Draft Handbook for Certificate in Alcohol Awareness

Handbook for the BIIAB Scottish Certificate in Alcohol Awareness

BIIAB © May 2018 1 BIIAB © May 2018 2 Handbook for the Scottish Certificate in Alcohol Awareness Contents Page 1. The Licensed Retail Sector...... 5 1.1 The size of the licensed retail industry and its contribution to the UK economy ...... 5 1.2 Basic facts on alcohol consumption in the UK ...... 6 1.3 Careers in Licensed Retail ...... 8 2. The Nature of Alcohol ...... 9 2.1 What alcohol is ...... 9 2.2 Features of the most commonly available alcoholic drinks ...... 10 2.3 Why the sale of alcohol is controlled by law ...... 10 2.4 The definition of alcohol under licensing law ...... 10 2.5 Why some people drink alcohol ...... 11 2.6 Why some people choose not to drink any alcohol ...... 13 3. Strengths of Alcoholic Drinks ...... 14 3.1 What alcohol by volume is ...... 14 3.2 Typical abvs for some of the most widely available alcoholic drinks ...... 14 3.3 Strengths of alcohol ...... 14 3.4 Units of alcohol ...... 15 3.5 Typical nutritional values of popular alcoholic drinks ...... 16 3.7 Guidelines for under 16’s ...... 17 4. Alcohol in the Body and the Dangers of Drinking Too Much ...... 18 4.1 The effects of drinking alcohol and how it effects our bodies ...... 18 4.2 How the body absorbs and eliminates alcohol ...... 18 4.3 Some myths about alcohol ...... 19 4.4 Short-term effects of drinking alcohol ...... 20 4.5 Long-term effects of drinking alcohol...... 21 4.6 Benefits of alcohol on the health of the individual ...... 22 5. Problem Alcohol Consumption – Binge Drinking and Alcoholism ...... 23 5.1 What is meant by binge drinking? ...... 23 5.2 The extent of binge drinking ...... 23 5.3 The effect of binge drinking on the health of the individual ...... 24 5.4 The effect of binge drinking on communities ...... 24 5.5 Alcohol dependency ...... 25 5.6 Alcoholism ...... 25 5.7 The effects of alcoholism ...... 26 6. Dangers of Irresponsible Drinking to Sexual Health ...... 28 6.1 The danger of irresponsible drinking leading to casual sex ...... 28 6.2 The risks associated with casual or unplanned sex ...... 28 6.3 Dangers of drink spiking ...... 29 6.4 How to deal with friends who are drunk ...... 30 7. Dangers of Drink-Driving ...... 31 7.1 Why driving under the influence of alcohol affects a person’s driving ...... 31 7.2 The size of the drink-driving problem ...... 31 7.3 The legal limit for drinking if driving ...... 32 7.4 The penalties for drink-driving ...... 32 7.5 Longer term consequences of being banned from driving ...... 33 7.6 Dangers of being a passenger when the driver is drunk ...... 33 7.7 Campaigns aimed at avoiding drink-driving ...... 34 7.8 Drug-driving ...... 35 8. Basic Licensing Law ...... 36 8. Basic Licensing Law ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.1 Introduction to licensing law ...... 36 8.2 Licensing Law in Scotland ...... 36 8.3 Key partners in Licensed Retail ...... 37 8.4 How all licensed premises must operate ...... 37

BIIAB © May 2018 3 9. Licensing Offences, Enforcement, and Penalties for Breaking the Law ...... 39 9.1 The law with regard to the sale of alcohol to or for young persons ...... 39 9.2 Test Purchasing ...... 41 10. Drugs and Licensed Premises ...... 42 10.1 The zero tolerance policy for drugs ...... 42 10.2 How zero tolerance is enforced ...... 42 10.3 Search policies ...... 43 10.4 Mixing drugs with alcohol ...... 43 11. Offensive Weapons ...... 45 11.1 Offensive weapons ...... 45 12. How the Licensed Retail Industry Encourages Responsible Drinking ...... 47 12.1 Discouraging irresponsible promotions ...... 47 12.2 Discouraging irresponsible advertising ...... 47 12.3 The Portman Group and Drinkaware Trust ...... 47 12.4 Proof of Age cards and other forms of proof of age ...... 48 12.5 Other age-restricted products and services ...... 49 Appendix 1: Useful Websites and Resources ...... 50 Appendix 2: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria ...... 51 Appendix 3: Specimen Questions ...... 53 Appendix 4: What are BII and BIIAB? ...... 56

BIIAB © May 2018 4 1. The Licensed Retail Sector

Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know some basic information about the Licensed Retail industry.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 what licensed retail is  how the licensed retail industry contributes to the UK economy

1.1 The size of the licensed retail industry and its contribution to the UK economy a) The licensed retail industry is part of the hospitality industry (also called the hospitality sector) and includes hotels, restaurants, theatres and cinemas as well as pubs and nightclubs. Most supermarkets are also licensed to sell alcohol. Then there are all the corner shops and off licences that can be found on most parades of shops. b) The hospitality industry (including licensed retail) brings in around £2.3 billion to the UK economy. The Government also gets nearly £14 billion in excise duty and VAT. Tax on beer alone raises about £6 billion. c) The average pub puts about £70,000 into its local community through buying goods for the business and using local services such as the post office. It also helps the local economy by providing jobs for bar staff, cleaners, chefs and kitchen workers. d) The hospitality industry and the licensed retail sector generate about one million jobs. Many people around the UK are employed in businesses linked to the production of alcoholic drinks, such as farmers, factory workers, glass makers, printers, haulage companies and advertisers. e) There are a huge number of licensed premises in Scotland, 5100 of these are pubs. The breakdown of the distribution of pubs throughout the UK is shown in the table below overleaf.

BIIAB © May 2018 5

England and Wales 51,479 Scotland 5,150 Northern Irelend 1,568 Total 58,197 f) One in five new jobs (31,000) is in one of these sectors. Over 900,000 people rely on the brewing and pub sector for their employment. Employment in the brewing and pub sector in the UK (2005) is divided as follows:

Brewing 21,000

Bar employees (full + part time)* 518,000

Self-employed licensees 80,000

Pub and brewing suppliers** 300,000

Total 919,000

*Pubs, bars, and licensed clubs (excludes hotels and restaurants). **Full-time equivalents includes indirect impact outside sector (approx. 100,000 jobs). (Source BBPA) g) The licensed retail industry employs people of all ages, abilities and backgrounds. One of the distinct advantages the industry has over some others is that career progression can be quite rapid if the person is good at their job, ambitious and wants personal development. It would not be unusual to find a manager in their early twenties and possibly an area manager, looking after a number of premises, only a few years later. h) One of the things that will help you to progress in licensed retail is holding a personal licence. A personal licence means that you can sell alcohol on licensed premises and you can authorise anyone else to sell alcohol who does not have a personal licence. The licence lasts for 10 years and can be renewed. In order to get a personal licence you have to be over 18 and pass an approved examination on licensing law and social responsibilities relating to the sale of alcohol.

1.2 Basic facts on alcohol consumption in the UK a) A total of 80% of the adult population of the UK drink alcohol at sometime. b) Beer remains Britain’s favourite alcoholic drink, accounting for 43% of the market. c) In total, 41% of Britain’s beer is now bought in shops and supermarkets. In 2000, the figure was 33% and in 1998, 30%. d) Britons still drink less alcohol per head than most other Europeans with only a few countries such as Italy and Greece, recording lower per-head consumption. The inhabitants of eleven European countries across western and central Europe drink more than the British – including France, Germany, and Spain.*

*BBPA Statistical Handbook 2006.

BIIAB © May 2018 6 e) Generally people are:

 drinking more wine than they were 10 years ago  drinking at home more.

BIIAB © May 2018 7 1.3 Careers in Licensed Retail

a) The career options available within the hospitality industry and licensed retail are many and varied. The opportunities are fast moving, ever-changing and generally offer rapid career progression. b) For more information on careers within Hospitality or Licensed Retail visit www.bii.org, www.springboard.co.uk or www.people1st.co.uk

BIIAB © May 2018 8 2. The Nature of Alcohol

Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know some basic information about the nature of alcohol.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 what alcohol is  the definition of alcohol under licensing law  features of the most commonly available alcoholic drinks

2.1 What alcohol is a) Alcohol is a drug. It is a psychoactive substance (effects the mind or mental processes) that affects the way people think, feel and act. b) The chemical name for the alcohol is ethanol or ethyl alcohol. It is formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. c) Alcohol is formed when yeast feeds on sugar. Yeast is a one-cell fungus that reproduces by budding off new cells. This tiny organism grows and multiplies by feeding on sugar in foods such as grain and fruits. d) As the yeast feeds on the sugar, carbon dioxide and alcohol are produced. They are the waste products of the yeast’s anaerobic respiration – that is respiration without oxygen. This process is called fermentation. e) When the alcohol concentration reaches about 15% of alcohol by volume (abv), the yeast cells die. (To find out what is meant by abv, see section 3.1.) f) Distillation is a process in which the drink is heated until it turns into vapour, and then the vapour is condensed. This process separates the water and alcohol in the drink, which produces a stronger drink. Spirits (such as vodka, gin and whisky) and fortified wines (such as sherry) use this process.

