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A Greener Burkina Sustainable Farming Techniques, Land Reclamation and Improved Livelihoods

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A Greener Burkina Sustainable Farming Techniques, Land Reclamation and Improved Livelihoods September 2014 Case Study Report Environment A GREENER BURKINA Sustainable farming techniques, land reclamation and improved livelihoods Amanda Lenhardt, Jonathan Glennie, Nicholas Intscher and Ahmed Ali, with Gabriel Morin developmentprogress.org Overseas Development Institute Cover image: Mother farming with child in 203 Blackfriars Road Northern Region, Burkina Faso. Photo:.© London SE1 8NJ Amanda Lenhardt The Institute is limited by guarantee Registered in England and Wales Registration no. 661818 Charity no. 228248 Contact us developmentprogress.org [email protected] T: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Sign up for our e-newsletter developmentprogress.org/sign-our-newsletter Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/dev_progress Disclaimer The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of ODI. © Overseas Development Institute 2014. Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material for non-commercial use. For online use, please link to the original resource on the Development Progress website. As copyright holder, ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. Contents Acknowledgements 5 Acronyms 5 Abstract 7 1. Introduction 9 1.1 The importance of sustainable agriculture 9 1.2 The geography, population and poverty of Burkina Faso 11 1.3 Methodology and report structure 12 2. What progress has been achieved? 14 2.1 Initial situation 15 2.2 Soil and water conservation 16 2.3 Increased agricultural output 17 2.4 Human impact 19 3. What are the factors driving change? 22 3.1 Finding techniques that work 22 3.2 Diffusing knowledge 23 3.3 Encouraging adoption 25 4. What are the challenges? 30 4.1 Limited co-ordination slowing down large-scale improvements 31 4.2 The need for further technical innovation 32 4.3 Not just more investment, but more strategic investment 32 4.4 Lack of an integrated approach 33 5. What lessons can we learn? 37 References 40 A greener Burkina - Sustainable farming techniques, land reclamation and improved livelihoods 3 List of tables, figures and boxes Tables Table 1: Six players involved in achieving progress 22 Figures Figure 1: Population density in Burkina Faso 12 Figure 2: Distribution of poverty in Burkina Faso (% of population below $2 per day, based on 2005 US$ (PPP)) 13 Figure 3: Rain in Ouahigouya, Yatenga province, 1921–1989 15 Figure 4: Arable land in Burkina Faso compared to other SSA and low-income countries 17 Figure 5: Cereal yields per hectare in West Africa 1961–2011 19 Figure 6: Improved rural water source (% of rural population with access) 19 Figure 7: Technology adoption curve 25 Figure 8: Mechanised zaï 28 Figure 9: Stunting in Burkina Faso 1990–2010 34 Figure 10: IFPRI Global Hunger Index 1990–2013 34 Figure 11: Prevalence of undernourishment (%) in Sahelian countries 34 Figure 12: Depth of food deficit 1990–2010 36 Boxes Box 1: Three interlinked problems: water, forests and soil 10 Box 2: What is sustainable agriculture? 11 Box 3: Three improved techniques for sustainable agriculture in Burkina Faso 16 Box 4: Sustainable agriculture in context – the case of Tougou village 20 Box 5: 6S – an innovative grassroots village-development association 25 Box 6: The changing role of the state and civil society 29 Box 7: UNEP’s integrated approach to the planning and management of land resource 33 4 Development Progress Case Study Report Acknowledgements This case study was written by Amanda Lenhardt, for their detailed reviews of earlier drafts. The authors also Jonathan Glennie and Ahmed Ali, all at the Overseas extend gratitude to the more than 35 interviewees from Development Institute (ODI), and Nicholas Intscher government, donor agencies, civil society organisations and (independent consultant), with Gabriel Morin of Initiatives farmers who gave their time and expertise to inform this Conseil International (ICI). Andrew Scott and Susan study. Deborah Eade provided editorial support, and Chris Nicolai at ODI provided oversight. The authors gratefully Little managed layout and production. acknowledge the contributions of Adama Traouré who The case study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates offered significant insights, engaged in interviews and Foundation as part of ‘Development Progress’, a four-year supported the research process in Burkina Faso. research project that aims to better understand, measure The authors would like to thank Kate Bird (ODI) for and communicate what has worked in development and detailed comments and support, Andrew Rogerson (ODI), why. Its findings and conclusions are those of the authors Barbara Adolph (International Institute for Environment and do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of