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70Лет2-2015.Pdf ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ МИНИСТЕРСТВО КУЛЬТУРЫ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ УРАЛЬСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ВОЕННО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ МУЗЕЙ РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК УРАЛЬСКОЕ ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ИНСТИТУТ ИСТОРИИ И АРХЕОЛОГИИ УРАЛЬСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ ПЕРВОГО ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИИ Б.Н. ЕЛЬЦИНА УРАЛЬСКАЯ ГОРНО-МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКАЯ КОМПАНИЯ МУЗЕЙ ВОЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ 70-ЛЕТИЕ ВЕЛИКОЙ ПОБЕДЫ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОПЫТ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ СБОРНИК НАУЧНЫХ СТАТЕЙ ЧАСТЬ II ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГ 2015 1 УДК 94 (470.5) ББК 63.3 (235.55)622 70-ЛЕТИЕ ВЕЛИКОЙ ПОБЕДЫ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОПЫТ И ПРО- БЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ. Девятые уральские военно-историче- ские чтения. Сборник научных статей. Екатеринбург: Банк культур- ной информации, 2015. – 432 с. Часть II. ISBN 978-5-7851-0806-6 В научных статьях данного сборника в теоретическом и конкретно-исто- рическом плане рассмотрены геополитические, военно-политические, соци- ально-экономические, культурологические и историографические аспекты, связанные с изучением жизнедеятельности российского социума в годы Ве- ликой Отечественной войны в контексте мировой истории. На ярких примерах мужества, отваги и героизма, проявленных народом России в борьбе с фашизмом, поставлены проблемы патриотического воспи- тания населения как фактора духовного развития нации и противодействия современным угрозам российской государственности. Сборник предназначен для широкого круга ученых, краеведов, работ- ников музеев, преподавателей и учащихся, ветеранов войны и труда, обще- ственных и государственных деятелей и всех интересующихся региональной, общероссийской и мировой историей. ГЛАВНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР А.В. СПЕРАНСКИЙ, доктор исторических наук, академик АВИН РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ: С.В. Воробьев, к.и.н. (ответственный секретарь), Д.В. Бугров, к.и.н., С.В. Ворошнин, Т.В. Краева, к.и.н., В.В. Лобанов, к.ф.-м.н., Малышева Е.М., д.и.н., Попов А.Ю., д.и.н. Середа В.А., к.пед.н. © Институт истории и археологии УрО РАН, 2015 © Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента Росси Б.Н. Ельцина, 2015 © Уральский государственный ISBN 978-5-7851-0806-6 военно-исторический музей, 2015 2 GOVERNMENT OF SVERDLOVSK OBLAST MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF SVERDLOVSK OBLAST URAL STATE MUSEUM OF MILITARY HISTORY URAL BRANCH OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY URAL FEDERAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA B.N. YELTSIN URAL MINING AND METALLURGICAL COMPANY MUSEUM OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GREAT VICTORY: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT TIME COLLECTION OF PAPERS PART II YEKATERINBURG 2015 3 UDC 94 (470.5) BBK 63.3 (235.55)622 THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GREAT VICTORY: HISTORI- CAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT TIME. The 9th Ural conference on Military History. Collection of Papers. Yekater- inburg: Bank of Cultural Information, 2015. – 432 pp. Part II. ISBN 978-5-7851-0806-6 The collection of papers examines in both theoretical and concrete-historical ways the geopolitical, military-political, socio-economical, cultural and histori- ographical aspects related to the study of life and activities of Russian society during the Great Patriotic War in the context of world history. Demonstrating bright examples of courage, bravery and heroism of Russian people in the struggle against Nazism, the collection of papers investigates the problem of patriotic education of Russian population as a factor of spiritual de- velopment of the nation and as a tool to counter new threats to Russian statehood. The collection of papers is intended for a wide range of researchers, local historians, museum staff, teachers and students, war and labor veterans, public figures and statesmen and also for anyone interested in regional, national and world history. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF A.V. SPERANSKY, Doctor of Sciences (History), Member of the Academy of Military Historical Studies EDITORIAL BOARD: S.V. Vorobyov, Candidate of Sciences (History) (secretary for issue), D.V. Bugrov, Candidate of Sciences (History), S.V. Voroshnin, T.V. Kraeva, Candidate of Sciences (History), V.V. Lobanov, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), E.M. Malysheva, Doctor of Sciences (History), A.Yu. Popov, Doctor of Sciences (History), V.A. Sereda, Candidate of Sciences (Pedagogy) © Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology, 2015 © Ural federal university named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 2015 ISBN 978-5-7851-0806-6 © Ural State Museum of Military History, 2015 4 РАЗДЕЛ IV. ДУХОВНЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК ПОБЕДЫ Н.