ZUSGS science fora changing world

To Accompany Map CP-49

Explanatory Notes for the Geologic Map of the Circum-Pacific Region, Pacific Basin Sheet

By KENNETH J. DRUMMOND, JOSE CORVALAN D., H. FREDERICK DOUTCH, R.H. NEEDHAM, TAMOTSU NOZAWA, YOJITERAOKA, TAKASHIYOSHIDA, TADASHI SATO, CAMPBELL CRADDOCK, FLOYD W. MCCOY, GEORGE W. MOORE, ANNE L. GARTNER, THERESA R. SWINT-IKI, and GEORGE GRYC

CUM-PACIFIC COUN

ENERGY AND MINERAL ill// RESOURCES

2000 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

CIRCUM-PACIFIC COUNCIL FOR ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Michel T. Halbouty, Founder

CIRCUM-PACIFIC MAP PROJECT John A. Reinemund, Director George Gryc, General Chairman

EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION PACIFIC BASIN SHEET

Scale: 1:17,000,000

By Kenneth J. Drummond, National Energy Board, Calgary, Alberta T2P 3H2, Canada Jose Corvalan D., Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria, Santiago, Chile H. Frederick Doutch and R.H. Needham, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia Tamotsu Nozawa, Yoji Teraoka and Takashi Yoshida, Geological Survey of Japan, Ibaraki 305, Japan Tadashi Sato, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki 305, Japan Campbell Craddock, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A. Floyd W. McCoy, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, U.S.A. George W. Moore, Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5506, U.S.A. Anne L. Gartaer, Theresa R. Swint-Iki, and George Gryc, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A.

2000 Explanatory Notes to Supplement the

GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION PACIFIC BASIN SHEET

Kenneth J. Drummond, Chair, Northeast Quadrant Panel Jose" CorvaMn D., Chair, Southeast Quadrant Panel R. W. Johnson, Chair, Southwest Quadrant Panel Tomoyuki Moritani, Chair, Northwest Quadrant Panel lan W. D. Dalziel, Chair, Antarctic Region Panel George W. Moore, Chair, Arctic Region Panel

LAND GEOLOGY

Kenneth J. Drummond, National Energy Board, Calgary, Alberta T2P 3H2, Canada Jose Corvalan D., Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria, Santiago, Chile H. Frederick Doutch, W. David Palfreyman, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia Eyi Inoue, Geological Survey of Japan, Ibaraki 305, Japan Tadashi Sato, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki 305, Japan Campbell Craddock, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A.

SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT

Floyd W. McCoy, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, U.S.A.

OFFSHORE GEOLOGY

George W. Moore, Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5506, U.S.A.

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT AND OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM COLUMNAR SECTIONS

Anne L. Gartner, Theresa R. Swint-Iki, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A. Paul W. Richards, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A.

Map compilation coordinated by George Gryc, Circum-Pacific Map Project General Chairman, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A

11 CONTENTS Introduction 1 Circum-Pacific Map Project 1 Geologic Map of the Pacific Basin Sheet 1 Description of map units 3 Quaternary 3 Mesozoic 5 Paleozoic 9 Precambrian 15 Seafloor sediment 20 Offshore geology, Circum-Pacific region 22 Ocean Drilling Program/Deep Sea Drilling Project columnar sections 23 References cited 24 Northeast Quadrant 24 Northwest Quadrant 31 Southeast Quadrant 37 Southwest Quadrant 41 Antarctic Region 47 Additional Sources of Data 51 Figures 1-18 52

