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Germany's Crude Oil and Natural Gas Supply

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Germany's Crude Oil and Natural Gas Supply View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UEF Electronic Publications NORTH OR EAST? GERMANY’S CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS SUPPLY FROM NORWAY AND RUSSIA Mattias Spies 144 108 University of Joensuu Department of Geography Master’s thesis February 2004 RESEARCH STATEMENT UNIVERSITY OF JOENSUU This work examines the crude oil and natural gas trade from Norway and Russia to Germany. There is a considerable need for energy import in Germany because only a small part of the national consumption can be met with domestic productions. This applies especially to crude oil and natural gas. Norway and Russia are among the leading crude oil and natural gas producers and exporters in the world. The geographical vicinity of these significant demand and supply potentials leads to extensive energy based relations between Germany and Norway respectively Russia. The focus of this work is on the perception of and attitudes towards Norway and Russia as crude oil and natural gas suppliers for the domestic markets in Germany. Reporting from two leading German newspapers, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Süddeutsche Zeitung, are regarded to be a valid source for detecting these attitudes and perceptions. Relevant articles are analysed with content analysis and further multi-methodological approaches. For this reasons the work provides at the beginning full description of the Norwegian and Russian crude oil and natural gas sector as well as detailed information on the German energy markets and policy. It can be shown that differences in dealing with Norway and Russia in the articles exit. Accordingly, different perceptions and attitudes are detectable as well. This work shows where these differences can be found and examines their quality. It is argued that the reporting and the attitudes are not only based on economical facts but also on ‘imagined space’. The need for impartial relations with both supplying countries is stressed. Author: Mattias Spies Student number: 144 108 The title of the research: North or East? Germany’s crude oil and natural gas supply from Norway and Russia Faculty/Subject: Faculty of Social Sciences/Human Geography Pages: 127 Work: Master’s Thesis Time: February 2004 Key words: Energy, crude oil, natural gas, Germany, Norway, Russia Table of contents List of figures........................................................................................................................v List of tables..........................................................................................................................v List of appendices................................................................................................................vi List of abbreviations...........................................................................................................vii Preface .............................................................................................................................. viii 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................9 1.1 Aims and new economic geography..............................................................................9 1.2 Basic concepts in the hydrocarbon sector....................................................................13 1.3 Structure of the study..................................................................................................13 2 Theoretical background ..................................................................................................15 2.1 The Norwegian petroleum sector ................................................................................15 2.1.1 History and development......................................................................................15 2.1.2 The present situation of the Norwegian oil and gas sector.....................................17 2.1.3 Major oil and gas fields and transportation facilities.............................................21 2.1.4 Position of the oil and gas industry in the Norwegian economy ............................29 2.2 The Russian petroleum sector .....................................................................................31 2.2.1 History.................................................................................................................31 2.2.2 Present situation of the Russian oil and gas sector ................................................33 2.2.3 Major Russian oil and gas regions and transportation facilities.............................38 2.2.4 The oil and gas industry in Russia ........................................................................43 2.3 German energy market and policy...............................................................................46 2.3.1 Present situation of the German energy market.....................................................46 2.3.2 German energy policy ..........................................................................................51 3 Method and research material........................................................................................56 3.1 Content analysis in general .........................................................................................56 3.2 Research material: Newspaper articles from Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Süddeutsche Zeitung.........................................................................................................60 3.3 Content analysis in this work ......................................................................................63 iii 4 Analysis of the newspaper articles ..................................................................................65 4.1 Analysis instrument ....................................................................................................65 4.1.1 Concrete central questions and categories of analysis...........................................65 4.1.2 System of categories and analysis sheet................................................................67 4.1.3 Codification instructions ......................................................................................79 4.2 Results of the content analysis ....................................................................................81 4.2.1 General assessment of the articles ........................................................................81 4.2.2 Codifications of the content analysis’ categories ..................................................84 4.2.3 Qualitative assessment of catchphrases and judging statements ............................90 4.3 Interpretation of the results .........................................................................................94 4.3.1 General assessment ..............................................................................................94 4.3.2 Codifications........................................................................................................96 4.3.3 Qualitative assessment of catchphrases and judging statements ............................98 4.3.4 Linking approach ...............................................................................................100 4.3.5 Concluding comments – answers to the research questions.................................102 5 Conclusions and discussion ...........................................................................................105 References.........................................................................................................................113 Appendices........................................................................................................................117 iv List of figures Figure 1: Oil and gas production in Norway from 1971 to 2002............................................18 Figure 2: Recipients’ shares on shipments of Norwegian crude oil in 2002...........................19 Figure 3: Recipients’ shares on Norwegian natural gas export in 2002..................................20 Figure 4: Oil and gas transportation systems off Norway ......................................................28 Figure 5: Macroeconomic indicators of the petroleum sector ................................................30 Figure 6: Russian oil and gas production 1991-2002.............................................................34 Figure 7: Non-FSU recipients’ share of Russian natural gas export in 2002 ..........................38 Figure 8: Major oil producing and prospective regions and pipelines....................................39 Figure 9: Major natural gas producing and prospective regions and pipelines .......................40 Figure 10: Energy consumption by sectors in 2000...............................................................47 Figure 11: Shares of different energy sources of the total energy consumption in Germany 1990, 2001 and 2020.....................................................................................................48 Figure 12: Import dependency of the energy supply in 2001.................................................49 Figure 13: Oil imports by origin in 2000...............................................................................50 Figure 14: Natural gas imports by origin in 2000..................................................................51 Figure 15: Goals of a sustainable energy policy....................................................................52 Figure 16: Framework
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