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Die Molekularbiologie in Deutschland Von 1945 Bis 1975
Die Molekularbiologie in Deutschland von 1945 bis 1975 Ein internationaler Vergleich Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Simone Wenkel aus Villingen-Schwenningen 2013 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Institut für Genetik der Universität zu Köln in der Arbeitsgruppe für Geschichte der biologischen und chemischen Wissenschaften (Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ute Deichmann) angefertigt. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ute Deichmann Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Thomas Wiehe Prüfungsvorsitz: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Siegfried Roth Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24. Januar 2014 2 Zusammenfassung Die Molekularisierung der Biologie seit dem zweiten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts hatte immense Auswirkungen auf die Forschung und führte zu weitreichenden Anwendungen. Sie vereinte in einer Synthese viele biologische, biochemische und medizinische Disziplinen unter zentralen biologischen Fragestellungen. Durch die Entwicklung neuer Methoden und die Etablierung neuer Modellorganismen gelang es innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte, die klassische Genetik, Mikrobiologie, Makromolekulare Chemie und Stoffwechselbiochemie miteinander in Verbindung zu bringen. In Deutschland war die Forschung nach 1945 viele Jahre lang geprägt von den Nachwirkungen der NS-Zeit und des Zweiten Weltkriegs, dem Wiederaufbau und der Neugründung von Instituten sowie großen Anstrengungen einzelner Wissenschaftler bei der Etablierung neuer Gebiete, wie dem der Molekularbiologie. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, erstmals ein umfassendes Bild der frühen Geschichte der Molkularbiologie in Deutschland zu erstellen und dieses im internationalen Vergleich zu betrachten. Zuerst wird die Entwicklung der Genetik und Molekularbiologie an deutschen Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen im Hinblick auf die Institutionalisierung und Förderung analysiert. Neben der allgemeinen Entwicklung wird hier der Einfluss einzelner Personen, vor allem der des Physikers und Molekularbiologen Max Delbrück, herausgearbeitet. -
Why Is DNA Double Stranded? the Discovery of DNA Excision Repair Mechanisms
| PERSPECTIVES Why Is DNA Double Stranded? The Discovery of DNA Excision Repair Mechanisms Bernard S. Strauss1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7548-6461 (B.S.S.) ABSTRACT The persistence of hereditary traits over many generations testifies to the stability of the genetic material. Although the Watson–Crick structure for DNA provided a simple and elegant mechanism for replication, some elementary calculations implied that mistakes due to tautomeric shifts would introduce too many errors to permit this stability. It seemed evident that some additional mechanism(s) to correct such errors must be required. This essay traces the early development of our understanding of such mech- anisms. Their key feature is the cutting out of a section of the strand of DNA in which the errors or damage resided, and its replacement by a localized synthesis using the undamaged strand as a template. To the surprise of some of the founders of molecular biology, this understanding derives in large part from studies in radiation biology, a field then considered by many to be irrelevant to studies of gene structure and function. Furthermore, genetic studies suggesting mechanisms of mismatch correction were ignored for almost a decade by biochemists unacquainted or uneasy with the power of such analysis. The collective body of results shows that the double-stranded structure of DNA is critical not only for replication but also as a scaffold for the correction of errors and the removal of damage to DNA. As additional discoveries were made, it became clear that the mechanisms for the repair of damage were involved not only in maintaining the stability of the genetic material but also in a variety of biological phenomena for increasing diversity, from genetic recombination to the immune response. -
GENE THERAPY Recent Titles in Health and Medical Issues Today
GENE THERAPY Recent Titles in Health and Medical Issues Today Obesity Evelyn B. Kelly Stem Cells Evelyn B. Kelly Organ Transplantation David Petechuk Alternative Medicine Christine A. Larson GENE THERAPY Evelyn B. Kelly Health and Medical Issues Today GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut ● London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelly, Evelyn B. Gene therapy / Evelyn B. Kelly. p. cm. — (Health and medical issues today ISSN 1558–7592) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–33760–4 (alk. paper) 1. Gene therapy—Popular works. 2. Gene therapy—Moral and ethical aspects— Popular works. I. Title. RB155.8.K45 2007 616'.042—dc22 2007016143 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2007 by Evelyn B. Kelly All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007016143 ISBN: 978–0–313–33760–4 ISSN: 1558–7592 First published in 2007 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 CONTENTS Series Foreword vii Preface ix Section One Scientific Background of Gene Therapy 1 Gene Therapy: A Treatment for Altered Genes 3 2 Medical and Scientific Issues in Gene Therapy 13 3 Discoveries Leading -
Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time?" Azoulay, Pierre, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Joshua S
"Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time?" Azoulay, Pierre, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Joshua S. Graff Zivin. American Economic Review, Vol. 109, No. 8 (2889-2920). DOI: 10.1257/aer.20161574 Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time? By Pierre Azoulay, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Joshua S. Graff Zivin∗ We examine how the premature death of eminent life scientists alters the vitality of their fields. While the flow of articles by col- laborators into affected fields decreases after the death of a star sci- entist, the flow of articles by non-collaborators increases markedly. This surge in contributions from outsiders draws upon a different scientific corpus and is disproportionately likely to be highly cited. While outsiders appear reluctant to challenge leadership within a field when the star is alive, the loss of a luminary provides an op- portunity for fields to evolve in new directions that advance the frontier of knowledge. JEL: I23, J24, O31. Keywords: economics of science, scientific fields, superstars, in- visible college, cumulative knowledge production. \A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." Max Planck Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers Whether manna from heaven or the result of the purposeful application of research and development, technological advances play a foundational role in all modern theories of economic growth (Solow 1957, Romer 1990, Aghion and Howitt 1992). Only in the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, did techno- logical progress start to systematically build upon scientific foundations (Mokyr ∗ Azoulay: MIT Sloan School of Management and NBER, 100 Main Steet|E62-487, Cambridge, MA 02142 (e-mail: [email protected]); Fons-Rosen: UC Merced and CEPR, Department of Economics, 5200 N. -
Environmental Genomics: Mechanisms and Approaches for Genomic Integrity
SEPTEMBER 12-16, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING ENVIRONMENTAL GENOMICS: MECHANISMS AND APPROACHES FOR GENOMIC INTEGRITY Applied Genetic Toxicology Gentoxicity Risk and Public Health DNA Repair & Mutagenic Mechanisms (GRAPH) Epigenomics Germ Cell and Heritable Effects Genomics and Data Sciences In Vivo Mutagenesis William Kaufmann, PhD EMGS President Joann B. Sweasy, PhD EMGS Program Chair Aishwarya Prakash, PhD New Investigator Co-Chair KEYNOTE SPEAKERS Kari Stefansson, M.D. Joan A. Steitz, PhD Dr. Med. CEO of deCODE Genetics Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Yale School of Medicine Serena Nik-Zainal, PhD University of Cambridge www.emgs-us.org/p/cm/ld/fid=501 SPONSORS OF THE 51ST VIRTUAL ANNUAL MEETING Diamond Escher Family Fund US Food and Drug Administration Grant No. 1R13FD006702-02 Platinum Merck DNA Repair Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis Reviews in Mutation Research Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis Silver Bristol-Myers Squibb Gilead Sciences Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) Teijin Pharma Limited ILS, Inc. Bronze New England Biolabs Nucleic Acids Research NAR Cancer General National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 3 51ST ANNUAL MEETING Synergistic Interactions for a Better World Environmental Genomics: Mechanisms and Approaches for Genomic Integrity September 12-16, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING EMGS President: William Kaufmann, PhD EMGS Program Chair: Joann B. Sweasy, PhD New Investigator Co-Chair: Aishwarya Prakash, PhD Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society 12627 San Jose Blvd., Suite 202 | Jacksonville, Florida 32223 Telephone: 904.289.3410 | Fax: 904.513.2666 Email: [email protected] | EMGS Website: https://www.emgs-us.org EMGS Program Abstracts printed in Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Volume 61, Number S1 The Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society was founded in 1969 and is incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia. -
Interview with Seymour Benzer
SEYMOUR BENZER (1921-2007) INTERVIEWED BY HEIDI ASPATURIAN September 11, 1990–February 1991 Photo by Floyd Clark ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area Biology, biophysics Abstract Interview conducted in eleven sessions between September 1990 and February 1991 with Seymour Benzer, James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience in the Division of Biology. Benzer received his PhD in physics from Purdue in 1947. His interests had already turned to biophysics, after he read Erwin Schrödinger’s What is Life? In this lengthy interview he recounts his peripatetic life visiting Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1948-49); Max Delbrück at Caltech (1949-51); the Pasteur Institute with André Lwoff, François Jacob, and Jacques Monod (1951-52); the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, with Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner (1957-1958); Roger Sperry’s lab at Caltech (1965-67); and intermittently Woods Hole and Cold Spring Harbor—all while he was also a member first of the physics and then the biology faculty at Purdue (1945-1967). In the early 1960s, he participated for a while in the establishment of the Salk Institute. In 1967 he became a professor of biology at Caltech, meanwhile spending summers in the early 1970s at the Salk Institute; recollections of the Biology Division and of Salk during that time. He discusses the early years and flourishing of molecular biology, including recollections of such pioneers as http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Benzer_S Salvador Luria, Renato Dulbecco, Francis Crick, James Watson, Gunther Stent, and Delbrück’s phage group. He discusses his own work on r mutants of bacteriophage, genetic fine structure, behavioral mutants of Drosophila, and monoclonal antibodies. -