111

INTRODUCTION Panel completed compilations of all eight topical maps of that quadrant. By Project coordination and final cartography are being George Gryc carried out through the cooperation of the U.S. Geologi­ cal Survey under the direction of Map Project General CIRCUM-PACIFIC MAP PROJECT Chair George Gryc of Menlo Park, California. Project headquarters are located at 345 Middlefield Road, MS The Circum-Pacific Map Project is a cooperative in­ 951, Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A. The project ternational effort designed to show the relationship of has been overseen from its inception by John A. known energy and mineral resources to the major geo­ Reinemund, Director of the Map Project since 1982. logic features of the Pacific Basin and surrounding con­ The framework for the Circum-Pacific Map Project tinental areas. Available geologic, mineral-resource, and was developed in 1973 by a specially convened group of energy-resource data are being integrated with new 12 North American geoscientists meeting in California. project-developed data sets such as magnetic lineations, The project was officially launched at the First Circum- seafloor mineral deposits, and seafloor sediment. Earth Pacific Conference on Energy and Mineral Resources, scientists representing some 180 organizations from more held in Honolulu, Hawaii, in August 1974. Sponsors of than 40 Pacific-region countries are involved in this work. the conference were the American Association of Petro­ Six overlapping equal-area regional maps at a scale leum Geologists (AAPG), Pacific Science Association of 1:10,000,000 form the cartographic base for the (PS A), and the Committee for Coordination of Joint Pros­ project: the four Circum-Pacific Quadrants (Northwest, pecting for Mineral Resources in East Asian Offshore Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast), and the Antarctic Areas (CCOP). The Circum-Pacific Map Project oper­ and Arctic Sheets. There is also a Pacific Basin Sheet at ates as an activity of the Circum-Pacific Council for En­ a scale of 1:17,000,000. Published map series include ergy and Mineral Resources, a nonprofit organization that the Base (published from 1977 to 1989), the Geographic promotes cooperation among Circum-Pacific countries (published from 1977 to 1990), the Geodynamic (pub­ in the study of energy and mineral resources of the Pa­ lished from 1984 to 1990), and the Plate-Tectonic (pub­ cific basin. Founded by Michel T. Halbouty in 1972, the lished from 1981 to 1992); all of them include seven map Council also sponsors quadrennial conferences, topical sheets. Thematic map series in the process of complet­ symposia, scientific training seminars, and the Earth Sci­ ing publication include Geologic (publication initiated ence Series of publications. in 1983), Tectonic (publication initiated in 1991), En­ ergy-Resources (publication initiated in 1986), and Min­ eral-Resources (publication initiated in 1984). Altogether, GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE PACIFIC BASIN SHEET 57 map sheets are planned. The maps are prepared coop­ eratively by the Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and The Geologic Map of the Circum-Pacific Region, Pa­ Mineral Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey. Maps cific Basin Sheet, is a compilation at a scale of published prior to mid-1990 are available from Dr. H. 1:17,000,000 of a series of five overlapping 1:10,000,000- Gary Greene, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and scale map sheets. The maps in the 1:10,000,000 series Mineral Resources, Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, include the Northeast Quadrant, Southeast Quadrant, MLML, Box 450, Moss Landing, California 95036-0450, Northwest Quadrant, Southwest Quadrant, and the Ant­ U.S.A.; maps published from mid-1990 to present are arctic Region sheets. available from the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Information depicted on the Pacific Basin Geologic Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, Map includes geologic units on land, and in marine ar­ U.S.A. eas seafloor sediment, Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) The Circum-Pacific Map Project is organized under and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites. six panels of geoscientists representing national earth- A correlation diagram of representative columns from science organizations, universities, and natural-resource each map region was prepared by a special working group companies. The regional panels correspond to the basic on map explanations at the outset of project work map areas. Current panel chairs are Tomoyuki Moritani (Reinemund, 1975). The purpose of the diagram was to (Northwest Quadrant), formerly by R.W. Johnson (South­ integrate geologic compilation between the five map west Quadrant), lan W.D. Dalziel (Antarctic Region), sheets and to aid in the merging of compilations in the vacant. (Southeast Quadrant), Kenneth J. Drummond overlap areas, which in the case of the southern and north­ (Northeast Quadrant), and George W. Moore (Arctic ern quadrants is appreciable-26° of latitude. The initial Region). Jose Corvalan D, chaired the Southeast Quad­ subdivisions, which ranged from 9 to 14 units for each rant from its inception in 1974 to his death in 1996; the map sheet, evolved into considerably more detailed schemes during the ensuing years. A minimum of gener­ George E. Erickson and J. Erick Mack, Jr., United States; alization was necessary for the compilation of the Pa­ and Raul Garcia, Venezuela. Former panel members in­ cific Basin Sheet from the individual quadrants for the clude Vicente Padula, Argentina; Jaime Cruz and Michel correlation diagram shown in Figure 1. Hermelin, Colombia; Alirio Bellizia B., Jose Antonio The purpose of this report is to supplement the Geo­ Galavis, Henrique J. Lavie, and Cecilia Martin, Venezu­ logic Map of the Circum-Pacific Region, Pacific Basin ela; and Alberto Giesecke, Jose Lizzarraga R., and Sheet, with additional data, explanations, and references Fernando Zuniga, Peru. that could not be depicted on the face of the map because The Northwest Quadrant Geologic Map was prepared of space considerations. Most of the information in this under the direction of former Panel Chairs Chikao report is taken from the explanatory notes for the Nishiwaki and Eiji Inoue, with the assistance of North­ l:10,000,000-scale map series. west Quadrant panel members and with contributions for The Northeast Quadrant Geologic Map was prepared the overlap areas with the Northeast Quadrant and the under the direction of Panel Chair Kenneth J. Drummond, Southwest Quadrant. These contributors include Kenneth Mobil Oil Canada, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, with J. Drummond, Mobil Oil Canada, Calgary, Alberta, the assistance of Northeast Quadrant panel members and Canada, Northeast Quadrant Panel Chair, and H. with contributions for the overlap areas with the North­ Frederick Doutch, Australian Geological Survey west Quadrant (Asian continent) and Southeast Quad­ Organisation [retired], Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Austra­ rant (South American continent) Geologic Maps. These lia, former Southwest Quadrant Panel Chair. Other prin­ contributors include Tamotsu Nozawa, Geological Sur­ cipal investigators and sources of data are indicated in vey of Japan, Tsukuba, Japan, former Northwest Quad­ the references section on the map sheet and in the refer­ rant Panel Vice-Chair, and Jose Corvalan D., University ences cited that follow. of Chile, Santiago, Chile, Southeast Quadrant Panel The Northwest Quadrant Panel has been composed Chair. Other principal investigators and sources of data of the following members: Zhang Wen-you, Li Yin-hua, are indicated in the references section on the map sheet China; Ismet Akil, H.M.S. Hartono, and Fred Hehuwat, and in the references cited. Indonesia; Yutaka Ikebe, Yasufumi Ishiwada, Masaharu The Northeast Quadrant panel (1983) was composed Kamitani, Hisao Kuwagata, Tomoyuki Moritani, Tamotsu of the following members: R.L. Chase, Kenneth M. Nozawa, Tadashi Sato, Yoshihiko Shimizaki, Yoji Dawson, Hubert Gabrielse, and Geoffrey B. Leech, Teraoka, Seiya Uyeda, and Takahashi Yoshida, Japan; Canada; Samuel Bonis, Gabriel Dengo, and Oscar D. S.K. Chung, Malaysia; Dominador H. Almogela, Salazar, Guatemala; G.P. Salas, Mexico; James E. Case, Guillermo R. Balce, and Juanito C. Fernandez, Philip­ George Gryc, Philip W. Guild, L.D. Kulm, Alien Lowrie, pines; Chong Su Kim, No Young Park, and Sang Ho Um, Ray G. Martin, Ralph Moberly, George W. Moore, David Republic of Korea; Sangad Bunopas, Phisit Dheeradilok, W. Scholl, and Peter R. Vail, U.S.A. and Kaset Pitakpaiyan, Thailand; Michael Churkin, The Geologic Map of the Southeast Quadrant was pre­ Maurice J. Terman, and Frank F.H. Wang, U.S.A.; and pared under the direction of Panel Chairman Jose Lev I. Krasny, V.B. Kurnosov. V.G. Moiseenko, and Corvalan D., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Nicolay A. Shilo, Russia. University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, with the assistance The Southwest Quadrant Geologic Map was prepared of Southeast Quadrant panel members and with contri­ under the direction of former Panel Chair H. Frederick butions for the overlap areas with the Northeast Quad­ Doutch and former Panel Chair W. David Palfreyman, rant (North American continent) and the Antarctica Re­ Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Canberra, gion. These contributors include Kenneth J. Drummond, Australia, in conjunction with the Organisation's map Mobil Oil Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Northeast compilation section, and with the cooperation of South­ Quadrant Panel Chairman, and Campbell Craddock, west Quadrant Panel members. Contributions for the over­ University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., lap areas with the Northwest Quadrant and the Antarctic Antarctica Region Panel Chairman. Other principal in­ Region were made by Tadashi Sato, Tsukuba University, vestigators and sources of data are indicated in the refer­ Japan, chief compiler for the Northwest Quadrant, and ences section on the map sheet and in the references cited. Campbell Craddock, University of Wisconsin, Madison, The Southeast Quadrant panel (1985) was composed Wisconsin, U.S.A., former Antarctic Region Panel Chair. of the following members: Marcelo R. Yrigoyen, Argen­ The role of the late Chikao Nishiwaki, former chair of tina; Carlos Salinas E., Bolivia; Eduardo Gonzalez P., the Northwest Quadrant Panel, was particularly signifi­ Alfredo Lahsen A., and Carlos Mordojovich, Chile; cant in completing work on the northern overlap area. Hermann Duque-Caro, Colombia; Rodrigo Alvarado and Other principal contributors were Erwin Scheibner, Geo­ Giovanni Rosania, Ecuador; H.G. Barsczis, France; logical Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Eleodoro Bellido B. and Victor R. Eyzaguirre P., Peru; H. Rudy Katz and George W Grindley, Geological Sur- vey of New Zealand, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; Duncan DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS B. Dow and C.M. Brown, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Canberra, Australia; Alexander Macfarlane, Quaternary Vanuatu Department of Geology, Mines, and Rural Wa­ ter Supply; Peter Rodda, Fiji Mineral Resources Depart­ Quaternary (Q) ment, Frank Coulson and William Hughes, Solomon Is­ lands Geological Survey; David Tappin, Tonga Division NORTHEAST QUADRANT of Lands and Survey; and Tony Utonga, Cook Islands Resources Division. Alluvial, glacial, lacustrine, and eolian deposits. Continen­ The Southwest Quadrant Panel (1988) was composed tal and marine terrace deposits, locally includes Pliocene of the following members: John N. Casey, David Denham, units. Carbonate banks of Florida, Bahamas, and Yucatan. Neville F. Exon, David Falvey, R.W Johnson, and Peter Volcanic rocks are mainly alkali basalt of the Trans Mexico Wellman, Australian Geological Survey Organisation; Erwin volcanic belt, southern Baja California, Central America, Scheibner, Geological Survey of New South Wales; Ronald the Lesser Antilles Arc, the Aleutian Islands, southern and N. Richmond, Australia Petroleum Exploration Association, western Alaska, and the Hawaiian Islands (fig. 2) (former Panel Chair); Larry Machesky, United Nations Eco­ nomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific SOUTHEAST QUADRANT (ESCAP); Peter Rodda, Fiji Mineral Resources Department; George W. Grindley and H. Rudy Katz, Geological Survey Alluvial, fluvioglacial, glacial, lacustrine, and eolian depos­ of New Zealand; Greg Anderson, Papua New Guinea Geo­ its. Continental and marine terrace deposits, locally of logical Survey; and S. Danitofea, Solomon Islands Geo­ Pliocene age. Volcanic rocks, predominantly andesitic-ba- logical Survey. saltic, in southern Colombia, Ecuador, and central/south­ The Antarctic Region Geologic Map was prepared ern Argentina. Basic extrusive rocks in Central America. under the direction of former Panel Chair Campbell Salars and alluvial-plain deposits of the sub-Andean region Craddock, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Uni­ cap Tertiary sedimentary sequences (figs. 3,4) versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., with the assistance of the Antarctic Region panel members. NORTHWEST QUADRANT Contributors for the overlap areas with the Southeast Quadrant and the Southwest Quadrant include Jose Alluvial, lacustrine, terrace, and deltaic deposits. Marine Corvalan D., Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria, carbonate including raised coral reefs in Banda, Molucca, Santiago, Chile, former Southeast Quadrant Panel Chair, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Ryukyu. Marine deposits in W David Palfreyman, Australian Geological Survey Japan and coastal areas of Sakhalin, Sikhote-Alin, Organisation, former Southwest Quadrant Panel Chair, Kamchatskiy, and north Siberia. Extrusive rocks, felsic and H. Frederick Doutch, Australian Geological Survey to intermediate in Burma; intermediate to mafic in Banda Organisation, former Southwest Quadrant Panel Chair. and Sulawesi; mafic in east Thailand, Cambodia, south Other principal investigators and sources of data are in­ Vietnam, north China, and North Korea. Alkali basalt in dicated in the references section on the map sheet and in China, North Korea, Kuril Islands, Koryaskiy- the references cited that follow. Kamchatskiy, and Aleutian Islands. Felsic to mafic The Antarctica Region Panel has been composed of extrusive rocks characteristic of arc volcanism in island the following members: R.L. Oliver, Australia; Oscar arcs of Japan, Ogasawara, Mariana, Ryukyu, Kuril, and Gonzalez-Ferran, Chile; G.W Grindley, New Zealand; Aleutian Islands (fig. 5) G.E. Grikurov and M.G. Ravich, Russia; Raymond G. Adie and Janet Thomson, United Kingdom; and Charles R. Bentley, lan W.D. Dalziel (current Antarctic Region Quaternary and Neogene (QTn) Panel Chair), David H. Elliot, Arthur B. Ford, Dennis E. Hayes, William R. MacDonald, James M. Schopf, and F. NORTHEAST QUADRANT Alton Wade, former Antarctic Region Panel Chair, U.S.A. Authors and contributors of the seafloor portion of this Intermediate volcanic rocks of the west coast of Central map include Floyd W. McCoy, University of Hawaii, America, the Galapagos Islands, and the Lesser Antilles. Kaneohe, Hawaii, U.S.A., George W. Moore, Department Mafic volcanic rocks of Panama of Geology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A., Theresa R. Swint-Iki, Anne L. Gartner, of the U.S. SOUTHEAST QUADRANT Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, U.S.A. and Paul W Richards, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston. Flow breccia, agglomerate, and pyroclastic rocks of andesitic-dacitic-rhyolitic composition; continental and mediate to mafic, and mafic extrusive (and, not shown, lacustrine deposits. Includes Quaternary andesitic to rhy- minor intrusive) rocks. Island-arc setting olitic volcanic rocks in the meridional part of the West­ ern Cordillera of Peru, and predominantly rhyolitic- Fiji dacitic upper Tertiary ignimbrite in southern Peru and Antiplano area of Chile and Bolivia, capped by Quater­ Upper Miocene to Quaternary marine clastic, volcaniclastic, nary rhyolitic-andesitic volcanic rocks. Mostly andesitic- and pyroclastic rocks, consequent in part on uplifts, and basaltic volcanic rocks in central/southern Argentina and shallow to deep-marine carbonate rocks. Felsic, intermedi­ Antarctica Peninsula region. Intermediate extrusive vol­ ate to mafic, and mafic extrusive (and, not shown, minor canic rocks in Central America intrusive) rocks. Convergent-margin setting

NORTHWEST QUADRANT Cenozoic (Cz) Marine and paralic deposits in Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Molucca, China, Taiwan, and Japan, including SOUTHWEST QUADRANT reef limestone in the Philippines. Loess in north China, and nonmarine deposits in China. Australia