BIIAB © May 2018 9 2.2 Features of the most commonly available alcoholic drinks

These are some of the commonly available alchoholic drinks:  Wine is made when yeast is used to turn the sugar in grapes into alcohol. The colour of the grapes and whether the skins are used in making the wine usually influences the colour of the wine. Different types of grape and the different places where they are grown produce different flavours. Wine can also be made from other fruits.

 Champagne is wine with bubbles in it. Generally made in the Champagne region of France from selected varieties of grapes. Traditionally, champagne is drunk at weddings and major celebrations.

 Beer is made from malted barley fermented with flowers called hops. It comes in all shades of brown and usually has a frothy head. This type of beer is called ‘lager’, ‘bitter’ or ‘stout’.

 Cider is made by fermenting crushed apples. Most ciders are the same strength as regular beer but some can be much stronger.

 Fortified wines such as sherry and port are stronger than normal wine. Sherry is normally served before a meal and port after a meal.

 Spirits, such as whisky, have much more alcohol in them than wine, beer or cider because they have been distilled to make the drink much stronger. They are often made from grains, potatoes and sugar cane. Along with liqueurs, they are the strongest of all drinks. This is why they are often diluted with mixers such as juice, tonic water, lemonade or cola. Drinking spirits on their own can make your throat feel as if it’s on fire.

 Liqueurs are flavoured, concentrated spirits. They tend to be drunk in small quantities or diluted in cocktails. Common flavours are melon, strawberry, coconut and coffee.

 ‘Alcopops’ or Ready-to-drinks (RTDs) usually come in 330ml-size bottles. They are usually a mixture of spirits or other strong alcohol and soft drinks or fruit juices and are about the same strength as regular beer.

2.3 Why the sale of alcohol is controlled by law

Alcohol is a drug. When it is drunk it affects the physical, mental, emotional and behavioural state of the drinker. It is because of these effects that the sale of alcohol is licensed. That is, by law, special permissions are required to sell alcohol.

2.4 The definition of alcohol under licensing law a) Any drink with an alcohol by volume (abv) of more than 0.5% is classified as alcohol, according to licensing law. b) By law, premises which sell alcohol must be licensed. This is why they are called ‘licensed premises’.

BIIAB © May 2018 10 c) People who sell alcohol must be authorised to do so. This authorisation comes either from having their own personal licence or from being authorised by someone, for example an employer, who has a personal licence.

2.5 Why some people drink alcohol a) It is essential to drink plenty of fluids to keep our bodies healthy. Water is the most important thing to drink, but there are all sorts of other drinks too – hot and cold, fizzy and still, and many different flavours. One of the ways adults make their drinks more interesting is to include alcohol. b) Although the type of alcohol, social attitude and acceptance of drinking varies around the world, nearly every civilisation has independently discovered the process of brewing beer, fermenting wine or distilling liquor. Alcohol and its effects have been present wherever people have lived throughout history. c) Some people choose to drink alcohol for a wide range of different reasons. Here are some of them:  Celebration of special events Some people drink alcohol to celebrate special occasions, such as birthdays and weddings. Champagne or sparkling wine is often drunk at these occasions. People can also drink alcohol as part of a religious or traditional ceremony or custom

 Enjoying the effects Drinking often involves socialising, meeting friends and enjoying good times. In a pub or at a party surrounded by friends, drinking a few alcoholic drinks can help some people feel more like talking, having a laugh and joining in with others having a good time. This is because alcohol can make people less inhibited and more relaxed and they are more likely to join in with conversations, games, singing and dancing

 Taste There are many different types of alcoholic drinks with different flavours. Some people like the taste of certain drinks. Some drinks are traditionally drunk with particular types of food, for example, red wine with red meat and white wine with fish dishes. Drinks such as sherry are often drunk before a meal, whilst other drinks such as port and brandy are often drunk after a meal. There are no set ‘rules’ though, and people can drink any wine or beer with or without any meal

 Stress One reason that some people drink alcoholic drinks is to try to relax and forget problems. Many people feel stress in their lives, maybe because of a relationship or the pressure of studies or work. They may be tempted to blot them out temporarily with alcohol, but the problems don’t go away with alcohol, it just perhaps causes a headache which makes the problem worse

 Peer pressure Sometimes people drink alcohol even though they don’t like it, just to ‘fit in’ with others. It is important to know how to say no if you feel pressured to drink alcohol when you don’t really want to

 Curiosity and experimentation Many young people try alcohol just to see what it’s like. In families where drinking

BIIAB © May 2018 11 is allowed and normal, parents may allow their children to drink some alcohol by allowing them a small glass of wine with dinner or a sip or taste of an alcoholic drink. Other families may forbid alcohol altogether – it’s important to know what your family’s rules are on drinking and to talk to them about what is and isn’t allowed in your family

 Something to do Sometimes people use boredom or lack of interesting things to do as an excuse for drinking alcohol

 Lack of confidence Many people drink to try to increase their feeling of confidence and control, particularly in front of the opposite sex. Drinking too much can have the opposite effect, so that instead of being in control and coming across as confident, a person who has drunk too much is more likely to make a fool of themselves and the people they are with

 Drinking to get drunk Some people deliberately drink to get drunk and think that getting drunk is sexy, cool and grown up. The reality is that a drunk person is rarely attractive, often makes stupid decisions and is a nuisance to others – it’s no fun looking after someone who has had too much to drink and is suffering the negative effects of alcohol.

BIIAB © May 2018 12 2.6 Why some people choose not to drink any alcohol

 Religious reasons Some people choose not to drink alcohol because their religious beliefs forbid the consumption of alcohol. For example, Muslims are not allowed to drink any alcohol at all

 Medical conditions Some people don’t drink because they have a medical condition or illness that would get worse if they consumed alcohol. Others are allergic to alcohol. Some people avoid drinking if they are taking certain medicines which can be harmful if mixed with alcohol

 Other reasons for not drinking Some people, regardless of religious or other factors, don’t drink because they don’t like the effects or the taste. There are many other reasons why people may choose not to drink alcohol, and they should be respected. Some people do not drink alcohol because they are trying to lose weight; this is because alcohol is relatively high in calories. Others choose not to drink because they need to be able to drive safely. People who do a lot of sport sometimes choose not to drink as it can adversely affect their sporting performance.

BIIAB © May 2018 13 3. Strengths of Alcoholic Drinks Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know the strengths of popular alcohol drinks.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 what abv means  the definition of low alcohol drinks and alcohol free drinks, and the law with regards to labelling  the abv of beers, ciders and wines  typical abv of spirits and alcopops  what a unit of alcohol is  recommended maximum consumption of alcohol by unit per day/week for men and women

3.1 What alcohol by volume is a) Alcohol by volume, or abv, tells us about the strength of an alcoholic drink. The strength of an alcoholic drink is shown as a percentage. The table below shows the range for different types of drink. The higher the figure, the more alcohol in the drink. b) To help the customer, all containers of alcoholic drinks over 1.2% abv must have the percentage of alcohol by volume printed on the label to show how strong the drink is. This is shown as a number (which may be preceded by the word ‘alcohol’ or ‘alc’) followed by % vol.

3.2 Typical abvs for some of the most widely available alcoholic drinks

Type of drink Typical strength Beers 3 to 9% Ciders 3 to 8.5% Wines 8 to 16% Sherries and ports 15 to 20% Alcopops 5% Spirits 40% Liqueurs* 21 to 37% *Some liqueurs, such as absinthe, can have over 70% alcohol by volume.

3.3 Strengths of alcohol

It is important to be aware of the different strengths of alcoholic drinks and their classifications:  a drink is classed as alcohol free if it has an abv of not more than 0.05%

 a drink is classed as low alcohol if it has an abv of not more than 1.2%

 if a packaged drink has an abv of 1.2% or more its abv must be shown clearly on the label

BIIAB © May 2018 14  a drink is classed as alcohol if it has an abv of more than 0.5%.

3.4 Units of alcohol a) Abv tells us the amount of alcohol in a type of drink. Units of alcohol tell us how much alcohol is in any drink, according to the size of that drink. Units of alcohol help us to understand how much we are drinking. b) One unit of alcohol is 8 g or 10 ml of undiluted alcohol. c) Here are some examples of how many units are contained in some typically sized drinks:

Drink and quantity of drink Number of units

568 ml (1 pint) Lager of 5% abv 2.84 units

250 ml White wine of 12% abv 3 units

25 ml Scotch whisky of 40% abv 1 unit

330 ml ‘Alcopop’ of 5.5% abv 1.82 units d) The number of units in any alcoholic drink can be worked out by the simple calculation shown below.

Amount of liquid in ml x % abv x 0.001 = units of alcohol

Some examples of how this calculation works:

1 pint (568 ml) of lager at 4% abv = 2.27 units (568 x 4 x 0.001 = 2.27)

125ml of wine at 12% abv = 1.5 units (125 x 12 x 0.001 = 1.5)

BIIAB © May 2018 15 3.5 Typical nutritional values of popular alcoholic drinks a) Generally alcoholic drinks are high in calories. The table below shows the nutritional content of some of the most popular drinks.

Alcoholic drink Quantity Calorie Grams Count of Fat

Gin, vodka, rum, brandy 25 ml (1 single measure) 55 0

Beer 1 pint 182 0

Lager 1 x 550 ml can 220 0

White wine Large glass 250 ml 160 0

Red wine Large glass 250 ml 175 0

Cider 1 pint 200 0

Champagne 1 small glass 125 ml 100 0

Alcopops 1 bottle 180 0

Cream liqueur Small glass 37 ml 129 5.8

b) Whilst this table is useful information that demonstrates the nutritional content of alcohol, calorie content needs to be taken within the context of the measures that the drinks are served. Therefore when looked at closely we see that 100 ml of beer will contain 32 calories, whilst 100 ml (4 shots) of vodka contains 220 calories. These may well be mixed with soft drinks such as cola, which have added calorie content to be aware of.