Ф. Варлакова* ДУХОВНОСТЬ НАРОДА КАК ФАКТОР ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ ВОЕННЫХ ИСПЫТАНИЙ В статье показан опыт борьбы с врагом силой духовного оружия. Представлен вклад советских литераторов, художников, музыкан- тов, кинематографистов в достижение Великой Победы. Ключевые слова: Великая Отечественная война, культура, ду- ховный потенциал, военная проза, писатели-фронтовики Слова «Все для фронта, все для победы!» стали девизом жизни и работы людей. Именно мобилизация духовных сил народа в эти годы стала главной задачей советского искусства. Поэзия была самым популярным жанром военных лет. Именно поэзия выразила потребность людей в правде, без которой невоз- можно чувство ответственности за свою страну. Так, в первый день войны на митинге советских писателей про- звучали такие слова: «Каждый советский писатель готов все свои силы, весь свой опыт и талант, всю свою кровь, если это понадобит- ся, отдать делу священной народной войны против врагов нашей Ро- дины». Эти слова были оправданны. С самого начала войны писате- ли почувствовали себя «мобилизованными и призванными». Около двух тысяч писателей ушли на фронт, более четырехсот из них не вернулись. Писатели жили одной жизнью со сражающимся наро- дом: мерзли в окопах, ходили в атаку, совершали подвиги и... писали. Поэзия надела военную шинель с первых дней войны. Уже на третий день по всей стране, как призыв, зазвучала песня на стихи В. Лебедева-Кумача «Священная война». Стихи этой песни выража- ют всю гамму чувств людей, переживших шок от внезапно начав- шейся войны: боль, горе, тревогу, надежду. Великая Отечественная война оказала огромное воздействие как на дальнейший ход исто- рии, так и на развитие мировой и особенно русской культуры [5]. На народную беду сразу откликнулись и поэты. Они почув- ствовали себя призванными поддерживать высокий патриотиче- ский подъем на фронте и в тылу, уверенность в победе, стойкость * Варлакова Наталья Флюровна – учитель МБОУ «СОШ № 17», п. Рефтинский, Россия; [email protected] 5 в преодолении всех выпавших на долю страны и народа испытаний. Любовь к Отечеству и ненависть к врагу – это тот неиссякаемый и единственный источник, из которого черпала в годы Великой отече- ственной войны свое вдохновение наша лирика. Наиболее известны- ми поэтами того времени были: Булат Окуджава, Константин Симо- нов, Алексей Сурков. «Холод войны немилосерд и точен. Ей равнодушия не занимать... Пятеро голодных сыновей и дочек и одна отчаянная мать… Булат Окуджава «Жди Меня Жди меня и я вернусь, Только очень жди. Жди, когда наводят грусть Желтые дожди. Жди, когда снега метут, Жди, когда жара, Жди, когда других не ждут, Позабыв вчера. Жди, когда из дальних мест писем не придёт. Жди, когда уж надоест всем кто вместе ждёт. Жди, меня и я вернусь Всем смертям назло». Константин Симонов Не обошла война и писателей нашего края. Среди ушедших на фронт значатся имена М.И. Львова и М.П Аношкина. Михаил Да- выдович́ Львов (имя при рождении – Рафкат Давлетович Маликов, башкир) – поэт, член Союза писателей СССР, ветеран Великой От- ечественной войны, лауреат премии «Орлёнок». Михаил Петрович Аношкин – прозаик, журналист. Родился в г. Кыштыме. После окон- чания Кыштымского педагогического техникума в 1940 г. работал в редакции городской газеты. В годы Великой Отечественной войны окончил курсы парашютистов-десантников. Летом 1943 г. Михаил Аношкин был заброшен в тыл врага, в Брянский партизанский край, где выполнял особое задание командования. После тяжелого ранения при форсировании Вислы в 1944 г. вернулся в родной город [4]. Тема войны нашла отражение в его повестях «Суровая юность», «Уральский парень», а также в трилогии «Прорыв», «Особое зада- 6 ние», «Трудный переход». Автор стремился рассказать правду о войне, показывая события тех дней глазами солдата. Рассказывая о трагических первых месяцах войны, автор точно воспроизводил и тревожную обстановку всеобщей растерянности, подавленности, и мужество, стойкость, героизм солдат. Не все вернулись с войны. Особенно трагичной была судьба Гер- мана Занадворова. Оказавшись больным на оккупированной фаши- стами Украине, он нашел способ бороться с фашистами и трагически погиб («Дневник расстрелянного»). Война отразилась в творчестве поэтов и прозаиков, в частности, в стихах Людмилы Татьяничевой («Минные поля…»). Рано потеряв родителей, она с десяти лет жила в Свердловске, в семье дальних родственников Кожевниковых. Приемный отец, Константин Рафаи- лович, преподавал физику, приемная мать, Мария Александровна, – русский язык и литературу. Одна из главных тем поэзии Татьяни- чевой – Урал с его красотой, историей, индустриальной мощью. По- этесса считала, что подвиги тыла недостаточно отражены в русской литературе, и хотела внести свою лепту, воспевая мужество труже- ников-уральцев. Авторы военной прозы, как правило, фронтовики, в своих про- изведениях опираются на реальные события, на свой собственный фронтовой опыт. В книгах о войне писателей-фронтовиков главной линией проходит солдатская дружба, фронтовое товарищество, тя- жесть походной жизни, дезертирство и геройство. На войне развора-
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