Extrusive rocks, felsic in Sumatra; intermediate in the Widespread thin alluvial deposits. Continental sand, silt, Philippines; intermediate to mafic in Sulawesi and Sunda; clay, and carbonate deposits in downwarps on the era- mafic (basalt flows) in south Vietnam, Cambodia, west ton. Cenozoic intraplate mafic extrusive rocks (plateau Malaysia, the Philippines, and China; undifferentiated in basalt and shield volcanoes) and minor intermediate to Sumatra; and felsic to mafic in many island arcs such as mafic intrusive rocks of eastern Australia Japan, Ogasawara, and the Kuril Islands. Felsic intrusive rocks in Borneo New Guinea

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Upper Cenozoic marine and continental clastic rocks overlying lower to middle Cenozoic shallow-marine clas­ New Guinea-Mainly Quaternary and Pliocene tic and carbonate rocks. Interfingers with QTn, TnTp, and TnPz2 (see below) Marine and continental clastic rocks, mostly consequent on uplift. Minor shallow-marine clastic and carbonate rocks New Zealand (some upper Miocene). Intermediate to mafic intrusive and extrusive rocks. Small area of upper Miocene-Pliocene high- Mafic extrusive rocks of northern part of North Island, temperature metamorphic rocks in Irian Jaya (fig. 6) east coast of South Island, and of Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Chatham, Campbell, Lord Howe, and Norfolk New Zealand Islands. "Post-tectonic" in North Island; elsewhere asso­ ciated with splitting of Gondwana Continental and marine clastic rocks; carbonate rocks. Felsic, intermediate to mafic, and mafic extrusive rocks ANTARCTIC REGION restricted to North Island. Associated with convergent- margin development Undifferentiated volcanic rocks, mainly basaltic, locally with interbedded volcanigenic sedimentary rocks. Oc­ Solomon Islands cur in east Antarctica, Balleny Islands, Transarctic Moun­ tains, coastal Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, and Scotia Shallow-marine carbonate, minor continental and shal­ Arc. Active volcanoes known in northern Victoria Land, low-marine clastic rocks. Intermediate to mafic extrusive Marie Byrd Land, northern Antarctic Peninsula, and and minor intrusive rocks. Island-arc setting South Sandwich Islands

Vanuatu Neogene (Tn) Quaternary shallow-marine carbonate and minor volcaniclastic rocks. Upper Miocene to Pliocene deep- NORTHEAST QUADRANT marine clastic and minor carbonate rocks. Felsic, inter­ Plateau basalts of the northwest United States (Colum­ New Caledonia bia Plateau, Modoc area, and Snake River) and the Mexi­ can Plateau. Mafic volcanic rocks of central British Co­ Upper Miocene mafic extrusive rocks of Loyalty Islands lumbia. Continental sedimentary rocks in interior plains, United States. Marine deposits of Pacific continental shelf New Zealand and Gulf Coastal Plain Mainly Miocene marine clastic and felsic and interme­ SOUTHEAST QUADRANT diate to mafic extrusive rocks of northern North Island. Volcanic-arc deposits Marine and continental sedimentary rocks. In Venezu­ ela, mostly marine strata in the Falcon Basin and terres­ Solomon Islands trial, deltaic, and shallow-water marine sedimentary rocks of the Oriental, Barinas, and Maracaibo Basins; coal de­ Upper Oligocene to Pliocene shallow- and deep-marine posits locally. Intermediate volcanic rocks (5 Ma) on the carbonate and clastic rocks, including volcaniclastic Araya-Paria Peninsula. Marine sedimentary rocks; shale rocks. Upper Oligocene mafic extrusive and minor in­ and continental sedimentary rocks in the sub-Andean trusive rocks. Island-arc setting regions of Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Granodioritic to dioritic intrusive igneous rocks in Colombia. Andesitic Vanuatu to basaltic rocks in southern Argentina and on Peter I Island Lower to middle Miocene shallow- and deep-marine clas­ tic and volcaniclastic, minor carbonate, and intermedi­ NORTHWEST QUADRANT ate to mafic extrusive rocks. Upper Oligocene to lower Miocene intermediate to mafic extrusive (and, not shown, Marine clastic deposits intercalating pyroclastic rocks and minor intrusive) rocks. Island-arc setting reef limestone in Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Sunda, Banda, Molucca, the Philippines, Taiwan, Sikhote-Alin, Fiji Kamchatskiy, and Sakhalin. Nonmarine deposits wide­ spread in China, Siberia, and Sakhalin. Marine and lo­ Uppermost Oligocene and Miocene shallow- and deep- cally lacustrine deposits in island arcs such as Japan and marine clastic and volcaniclastic rocks consequent on the Kuril Islands, accompanied by a large amount of felsic uplifts, and minor pyroclastic and shallow-marine car­ and mafic extrusive rocks. Intermediate extrusive rocks bonate rocks. Miocene mafic extrusives (not shown: felsic in Sumatra, and intermediate to mafic in Molucca and and intermediate to mafic extrusive and intrusive rocks). Sulawesi. Felsic intrusive rocks in Sulawesi, the Philip­ Convergent-margin setting pines, and Japan

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Mesozoic

New Guinea Neogene to Late Cretaceous (TnK2)

Upper Oligocene to middle Miocene shallow- to deep-ma­ SOUTHWEST QUADRANT rine volcanilithic clastic and minor carbonate rocks of cen­ tral Papua New Guinea. Intracratonic trough (Aure Trough) New Caledonia—mainly Eocene

Minor Miocene shallow-marine carbonate and clastic Neogene and Paleogene (TnTp) rocks. Eocene deep-marine clastic and carbonate rocks. Convergent-margin setting, active period SOUTHWEST QUADRANT New Zealand—includes some Lower Cretaceous New Guinea Marine clastic and carbonate rocks of eastern North Is­ Middle Miocene shallow-marine carbonate and minor clas­ land and northeastern South Island. Mafic extrusive rocks tic rocks in island-arc setting. Middle Miocene intermedi­ on South Island (not shown). Convergent-margin se­ ate intrusive and extrusive rocks at the craton margin quences Fiji—mainly Paleogene Tertiary (T)

Upper Eocene and Oligocene(?) clastic and carbonate NORTHEAST QUADRANT (and, not shown, intermediate to mafic intrusive) rocks. Convergent-margin setting Marine and continental sediment; felsic volcanic rocks of Alaska and Central America. Intrusive, dominantly silicic rocks in Central America and British Columbia Paleogene to Jurassic (TnJ) SOUTHEAST QUADRANT SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Marine and continental sedimentary rocks and volcanic New Guinea rocks. Extrusive and intrusive rocks predominantly of silicic to intermediate composition Upper Cretaceous to middle Miocene shallow- and deep- marine carbonate, volcanilithic, minor clastic, and interme­ NORTHWEST QUADRANT diate to mafic intrusive and extrusive rocks. "Mesozoic" mafic intrusive and ultramafic rocks. Allochthonous(?) se­ Marine, lacustrine, and terrestrial deposits in Burma, quences, in part mantle rocks, in part island-arc setting, in Thailand, west Malaysia, and Sumatra, including oil shale collision zones and lignite deposits in Thailand and west Malaysia. Ter­ restrial deposits in China. Felsic to intermediate extrusive New Caledonia rocks in Burma and intermediate in Borneo. Felsic intru­ sive rocks in Sumatra, Sunda Arc, Borneo, and Thailand Middle to upper Eocene emplacement of ultramafic rocks possibly as old as Jurassic. Allochthonous unit(?), con­ vergent-margin setting, culminating in active period Paleogene (Tp)

New Zealand NORTHEAST QUADRANT

Mainly lower Tertiary and Cretaceous mafic extrusive and Continental and lacustrine deposits in interior plains and minor intrusive rocks, northern and eastern North Island plateau areas. Marine sediment of Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and Pacific Coast continental shelf. Marine basalt Solomon Islands of the Pacific Coast shelf and the Oregon and Washing­ ton Coast Range. Andesite and rhyolite of British Co­ Mainly lower Tertiary and Cretaceous. Middle Cretaceous lumbia, southern plateau, and the Cascade Range of to upper Paleocene deep-marine carbonate rocks. Washington and Oregon. Felsic volcanic rocks of the in­ Allochthonous(?) Cretaceous (or Jurassic?) to Paleocene terior plateaus, Canada, and the western United States mafic extrusive (and, not shown, intrusive and ultramafic) rocks changed by low-temperature metamorphism in the SOUTHEAST QUADRANT middle Eocene. Island-arc setting Marine and continental sedimentary rocks. Deep-water, flysch-type to shallow-water marine (lutite, limestone, con­ Tertiary to Late Paleozoic (TnPz2) glomerate, and sandstone) deposits in the Oriental and Fal­ con Basins of Venezuela. Continental and deltaic deposits SOUTHWEST QUADRANT with abundant coal beds in the Eastern Cordillera and Si­ erra de Perija. Intermediate volcanic rocks (66 Ma) in the New Guinea Venezuelan Caribbean islands. Deep-water marine sedimen­ tary rocks (turbidite) in northwestern Colombia and San Juan Upper Cretaceous to Miocene shallow-marine carbonate Atrato Depression. Clastic fluviatile and deltaic sedimen­ and clastic rocks and mafic intrusive rocks; Upper Car­ tary rocks, locally containing coal beds, in the Eastern Cor­ boniferous to Upper Cretaceous shallow-marine and con­ dillera and sub-Andean regions of Colombia. Mostly Eocene tinental clastic rocks in Man Jaya. Triassic continental marine clastic and calcareous sedimentary rocks, in part reef clastic rocks widespread, and intermediate to mafic carbonate, turbidite, and olistostrome along the Pacific extrusive rocks in Papua New Guinea. Generally con­ Coastal Province of Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Pre­ formable cover on Australian craton dominantly andesitic volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic de- posits in the Western Cordillera of Peru and central/south­ Paleogene to Mesozoic (TpMz) ern Argentina, with little marine influx SOUTHWEST QUADRANT NORTHWEST QUADRANT New Guinea Marine or paralic deposits including reef limestone and pyroclastic rocks in west Malaysia, Sumatra, Sunda, Mesozoic and Eocene deep-marine clastic, volcaniclastic, Sulawesi, Banda, Molucca, Borneo, and the Philippines, and mafic extrusive rocks for the most part metamor­ accompanied by felsic to mafic extrusive rocks in Japan. phosed (low-temperature) in the Oligocene. High-pres­ Marine and continental deposits intercalating felsic, in­ sure metamorphic rocks in eastern Papua New Guinea. termediate, and mafic extrusive rocks in Molucca, Continental-slope sequences metamorphosed at collision Sulawesi, and Sikhote-Alin, Koryaskiy-Kamchatskiy, and margin Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belts New Caledonia