BIIAB © May 2018 16 3.6 Recommended maximum number of units per day for men and women

The safe weekly limits of alcohol as recommended by the UK Chief Medical Examiner are:

Maximum number of Other notes units per week

Men and women 14  Advised to spread this out over 3 days or more

 If you want to reduce alcohol intake, have several drink-free days

Pregnant women Advised not to drink at all

3.7 Guidelines for under 16’s

The guidelines above apply to adults. There are no known safe or low risk limits for under 16s. At this age the body and brain are still developing, so harm may occur at levels that are considered low risk for adults.

BIIAB © May 2018 17 4. Alcohol in the Body and the Dangers of Drinking Too Much Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know about the effects of alcohol and the dangers of drinking too much.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 how alcohol affects the body and the stages of drunkenness  how the body eliminates alcohol and the associated myths about sobering up

4.1 The effects of drinking alcohol and how it effects our bodies a) Alcohol causes more deaths in the UK than drugs. b) The alcohol in a drink is absorbed into your body through the stomach and the small intestine. Food slows down the rate at which the alcohol is absorbed (alcohol affects people more quickly when they drink before eating). c) Alcohol is distributed through the body via the bloodstream. It reaches the heart, brain, muscles and other tissues within minutes of reaching the stomach. Usually the effect is pleasant, although this is not always the case. d) Some people think alcohol is a stimulant because it sometimes seems to make the mind and body more active, but this is not the case. Alcohol is a depressant; it slows down the way the brain and central nervous system work, slowing down and affecting thoughts and actions. This can cause people to behave differently and do things they wouldn’t normally do. They might do things that they later regret, such as getting into a fight, doing daredevil unsafe stunts or having unplanned and/or unsafe sex. The consequences of these are serious, such as being arrested, getting injured, becoming pregnant or catching a sexually transmitted infection (STI). e) Alcohol affects every major organ in the body. It also makes the kidneys produce more urine, so the body loses more fluid than normal and becomes dehydrated. f) Too much alcohol can affect and eventually damage the brain, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and stomach. g) The smaller and the younger a person is, the greater the effect alcohol has. Alcohol also has a more damaging effect on a body that is still growing and this is why there are no safe limits for people under the age of 16.

4.2 How the body absorbs and eliminates alcohol a) Alcohol is a very small molecule that is soluble in ‘lipid’ and water solutions. Because of this, alcohol gets into the bloodstream very easily. b) The blood brain barrier prevents substances in the blood from entering the brain. It is created by tightly packing the cells of the blood vessels in the brain close together. However, this barrier is semi-permeable meaning that some small substances can still get

BIIAB © May 2018 18 through the gaps between the cells of the blood vessels wall. One of these small substances is alcohol, which is how alcohol affects the brain. c) Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream very quickly (within a few minutes) and is carried to all parts of the body, including the brain. The amount of alcohol in the body, the ‘blood alcohol content’ (BAC), depends on how much a person has to drink, how quickly it was drunk and other factors including:

 The person’s size and weight. If you are smaller and lighter you will have more alcohol per kilo than someone who is larger who drinks the same number of drinks. The same amount of alcohol is likely to affect the smaller person more

 How much the person has eaten. A full stomach can delay the absorption of alcohol; however, stronger drinks such as spirits, and fizzy drinks such as champagne or sparkling cider, are still absorbed more quickly

 The person’s gender. Women have less body water and more body fat in proportion to men (alcohol doesn’t dissolve easily in fat) and are generally smaller than men

 The person’s water level. Dehydration increases the effect that alcohol has on a person. People tend to get drunk more quickly following exercise or on a hot day. d) The majority of alcohol is broken down by the liver and this is the main way that it is eliminated from the body, however, a small amount of alcohol is lost through urine and through the skin by means of sweating. A healthy liver takes about one hour to break down and eliminate one unit of alcohol. Therefore, if a person drinks two pints of ordinary strength beer or half a bottle of wine (4 units) at lunchtime, there will still be alcohol in the bloodstream three hours later. A person who drinks heavily in the evening may still be drunk the following morning. This is particularly dangerous if that person is thinking of looking after children, operating machinery, or driving.

4.3 Some myths about alcohol

Only time can remove alcohol from the bloodstream. Black coffee, cold showers, fresh air and sleep will not sober a person up.

BIIAB © May 2018 19 4.4 Short-term effects of drinking alcohol a) Everyone’s reaction to alcohol differs but the following list shows some of the effects at different levels of drinking. Remember, the smaller and younger a person is the greater the effect on the person, even at very low levels. People do not necessarily react the same way each and every time they drink alcohol.

After a small amount of  Feeling relaxed alcohol, the effects can be:  Face becomes flushed

 Reflexes slow down

 Less concentration

 Fewer inhibitions

After a few alcoholic  Slurred speech drinks, the effects can be:  Blurred vision

 Reduced co-ordination with actions becoming clumsy

 Irrational thoughts/moodiness

With increasing amounts  Feeling sick/vomiting of alcohol any of the following are likely:  Needing to urinate more, even wetting yourself

 Difficulty standing up or walking

 Not knowing where you are, getting lost and walking or falling into danger

 Loss of self-control, saying and doing things you’d never normally do, such as getting into a fight

 Not getting home safely or even not getting home at all

 Loss of balance and co-ordination, which can cause bruising, broken limbs and accidents

 Loss of consciousness (passing out)

 Blackouts or inability to recall events which occurred during the night

BIIAB © May 2018 20  Coma or even death through alcohol poisoning

b) A hangover is the sum of unpleasant physical effects following heavy consumption of alcohol. When the effects of the alcohol have worn off, it leaves a hangover because the alcohol has caused the body to lose too much water and become dehydrated. c) A person who has a hangover is likely to have feelings of extreme thirst, tiredness, queasiness, unsettled stomach, vomiting, sensitivity to sunlight and noise, and a bad headache. d) Drinking alcohol is a bit like drinking seawater. If you drank a pint of seawater your body would use up more water than was in the glass to begin with. In the same way, when someone drinks a bottle of wine the body will use up a bottle and a half of water to get rid of the alcohol. This is why it helps to drink water between alcoholic drinks and before going to bed. e) Drinking a lot of alcohol quickly can affect the body very badly: at its worst it can lead to alcohol poisoning or choking on vomit, both of which can be fatal. These are real dangers of drinking too much alcohol.

4.5 Long-term effects of drinking alcohol a) Drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time can do more than just cause hangovers. People who drink regularly become less affected by alcohol as their bodies become used to it. They then need to drink more for it to have the same effect. This is called developing a tolerance to alcohol. b) Drinking too much alcohol can eventually badly affect many parts of the body, for example:  The liver: most of the alcohol a person drinks is broken down by the liver. Drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time can lead to an increase in levels of fat in the liver. This can lead to scarring of the liver and cirrhosis, an extremely serious condition which makes it very hard for the liver to carry out functions that are important for life and health. This means that cirrhosis of the liver is often fatal

 The heart: heavy drinking over a long period of time can also weaken the action of the heart muscles and eventually, when the heart is no longer able to pump blood around the body, can lead to heart failure and death

 The brain: one permanent effect of prolonged heavy drinking is that it kills brain cells which can never be replaced. Memory may be affected, and it can also cause mental health problems

 The stomach: drinking a lot of alcohol can affect the drinker’s diet, and stop the body getting adequate vitamins. c) Drinking will often lower a person’s inhibitions and make them feel more attractive. However, there are physical changes caused by heavy drinking over a period of time that do quite the opposite!

BIIAB © May 2018 21

Examples of these can be:  alcoholic drinks are usually high in calories, which means that people who drink a lot of alcohol will put on weight. It can also stimulate a person’s appetite and reduce self-control. People often binge on high calorie fatty foods such as chips, crisps, burgers and doner kebabs after drinking alcohol

 alcohol dehydrates people leaving their skin feeling and looking dry

 alcohol can dilate the blood vessels near the surface of the skin, causing red veins to show around the nose and cheeks

 alcohol can cause bloodshot eyes as it can inflame and enlarge the small blood vessels on the surface of the eyes

 some alcohol is removed through the urine, breath and sweating, which creates a smell

 serious drinkers are more likely to have accidents or fights as a result of drinking alcohol, which can lead to injuries such as cuts, bruises, broken bones or worse. d) Long-term heavy drinkers may also suffer:

 sleep problems: insomnia, frequent waking, nightmares

 impotence and inability to enjoy sex

 increased risk of cancer in the breast, pancreas, liver, mouth and throat

 raised blood pressure increasing the risk of a stroke

 risk of kidney failure.

4.6 Benefits of alcohol on the health of the individual a) There are many benefits linked to sensible consumption of alcohol. b) It has been suggested that moderate consumption of alcohol can reduce the risk of dementia, facilitate memory and learning, and even improve IQ scores. Moderate and responsible drinkers tend to have better health and live longer than those who abstain from alcohol or are heavy drinkers.

