Die Molekularbiologie in Deutschland Von 1945 Bis 1975

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Die Molekularbiologie in Deutschland Von 1945 Bis 1975 Die Molekularbiologie in Deutschland von 1945 bis 1975 Ein internationaler Vergleich Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Simone Wenkel aus Villingen-Schwenningen 2013 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Institut für Genetik der Universität zu Köln in der Arbeitsgruppe für Geschichte der biologischen und chemischen Wissenschaften (Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ute Deichmann) angefertigt. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ute Deichmann Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Thomas Wiehe Prüfungsvorsitz: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Siegfried Roth Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24. Januar 2014 2 Zusammenfassung Die Molekularisierung der Biologie seit dem zweiten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts hatte immense Auswirkungen auf die Forschung und führte zu weitreichenden Anwendungen. Sie vereinte in einer Synthese viele biologische, biochemische und medizinische Disziplinen unter zentralen biologischen Fragestellungen. Durch die Entwicklung neuer Methoden und die Etablierung neuer Modellorganismen gelang es innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte, die klassische Genetik, Mikrobiologie, Makromolekulare Chemie und Stoffwechselbiochemie miteinander in Verbindung zu bringen. In Deutschland war die Forschung nach 1945 viele Jahre lang geprägt von den Nachwirkungen der NS-Zeit und des Zweiten Weltkriegs, dem Wiederaufbau und der Neugründung von Instituten sowie großen Anstrengungen einzelner Wissenschaftler bei der Etablierung neuer Gebiete, wie dem der Molekularbiologie. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, erstmals ein umfassendes Bild der frühen Geschichte der Molkularbiologie in Deutschland zu erstellen und dieses im internationalen Vergleich zu betrachten. Zuerst wird die Entwicklung der Genetik und Molekularbiologie an deutschen Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen im Hinblick auf die Institutionalisierung und Förderung analysiert. Neben der allgemeinen Entwicklung wird hier der Einfluss einzelner Personen, vor allem der des Physikers und Molekularbiologen Max Delbrück, herausgearbeitet. Delbrück hat u.a. durch die Gründung des Instituts für Genetik in Köln und durch seine Kontakte zu einzelnen Forschern in Deutschland maßgeblich zur Entwicklung des Fachs beigetragen. Bei den Förderinstitutionen waren es die DFG und die Volkswagenstiftung, die wichtige Akzente setzten. Ein weiterer Teil der Arbeit ist eine Zitationsanalyse der Rezeption von 20 wichtigen molekularbiologischen Arbeiten im internationalen Vergleich. Hier werden nationale Unterschiede bei der Rezeption der verschiedenen Teilgebiete der Molekularbiologie aufgezeigt. In Deutschland lagen Forschungsschwerpunkte auf der Proteinstrukturforschung und der Virusgenetik. Es waren hier wenige Gruppen, die aktiv neuere Forschungsinhalte aufgriffen und weiterentwickelten. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit werden die molekularbiologischen Forschungsinhalte in Deutschland auf der Basis von Forscherbiographien und Publikationen untersucht. So kann der Beitrag einzelner deutscher Wissenschaftler zum Forschungsgebiet vorgestellt werden. 3 Summary The “molecularization” of biology since the 1930s had a tremendous and ongoing impact on biological research and led to far-reaching applications in biology and biomedicine. Several biological, biochemical and medical disciplines were united to address central biological questions. Through the development of new methods and the use of new model organisms, research fields such as classical genetics, microbiology, macromolecular chemistry and metabolic biochemistry were interconnected within a few decades., After 1945, research in Germany was dominated for many years by the aftermath of the Nazi era, and of World War II. as well as rebuilding and establishment of research institutes. It is due to major efforts of only few people that new research areas, such as molecular biology. were established. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the history of molecular biology in Germany and to compare it to international developments. First, the establishment of genetics and molecular biology at German universities and research institutes was analysed in terms of institutionalization and funding. Of special interest was to outline the influence of individuals, especially of the physicist and molecular biologist Max Delbrück. Delbrück contributed to the setting in Germany especially through his role in the establishment of the Institute for Genetics in Cologne and his support of individual researchers. Important funding agencies in this matter were the German Research Foundation and the Volkswagen Foundation. Another part of this thesis is a citation analysis of the reception of 20 important molecular biological publications in an international comparison. Here, national differences in the reception of the various sections of molecular biology are discussed. In Germany, where research had a focus on protein structure and viral genetics. Only a few groups actively picked up and extended the knowledge of current research contents. In the last part of this thesis molecular biological research in Germany was assessed through the analysis of biographies and publications of the researchers involved. Using this approach, it was possible to identify the contribution of individual scientists to this research area in Germany. 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................3 Summary...........................................................................................................................4 1. Einleitung......................................................................................................................7 Stand der Forschung...........................................................................................8 Ziele der Arbeit...................................................................................................11 Ein kurzer Überblick über die Entwicklung der Molekularbiologie.....................14 2. Institutionalisierung und Lehre...................................................................................18 2.1 Die Universitäten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.........................................18 2.1.1 Institutionalisierung.......................................................................................19 2.1.2 Lehre.............................................................................................................24 A. Lehrveranstaltungen......................................................................................24 B. Lehrbücher....................................................................................................28 2.1.3 Das Institut für Genetik in Köln – Vorbild oder Ausnahme?.........................33 A. Joseph Straub...............................................................................................33 B. Max Delbrück.................................................................................................35 C. Gründungspläne ...........................................................................................39 D. Der Antrag.....................................................................................................42 D. Die ersten Jahre............................................................................................45 E. Phagenkurse.................................................................................................47 F. Personalia......................................................................................................48 G. Auswirkungen der Gründung - Krise.............................................................51 H. Diskussion.....................................................................................................56 2.2 Andere Forschungseinrichtungen........................................................................59 Die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.................................................................................59 Großforschungseinrichtungen................................................................................63 European Molecular Biology Laboratory................................................................65 2.3 Die Molekularbiologie in der DDR........................................................................67 Lyssenkoismus.......................................................................................................67 Molekularbiologie an Universitäten und Forschungsinstituten..............................68 Förderung...............................................................................................................71 Ausblick..................................................................................................................73 3. Förderung der molekularbiologischen Forschung......................................................74 3.1 Der Wissenschaftsrat...........................................................................................74 3.2 Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft..............................................................76 Schwerpunktprogramme........................................................................................78 Forschungs- und Ausbildungsstipendien...............................................................90 Sonderforschungsbereiche....................................................................................92 Förderung von Bibliotheken...................................................................................95
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