Tertiary and Cretaceous (TK) Undifferentiated Triassic to Paleogene mainly marine clas­ tic rocks, some changed to low-temperature metamorphic NORTHEAST QUADRANT rocks in upper Mesozoic and Paleogene. Beginnings of con­ vergent margin, culminating in active period Continental sediment. Felsic volcanic rocks of Alaska and British Columbia interior plateau. Felsic intrusive rocks of Alaska and British Columbia Coast Plutonic Complex, in­ Late Cretaceous (K2) cluding Paleozoic and Mesozoic metasediment SOUTHEAST QUADRANT SOUTHEAST QUADRANT Continental beds and marine platform deposits in south­ Clastic continental sedimentary rocks and interbedded ern Argentina andesitic volcanic rocks (red beds in Peru). In the Principal Cordillera, volcanic rocks of rhyolitic-andesitic-basaltic NORTHWEST QUADRANT composition and volcaniclastic continental strata. Intrusive rocks of silicic to intermediate composition and of Upper Continental and marine sedimentary rocks accompanied Cretaceous or Lower Tertiary age (not differentiated on map) by a large amount of felsic, intermediate, mafic, and un- differentiated extrusive rocks on the Siberian Platform Paleogene and Late Cretaceous (TpK2) and in Sikhote-Alin, Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy, and Koryaskiy-Kamchatskiy Fold Belts SOUTHWEST QUADRANT

New Caledonia Cretaceous (K)

Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene continental clastic, shallow- NORTHEAST QUADRANT marine carbonate and clastic, and intermediate to mafic extrusive rocks. Convergent-margin setting, relatively quiet period Predominantly marine and volcanic-marine facies throughout the Cordillera from southern Mexico to the Alaska Peninsula. Interior plains and northern Alaska Paleogene and Cretaceous (TpK) dominantly marine clastic rocks in the Lower Cretaceous becoming nonmarine in the Upper Cretaceous. Domi­ NORTHWEST QUADRANT nantly felsic and intermediate intrusions

Marine sedimentary rocks in Burma, Sulawesi, and the Phil­ SOUTHEAST QUADRANT ippines locally metamorphosed in the Philippines and in­ cluding flysch in Burma. Intermediate to mafic extrusive Predominantly marine and volcanic-marine facies northward rocks in Sulawesi. Predominantly felsic to intermediate from central Peru. Mostly marine sedimentary strata in the extrusive rocks and felsic intrusive rocks in Japan, and in Southern Andes. Marine and continental series in the Cen­ Sikhote-Alin and Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belts tral Andes. In Venezuela, Lower Cretaceous continental beds and Upper Cretaceous marine sandstone, limestone, and the west. Post-orogenic, intruding "platform cover" and shale. In the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, mostly black "craton" in eastern Australia. Felsic intrusive rocks in shale with intercalations of limestone and sandstone in the east intruding Bowen Basin and northern end of New Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian to Aptian); predominantly England Fold Belt black shale in the Upper Cretaceous (Albian to Coniacian- Santonian) with some evaporite and phosphatic sedimen­ ANTARCTIC REGION tary rocks. In the Western Cordillera and western flank of the Central Cordillera of Colombia, volcaniclastic sequences Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks of Marie Byrd Land, with abundant basic extrusive rocks and pillow lava of Lower and intrusive igneous and sedimentary rocks of the Antarc­ Cretaceous (Barremian) to Upper Cretaceous age. In west­ tic Peninsula area. Includes felsic plutons in western Marie ern Ecuador, abundant pyroclastic rocks, basic lava, and Byrd Land; undifferentiated volcanic rocks of the Hobbs dolerite of Lower Cretaceous age overlain by Upper Creta­ Coast; undifferentiated plutons in the Executive Commit­ ceous calcareous sedimentary rocks, silicified radiolarian tee Range, on the Bakutis Coast, in eastern Ellsworth Land, shale, volcanic agglomerate, and basic volcanic rocks and in Palmer Land; and marine sedimentary rocks on is­ (Cenomanian-Maestrichtian); flysch-l}£e sequences in the lands near the northeastern end of the Antarctic Peninsula Western Corxjjllera. In eastern Ecuador, mostly cross-strati­ fied continental sandstone of Lower Cretaceous age over­ lain by fossiliferous marine marls of Lower and Upper Cre­ Late Cretaceous to Jurassic (K2J) taceous (Albian to Campanian) age. In Peru, mostly non- marine Lower Cretaceous strata in the Eastern and Western NORTHWEST QUADRANT Cordilleras, overlain by transgressive marine beds of Albian to Santonian age, with facies changing from volcanic in the Marine sedimentary and mafic extrusive rocks, locally west to calcareous and detrital eastward; volcanic rocks are metamorphosed, in Hokkaido and Sakhalin mostly andesitic. Southward across Peru the Upper Creta­ ceous series becomes progressively more continental. In Chile and Argentina, Lower Cretaceous and uppermost Ju­ Cretaceous and Jurassic (KJ) rassic (Tithonian) strata are predominantly marine: lime­ stone, calcareous sandstone, and lutite in the Principal Cor­ NORTHEAST QUADRANT dillera, and graywacke, calcareous sandstone, and volcanic rocks of silicic to intermediate composition in the Coastal Primarily synorogenic sediments within Cordilleran Range. Upper Cretaceous mostly continental volcaniclastic orogen. Severely deformed marine sedimentary rocks sedimentary rocks and andesitic volcanic rocks. In eastern with associated volcanic rocks. Chugach terrane of Alaska and central Argentina, extrusive base volcanic rocks of and Franciscan assemblage of the western United States. Neocomian age are present in the subsurface. In the South­ Felsic intrusive rocks of the Peninsular batholith of Baja ern Andes, mostly marine sedimentary rocks; Lower Creta­ California and the Sierra Nevada batholith. Intermediate ceous includes abundant volcanic rocks in the west; Upper volcanic rocks of Hogatza Arch, Alaska Cretaceous has prominent flysch sequences. Marine sedi­ mentary rocks in the Antarctic Peninsula region SOUTHEAST QUADRANT

NORTHWEST QUADRANT Marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks, with associ­ ated volcanic rocks, mostly andesitic. Intrusive rocks are Marine sedimentary rocks locally metamorphosed in silicic to intermediate. Diverse volcanic rocks of the Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Sunda, and the Philippines. Antarctic Volcanic Group. Marine sedimentary rocks in Marine and continental sedimentary rocks interbedded the Antarctic Peninsula region with felsic, intermediate, and mafic extrusive rocks; and mafic and felsic intrusive rocks in Japan, the Kolyma SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Massif, and the Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belt

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Australia

Australia Sequences in downwarps in cratons, eastern Australia. Lower Cretaceous shallow-marine shale and Jurassic, and Thin continental and transgressive marine clastic rocks in places uppermost Triassic, continental sandstone in of northern Australia and Canning and Officer Basins in Carpentaria, Eromanga, and Surat Basins in northeast and east. Jurassic continental sandstone and coal measures SOUTHWEST QUADRANT in Mulgildie and Clarence-Morefon Basins in east, and mafic extrusive rocks in southern Surat Basin Australia

New Zealand Continental deposits of uncertain age on eastern margin of Canning Basin Felsic and intermediate to mafic intrusive rocks of west­ ern South Island. Cratonizing events ANTARCTIC REGION

Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks in West Antarctica. Cretaceous to Triassic (K~R) Felsic plutons in the Whitmore Mountains and small ranges and nunataks to the east; probably Jurassic in age. NORTHWEST QUADRANT Undifferentiated plutons of Pine Island Bay and the Eights Coast. Undifferentiated volcanic rocks of the Jones Mostly continental sedimentary rocks, locally of Paleo- Mountains and Thurston Island gene age, in Burma, Thailand, west Malaysia, Indochina, China, and Korea. Continental and marine sedimentary rocks, locally of Paleozoic age, in the Yunnan-Malayan Paleozoic Fold Belt, Sumatra, and Banda. Felsic and intermediate intrusive rocks in Burma, west Malaysia, Thailand, Mesozoic and Paleozoic (MzPz) Indochina, Sumatra, Borneo (locally accompanied by felsic to mafic extrusive rocks), China, and Korea. ANTARCTIC REGION Extrusive rocks accompanied by felsic intrusive rocks especially abundant on the eastern margin of the Asian Sedimentary rocks of Transantarctic Mountains and ad­ continent, such as southeast and north China jacent East Antarctica; volcanic rocks of West Antarctica; sedimentary, metasedimentary, and mafic extrusive rocks of Antarctic Peninsula area; and metasedimentary rocks Mesozoic (Mz) of Scotia Arc. Includes widespread continental and ma­ rine, Devonian-Triassic, subhorizontal, locally fossilifer- NORTHEAST QUADRANT ous, sedimentary rocks (Gondwana sequence) of Transantarctic Mountains and western Queen Maud Land; Marine sedimentary, metasedimentary, and meta-igne- calcalkaline metavolcanic rocks of Ruppert Coast; diverse ous rocks. Blueschist facies rocks in Cuba and Hispaniola. sedimentary, metasedimentary, and mafic extrusive rocks, Low to intermediate metamorphic rocks of the Greater which form a deformed basement complex in much of Antilles. Mafic volcanic rocks, including spilite, diabase, the Antarctic Peninsula, Alexander Island, and the South pillow basalt, chert, and associated sedimentary rocks, Shetland Islands; and metasedimentary rocks of South locally metamorphosed to greenschist in Costa Rica, Orkney Islands Cuba, and Panama. Felsic intrusive rocks of Baja Cali­ fornia and western Mexico SOUTHWEST QUADRANT