BIIAB © May 2018 22 5. Problem Alcohol Consumption – Binge Drinking and Alcoholism Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know about the two patterns of alcohol abuse – binge drinking and chronic alcoholism.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 definition of binge drinking and the size of the problem  effects of binge drinking on the individual  definition of alcoholism/alcohol dependence and the size of the problem  effects of alcoholism on the individual  social effects of binge drinking and the size of the problem

5.1 What is meant by binge drinking? a) Over 90% of adults in the UK drink alcohol – about 40 million people. Most adults drink alcohol safely as part of their social lives or with meals at home. b) Drinking too much in a short space of time (e.g. a few hours during a night out) is known as binge drinking and can lead to illness, accidents and crime. c) Binge drinking does not mean prolonged bouts of drinking that can last for weeks, but drinking a large amount of alcohol over a short period of time. Binge drinking has no strict legal definition. d) The British Medical Association (BMA) states that ‘In common usage, binge drinking is now usually used to refer to heavy drinking over an evening or similar time span…. Binge drinking is often associated with drinking with the intention of becoming intoxicated (drunk) and, sometimes, with drinking in large groups’. e) Binge drinking has been a feature of the UK drinking culture and doing it regularly – even once a week – can have major health consequences. f) In mainland Europe, binge drinking is widely viewed as being socially unacceptable. In the UK the reverse is often true in many social circles. Particularly amongst young adults, there can often be a certain degree of social pressure to get drunk during a night out. g) In 2005, the Licensing Act 2003 came into effect in England and Wales, partly with the intention of tackling binge drinking.

5.2 The extent of binge drinking

Research conducted by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) showed that of those people surveyed who drank alcohol, almost half the men (48%) and over a third of women (35%) had had at least one binge drinking session in the week prior to the survey.

BIIAB © May 2018 23

5.3 The effect of binge drinking on the health of the individual

Heavy alcohol consumption over short periods of time (binge drinking) is associated with many risk factors to health. Listed below are potential short- and long-term effects which could be experienced by a person who binge drinks.

The short-term effects of binge  Accidents and injuries caused by drinking on the health of the fighting and loss of co-ordination individual can include:  Anti-social behaviour

 Alcohol poisoning

 Unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

 Choking on vomit

 Memory blackouts

 Falls and injuries due to drunkeness

The long-term negative health  Weight gain effects of repeated binge drinking can include:  Diabetes

 Dementia

 Heart disease

 High blood pressure increasing the risk of strokes

 Liver and pancreatic damage

 Cancers such as bowel, mouth, breast and throat cancer

 Nerve damage (tingling and numbness)

5.4 The effect of binge drinking on communities a) Binge drinking can sometimes lead to violence and anti-social behaviour, particularly as it is associated with large groups of people, often young adults. They can become intimidating, noisy and possibly violent and do unpleasant things like vomit or urinate in the streets. b) Alcohol-related anti-social behaviour and violence puts pressure on the police as they try to control drinkers’ behaviour when they come out of pubs and clubs. It also places pressure on accident and emergency departments as they have to cope with the injuries caused by fights and accidents that have happened to people who have been drinking or, even worse, to those who have become victims of violence.

BIIAB © May 2018 24 c) Another effect of large-scale binge drinking is that it can make non-drinkers and sensible drinkers feel insecure and threatened. They may prefer to avoid certain areas of towns and cities because they do not want to risk having their fun spoilt by noisy and violent binge drinkers. d) The Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005 aim partly to tackle binge drinking by controlling the problems related to the issue and reducing it in the longer term. e) The Act allows pubs to open and close at times they choose (if agreed by the Licensing Authority). This will give people more time to finish their drinks which should slow the speed in which alcohol is consumed. Also, if pubs and clubs do not all close at the same time there is often less pressure on the police and other emergency services.

5.5 Alcohol dependency a) Drinking alcohol for most people is a recreational activity, and the majority of people manage to drink alcohol sensibly without incurring any harmful consequences. b) However, to be alcohol dependent means that a person feels they need to have an alcoholic drink to help them through certain situations. For example, some people would not consider socialising without a drink. Others might use alcohol to help them cope when they are feeling depressed, or to cope with pressures such as exams or work. c) People who are alcohol dependent are not alcoholics as they are only dependent in certain situations. As explained below in sub-section 5.6, alcoholics need to drink every day, no matter what the situation. d) The solution to alcohol dependency is not necessarily to stop drinking, some people can get their drinking under control themselves. e) However, others may need help and advice. Treatment may include:

 detoxification

 counselling

and/or

 self-help group support.

5.6 Alcoholism a) People who drink heavily on a regular basis can become addicted to alcohol. This means that they need to drink alcohol every day. b) Someone who is addicted to alcohol is called an alcoholic. More than one in 25 adults in the UK is an alcoholic. c) Other factors must exist for alcohol use to develop into alcoholism. These factors may include a person’s social environment, emotional health and genetic tendency.

BIIAB © May 2018 25 d) An alcoholic can develop multiple forms of addiction to alcohol simultaneously such as:

 Psychological addiction – psychological addiction to alcohol may occur when a person has been drinking regularly over a long period of time. They may find that in certain situations they have come to rely on alcohol; if they do not drink alcohol in these situations they may experience anxiety, depression and a reduced feeling of well being. So in order to avoid these unpleasant feelings they feel they need to consume alcohol.

 Metabolic addiction – metabolic addiction is classed as a type of physical addiction and is mainly caused by tolerance. Tolerance describes how much alcohol your body can handle. As your body adjusts to alcohol your tolerance increases. This is because cells harden to the toxic irritation and learn to use the calories in alcohol as a source of energy. As tolerance builds up you will have to drink much larger amounts of alcohol to gain the same effect each time.

 Neurochemical addiction – neurochemical addiction is caused by changes of chemical substances in the brain. Alcohol increases the level of chemicals and inhibits the breakdown of a substance called dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is associated with the feeling of euphoria and so alcohol enhances and prolongs this feeling. People keep drinking to try to maintain this feeling. e) Some people consider alcoholism to be a disease so it needs to be treated by a professional, otherwise the problem will become worse.

An alcoholic may:  use alcohol to escape from tensions, problems and inhibitions

 drink alcohol heavily and frequently at any time of the day or night

 secretly drink alcohol on their own

 lie about the amount of alcohol they drink

 have blackouts (a temporary loss of memory) very often

 have hangovers regularly

 be unable to stop at one drink.

5.7 The effects of alcoholism a) Being an alcoholic is very damaging to a person’s health and can seriously affect the people around them. The main effect of alcoholism is for the sufferer to drink at inappropriate times and in amounts that are damaging. b) It is common for a person suffering from alcoholism to continue to drink alcohol well after negative physical health effects start to show. An alcoholic’s life can be made miserable by becoming reliant on alcohol. It can often lead to an early death. c) Relatives and friends can help alcoholics to fight their addiction, but it is a very difficult process because the person with the alcohol problem has to take responsibility for their drinking and admit that there is a problem and that they need help. If an alcoholic doesn’t manage to stop drinking, they may lose their job, home, family and friends.

BIIAB © May 2018 26 d) There are many potential negative social effects that result from alcoholism, many of which are heart-breaking and often extremely damaging to the individual or those close to them.

Examples of these effects are numerous but can include:  loss of employment due to being hung-over at work or inappropriate drinking at work

 financial problems

 legal consequences of impaired judgement and drinking at unsuitable times (drink-driving or disorderly behaviour)

 marital problems, often leading to divorce

 domestic violence

 loss of respect from family and friends. e) If you think that you or someone you know may be an alcoholic, speak to:  an adult you trust, such as a relative, teacher or counsellor about the problem

 any free and confidential organisation, such as the National Association for Children of Alcoholics (NACOA) on 0800 358 3456 or www.nacoa.org.uk

 Alateen, which helps young people understand alcoholism www.hexnet.co.uk/alanon/alateen.html

 Childline on 0800 1111 or www.childline.org.uk

Please remember that it is not your fault if someone close to you is an alcoholic.

BIIAB © May 2018 27 6. Dangers of Irresponsible Drinking to Sexual Health Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know about the dangers of irresponsible drinking.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 the link between alcohol and casual sex and the associated risks  the dangers of drink spiking  how to deal with a friend who is drunk or who may be a victim of drink spiking

6.1 The danger of irresponsible drinking leading to casual sex a) A small amount of alcohol can sometimes help people to relax, make friends and have a good time. b) Alcohol affects the part of the brain that is responsible for higher reasoning, judgement, understanding and decision making. If we have too much to drink we can no longer think clearly even if we think that we can. Our inhibitions are lowered and we react to situations based on instinct and feeling. This can be dangerous as it can make people do things they would not normally want to do. c) The fact that inhibitions are lowered means people take more risks in their behaviour, including having sex when otherwise they might not. When they do, having consumed alcohol means they might not think about using a condom. d) If people try and use a condom, being drunk means that they are more likely to have problems in safely putting it on. A condom can get weakened and torn by fingernails, fail to get unrolled properly and people can also forget to squeeze the air out of the teat first. All of these things can cause condoms to break, burst or slip off during sex. e) Alcoholic drink numbs sensation in both men and women. Prolonged use can also cause condoms to fail. f) After drinking alcohol 10% of 16 – 24 year olds were unable to remember having sex the night before. 14% of 16 – 24 year olds had unprotected sex after drinking alcohol. g) Also, alcohol actually decreases sexual performance. Alcohol lowers the level of the male hormone testosterone. Just one drink can lead to impotence, commonly called ‘Brewer’s droop’.

