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0123 Cov1 Only 5/31/00 7:39 AM Page 1 JFQJOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Adaptive Threats Unified Commands JV 2010 Technology Ad Hoc Logistics Information Superiority Secretariat Reform 99 Autumn Winter00 A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL 0223 C2 Pgs 5/25/00 10:27 AM Page 1 If ever again we should be involved in war, we will fight it...with all services, as one single concentrated effort. —Dwight D. Eisenhower Cov 2 JFQ / Autumn/Winter 1999–2000 0323 Prelims.Pgs 5/25/00 1:06 PM Page 1 JFQ C–17s over North Field, South Carolina. Combat Camera Squadron (Jeffrey Allen) (Jeffrey Combat Camera Squadron st AWord fromthe 1 Chairman everal articles in this issue touch on providing a force that is flexible and powerful transformation, a subject that incites in- enough to handle the unexpected. Experience tense interest from various quarters. A shows the difficulty of predicting with any preci- Scommon refrain about transformation is sion what the strategic environment might unfold that the Armed Forces are not changing quickly in ten or twenty years. Surprises occur. Victory enough to meet the challenges ahead (see, for ex- does not always go to the strongest. Sometimes it ample, “Why No Transformation?” by Andrew goes to those who rapidly adapt, and our force Krepinevich found in this issue of the journal). structure today, based on the two MTW scenario, Such critiques offer valuable perspectives but fre- gives us a hedge against the unexpected. quently neglect the demands of maintaining a But we must also make those changes force capable of meeting current threats and the needed to handle emerging threats. Recent alter- steps already being taken to prepare for the future. ations to the unified command plan (UCP) pro- Maintaining the ability to fight and win in vide the organizational foundation to address the two nearly simultaneous conflicts is not only im- most compelling requirements. U.S. Joint Forces portant to defending national interests, but to (continued on page 4) Autumn/Winter 1999–2000 / JFQ 1 0323 Prelims.Pgs 5/25/00 1:06 PM Page 2 I CONTENTS 1 A Word from the Chairman 43 Joint Vision 2010 Technology by Henry H. Shelton by Joseph E. Eash III I 47 Delivering Joint Information 7 Adaptive Enemies: Achieving Superiority JFQ Victory by Avoiding Defeat by Charles N. Cardinal by Robert H. Scales, Jr. I OUT OF JOINT 15 Recipe for Failure: Centralization and U.S. Joint Forces Command by Susan E. Merdinger I 20 Space—The Next Area of Responsibility by Kerry L. Kimble and Rudy Veit 24 Eisenhower and the Origins of Unified Command by David Jablonsky 32 A New Approach: NATO Standing Combined Joint Task Forces by Michael E. Firlie 36 Ad Hoc Logistics in Bosnia by William N. Farmen 51 False-Failed Innovation PHOTO CREDITS by Gregory C. Wilmoth The cover of this issue features the Army tactical cruise missile system (U.S. Army Field Artillery School/ 58 Adversarial Use of Weapons L. Duitsman). The front inside cover shows Marine training at Camp Henson on Okinawa (3d Marine Div- of Mass Destruction ision, Combat Camera/Bryant V. Cox); USS Monterey in by Thomas C. Linn supporting role in waters off United Arab Emirates (U.S. Navy/Christian Eskelund); command and control center capsule inside modified EC–130 aircraft (U.S. Air 65 A Vision for Joint Theater Air Force/Lance Cheung); and M–1 tanks during training in Korea (1st Combat Camera Squadron/James D. Mossman). and Missile Defense The table of contents depicts airman in Qatar using global by Herbert C. Kaler, Robert Riche, and positioning system (U.S. Air Force/Corey Clements); Delta II rocket lifting off, Vandenberg Air Force Base (DOD/Pam Taubman); and Timothy B. Hassell Maxwell Taylor with Robert McNamara at the bar (Courtesy Special Collections, NDU Library). The back inside cover features marines in Chile, Unitas XL (2d Marine Division, Combat Camera/Timothy A. Pope). The back cover shows UH–60L during Bright Star ‘99/’00 (1st Combat Camera Squadron/Jim Varhegyi); LAV–25 rolling across desert (DOD/Patrick Bloodgood); unloading C–5 at Cairo West air base (1st Combat Camera Squadron/Jim Varhegyi); launching F/A–18s for Southern Watch (USS John F. Kennedy/Christian Eskelund). 2 JFQ / Autumn/Winter 1999–2000 0323 Prelims.Pgs 5/25/00 1:07 PM Page 3 AUTUMN/WINTER 1999–2000 / NUMBER 23 71 Good Medicine in Bad Places I COMMENTARY by Timothy D. Kilvert-Jones 97 Why No Transformation? by Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. 