SOUTHEAST QUADRANT Australia

Metamorphic rocks of the Caribbean Mountain System. Onshore and extensive offshore passive-margine se­ Nappes of Lara and El Caribe; metamorphic facies in­ quences of rifts that predated Gondwana breakup epi­ clude zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, greenschist, am- sodes. Early Cretaceous marine shale and Jurassic conti­ phibolite-epidote-almandine, eclogite, and blueschist. nental sandstone of Laura basin in northeast, Cretaceous Granite, granodiorite, and trondhjemite (70-80 m.y.). felsic extrusives farther south on coast, and Cretaceous Basic intrusive and extrusive rocks (70-130 m.y.); ultra- coal measures of east-coast Styx basin (all possibly pre­ mafic and ophiolitic complexes ceding opening of Coral Sea); Cretaceous and Jurassic marine and continental elastics of Maryborough basin on NORTHWEST QUADRANT east coast, Gippsland, (offshore) Bass, Otway, and (not shown) Denman basins in the southeast and east; Jurassic Marine sedimentary rocks and felsic intrusive rocks in intermediate extrusives in the Maryborough basin, ma­ Borneo, Sulawesi, and Banda rine clastic deposits in the east-coast Nambour basin and lignitic claystone in the south coast Polda basin (preced­ Chile, Hettangian and (or) Sinemurian to Bajocian, locally ing openings of the Tasman Sea and the Indian Ocean to Oxfordian, marine volcanic-sedimentary sequences; south of Australia); Cretaceous through Permian and volcanics are silicic to intermediate, partly sub-aqueous (pil­ possibly older clastic sequences in west and northwest of low lava), partly subaerial. Mostly Middle to Upper Juras­ Perth, Carnarvon, Canning, and Bonaparte basins, and, not sic in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru; mainly of continental shown, offshore Browse and Money Shoal basins (preced­ facies in the sub-Andean regions of Peru and Ecuador. Ma­ ing opening of Indian Ocean west of Australia). rine volcanic-sedimentary sequences in the Coastal Range and Western Cordillera of Peru. In the Southern Andes, a western facies includes graywacke, radiolarite, and siltstone Cretaceous to Late Paleozoic (KPz2) associated with intermediate to basic volcanic rocks

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT NORTHWEST QUADRANT

Australia Marine sedimentary rocks in Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Tibet, and in Verkhoyanskiy- Orogenic and postkinematic(?) intrusive rocks, northern Chukotskiy and Siberia-Mongolia Fold Belts. Marine and New England Fold Belt, eastern Australia. Undifferenti- continental sedimentary rocks and felsic intrusive rocks in ated Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous felsic and in­ Japan and Korea termediate to mafic intrusive rocks SOUTHWEST QUADRANT New Zealand Australia Carboniferous(?) to Cretaceous marine clastic and volcaniclastic and mafic extrusive rocks, North and South Restricted to one intraplate igneous stratigraphic unit of Islands. Permian ultramafic rocks, South Island. Conver­ uncertain tectonic affinity in Tasmania. Jurassic mafic sills gent-margin setting ANTARCTIC REGION

Early Cretaceous to Triassic (K^) Mafic extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks of Transantarctic Mountains and adjacent East Antarctica; NORTHWEST QUADRANT sedimentary and extrusive igneous rocks of the southern Antarctic Peninsula area. Includes basaltic volcanic rocks, Continental and marine sedimentary rocks accompanied by with dikes and sills, at many localities between Thiel felsic, intermediate, and mafic extrusive rocks; and felsic Mountains and northern Victoria Land, and on George V and alkali intrusive rocks in north China and the Siberian Coast; Dufek Massif (layered gabbro complex) in Platform and in Siberia-Mongolia, Koryaskiy-Kamchatskiy, Pensacola Mountains; basaltic volcanic rocks and mafic and Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belts dikes in western Queen Maud Land; undifferentiated volcanic rocks and marine and continental sedimentary rocks of eastern Ellsworth Land and Palmer Land Jurassic (J)

NORTHEAST QUADRANT Jurassic and Triassic (J~R)

Felsic intrusive rocks in Idaho, United States NORTHEAST QUADRANT

SOUTHEAST QUADRANT Predominantly marine and volcanic-marine facies throughout the Cordillera from Mexico to the Alaska Continental clastic and volcanic rocks and marine deposits. Peninsula and in the Andes. Interior composed of both Complete marine sequence (Sinemurian; locally Hettangian marine and nonmarine sedimentary deposits. Felsic in­ to Oxfordian) includes limestone, calcareous sandstone, trusive rocks of Alaska Peninsula, Yukon, central British lutite, and evaporite (anhydrite and gypsum) of regressive Columbia, eastern Sierra Nevada, and central Andes. facies in the Principal Cordillera of Chile and Argentina Mafic volcanic rocks (in part, Permian) of Alaska, in­ (mioliminar facies) overlain by continental red beds (con­ cluding pillow basalt, diabase, peridotite, dunite, radi- glomerate, sandstone, and lutite). In the Coastal Range of olarian chert, and slate. Alkalic (island arc) volcanic

10 rocks, interior plateau of British Columbia, Vancouver, England Fold Belt: continental and shelf clastic, carbonate, and Queen Charlotte Islands of the Insular belt and volcanogenic rocks, flysch sequences, extrusive and intrusive rocks ranging from felsic to ultramafic including SOUTHEAST QUADRANT emplaced serpentinite, and zones of regional metamorphism mainly low-temperature and pressure, minor high-tempera­ Marine sedimentary rocks and continental volcanic-sedi­ ture and low-pressure, and (not shown) rare glaucophane mentary deposits. Marine conglomerate, sandstone, and schist. Permian and Upper Carboniferous felsic extrusive lutite of Upper Triassic to Pliensbachian and Toarcian and intrusive rocks of Cape York-Oriomo, Coen, age in the Coastal Range of central Chile. Upper Triassic Georgetown, and Anakie Inliers, Hodgkinson, Clarke River, (Norian) to Lower Jurassic (Liassic) limestone, dolomite, and Burdekin Basins, and Lolworth-Ravenswood Block (all lutite, and chert in central and northern Peru and volca­ in northeastern Australia) nic (andesitic)-sedimentary sequence in the west. In Co­ lombia and Venezuela, continental red beds: conglomer­ New Guinea ate, sandstone, and lutite in the Sierra de Perija and along the eastern flank of the Santander Massif; pyroclastic Permian-Triassic felsic intrusive rocks in Man Jaya. Car­ rocks and volcanic flows of silicic to intermediate com­ boniferous-Permian felsic extrusive, intermediate to mafic position (195 Ma at El Baul Massif) and locally interca­ intrusive, and low-temperature metamorphic rocks in lations of shallow-water marine limestone of Upper Tri­ Papua New Guinea assic and Lower Jurassic age. Intrusive rocks are quartz monzonitic to granodioritic batholiths Triassic (~R) NORTHWEST QUADRANT NORTHWEST QUADRANT Continental and marine sedimentary rocks in Malaysia, Indochina, Thailand, and Burma. Felsic intrusive rocks Marine sedimentary rocks, locally paralic in the upper in Indochina. Continental and marine sedimentary rocks, parts, and felsic intrusive rocks in Thailand, West Ma­ felsic to mafic extrusive rocks, felsic and alkali intrusive laysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Banda, China, Japan, rocks in Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belt and in fold belts of Siberia-Mongolia and Verhoyanskiy- Chukotskiy. Alkali intrusive rocks, mafic extrusive rocks SOUTHWEST QUADRANT in north China. Felsic to intermediate extrusive rocks in places intercalated within sedimentary rocks throughout New Caledonia the quadrant area, except on the platforms of North China and Yangtze. Upper Triassic and Jurassic marine clastic and volcaniclastic rocks. Convergent-margin development SOUTHEAST QUADRANT

Marine and nonmarine sedimentary sequences and con­ Triassic and Late Paleozoic (~RPz2) tinental volcanic and clastic deposits. Marine unstable platform deposits of conglomerate, sandstone, and lutite NORTHWEST QUADRANT with intercalations of continental plant-bearing sedimen­ tary rocks in the upper part. Predominantly silicic volca­ Continental and marine sedimentary rocks, locally meta­ nic rocks associated with the marine facies. Continental morphosed, in Borneo, Sulawesi, west Malaysia, Indochina, volcaniclastic (molasse-type) sequences; volcanic rocks Thailand, the Philippines, and Banda. Mafic extrusive rocks; vary from silicic to intermediate and felsic, intermediate, mafic, and alkali intrusive rocks in Borneo, the Siberian Platform, and Siberia-Mongolia and SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belts Australia SOUTHWEST QUADRANT "Late erogenic" transitional or successor-basin sedimentary Australia and contemporaneous igneous rocks of central east. Upper Triassic continental clastic rocks with coal and felsic intru­ Generally convergent-margin settings in eastern Austra­ sive and extrusive rocks in Ipswich Basin and nearby. Middle lia. Lower Triassic through Upper Carboniferous of New Triassic continental and marine clastic, pyroclastic, and felsic

11 and intermediate to mafic extrusive rocks of Gympie Block Oceanic volcanic rocks and blueschist with associated sedi­ and Abercorn and Esk Troughs. Middle to Upper Triassic mentary rocks of north central British Columbia and the felsic intrusive rocks in same general area Goodnews Arch in Alaska. Miogeoclinal rocks of northern Alaska and the Yukon. Platform and miogeoclinal rocks of ANTARCTIC REGION the southern and western United States