6.2 The risks associated with casual or unplanned sex a) There are a number of other risks and problems associated with drunken unplanned sex:  Danger of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as chlamydia. This can be treated with antibiotics, but if this or other bacterial infections are left untreated, they can lead to more serious problems such as infertility. It is very difficult to know if you have the infection as often there are no symptoms

 Other STDs such as HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, may not show symptoms for months or even years. Because it can take a while before any symptoms to

BIIAB © May 2018 28 appear, it is best to go for a check up at your local clinic. Testing is free and confidential, even if you are under 16

 Other STDs include hepatitis C (which can lead to liver faliure), gonorrhoea, herpes and genital warts (herpes and genital warts can keep coming back, often for the rest of your life)

 Drunken sex is more likely to lead to unplanned and unwanted pregnancies

 Someone who is drunk can easily be robbed, attacked or sexually assaulted. If someone has passed out from drinking too much alcohol it is easier for another person to commit a sexual assault. It is important to note that having sex with someone who is incapacitated due to the use of alcohol, drugs or prescription medicine is classed as rape and is illegal

 Drinking alcohol lowers sperm counts in men and makes it more difficult for women to get pregnant. Young women who drink heavily can find that their periods stop altogether

 Alcohol is an anaesthetic and numbs the nerve cells in sex organs which can make it difficult to reach orgasm

 Drink makes people clumsier which can result in unsatisfying sex

 Drink can stop males from getting and keeping an erection and stop females from producing enough natural lubrication for pain-free sex

 Drinking too much is also linked with depression, which can affect sexual desire. b) If you do have unprotected sex it is really important to get advice about emergency contraception to help prevent an unplanned pregnancy. Emergency, ‘morning-after pills’, can be taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sex but are more effective the earlier they are taken. Emergency contraception is free from GPs, family planning clinics or young people’s centres. Over 16 year olds can buy it for about £30 from a pharmacy.

6.3 Dangers of drink spiking a) Drink spiking refers to the practice of deliberately putting illegal drugs or unrequested shots of alcohol, often vodka, into another person’s drink. It is often done just for fun, but it can have serious consequences. Adding alcohol or drugs to someone’s food or drink can aggravate a medical condition or react badly with medication. b) Drink spiking is often in the news linked with the date rape drug Rohypnol, but there are several reasons why people spike drinks, the most common being:  amusement

 sexual assault/rape

 theft/robbery

 kidnap/extortion. c) While drink spiking might be seen as ‘just a bit of fun’, it is against the law and can lead to up to 10 years imprisonment.

BIIAB © May 2018 29 d) If sexual assault, robbery or theft is involved then the penalties are even higher. e) The most commonly used drugs in spiking are called Rohypnol, GHB and Ketamine. These drugs make the victim seem drunk, be less inhibited and more sexually aware. This in turn makes them more vulnerable to being robbed, assaulted or sexually assaulted. Often the victim cannot remember much about the crime committed against them, once the drug has worn off. f) Unfortunately, sometimes people who have not been drinking alcohol end up as victims of sexual assault. In some cases so-called date rape drugs such as GHB or Rohypnol are added to drinks.

These drugs are tasteless and odourless and cause the victim to pass out or seriously lose control. They also cause memory loss so that the victim has no idea what happened the night before. Please note that it is not just women who are victims of date rape, as men are also at risk. g) To avoid having a drink spiked, friends should watch each others drinks when they go to the toilet, or if they are left on tables whilst you are on the dance floor. It is also unwise to accept a drink, even a non-alcoholic one, from a stranger, in case it has been spiked.

Also, if a drink tastes funny or smells stronger than it should it is likely to have been spiked and it should not be drunk.

6.4 How to deal with friends who are drunk a) It can be quite scary when you are with someone who is drunk, whether they regularly drink too much or it’s a one-off. Drunk people can behave completely differently, often out of character. Here are some tips for helping someone who has drunk too much:  be friendly rather than telling them off. Be careful because they may become aggressive to you, even if they never have before

 don’t make fun of them

 don’t allow them to drink and drive – take away their car keys if you can

 keep them away from alcoholic drinks and try to get them to drink plenty of water

 stay with them to make sure they don’t collapse and choke on their own vomit

 get them home to their parents or another responsible adult who can take care of them

 if there are any signs of alcohol poisoning (unconsciousness, difficulty breathing, fits, stomach pains or frequent vomiting) or if you are in any doubt, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance.

For more details of what to do in an emergency go to www.up-2-you.net/emergency

BIIAB © May 2018 30 7. Dangers of Drink-Driving

Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know about the dangers of drink-driving and the penalties for drink-driving offences.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 the effects of driving under the influence of alcohol  the risks associated with getting into a car with a person who is drunk  facts and statistics on drink-driving-related accidents  direct and indirect penalties of being convicted of drink-driving

7.1 Why driving under the influence of alcohol affects a person’s driving

Drinking and driving is dangerous because alcohol slows a person’s reaction times, reduces co-ordination, affects judgement of speed, distance and spatial awareness, and can cause drowsiness and lack of concentration.

7.2 The size of the drink-driving problem a) Although the incidences of drinking and driving have fallen over the years the issue needs to be kept in the public arena so that people don’t become complacent. b) Young male drivers in particular need a constant reminder about the dangers of drinking and driving, as they are over-represented in drink-driving accidents. c) Figures, published by the Department for Transport’s Think! Road Safety website, demonstrate the size of the drink-driving problem in the UK:  On average 3,000 people are killed or seriously injured each year in drink-drive collisions.

 Nearly one in six of all deaths on the road involve drivers who are over the legal alcohol limit.

BIIAB © May 2018 31  Drinking and driving occurs across a wide range of age groups but particularly among young men aged between 17 – 29 in both casualties and positive breath tests following a collision. The Government’s most recent drink drive campaigns aim to target this group.

 560 people were killed in drink-drive-related incidents in 2005.

 2,100 people were seriously injured in drink-drive-related incidents in 2005.

 People who drive at twice the current legal alcohol level are at least 50 times more likely to be involved in a fatal car crash.*

* http://www.thinkroadsafety.gov.uk

7.3 The legal limit for drinking if driving a) It is against the law to drive with more than 50mg (milligrams) of alcohol per 100ml (millilitres) of blood (0.5mg per ml). It is very difficult to calculate accurately the number of drinks it takes to reach this limit as it depends on factors such as body size, gender and metabolism, so it is best for drivers not to drink at all. b) The police carry out over half a million breath tests for alcohol on drivers every year to catch drink-drivers. On average 100,000 are found to be positive. c) People who have been out drinking the night before may still be affected by alcohol the next day. Often they feel OK, but may still be unfit to drive and over the legal alcohol limit. They could still lose their licence if they drive the next day when still over the legal alcohol level. d) It is impossible to dispense of alcohol any faster. A cold shower, a cup of coffee or other ways of ‘sobering up’ will not help. Time is the only true method.

7.4 The penalties for drink-driving a) As well as the emotional and human costs of drink-driving, there are also major implications for all motorists who drink and drive, even if they do not injure or kill anyone. b) The penalties associated with drink-driving offences are:  Causing death by careless driving whilst under the influence of drink or drugs. The maximum penalty is 14 years imprisonment, an unlimited fine, a ban for at least two years once they are released from prison and a requirement to pass an extended driving test before the offender is allowed to drive legally again.

 Driving or attempting to drive whilst above the legal limit or unfit through drink. The maximum penalty is six months imprisonment plus a fine of £5,000 and a ban for at least 12 months (three years if you’ve been convicted twice in 10 years).

 In charge of a vehicle whilst above the legal limit or unfit through drink. The maximum penalty is three months imprisonment plus a fine of £2,500 and a ban.

 Refusing to provide a specimen. The maximum penalty is six months imprisonment plus a fine of £5,000 and a ban for at least 12 months.

BIIAB © May 2018 32 c) An endorsement for a drink-driving offence remains on a driving licence for 11 years, so it is 11 years before a convicted driver will have a ‘clean’ driving licence again. d) A person is also likely to become a ‘high risk offender’ if they:  refuse to provide a specimen

 are convicted at 2.5 times the limit or more

 are convicted twice in 10 years, in which case they will be banned from driving for a minimum of three years. e) The person would then have to satisfy an approved doctor that they do not have a drink problem before they get their licence back (and the person would have to pay for the medical). f) Most drivers who are used to or depend on driving would hate having their licence taken away: this can seem worse than paying a fine. Spending the rest of their life in a wheelchair would be even worse, of course.

7.5 Longer term consequences of being banned from driving a) There are many long-term consequences that can occur If a person is convicted of a drink-driving offence:  they will have a criminal record

 they won’t be allowed to drive for at least a year

 they could lose their job

 their lifestyle could change dramatically

 they will have higher insurance costs (this can last for many years after the person starts driving again)

 their driving licence will be endorsed for 11 years

 during that time they will find it difficult to hire a car or get a job if they are, or hope to become, a professional driver. b) Drivers who risk having a drink and then get behind the steering wheel could end up paying for it for the rest of their lives.

7.6 Dangers of being a passenger when the driver is drunk a) A drunk driver isn’t a danger just to themselves. Any passengers in their car are as much at risk of being involved in an accident as they are. Never be a passenger in a car whose driver has been drinking alcohol, and discourage them from driving too. A taxi might seem expensive at the time, but it’s cheaper than losing your life. b) As there is no safe limit for the amount of alcohol a person can drink if driving, it is safer to advise a driver to drink soft (non-alcoholic) drinks only.

