un caractère non moderne et seraient issues du Moyen Âge, et plus précisément du bushidō.
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