76 Defense Secretariat Reform by Uldric L. Fiore, Jr. I OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 83 Graduated Pressure: 102 Elmo Russell Zumwalt, Jr. President Johnson and the Joint Chiefs I THE JOINT WORLD by H.R. McMaster 103 Organization, Doctrine, Lessons Learned, and Education I OFF THE SHELF 107 Rethinking the Years after Tet: A Book Review by Dale Andradé 108 The World We Fear: A Book Review by Alvin H. Bernstein 110 Beyond the Soldier and the State: A Book Review by Joseph J. Collins 90 The Great Divide: Strategy and Covert Action in Vietnam by Richard H. Shultz, Jr. Joint Force Quarterly Stephen J. Flanagan Robert A. Silano LTC James Jay Carafano, USA Director Director of Publications Executive Editor Institute for National Strategic Studies Institute for National Strategic Studies Editor-in-Chief Editor Martin J. Peters, Jr. Calvin B. Kelley William A. Rawley Production Coordinator Copy Editor U.S. Government Printing Office Art Director JFQ is published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted topics of common interest to the Armed Forces (see page 112 by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National De- without permission of copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- for details). Please direct all editorial communications to: fense University, to promote understanding of the integrated ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever mate- Editor, Joint Force Quarterly employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations rial is quoted from or based on its contents. ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, This publication has been approved by the Secretary of De- 300 Fifth Avenue (Bldg. 62) contingency planning, combat operations conducted by the fense. All previous issues have been published electronically Fort Lesley J. McNair unified commands, and joint force development. and are available over the Internet at the address indicated Washington, D.C. 20319–5066 The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations ex- below. Paid subscriptions to JFQ are offered through the U.S. pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do Government Printing Office. Telephone: (202) 685–4220 / DSN 325–4220 not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint Fax: (202) 685–4219 / DSN 325–4219 or any other agency of the Federal Government. Copyrighted warfighting, interservice issues that support jointness, and e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine ISSN 1070–0692 March 2000 Autumn/Winter 1999–2000 / JFQ 3 0323 Prelims.Pgs 5/25/00 1:07 PM Page 4 I Joint Force Quarterly A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN GEN Henry H. Shelton, USA (continued from page 1) Publisher Command has been established to explore new joint warfighting concepts and to plan, design, ADVISORY COMMITTEE prepare, and execute joint warfighting experi- LTG Richard A. Chilcoat, USA I National Defense University ments. These changes also created two joint task Chairman forces specifically for emerging threats. The Joint BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) I Office of the Chairman Task Force for Civil Support will help Federal, state, and local authorities handle incidents in- Maj Gen Franklin J. Blaisdell, USAF I Armed Forces Staff College volving weapons of mass destruction. The other RADM Daniel R. Bowler, USN I National War College joint task force is for computer network defense, Brig Gen Richard B. Bundy, USAF I The Joint Staff and in the future we will have a similar organiza- tion for computer network attack. I VADM Arthur K. Cebrowski, USN Naval War College In addition to these organizational changes, A. Denis Clift I Joint Military Intelligence College a number of efforts are underway that take ad- vantage of incredible increases in information Col Kevin A. Conry, USMC I Marine Corps Command and Staff College technology to make our forces more lethal, more Maj Gen Richard L. Engel, USAF I Industrial College of the Armed Forces mobile, and at the same time easier to sustain. LtGen Carlton W. Fulford, Jr., USMC I The Joint Staff The emphasis is on moving information instead of people or platforms. Maj Gen David F. MacGehee, Jr., USAF I Air War College Last year the Air Force tested a small forward Brig Gen John Rosa, Jr., USAF I Air Command and Staff College air operations center that reduced its personnel MG Robert H. Scales, Jr., USA I U.S. Army War College from 1,500 to 300, equipment from 20 C–141 planeloads to 5 C–17 planeloads, and deploy- I Col John H. Turner, USMC Marine Corps War College ment time from 2 weeks to 2 or 3 days. When BG John R. Wood, USA I U.S. Army Command and General Staff College put into full operation this new arrangement EDITORIAL BOARD transformation efforts not only Stephen J. Flanagan I National Defense University get us to the fight quicker, but Chairman also make our forces more lethal Richard K. Betts I Columbia University Col Stephen D. Chiabotti, USAF I Air Command and Staff College by sharing information Eliot A. Cohen I The Johns Hopkins University COL Robert A.
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