BIIAB © May 2018 33 c) Tips to avoid drink-driving when drunk  Think about how you are going to get home before going out

 Take a licensed taxi

 Have a designated driver who only drinks soft or alcohol free drinks

 If driving, a person should never drink any alcohol, even if they are not over the limit it will still adversely affect driving performance

 Don’t rely on the person’s physical appearance to determine if they are drunk or not

 Think about the consequences of being caught

 Think about the consequences of being involved in an accident.

7.7 Campaigns aimed at avoiding drink-driving a) There are many government-funded campaigns, which aim at spreading the awareness of the drink-driving problem, as well as providing ideas and solutions to ensure that people don’t drink and drive. b) Campaigns use a wide range of media including:  TV

 Cinema

 Radio

 Websites

 PR/press sponsorships. c) The Think! Road Safety drink-driving campaign produced by the Department for Transport has produced many hard-hitting advertising campaigns that run year round, with major campaigns at Christmas. d) The key objectives for drink-driving campaigns are:  to increase awareness of the dangers of having a couple of drinks and driving

 to educate drivers that they can’t calculate their alcohol limit

 to shake drivers’ confidence about their own ‘rule of thumb’ of what’s safe to drink and drive

 to get drivers to think about the consequences of being caught. e) The key messages that come out of the drink-driving campaigns are:  don’t drink and drive

 it takes less than you might think to become a drink-driver

 you can’t calculate your alcohol limit

BIIAB © May 2018 34  watch out for those dangerous – ‘fancy a quick one?’ or ‘one for the road’ moments. f) The ‘I’ll be DES’ campaign, run by the Portman Group, spreads the message that when a person goes out drinking they should always designate a non-drinking driver. That is someone who volunteers to stay sober and drive a group of friends home after an evening at the pub or a party. g) A lot of licensed premises in the UK support the campaigns against drink-driving by providing leaflets or displaying posters in their premises. They may also have their own policies which aim to combat the issue in their own premises, such as running promotions on soft drinks for designated drivers.

7.8 Drug-driving a) Driving under the influence of drugs (whether prescribed medication or illegal substances) is just as dangerous as driving when drunk. It’s also against the law. b) Drugs can affect the mind and body in a variety of ways that means people aren’t able to drive safely. The effects can last for hours or even days. c) The police can carry out roadside tests of impairment to help them decide whether to arrest you if they think you are unfit to drive through drugs. d) The penalties are the same as for drink-driving. People convicted face a minimum one year driving ban, a fine of up to £5,000, and a six-month jail sentence.

BIIAB © May 2018 35 8. Basic Licensing Law Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know about the basics of licensing law and the Licensing Act 2003 in (England and Wales)

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 the reasons for licensing (i.e. the licensing objectives)  when alcohol can be sold

8.1 Introduction to licensing law

Stringent licensing laws were introduced during the First World War because the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, wanted to stop munitions workers turning up for their jobs still drunk from the night before. Although the Prime Minister’s actions were very unpopular, they were also very successful because alcohol consumption dropped by 50%.

8.2 Licensing Law in Scotland a) The sale of alcohol is governed by licensing law in Scotland. The aim of the current law is, in general, to ensure that sales are not made to children and drunk persons and that the use of premises for the sale of alcohol does not cause problems in the area or community in which they are situated. b) Many of you will have seen articles in the press about the the use and abuse of alcohol and the introduction of the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005 aims to comabt this. c) The Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005 has five licensing objectives or aims:  Preventing crime and disorder  Securing public safety  Preventing public nuisance  Protecting children and young persons from harm  Protecting and improving public health. d) From September 2009 pubs and bars will be open at different times and close later at night. This change in the law is intended to help prevent people drinking as much as possible before ’drinking-up time’ at 11 pm, which can happen now. e) The new licensing law will also means that pub closing times can be staggered to prevent everyone being out on the streets at 11.00 pm, which has lead to violence in the past, as people queue for taxis and late night food. f) It is highly unlikely that a 24 hr licence will be granted to any licensed premises. A pub or club will only be allowed to stay open 24 hrs in exceptional circumstances – e.g if Scotland wins the World Cup. Licensing Boards will decide if licensed premises will be allowed to stay open this long. g) The hours that a premises is allowed to stay open are written in the premises licence. Licensees are not allowed to sell alcohol outside the hours they have been granted. If

BIIAB © May 2018 36 they do, they are committing an offence. Off-licences will only be granted to a maximum of 10.00 am till 10.00 pm. Off-sales can currently be sold from 8.00 am – 10.00 pm Monday to Saturday and 12.30 pm – 10.00pm Sunday. h) Each premises must have premises manager, who takes responsibility for any problems that occur on the premises. The premises manager will be named on the premises licence. i) The premises manager must hold a personal licence. There can be more than one personal licence holder on each premises but there can only be one premises manager. j) If there is trouble, in terms of too much noise or violent and disorderly behaviour or any kind of drug related activity, the police and other authorities now have a range of powers:

 they can close the premises for up to 24 hours

 the police cannot review or reduce hours only boards can do this. Police can recommend to boards this should be done at a review hearing

8.3 Key partners in Licensed Retail a) In order to maintain order and to prevent crime and disorder in and around licensed premises, licence holders and their staff work in partnership with each other and with authorities such as licensing authorities and the police. b) Licensing Boards work in partnership with the police, planning authorities, environmental health and safety authorities, fire authorities, town centre managers, child protection agencies, local transport organisations, local residents and local businesses.

8.4 How all licensed premises must operate a) Premises in Scotland will have to meet standards that are in the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005, called mandatory conditions. All licensees must make sure that these are met. b) Mandatory conditions apply to all licensed premises, however some are only relevant to either off-sales or on-sales premises. c) Premises licences will include an operating plan which lists all the activities that will take place on the premises and the times at which they will take place.

BIIAB © May 2018 37 d) Below is a table which explains the sort of standards that are expected to be maintained in licensed premises under the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005:

Mandatory Conditions Alcohol can only be sold under the terms of the operating plan of the premises licence Alcohol can only be sold when:  There is a premsies manager named for the premises  The premises manager holds a personal licence  The premises manager holds a relevant qualification Every sale of alcohol must be authorised either generally or specifically by the premises manager, or another personal licence holder. All staff selling alcohol must be trained Alcohol prices must only be changed at the beginning of licensed hours, and for a minimum of 72 hrs No irresponsible drinks promotions can be run on the premises, for example: 2 for 1, Drink as much as you can, Free drinks all night if you pay an entry fee On-licensed premises like pubs and clubs must provide tap water free of charge, and other non-alcoholic drinks (such as orange juice or fizzy drinks) at a reasonable price Premises must all pay a fee to the Licensing Board every year Minimum unit price - retailers must not sell alcohol for less than 50p per unit.

BIIAB © May 2018 38 9. Licensing Offences, Enforcement, and Penalties for Breaking the Law Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will understand

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 State the law with regard to the sale of alcohol to or for young persons  State the law with regard to the admission of young persons to licensed premises  State the law with regard to the sale of alcohol by young persons  State the offence of selling alcohol to drunken persons  Describe how the law is enforced through the use of test purchasing

9.1 The law with regard to the sale of alcohol to or for young persons

Alcohol can damage everyone especially young people whose bodies are developing , One of the major aims of licensing law is to keep young people safe.

You must be 18 or over to buy alcoholic drinks.

The law in Scotland (from 1st September 2009): The Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005

Under the new licensing law in Scotland a child is someone who is 15 years old or under. A young person is someone who is 16 or 17 years old. It is an offence for a person under 18 to try to buy alcohol and could lead to a fine of £5,000 or three months in prison.

Age The Law Being a customer in licensed premises Can go into any part of a pub, including the bars, If permitted by the licensee. Can only drink non-alcoholic drinks. There may be rules which will be printed on a Under 16 sign at the entrance to the premises e.g. Must be accompanied by an adult; not permitted in public bar

Can drink beer, wine, cider or perry with a table meal in a pub or restaurant if bought by an adult. May be rules 16 or 17 e.g must leave the premises by 10pm; must be properly dressed etc

Cannot be given alcohol or drink alcohol in a pub except Under 18 with a table meal (see above). Cannot buy or attempt to buy alcohol anywhere.

BIIAB © May 2018 39 You cannot accept deliveries of alcohol at your own home. Delivery persons will need to ask for proof of age Deliveries showing you are 18 before any alcohol can be delivered to you at home. Liqueur You must be over 16 to purchase these Chocolates

BIIAB © May 2018 40

Working in licensed premises You can serve alcoholic liquor in shops provided each Under 18 sale is approved by a person over 18. This means you Off sales shops have to ask an adult whether or not you can make the sale. On sales You can serve alcoholic liquor in these places provided restaurants; each sale is approved by a person over 18 and the cafes, dining alcohol is served to accompany a meal. You can now rooms, places work in the bars of licensed premises as long as you where meals are are not serving alcohol. served You can deliver alcohol to a person as part of your job Deliveries and you can accept delivery of alcohol as part of your job

9.2 Test Purchasing a) Test Purchasing can be used to enforce licensing law in relation to children. b) Test purchasing law lets the Police send children under the age of 18 into licensed premises to attempt to buy alcohol. c) These young people will all be aged 16 – 16 and a half. They are meant to look their age and they are not permitted to lie. d) Failure in a test purchase is an offence and may result in a fine or the loss of a premises licence, a personal licence

Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know about the relationship between drugs and licensed premises.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 the duty of the premises licence holder to enforce a zero tolerance drug policy  enforcement of zero tolerance through search policies and the three types of search policy  the rights of the individual with regard to being searched and the consequences of refusing a search  how mixing drugs and alcohol can alter the effects of both

10.1 The zero tolerance policy for drugs a) Licensed premises can attract drug users and dealers. The main drug related crimes that can occur on licensed premises are drug taking, drug dealing and spiking drinks with drugs. b) For the safety of the public and the entertainment industry, licensed premises must be kept drug free. The best policy is zero tolerance to drug taking and drug misuse. To achieve this, premises licence holders and those who work in licensed premises have to:

 stop drugs getting into the premises

 establish a reputation that drugs will not be tolerated.