Sedimentary and intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks of SOUTHEAST QUADRANT East Antarctica, and sedimentary rocks of Antarctic Penin­ sula area. Includes intrusive igneous and sedimentary rocks Mostly marine, partly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks; of George V Coast; Triassic(?) mafic volcanic rocks of west­ continental, glacial, and marine-glacial deposits. Intrusive ern Queen Maud Land; sedimentary rocks with plant fos­ and extrusive rocks predominantly silicic. In Sierra de Perija, sils on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands Andean Cordillera and El Baul Massif of Venezuela, fossil- iferous marine limestone and lutite, restricted continental facies, and marine flysch-type metasedimentary rocks Triassic and Permian (phyllite, slate, schist, quartzite, and recrystallized limestone) (zeolite to amphibolite-almandine facies). In the Eastern SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Cordillera of Peru and Bolivia, continental clastic sedimen­ tary rocks of Mississippian age andfossiliferous limestone Australia and shale of Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian age are over­ lain unconformably by continental clastic sedimentary rocks, Sequences in widespread downwarps in cratons and, in east, andesitic volcanic rocks, and ignimbrite of possible Upper in partly contiguous foreland or foredeep or transform ba­ Permian or Permian-Triassic age. In Chile, mostly quartz­ sins. Permian in many places, probably uppermost Carbon­ ite, slaty shale, and limestone of Mississippian to Lower iferous through Triassic continental and minor marine clas­ Permian age; fusulinid limestone, shale, and radiolarian chert tic rocks, with coal and basal tillite, in epicratonic Galilee in the Patagonian Archipelagos. Marine, glacial-marine, and Pedirka Basins and wholly concealed Cooper and glacial, and plant-bearing continental deposits in Argentina; Arckaringa Basins mainly in central-eastern Australia and extensive, predominantly silicic, volcanic rocks of possible in Tasmania Basin; similar sequences, plus (not differenti­ Upper Permian or Permian-Triassic age ated) felsic, intermediate to mafic, and mafic extrusive rocks in foreland-foredeep-transform Bowen, Gunnedah, Sydney, NORTHWEST QUADRANT and Lome Basins in east. Permian glacial deposits (some marine) and minor continental epicratonic clastic deposits Predominantly marine sedimentary rocks and carbonates, in Oaklands, Troubridge, Officer, Canning, and Collie Ba­ locally metamorphosed, in Sumatra, Borneo, west Ma­ sins and, not shown, below Polda Basin and in Renmark laysia, east Burma, Thailand, Indochina, China, Korea, and Menindee Troughs below Murray Basin. Also not Japan, the Siberian Platform, and Sikhote-Alin, Siberia- shown, Permian marine claystone in Mallabie Depression Mongolia, and Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belts. below Eucla Basin in south. Coal in Oaklands, Canning, Felsic intrusive rocks in Indochina, northwest Thailand, and Collie Basins west Malaysia, and in Kunlun-Qinling, Qilian, Siberia- Mongolia, and Verkhoyanskiy-Chukotskiy Fold Belts. New Zealand Local Permian continental sedimentary rocks in the Si­ beria-Mongolia Fold Belt, Siberia and North China Plat­ Upper Permian only; marine clastic rocks, northern South forms, South China Fold Belt, and Indochina. Felsic to Island. Epicratonic mafic extrusive rocks commonly intercalated the upper Paleozoic strata in Siberia-Mongolia, Qilian, and Kunlun- New Caledonia Qinling Fold Belts. The North China Platform lacks strata of Upper Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous age Middle Triassic shallow-marine clastic rocks. Middle Per­ mian to Lower Triassic pyroclastic, marine volcaniclastic, SOUTHWEST QUADRANT and intermediate to mafic extrusive rocks. Island arc Australia

Late Paleozoic (Pz2) North of the Clarence-Moreton Basin, from west to east, Carboniferous to Devonian subaerial felsic and, not NORTHEAST QUADRANT shown, intermediate to mafic extrusive rocks; shelf clas-

12 tic, carbonate, and volcanidastic rocks; flysch and abys­ mentary rocks of Ellsworth Mountains and one outcrop of sal-plain sedimentary and spilitic extrusive rocks. plant-bearing sedimentary rocks in eastern Ellsworth Land; and felsic igneous plutons of western Marie Byrd Land, South of the Clarence-Moreton Basin, Carboniferous to and undifferentiated igneous plutons of the Hobbs Coast Devonian greywacke and shallow-marine clastic, volcanidastic, pyroclastic, carbonate, and fluvioglacial rocks; Devonian shallow and deeper marine greywacke, Paleozoic (Pz) other clastic, carbonate, and spilitic extrusive rocks and dolerite NORTHEAST QUADRANT

"Late orogenic" transitional to successor basins of Marine and continental sedimentary rocks, Basin and eastern half of Australia Range and Rocky Mountains of United States and Canada. Felsic intrusive rocks of northern Alaska and Carboniferous and Devonian continental, and in places the Yukon, southern Mexico, and Central America. Vol­ shallow-marine, clastic, and carbonate rocks of Bundock, canic rocks of Belize and Honduras. Metamorphic rocks Burdekin, Clarke River, and Drummond Basins in north­ of southern Mexico, western Coast mountains of British east, and Bancannia Trough and rifts in the Lachlan Fold Columbia, and Central America Belt in southeast. Lachlan and Drummond also contain felsic and minor bimodal extrusive and intrusive rocks. SOUTHEAST QUADRANT

Lower Carboniferous(?) and Devonian continental and Silicic batholithic intrusions with various radiometric age shallow-marine elastic rocks of part of younger Darling values: 220-240 m.y. (Chile) to 270 Ma (Venezuela) Basin; similar sequence, plus evaporites, deeper water carbonates, and intermediate extrusive rocks in com­ ANTARCTIC REGION pletely concealed Adavale Basin and Warrabin Trough Intrusive igneous rocks of East Antarctica; metamorphic Sequences in downwarps in cratons in central and rocks of coastal West Antarctica, and sedimentary and western Australia intrusive igneous rocks of interior West Antarctica. In­ cludes many igneous plutons, mainly felsic, along Ingrid Lower Carboniferous and Devonian molasse-like conti­ Christensen Coast, in Prince Charles Mountains, and in nental clastic rocks of Officer, Amadeus, Ngalia, and Queen Maud Land; metamorphic rocks in the Amundsen Georgina Basins and of concealed Warburton Basin, all Sea area, and metamorphic and undifferentiated intru­ in central Australia. A few deposits may be as old as Si­ sive igneous rocks of Thurston Island; sedimentary rocks, lurian. Carboniferous and Devonian mainly shallow- mainly clastic and locally slightly metamorphosed, in the marine clastic and carbonate rocks of Fitzroy Trough and Whitmore Mountains and ranges and nunataks to the Carnarvon and Bonaparte Basins in northwest Australia north and east (in the Hart Hills, sedimentary rocks are (may be rift sequences preceding continental breakup and intruded by a body of metagabbro) opening of Indian Ocean). Devonian evaporite rocks in Fitzroy Trough Early Paleozoic New Zealand

Middle Devonian to Carboniferous felsic intrusive rocks, NORTHEAST QUADRANT northern South Island Miogeoclinal marine rocks bordering the shield, platform, ANTARCTIC REGION and eastern Cordillera of Alaska, Canada, and the con­ terminous United States. Deep-water marine sedimen­ Sedimentary rocks in East Antarctica; intrusive igneous tary rocks with associated volcanic rocks in the central rocks in Transantarctic Mountains; sedimentary rocks in and western Rocky Mountain Cordillera interior and coastal West Antarctica; and intrusive igne­ ous rocks in coastal West Antarctica. Includes clastic sedi­ SOUTHEAST QUADRANT mentary rocks near Amery Ice Shelf and in western Queen Maud Land; generally felsic Admiralty intrusive igneous Marine limestone, graptolite-bearing lutite, conglomer­ rocks (Devonian) of northern Victoria Land; marine sedi- ate, and sandstone of Ordovician-Silurian age in the Ven-

13 ezuelan Andes, metamorphosed in the western and cen­ Hodgkinson Basin, in which also occur felsic extrusive tral parts. In Sierra de Perija, Devonian sandstone and and low- and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Both areas lutite. Cambrian-Ordovician phyllite in the El Baul Mas­ in far northeast. Similar sequence in eastern New En­ sif. Metamorphic rocks of the Caribbean Mountain Sys­ gland Fold Belt; in northern part Middle Devonian to tem (400 Ma). Metasedimentary rocks of Cambrian- Upper Silurian felsic and intermediate extrusive and py- Ordovician and Devonian age in central and eastern Co­ roclastic rocks only lombia. Complete marine series of limestone, shale and quartzite, locally conglomerate and ferruginous sandstone Middle Devonian to Silurian: Greywacke and other ma­ (Cambrian-Devonian) in the Eastern Cordillera and sub- rine and continental clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, chert, Andean ranges of Bolivia. Similar facies in the Eastern major felsic extrusive and intrusive rocks, minor spilitic Cordillera of Peru, but Silurian not well documented. mafic intrusive and extrusive rocks (neither shown), Metasedimentary sequences of the Coastal Range of serpentinite, and minor low-grade metamorphic rocks, Chile, in part Devonian (quartzites and slates) and prob­ in Lachlan Fold Belt of east and southeast Australia, in­ ably older Paleozoic slate, phyllite, schist (intermediate- cluding Tasmania. Also shelf facies in Tasmania to low-pressure and intermediate- to high-pressure/low- temperature metamorphism); radiometric ages reported Sequences in downwarps in cratons, Western Australia to be 340 Ma; sequence also has been interpreted as Pre- cambrian. Predominantly marine, unmetamorphosed, Silurian continental and shallow-marine clastic, carbon­ Cambrian to Devonian strata in northwestern Argentina: ate, arid evaporite rocks in Carnarvon and Perth Basins oriental (eastern) carbonate facies and occidental (west­ ern) marine facies with basic volcanic rocks (ophiolite) Convergent-margin settings, eastern and southeastern in the Precordillera and Frontal Cordillera Australia, including Tasmania