and Development), Katy Harris and Annalisa Prizzon (ODI) the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Acronyms AFD Agence Française de Développement (French INGO International non-governmental organisation Development Agency) IPM Integrated pest management CFA Franc des Communautés Financières d’Afrique IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks CILSS Comité permanent Inter-État de Lutte contre la Kcal 1000 calories Sécheresse au Sahel LIC Low-income country CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche MDG Millennium Development Goal Agronomique pour le Développement (Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) NGO Non-governmental organization CO Carbon dioxide OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 2 Development DANIDA Danish International Development Agency ORD Organisation Régionale de Développement (Regional EU European Union Development Agency) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations PATECORE Projet Aménagement des Terroirs et Conservation des FNGN Fédération Nationale de Groupements Naam Ressources dans le Plateau Central (Land Development GDP Gross Domestic Product and Resource Conservation Project in the Central GERES Groupement Européen de Restauration des Sols Plateau) (European Group for Soil Restoration) PDRD Decentralised Rural Development Policy GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale PLT Projet Logistique de Transport (Transport Logistics Zusammenarbeit (German Society for International Co- Project) operation) PPP Purchasing power parity GNI Gross national income SSA Sub-Saharan Africa ha Hectare SWC Soil and water conservation IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development UN United Nations IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute UNEP United Nations Environment Programme INERA Institut National pour l’Étude et la Recherche WDI World Development Indicators Agronomiques (National Institute for Agronomic Study WFP World Food Programme and Research) A greener Burkina - Sustainable farming techniques, land reclamation and improved livelihoods 5 Farmer and child. Photo: © Amanda Lenhardt 6 Development Progress Case Study Report Abstract In the face of increased pressures on land and natural resources as well as a changing climate, the need for sustainably managed agricultural systems will become ever more important. The farmers of the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso know this all too well. For decades, successive droughts, demographic pressures and the encroaching Sahel have exposed this area to the impacts of climate change. Many smallholder farmers have adapted to these pressures by reclaiming land through the adoption of techniques to conserve soil and water, measures that have also helped to mitigate the impacts of climate change on nutrition, food security and rural incomes. This case study describes the factors that have enabled 200,000–300,000 hectares (ha) of degraded land in Burkina Faso to be brought into productive use through the application of improved traditional farming techniques. Three main factors have contributed to achieving such progress in sustainable farming in a context of environmental stress and limited resources. First, farmers themselves have been adapting these farming techniques for generations and local knowledge of suitable and efficient methods was crucial. Second, information about the improved sustainable techniques was effectively diffused through existing community networks, facilitated by civil society organisations (CSOs), international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and government extension agents. Third, the adoption of these improved techniques was encouraged by the provision of financial support for the initial labour and start-up costs, which was essential for many of the poorest farmers. While progress in land reclamation and sustainable farming in Burkina Faso is by no means complete and many areas remain vulnerable to environmental and economic shocks, the gains made in soil and water conservation over the last 30 years have clearly contributed to the resilience of communities and their ability to mitigate these shocks, which are now understood to be recurrent. Important lessons can be drawn from the case of Burkina Faso regarding the diffusion and adoption of appropriate agricultural technologies, effective social organisation and the role of finance in supporting and promoting progress in sustainable agriculture. AGAINST THE ODDS: Burkina Faso Farmers in Burkina Faso create a mosaic of green, arable land in the arid desert of the Central Plateau PRESSURES SOLUTIONS • Population density RESULTS • Innovative farming methods, mixing traditional • Encroaching Sahel desert practices with new ideas OVER THE PAST 3 DECADES • Climate change affecting • Dissemination of information through rain variability locally-led initiatives, via strong 200k
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