Pierre Azoulay Christian Fons-Rosen Joshua S. Graff Zivin
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DOES SCIENCE ADVANCE ONE FUNERAL AT A TIME? Pierre Azoulay Christian Fons-Rosen Joshua S. Graff Zivin Working Paper 21788 http://www.nber.org/papers/w21788 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2015 Address all correspondence to [email protected]. Azoulay and Graff Zivin acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation through its SciSIP Program (Award SBE-1460344). Fons-Rosen acknowledges financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ECO2014-55555-P). Mikka Rokkanen provided additional research assistance. The project would not have been possible without Andrew Stellman’s extraordinary programming skills (http://www.stellman-greene.com/). We thank Heidi Williams, Sameer Srivastava, Scott Stern, Bruce Weinberg, and seminar audiences at the NBER, UC Berkeley, National University of Singapore, and Stanford University for useful discussions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2015 by Pierre Azoulay, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Joshua S. Graff Zivin. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time? Pierre Azoulay, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Joshua S. Graff Zivin NBER Working Paper No. 21788 December 2015 JEL No. -
Venter, J. Craig
A LIFE DECODED My Genome: My Life J. CRAIG VENTER U.S. $25.95 Canada $31.00 f all the extraordinary scientific achievements Oof the past century, perhaps none can match the deciphering of the human genetic code, both for its technical brilliance and for its implications for our future. It has charted a landscape in which we will discover the most intricate workings of our species, the particularities of our own individual genetic makeup, and the promise of novel approaches to health and medicine that will mark a new stage in human development, one in which inherited biology is no longer necessarily destiny. A Life Decoded is the story of this singular milestone in our history, told by the man who through a combination of vision, tenacity, ingenuity, and insight challenged conventional wisdom and refuted his critics to reveal the human genetic code. Growing up in California, Craig Venter was an unremarkable student, with little interest in his schoolwork and even less motivation to complete his education. But being drafted as a Navy medic in Vietnam piqued his interest in science and medicine, and after jump-starting his education, he received advanced degrees and quickly established himself as a gifted and outspoken scientist. At the National Institutes of Health he introduced novel techniques for rapid gene discovery, and at his own research institute in 1995 sequenced the first genome of a living species in history, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. That success prompted him to take on the dauntingly more ambitious goal of the entire human genome—billions of letters of genetic code that would test the limits of both human and computational abilities. -
A Technology for Detecting Unselected Mutational Spectra in Human Genomic Dna
A TECHNOLOGY FOR DETECTING UNSELECTED MUTATIONAL SPECTRA IN HUMAN GENOMIC DNA by Xiaocheng Li-Sucholeiki B.S., Genetics Fudan University, 1990 M.S., Cell and Molecular Biology Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1993 Submitted to the Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Toxicology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 1999 © 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All right reserved Signature of Author Division of BioengineerW and Environmental Health Certified by A Professor William G. Thilly Thesis Advisor Accepted by Dedon MASSACHUSETTS MNSTITUTE v -Professor Peter C. OF TECHNOLOGY_ Chairman, Division Committee on Graduate Studies FLEBRfiARdE This doctor thesis has been examined by a Committee of the Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health as follows: /I Professor Gerald N. Wogan , k-W (,Y C- W Chairman Professor William G. Thilly Thesis Advisor / i , /i Professor Leonard Lerman Professor David Schauer Professor Graham C. Walker A TECHNOLOGY FOR DETECTING UNSELECTED MUTATIONAL SPECTRA IN HUMAN GENOMIC DNA by Xiaocheng Li-Sucholeiki Submitted to the Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Toxicology ABSTRACT Most human inherited diseases and cancers are known to be caused by mutations in nuclear genes. But the primary causes of many of these mutations are still unknown. Determination of mutational spectra in disease-related genes in nontumorous tissues may provide direct evidence as to whether a specific mutagenic agent or pathway is involved in a particular human cancer.