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Opensuse Leap 42.2 Reference Opensuse Leap 42.2 Reference openSUSE Leap 42.2 Reference openSUSE Leap 42.2 Publication Date: November 05, 2018 SUSE LLC 10 Canal Park Drive Suite 200 Cambridge MA 02141 USA https://www.suse.com/documentation Copyright © 2006– 2018 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Docu- mentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see http://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third-party trademarks are the prop- erty of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its affiliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its affiliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents About This Guide xvi I ADVANCED ADMINISTRATION 1 1 YaST in Text Mode 2 1.1 Navigation in Modules 3 1.2 Restriction of Key Combinations 5 1.3 YaST Command Line Options 5 Starting the Individual Modules 5 • Installing Packages from the Command Line 6 • Command Line Parameters of the YaST Modules 6 2 Managing Software with Command Line Tools 7 2.1 Using Zypper 7 General Usage 7 • Installing and Removing Software with Zypper 9 • Updating Software with Zypper 13 • Identifying Processes and Services Using Deleted Files 16 • Managing Repositories with Zypper 18 • Querying Repositories and Packages with Zypper 20 • Configuring Zypper 21 • Troubleshooting 21 • Zypper Rollback Feature on Btrfs File System 22 • For More Information 22 2.2 RPM—the Package Manager 22 Verifying Package Authenticity 23 • Managing Packages: Install, Update, and Uninstall 23 • Delta RPM Packages 25 • RPM Queries 25 • Installing and Compiling Source Packages 28 • Compiling RPM Packages with build 30 • Tools for RPM Archives and the RPM Database 31 iii Reference 3 System Recovery and Snapshot Management with Snapper 32 3.1 Default Setup 32 Types of Snapshots 34 • Directories That Are Excluded from Snapshots 34 • Customizing the Setup 36 3.2 Using Snapper to Undo Changes 39 Undoing YaST and Zypper Changes 40 • Using Snapper to Restore Files 45 3.3 System Rollback by Booting from Snapshots 47 Accessing and Identifying Snapshot Boot Entries 49 • Limitations 50 3.4 Creating and Modifying Snapper Configurations 51 Managing Existing Configurations 52 3.5 Manually Creating and Managing Snapshots 55 Snapshot Metadata 56 • Creating Snapshots 57 • Modifying Snapshot Metadata 58 • Deleting Snapshots 59 3.6 Automatic Snapshot Clean-Up 60 Cleaning Up Numbered Snapshots 61 • Cleaning Up Timeline Screenshots 62 • Cleaning Up Snapshot Pairs That Do Not Differ 64 • Cleaning Up Manually Created Snapshots 64 • Adding Disk Quota Support 65 3.7 Frequently Asked Questions 66 4 Remote Access with VNC 68 4.1 The vncviewer Client 68 Connecting Using the vncviewer CLI 68 • Connecting Using the vncviewer GUI 69 • Notification of Unencrypted Connections 69 4.2 One-time VNC Sessions 69 Available Configurations 70 • Initiating a One-time VNC Session 71 • Configuring One-time VNC Sessions 71 iv Reference 4.3 Persistent VNC Sessions 72 Connecting to a Persistent VNC Session 73 • Configuring Persistent VNC Sessions 73 5 Advanced Disk Setup 74 5.1 Using the YaST Partitioner 74 Partition Types 75 • Creating a Partition 76 • Editing a Partition 80 • Expert Options 82 • Advanced Options 83 • More Partitioning Tips 83 • Partitioning and LVM 86 5.2 LVM Configuration 86 LVM Configuration with YaST 87 5.3 Soft RAID Configuration with YaST 90 Soft RAID Configuration with YaST 90 • Troubleshooting 92 • For More Information 92 6 Installing Multiple Kernel Versions 93 6.1 Enabling and Configuring Multiversion Support 93 Automatically Deleting Unused Kernels 94 6.2 Installing/Removing Multiple Kernel Versions with YaST 95 6.3 Installing/Removing Multiple Kernel Versions with Zypper 96 6.4 Install the Latest Kernel Version from the Kernel:HEAD Repository 97 7 GNOME Configuration for Administrators 98 7.1 Starting Applications Automatically 98 7.2 Automounting and Managing Media Devices 98 7.3 Changing Preferred Applications 98 7.4 Adding Document Templates 99 7.5 For More Information 99 v Reference II SYSTEM 100 8 32-Bit and 64-Bit Applications in a 64-Bit System Environment 101 8.1 Runtime Support 101 8.2 Software Development 102 8.3 Software Compilation on Biarch Platforms 103 8.4 Kernel Specifications 104 9 Booting a Linux System 105 9.1 The Linux Boot Process 105 9.2 initramfs 107 9.3 Init on initramfs 108 10 The systemd Daemon 111 10.1 The systemd Concept 111 What Is systemd 111 • Unit File 112 10.2 Basic Usage 113 Managing Services in a Running System 113 • Permanently Enabling/ Disabling Services 115 10.3 System Start and Target