10.2 How zero tolerance is enforced a) In order to enforce zero tolerance, customers may be searched before being allowed to enter licensed premises. There will usually be notices at the entrance of premises advising customers of the zero tolerance policy towards drugs and warning customers that they may be searched before entering.

Searches are conducted by door stewards. Door stewards have to be licensed by the Security Industry Authority (SIA) to work on doors. You can tell if door stewards are licensed by the blue badges they wear when on duty.

b) Door stewards actually have no legal right to search people. They must therefore ask permission from the customer before conducting a search. If the customer refuses to be searched, the door steward will probably refuse to allow the customer into the premises. c) There are certain rules about searching people. These exist to protect both the customer and the door steward. Most standard search procedures should include the following rules:

 the customer must give permission for the search to take place

 where possible the door steward should have a witness present

 where possible customers should be searched where the search will be recorded on CCTV

 men should be searched by men and women should be searched by women

 door stewards will ask the customer to remove items from bags rather than removing them himself or herself.

10.3 Search policies a) Nobody really likes being searched. For this reason there are policies in place to help door stewards decide as fairly as possible who they are going to choose to search.

They may search either:

 all customers. This is called a general search

 customers selected at random, for example, one in every ten

 certain individuals. Where certain individuals are selected to be searched the selection must not be discriminatory on the grounds of colour, race, sex, age or disability.

10.4 Mixing drugs with alcohol a) There are several basic categories of drugs. There are those that we can buy off-the- shelf in a chemist or supermarket. Then there are those which we can only get if we have a prescription from the doctor. These are called controlled drugs.

There are also illegal drugs. These are drugs that are illegal to possess and illegal to sell. Illegal drugs are classed A, B or C according to how dangerous they are if used incorrectly. Class A drugs are the most dangerous and therefore carry the highest penalties. b) One of the biggest problems with illegal drugs is that the user cannot know the content or strength of the drug as it has been illegally and illicitly manufactured. It is impossible to know what other substances have been mixed in with the drugs.

BIIAB © May 2018 43 c) Taking drugs with alcohol changes or increases the effect of the drugs taken. Mixing alcohol with drugs also increases the risk of damage to the major organs in the body. For example, when cocaine, a class A drug, is taken with alcohol, the liver combines the two substances and they remain in the body much longer than alcohol and cocaine when taken separately. d) The effects of mixing drugs and alcohol*:

Drug Mix Effects Cannabis and Nausea, sickness, increased risk of choking on vomit with alcohol reduced levels of consciousness. Increased risk of paranoia and short-term memory loss. Amphetamines Person often feels ‘able’ to drink more quantities and for longer and alcohol although the risks remain the same, if not higher, due to pressure on vital organs such as the heart and liver, and worsening mood swings, panic attacks and hallucinations. Ecstasy and Increases dehydration and pressure on vital organs such as alcohol heart and liver and worsening anxiety, paranoia and memory loss. Cocaine and Person often feels able to drink more quantities and for longer alcohol although the risks remain the same, if not higher, due to pressure on vital organs such as the heart and liver, and worsening mood swings and the likelihood of irritability and aggression. Crack and Person often feels able to drink more quantities and for longer, alcohol although the risks remain the same, if not higher, due to pressure on vital organs such as the heart and liver, and worsening restlessness, anxiety, irritability and aggression. Heroin and Increased risk of overdose and death due to doubled-up effect alcohol of lowering levels of consciousness, and doubled-up effect of alcohol induced liver damage with risk of hepatitis. GHB and Increased risk of vomiting and choking and doubled-up effect alcohol of lowering levels of consciousness and fits. LSD and alcohol Increased risk of paranoia, hallucinations, misadventure and brain damage. Solvents and Increased risk of vomiting and choking and doubled-up effect alcohol of lowering levels of consciousness. Increased risk of memory loss and brain damage.

*Manchester public health development service – www.manchesterpublichealthdevelopment.org

Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will understand the relationship between offensive weapons and licensed premises.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 the definition of an offensive weapon and what may happen if a person is found with them on licensed premises

11.1 Offensive weapons a) Arguments and fights sometimes happen on licensed premises. The risk of injury increases if customers have weapons, or anything that can be used as a weapon. b) Offensive weapons are defined as:

anything that is made, adapted or used to cause injury. c) Examples of offensive weapons made to cause injury are:

 firearms  knives  coshes  knuckle dusters  telescopic truncheons. d) Examples of items adapted to cause injury are:

 toothbrushes with razor blades stuck in them  replica firearms. e) An item that is used to cause injury to someone is also classed as an offensive weapon. For example, a barstool or a bottle. f) It is illegal to carry an offensive weapon in public. It is also an offence to carry a bladed or pointed article that could be used to injure someone. Carrying a weapon in case someone else attacks you is also illegal.

BIIAB © May 2018 45 This also applies to the carrying of items that are intended to be used as a weapon, for example, a pot of pepper in a handbag for use in self defence. g) The penalty for carrying an offensive weapon in a public place is up to four years imprisonment. h) Some larger or busier licensed premises, particularly night clubs, use door stewards to control entry into the premises and also to make sure that customers inside can enjoy a safe night out. One of the tasks of the door stewrads is to stop offensive weapons from coming into the premises. So, as part of the search policy already mentioned, door stewards can search for offensive weapons. i) If a person is found to be carrying an offensive weapon on entry into licensed premises the door steward is likely to confiscate the weapon and refuse entry to the person. They may also ‘arrest’ the person and call the police.

BIIAB © May 2018 46 12. How the Licensed Retail Industry Encourages Responsible Drinking Learning Outcome: On completing this section, candidates will know how the Licensed Retail sector encourages responsible drinking.

Assessment Criteria: Evidence of meeting the learning outcomes will be demonstrated by the candidate being able to either state or identify:

 how the Licensed Retail industry discourages irresponsible promotions  how the Licensed Retail industry discourages irresponsible advertising  what the Portman Group and Drinkaware trust do  Proof of Age cards – what they are and where to obtain them

12.1 Discouraging irresponsible promotions

Many licensed premises selling alcohol to be consumed on the premises do not allow certain types of drinks promotions. Examples of drinks promotions that are discouraged in pubs or other licensed premises are:

 drinking games, because they encourage people to drink too much too quickly

 promotions that involve free drinks, for example, ‘Buy One, Get One Free’

 ‘Happy Hours’. These are promotions that involve the prices of drinks being reduced, particularly early in the evening

 entry fees that are linked to free drinks, for example, £10 entry, free drinks all night

 promotions that encourage people to drink quickly or ‘down’ their drinks

 promotional material that suggests drinking makes a person sexy or successful.

12.2 Discouraging irresponsible advertising a) The advertising of alcohol is strictly controlled. Any advertisements for alcohol must not suggest that drinking alcohol can improve social, physical, mental, financial or sporting performance. On the other hand, advertisements cannot suggest that not drinking will do the same. b) There are also rules on how alcoholic drinks are labelled. The abv must be clearly shown on the packaging and alcoholic drinks must be packaged so that they are not easily confused with non-alcoholic drinks.

12.3 The Portman Group and Drinkaware Trust

These two organisations work to educate people about alcohol and encourage people to drink sensibly. They have promoted the ‘If you do do drink, don’t do drunk’ campaign and

BIIAB © May 2018 47 also the ‘I’ll be DES’, which encourages groups to nominate one person to be their driver. (This is explained in more depth in sub-section 7.7.)

12.4 Proof of Age cards and other forms of proof of age a) When you are old enough to buy alcohol (18) or to go into some licensed premises without an adult accompanying you, you may still be asked to prove your age. In fact, the general advice to those who sell alcohol is to ask for proof of age from anyone who looks under 21, even though you only have to be 18 to legally buy it. Retailers know that many young people look older than they really are. b) There are a number of different Proof of Age schemes. Those which are considered by retailers to be reliable have the Proof of Age Standards Scheme (PASS) hologram on them. PASS is the UK’s national guarantee scheme for proof of age cards. c) The PASS hologram on a card shows that the card has been issued by an organisation that has passed strict rules issued by Trading Standards. d) There are lots of forgeries of proof of age cards but door stewards and some retailers of alcohol are trained in how to spot forgeries. e) Some of the proof of age cards accredited by the PASS scheme are:

 CitizenCard

 VALIDATE UK

 Connexions Card

 Young Scot

 Various local authority cards. f) Other forms of proof of age are acceptable within different licensed premises, and it is important to realise that companies may have their own policy on what their staff can or cannot accept.