NORTHWEST QUADRANT Ordovician: Greywacke and other marine clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, chert, intermediate to mafic and spilitic Marine sedimentary rocks, locally metamorphosed, in mafic extrusive rocks, and serpentinite in Broken River west Malaysia, east Burma, northwest Thailand, Embayment in far northeast. Similar sequence plus (in Indochina, China, Korea, Japan, the Siberian Platform, places metamorphosed) volcaniclastic, felsic intrusive, and the Siberia-Mongolia Fold Belt intermediate to mafic intrusive (not shown), and ultra- mafic rocks, low-grade and high-grade metasedimentary Felsic intrusive rocks in South China, Qinling, and Si­ rocks, and minor gneiss in Lachlan Fold Belt in south­ beria-Mongolia Fold Belts, and in the Siberian Platform. east, including Tasmania. Felsic and minor mafic in­ Felsic to mafic extrusive rocks commonly intercalated trusive rocks only, in Kanmantoo Fold Belt in south. with sedimentary rocks in Siberia-Mongolia and Qinling Felsic intrusive rocks in Peake-Denison Inlier, central Fold Belts, and in the Siberian Platform Australia

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Ordovician-Cambrian: Marine clastic rocks, greywacke, felsic to intermediate extrusive and pyroclastic rocks, Australia volcaniclastic rocks, serpentinite, and low-grade meta­ morphic, including mafic metavolcanic rocks, in Convergent-margin settings, eastern Australia Lolworth-Ravenswood Block; marine clastic, carbonate, and low-grade metamorphic and mafic metavolcanic Middle to Lower Devonian: Marine and minor continen­ rocks in Anakie Inlier, both in northeast tal clastic and carbonate rocks of Burdekin Basin and Anakie Inlier, plus intermediate extrusive rocks in the Cambrian: Chiefly intermediate to mafic extrusive and inlier; felsic and intermediate intrusive rocks in Coen, intrusive rocks (neither shown) and pyroclastic rocks, Yambo, Ankle, and Georgetown Inliers. Devonian to ultramafic rocks, and serpentinite, with minor shallow Ordovician felsic intrusive rocks in Lolworth- and deep-marine clastic rocks, chert, and carbonate rocks Ravenswood Block. All these areas in far northeast in southern Lachlan Fold Belt. Similar sequences, but with clastic rocks and greywacke dominating in Dundas Devonian to Silurian: Greywacke and other shallow- to Trough in Tasmania, and in less mafic Kanmantoo Fold deep-marine clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, chert, and Belt in south, in which felsic intrusive rocks also occur spilitic mafic extrusive rocks in Broken River and clastic rocks grade into low-grade metamorphic rocks Embayment, where some rocks may be Ordovician, and with some gneiss

14 "Late orogenic" transitional successor basin, south­ canic rocks, and diverse sedimentary rocks, locally meta­ eastern Australia morphosed, widely distributed in the Transantarctic Mountains between northern Victoria Land and the Ordovician-Cambrian: Marine and continental clastic, car­ Shackleton Range; undifferentiated volcanic rocks and bonate, and felsic extrusive rocks associated with Kanmantoo continental (?) and marine sedimentary rocks, slightly Fold Belt adjacent to and below Bancannia Trough metamorphosed, in the southern Ellsworth Mountains; and metamorphosed gabbroic rocks of the Hobbs Coast Sequences in downwarps in cratons in southern, central, and western Australia Early Paleozoic and Proterozoic Ordovician: Carbonate and shallow-marine clastic rocks wholly concealed in Canning Basin, western Australia NORTHEAST QUADRANT

Ordovician-Cambrian: Ordovician shallow-marine clas­ Metamorphic complexes (Yukon-Tanana and Neroukpuk) tic, Cambrian carbonate and, some not shown, mafic of the Yukon Basin and northeast Alaska. Undifferentiated extrusive rocks in Daly River, Wiso, Georgina, and Officer metasedimentary and metavolcanic units of the Cordilleran Basins in northern and central Australia and Bonaparte Orogen, from greenschist to upper amphibolite faces Basin in northwest. Similar sequences, (1) with felsic in­ trusive and intermediate rather than mafic extrusive rocks NORTHWEST QUADRANT (as far as known) in wholly concealed Warburton Basin and (2) without mafic extrusive rocks, in Amadeus and Marine sedimentary rocks, shallow-water clastic rocks, Ngalia Basins, all three in central Australia and metamorphic rocks, accompanied by undifferenti­ ated extrusive rocks and felsic intrusive rocks in the Si­ Cambrian: Shallow-marine clastic, carbonate, and mafic berian Platform and in Kolyma and Bureya Massifs extrusive rocks in Ord Basin in northwest and Arrowie Basin in south. Shallow-marine clastic rocks only in Upper Proterozoic sedimentary rocks and non-fossilif- Arafura Basin in north erous or poorly fossiliferous lower Paleozoic sedimen­ tary rocks predominantly in the Yangtze Platform. Un­ New Guinea differentiated extrusive rocks, felsic intrusive rocks, and metamorphic rocks in south China Shallow-marine clastic and carbonate rocks. Minor Car­ boniferous felsic intrusive rocks. Low- and high-tempera­ ANTARCTIC REGION ture metamorphic rocks. All in Irian Jaya. Unit includes some upper Paleozoic Metasedimentary rocks of East Antarctica; sedimentary rocks, intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, and meta­ New Zealand morphic rocks of Transantarctic Mountains; and sedimen­ tary and metamorphic rocks of West Antarctica. Includes Devonian to Ordovician marine clastic and carbonate low-grade metasedimentary rocks of western and east­ rocks and (not shown) felsic, intermediate to mafic, and ern Wilkes Land, locally with possible microfossils; felsic mafic intrusive rocks; mostly changed to low- to high- plutons and diverse sedimentary and volcanic rocks, lo­ grade metamorphic rocks. Middle Ordovician to Cam­ cally metamorphosed, from northern Victoria Land to Ohio brian marine clastic, volcaniclastic, minor carbonate, and Range; clastic sedimentary rocks and metamorphic com­ (not shown) mafic and ultramafic intrusive and interme­ plex of western Marie Byrd Land; and sedimentary rocks diate to mafic and mafic extrusive rocks; mostly changed cut by small Cretaceous pluton in eastern Marie Byrd Land to low- to high-grade metamorphic rocks. All Pz1 in west­ ern South Island. Convergent-margin setting Precambrian ANTARCTIC REGION Late Proterozoic (E3) Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks of Transantarctic Mountains; NORTHWEST QUADRANT sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Ellsworth Mountains; and meta-igneous rocks of coastal West Antarctica. In­ Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the Sinian cludes many plutons, mostly felsic, undifferentiated vol­ System in the North China Platform and other parts of

15 China High-grade metamorphic rocks, 675 Ma northwest of South Island. Orogenic setting, basement to Pz1 Marine sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks of the Baykalian Stage and locally felsic extrusive rocks accom­ panied by shallow-water sedimentary rocks and felsic Late and Middle Proterozoic (E3E2) intrusive rocks in the Siberian Platform NORTHWEST QUADRANT SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks accompa­ Australia nied by felsic and alkali intrusive rocks in north Vietnam

Sequences in downwarps in cratons or old mobile belts Continental and marine sedimentary rocks of the Riphean System, accompanied by felsic to intermediate volcano- Adelaide "Geosyncline" and Stuart Shelf, southern Aus­ plutonic complexes and alkali intrusive rocks in the Si­ tralia: Cambrian to >1200 Ma continental and shallow- berian Platform and Bureya Massif marine clastic, carbonate, and evaporite rocks, mafic and minor felsic extrusive rocks, minor iron formation; low- grade metamorphism 490+10 Ma ("geosyncline" possi­ Late Precambrian (p 2) bly epimobile belt, possibly part passive-margin se­ quence, "shelf epicratonic on Gawler Craton) SOUTHEAST QUADRANT

Peake-Denison Inlier, Birrindudu, Ngalia, Amadeus, and Schist, gneiss, and amphibolite in Sierra de Perija; Officer (mostly concealed) Basins, and below Georgina migmatite and anatectic granite in eastern Colombia. Basin, all in central Australia: Cambrian to 900 Ma or Gneiss, migmatite, anatectic granite, and schist in the older sequences similar to that of Adelaide "Geosyn­ Eastern Cordillera of Ecuador and northern Peru cline"; deformed, and in Peake-Denison Inlier and Of­ ficer Basin metamorphosed to low grade, 575-800 m.y. Proterozoic (E) Tillite approximately 700 Ma in all these areas and over Kimberley Basin and Halls Creek Province sequences in NORTHWEST QUADRANT northwestern Australia. Mafic extrusive rocks on Stuart Shelf (>1200 Ma) and Adelaide "Geosyncline" low in Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in the North sequences, and (minor, near base) in Amadeus Basin China Platform, accompanied by undifferentiated extrusive and intrusive rocks Orogenic or geosynclinal, possibly taphrogenic ANTARCTIC REGION Leeuwin Block, western Australia: Medium- to high- grade felsic gneiss, felsic to mafic granulite, metamor­ Sedimentary rocks, intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, phic age of 655+25 Ma (possibly mobile-belt province) and metamorphic rocks of East Antarctica; sedimentary, extrusive igneous, and metamorphic rocks of the Rocky Cape and Tyenna Blocks, Tasmania: Protoliths con­ Transantarctic Mountains; metasedimentary and meta­ tinental clastic rocks, tillite, minor carbonate rocks, deposi- morphic rocks of interior West Antarctica; and metamor­ tional age about 1100 Ma; low- to medium-grade meta­ phic rocks of coastal west Antarctica. Includes sedimen­ morphism 580±40 and about 800 Ma, mafic intrusive tary and mafic volcanic rocks of western Queen Maud rocks >700 Ma, felsic intrusive rocks about 715, 750 Ma Land, felsic plutons of Ingrid Christensen Coast and Queen Maud Land, mafic plutons of Queen Maud Land, Possible mobile belt sequence and widely distributed metamorphic rocks of coastal East Antarctica; undifferentiated extrusive igneous rocks, di­ Wonominta Block, southern Australia: Protoliths clastic verse sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks from rocks, turbidite, minor extrusive rocks, and iron forma­ Churchill Mountains to Horlick Mountains; sedimentary tion. Low-grade metamorphism. Possible older (E2) seg­ and metasedimentary rocks from Thiel Mountains to ments. Felsic intrusive rocks about 410 Ma Shackleton Range; felsic extrusive igneous rocks of Luitpold Coast; metasedimentary rocks of interior West New Zealand Antarctica; metamorphic rocks of southern Ellsworth