Management 116 Targets Compared to Runlevels 117 • Debugging System Start- Up 120 • System V Compatibility 123 10.4 Managing Services with YaST 124 10.5 Customization of systemd 125 Customizing Service Files 125 • Creating “Drop-in” Files 126 • Creating Custom Targets 126 10.6 Advanced Usage 127 Cleaning Temporary Directories 127 • System Log 128 • Snapshots 128 • Loading Kernel Modules 128 • Performing Actions Before Loading a Service 129 • Kernel Control Groups vi Reference (cgroups) 130 • Terminating Services (Sending Signals) 131 • Debugging Services 131 10.7 More Information 133 11 journalctl: Query the systemd Journal 134 11.1 Making the Journal Persistent 134 11.2 journalctl Useful Switches 135 11.3 Filtering the Journal Output 136 Filtering Based on a Boot Number 136 • Filtering Based on Time Interval 136 • Filtering Based on Fields 137 11.4 Investigating systemd Errors 138 11.5 Journald Configuration 139 Changing the Journal Size Limit 139 • Forwarding the Journal to /dev/ ttyX 139 • Forwarding the Journal to Syslog Facility 140 11.6 Using YaST to Filter the systemd Journal 140 12 The Boot Loader GRUB 2 142 12.1 Main Differences between GRUB Legacy and GRUB 2 142 12.2 Configuration File Structure 142 The File /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 144 • The File /etc/default/ grub 144 • Scripts in /etc/grub.d 147 • Mapping between BIOS Drives and Linux Devices 148 • Editing Menu Entries during the Boot Procedure 148 • Setting a Boot Password 150 12.3 Configuring the Boot Loader with YaST 151 Modifying the Boot Loader Location 152 • Adjusting the Disk Order 153 • Configuring Advanced Options 153 12.4 Differences in Terminal Usage on z Systems 156 Limitations 156 • Key Combinations 157 12.5 Helpful GRUB 2 Commands 159 12.6 More Information 160 vii Reference 13 Basic Networking 161 13.1 IP Addresses and Routing 164 IP Addresses 164 • Netmasks and Routing 164 13.2 IPv6—The Next Generation Internet 166 Advantages 167 • Address Types and Structure 168 • Coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 172 • Configuring IPv6 173 • For More Information 174 13.3 Name Resolution 175 13.4 Configuring a Network Connection with YaST 176 Configuring the Network Card with YaST 176 13.5 NetworkManager 187 NetworkManager and wicked 187 • NetworkManager Functionality and Configuration Files 188 • Controlling and Locking Down NetworkManager Features 189 13.6 Configuring a Network Connection Manually 189 The wicked Network Configuration 189 • Configuration Files 196 • Testing the Configuration 207 • Unit Files and Start-Up Scripts 210 13.7 Basic Router Setup 212 13.8 Setting Up Bonding Devices 213 Hotplugging of Bonding Slaves 215 13.9 Setting Up Team Devices for Network Teaming 216 Use Case: Loadbalancing with Network Teaming 218 • Use Case: Failover with Network Teaming 219 13.10 Software-Defined Networking with Open vSwitch 221 Advantages of Open vSwitch 221 • Installing Open vSwitch 222 • Overview of Open vSwitch Daemons and Utilities 222 • Creating a Bridge with Open vSwitch 223 • Using Open vSwitch Directly with KVM 224 • Using Open vSwitch with libvirt 226 • For More Information 227 viii Reference 14 UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 228 14.1 Secure Boot 228 Implementation on openSUSE Leap 229 • MOK (Machine Owner Key) 233 • Booting a Custom Kernel 233 • Using Non-Inbox Drivers 235 • Features and Limitations 236 14.2 For More Information 237 15 Special System Features 238 15.1 Information about Special Software Packages 238 The bash Package and /etc/profile 238 • The cron Package 239 • Stopping Cron Status Messages 240 • Log Files: Package logrotate 240 • The locate Command 241 • The ulimit Command 241 • The free Command 243 • Man Pages and Info Pages 243 • Selecting Man Pages Using the man Command 243 • Settings for GNU Emacs 244 15.2 Virtual Consoles 245 15.3 Keyboard Mapping 245 15.4 Language and Country-Specific Settings 246 Some Examples 247 • Locale Settings in ~/.i18n 248 • Settings for Language Support 248 • For More Information 249 16 Dynamic Kernel Device Management with udev 250 16.1 The /dev Directory 250 16.2 Kernel uevents and udev 250 16.3 Drivers, Kernel Modules and Devices 251 16.4 Booting and Initial Device Setup 251 16.5 Monitoring the Running udev Daemon 252 16.6 Influencing Kernel Device Event Handling with udev Rules 253 Using Operators in udev Rules 255 • Using Substitutions in udev Rules 256 • Using udev Match Keys 257 • Using udev Assign Keys 258 ix Reference 16.7 Persistent Device Naming 259 16.8 Files used by udev 260 16.9 For More Information
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