BIIAB © May 2018 48 12.5 Other age-restricted products and services a) Apart from alcohol there are a number of other products and services that you cannot buy until you reach a certain age.

These are shown in the table below:

Product or service Minimum age at which they can be purchased Knives 16 years Liqueur chocolates 16 years Cigarettes and tobacco 18 years Lottery tickets 16 years Petrol 16 years Scratch cards 16 years Party poppers and caps 16 years Aerosol paint containers 16 years Air gun pellets 17 years Adult magazines 18 years Fireworks 18 years Solvents 18 years Tattooing 18 years Butane gas cigarette lighter refills 18 years Videos and cinema entry 18 years (or as indicated on the product or film classification) Pets 18 years

b) Retailers are advised that if they are in any doubt about a person’s age, they should ask for proof of age. If they have doubts about the proof of age card they should refuse. It is therefore a good idea to get a PASS approved proof of age card when you are old enough.

National Association for Children of Alcoholics (Patron: Tony Adams MBE) www.nacoa.org.uk

Calling time – Manchester Public Health development service www.manchesterpublichealthdevelopment.org/mphds/alcohol.html

Review of alcohol research – Portman Group www.Drinkaware.co.uk

Neuroscience For Kids http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html

Institute of Alcohol Studies www.portmangroup.org.uk/?pid=26&level=3

Drink-Driving http://www.beerandpub.com http://www.thinkroadsafety.gov.uk/campaigns/drinkdrive/pdf/nov05-leaflet.pdf http://www.thinkroadsafety.gov.uk/campaigns/drinkdrive/drinkdrive.htm http://www.drinkdrivingfacts.com/drinkdriving/drink_driving_penalties http://www.safe2travel.co.uk/content/drinkdrive/ http://www.howsyourdrink.org.uk/home.php http://www.drivingban.co.uk/drivingban/drinkdrivingban.htm http://www.lawontheweb.co.uk/crimedrinkdriving http://www.80mg.org.uk

Sexual Health http://www.infoscotland.com/alcohol

Licensing Law Handbook for the BIIAB Level 1 Award in Responsible Alcohol Retailing Handbook for the BIIAB Level 2 Award for Personal Licence Holders Handbook for the BIIAB Award for Designated Premises Supervisors http://www.biiab.org

Careers in Licensed Retail http://www.springboarduk.org.uk http://www.popall.co.uk

General Health http://www.dh.gov.uk http://www.bma.org.uk

Appendix 2: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria The learner will: The learner can: 1. Have an awareness of the Licensed 1.1 State what Licensed Retail is Retail sector 1.2 State how the Licensed Retail industry contributes to the UK economy

2. Understand the nature of alcohol 2.1 State what alcohol is 2.2 State the definition of alcohol under licensing law 2.3 Describe features of the most commonly available alcoholic drinks

3. Be aware of the strengths of alcohol by 3.1 State what abv means volume and unit 3.2 State the definition of low alcohol and alcohol free drinks, and the law with regards to labelling 3.3 State the abv of beers, ciders and wines 3.4 State the typical abv of spirits and alcopops 3.5 State what a unit of alcohol is 3.6 State the recommended maximum consumption of alcohol by unit per day/week for men and women

4. Understand the effects of drinking 4.1 Describe how alcohol affects the body and the stages of drunkenness alcohol 4.2 Outline how the body eliminates alcohol and the associated myths about sobering up

5. Have an awareness of the problems of 5.1 State the definition of binge drinking and the size of the problem alcohol 5.2 Describe the effects of binge drinking on the individual 5.3 State the definition of alcoholism/alcohol dependence and the size of the problem 5.4 Describe the effects of alcoholism on the individual 5.5 Describe the social effects of binge drinking and the size of the problem

6. Have an awareness of the dangers of 6.1 State the link between alcohol and casual sex and the associated risks alcohol, sexual health and drink spiking 6.2 Describe the dangers of drink spiking 6.3 Describe how to deal with a friend who is drunk or who may be the victim of drink spiking

BIIAB © May 2018 51 Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria The learner will: The learner can: 7. Understand the dangers of drink-driving 7.1 Describe the effects of driving under the influence of alcohol 7.2 State the risks associated with getting into a car with a person who is drunk 7.3 State facts and statistics on drink-driving-related accidents 7.4 State the direct and indirect penalties of being convicted of drink-driving

8. Understand basic licensing law 8.1 State the reasons for licensing 8.2 State when alcohol can be sold

9. Have an awareness of licensing 9.1 State the law with regard to the sale of alcohol to or for young persons offences under the Licensing (Scotland) 9.2 State the law with regard to the admission of young persons to licensed premises Act 2005 9.3 State the law with regard to the sale of alcohol by young persons 9.4 State the offence of selling alcohol to drunken persons 9.5 Describe how the law is enforced through the use of test purchasing

10. Understand the relationship between 10.1 State the duty of the premises licence holder to enforce a zero tolerance drug policy drugs and licensed premises 10.2 State the law with regard to the enforcement of zero tolerance through search policies and the three types of search policy 10.3 State the rights of the individual with regard to being searched and the consequences of refusing a search 10.4 Describe how mixing drugs and alcohol can alter the effects of both

11. Understand the relationship between 11.1 State the definition of an offensive weapon and what may happen if a person is found with offensive weapons and licensed them on licensed premises premises

12. Understand how the Licensed Retail 12.1 Describe how the licensed retail industry discourages irresponsible promotions sector encourages responsible drinking 12.2 Describe how the licensed retail industry discourages irresponsible advertising 12.3 State what the Portman Group and DrinkWise do 12.4 State what proof of age cards are and where to obtain them

1 Very few supermarkets in the UK are part of the licensed retail industry

A Yes B No

2 Alcohol is produced when yeast feeds on sugar

A Yes B No

3 Packaged drinks with an abv of more than 1.2%:

A Are classed as low alcohol B Can be bought by anyone aged under 18 C Must be labelled with their abv content

4 A man’s daily alcohol consumption should not be more than:

A 1 – 2 units B 3 – 4 units C 5 – 6 units

5 The smaller and younger a person is, the less effect alcohol is likely to have on them

A Yes B No

6 What is not a possible effect of long term binge drinking?

A Better memory B Diabetes C Weight gain

7 Which of these is not a sexually transmitted disease?

A Gonorrhoea B Herpes C Psoriasis

A He will be more co-ordinated than usual B His levels of concentration will be reduced C His spatial awareness will be improved

9 What is one of the purposes of licensing law?

A To encourage people to stop drinking completely B To increase revenue for the Government from alcohol sales C To reduce the incidences of binge drinking in licensed premises

10 An offence is committed if a young person aged under 16 goes into a bar when accompanied by an adult

A Yes B No

11 An example of a general search is searching:

A All customers B All known drug dealers C All male customers

12 The name of the UK’s national guarantee scheme for proof of age cards is:

A PART B PASS C PIST

Answers to Specimen Questions

Q Answer Assessment Criteria

1 B 1.1: What the licensed retail industry is 2 A 2.1: What alcohol is 3 C 3.2: The definition of low alcohol and alcohol free drinks and the law with regards to labelling 4 B 3.6: Recommended maximum consumption of alcohol by unit per day/week for men and women 5 B 4.1: How alcohol affects the body and the stages of drunkenness 6 A 5.2: Effects of binge drinking on the individual 7 C 6.1: The link between alcohol and casual sex and the associated risks 8 B 7.1: The effects of driving under the influence of alcohol 9 C 8.1: The reasons for licensing 10 B 9.2: Admission of young persons to licensed premises 11 A 10.2: Enforcement of zero tolerance through search policies and the three types of search policy 12 B 1.4: Proof of age cards – what they are and where to obtain them

Please note that the assessment criteria numbering does not refer to the Certificate in Alcohol Awareness handbook. The learning outcomes and assessment criteria can be found in the centre manual, Section 1.

BII is:

. the professional body for the Licensed Retail sector . the fastest-growing membership organisation within the sector the leading provider of qualifications for the sector through its wholly-owned awarding body, BIIAB . a promoter of the Social Responsibility Standards for the Production and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks in the UK*.

BIIAB is:

. the wholly-owned awarding body of the BII . the dedicated awarding body for the Licensed Retail sector . nationally accredited by the Qualifications & Curriculum Authority (QCA) . recognised for achieving the ISO 9001:2000 quality standard.

What qualifications are available?

BII offer a wide portfolio of sector-specific qualifications, through its awarding body BIIAB. All BIIAB qualifications provide solutions to specific market requirements, deliver real business benefits, and support careers in Licensed Retail for every type of venue, including:

. Qualifications for Licensing . Qualifications for Staff Development . Qualifications for New Licensed Retail Managers . Qualifications for Management Development.

One of the key aims of BIIAB is to offer training and qualifications solutions that are relevant and accessible to those operating in the Licensed Retail sector. The range of BIIAB qualifications underpin either professional milestones or regulatory requirements.

*For a copy of these Standards visit www.beerandpub.com

NOTICES

This book does not purport to contain an authoritative or definitive statement of the law or practice on any subject appertaining to the operation of licensed premises and the publishers supply the information on the strict understanding that no legal or other liability attaches to them in respect of it. References to sources of further guidance or information have been made where appropriate.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, scanning, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Applications for written permission to reproduce any part of the publication should be

BIIAB © May 2018 57 addressed in writing to the publisher. Any unauthorised or restricted act in relation to this publication may result in civil proceedings and/or criminal prosecution.