16 Land; and gneiss of central Marie Byrd Land with respect to older than 1400 Ma low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks. Low-grade metamorphism 876+28 Ma Middle Proterozoic (E2) Gawler Craton, Broken Hill Block, southern Australia: NORTHEAST QUADRANT Felsic extrusive rocks in Gawler 1450-1580 m.y. and younger, late to postorogenic felsic intrusive rocks Marine sedimentary rocks, local low-grade metamor- (Gawler 1450-1580 m.y., Broken Hill -1500, -1625, phism. Platform deposits on Canadian Shield, -1665 Ma). Subsequent mild deformations to 490 Ma. miogeoclinal deposits along eastern Cordillera of Canada Epicratonic with respect to medium- to high-grade meta­ and the United States morphic rocks

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Musgrave Block, central Australia: Felsic extrusive (1064±23 Ma), intrusive (1110±27 Ma), and mafic-ul- Australia tramafic (1100-1200 m.y.) intrusive rocks. Epimobile belt with respect to high-grade granulite Sequences in downwarps in cratons and old mobile belts-"platform cover" of north and northwestern Australia Orogenic or geosynclinal, grading to epicratonic downwarp Me Arthur and South Nicholson Basins: Shelf and conti­ nental clastic rocks, shallow to intertidal carbonate and Mt. Isa Inlier, Lawn Hill Platform, northern Australia: evaporite rocks 1400-1800 m.y., minor tuff 1690+30 Ma, Continental, shelf, and shallow-marine clastic rocks, basal felsic and mafic extrusive rocks 1650-1800 m.y.; minor tuff (1670+20 Ma), iron formation; mafic extrusive late mafic intrusive rocks. Shallow subsiding shelf, local rocks, not metamorphosed to low-grade (-1500, -1680 rifts (aulacogens?). Epicratonic, in part over Pine Creek Ma). Lawn Hill sequence transitional into complexly Inlier deformed, multiply metamorphosed, medium- to high- grade (1480-1500 m.y., -1545, -1610, -1670 Ma) Mt. Victoria River and Birrindudu Basins: Littoral-shelf clas­ Isa sequence. Postorogenic mafic (-1100 Ma) and felsic tic rocks, chert, carbonate rocks; late continental clastic (-1500 Ma) intrusive rocks in Mt. Isa. Mt. Isa taphrogenic and glacial deposits in Victoria River. 1100-1300 m.y. in orogen, possible mobile belt. Lawn Hill geosyncline, Victoria River (epimobile belt on Halls Creek Province epicratonic in thicker western part); 1565 Ma in Birrindudu (epicratonic on The Granites-Tanami Block) Davenport "Geosyncline" and northern part of Tennant Creek Inlier, central and northern Australia: Continental Bangemall Basin: Lagoonal-shelf clastic rocks, minor and shallow-marine clastic and minor carbonate, and carbonate rocks, chert, evaporite, fluvial rocks about 1100 felsic and mafic extrusive rocks; low-grade metamor­ Ma; late mafic intrusive rocks. Epimobile belt over Cap­ phism followed by about 1640 Ma felsic intrusive rocks. ricorn Orogen or marginal epicratonic over Nabberu Epicratonic Basin and Yilgarn Block Georgetown Inlier, northeastern Australia: Marginal- Small isolated unmetamorphosed to low-grade sequences marine clastic rocks, mafic intrusive rocks, metamor­ peripheral to Yilgarn Block in west: clastic, intermediate phosed to low-grade 976+28 Ma and low-medium-grade to mafic extrusive rocks, minor carbonate rocks, chert, 1470±20,1570±20 Ma; "orogenic" complexly deformed and in places tuff; depositional ages 560-750 m.y. to eastern sequence grades into low-grade "geosynclinal" 1620+100 Ma. Epicratonic shelf now marginal to sequence in west. Youngest low-grade metamorphisms Northampton Block and Albany-Fraser Province mobile -300, -400 Ma. Apparently similar history in Coen and belts Yambo Inliers farther north with more pervasive -400 Ma metamorphism Transitional basin Mt. Painter and Peake-Denison Inliers, southern Austra­ Georgetown, Yambo, and Coen Inliers, northeast Aus­ lia: Felsic intrusive rocks 1400-1500 m.y. in Mt. Painter; tralia: Felsic intrusive rocks about 1060 and about 1300 low-grade metamorphism 1550-1800 m.y., and in Peake- Ma; felsic extrusive rocks about 1400 Ma; epicratonic Denison 1000-1150 m.y. (postorogenic); Gawler Craton

17 and Broken Hill Block, medium to high-grade metamor- truded by granitic rocks. Metamorphic complexes of east- phism 1550-1700 m.y. (orogenic). Possible mobile belts central British Columbia

Nabberu Basin and Paterson Province, western Austra­ SOUTHEAST QUADRANT lia: Shelf clastic rocks; carbonate rocks in upper se­ quences. Minor chert, iron formation in Nabberu, evapor- Metamorphic rocks of the Guayana and Brazilian Shields ite in Paterson. Felsic intrusive rocks in Paterson 600, and of the Pampean Ranges and Patagonian Massif. 1080 Ma, late mafic intrusive rocks in Nabberu 1050 Ma. Gneiss, schist, and slate, intruded by granitic rocks. Meta­ Low-grade metamorphism 1600-1700 m.y. Mildly to morphic rocks associated with granitic intrusions (624- moderately deformed "geosynclinal" sequences, 679 m.y.) in the Coastal Range of southern Peru epicratonic shelves to Capricorn Orogen

Proterozoic and Archean (EA) Mobile belts NORTHWEST QUADRANT Arunta Block, central Australia: Metamorphism to mainly high-grade of, and felsic intrusive rocks into, medium to Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in South high-grade (granulite) metamorphic rocks with local Korea and Sumatra, accompanied by felsic intrusive rocks mafic intrusive rocks 1000-1100,1400-1500,1550-1700 m.y.; local carbonatite intrusive 732+5 Ma, postorogenic SOUTHWEST QUADRANT mafic intrusive rocks 987+9 Ma, ultramafic intrusive rocks 1180±90Ma Australia

Musgrave block, central Australia: High-grade multiple Pine Creek Geosyncline, northern Australia: Gneiss, schist metamorphism 1200, 1360, 1615±170 Ma of clastic, complex developed by 1800 Ma and older medium-grade volcanic, and minor carbonate sequences deposited to metamorphism of 1800-2000 m.y. sedimentary rocks and 1550 and > 1800 Ma -2500 Ma felsic intrusive rocks. Orogenic metamorphism of geosynclinal deposits subsequent to an orogeny Paterson Province, western Australia: Capricorn Orogen high-grade metamorphism 13 34+44 Ma of less than 1700 Gawler Craton, southern Australia: Medium- to high- Ma clastic rocks, iron formation, carbonate, ultramafic, grade gneiss (protolith mafic intrusive rocks, iron for­ and felsic intrusive rocks; postorogenic felsic intrusive mation, carbonate rocks), metamorphism 2412+72, rocks about 1080 and 1132±21 Ma 2590+130 Ma. Postorogenic felsic intrusive rocks 2360±50 Ma. Orogenic Albany-Fraser Province, southwestern Australia: High- grade (1300-900, 1328+12 Ma) and medium-grade Gascoyne Province, western Australia: Migmatite in (1560+36, 1625+40 Ma) metamorphism of Proterozoic south. Tectonic reactivation of northern margin of continental (?) clastic rocks and Archean greenstone to Archean Yilgarn Block in middle to upper Lower Prot- felsic-mafic gneiss and migmatite; postorogenic erozoic(?). Orogenic (1080±50, 1100±50, 1190+25, 1210-1280 m.y.) and synorogenic (1690+145 Ma) felsic intrusive rocks Hamersley Basin, western Australia: Pyroclastic rocks, minor clastic rocks, carbonate, chert, deposition 2500- Northampton Block, western Australia: Felsic 2770 m.y.; mafic extrusive rocks 2760±30 Ma. synorogenic intrusive rocks in sediment (turbidite?), gab- Epicratonic on Pilbara Block bro metamorphosed to granulite 1020+50 Ma; late dol- erite dykes (7600-1000 Ma) Middle and Early Proterozoic

Precambrian (pC) NORTHWEST QUADRANT

NORTHEAST QUADRANT Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in Yangtze and North China Platforms, accompanied by felsic and Metamorphic rocks of the Guayana and Brazilian shields intermediate extrusive rocks and felsic and alkali intru­ and southern Mexico: gneisses, schists, and slates, in­ sive rocks

18 Marine and paralic sedimentary rocks, mafic extrusive 1688±13 Ma, felsic intrusive rocks -1800 Ma rocks, mafic and felsic intrusive rocks, and anorthosite in the Siberian Platform Orogenic or geosyndinal Early Proterozoic (B,) Murphy Inlier, northern Australia: Clastic rocks, volca­ NORTHEAST QUADRANT nic rocks deformed and metamorphosed to low-grade 1850-1870 Ma; synorogenic and postorogenic felsic in­ Metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. Churchill and trusive rocks. Orogenic to transitional basin Bear Provinces of the Canadian Shield, Rocky Moun­ tain Front Ranges, southern Arizona, and Seward Block Arnhem, Litchfield, and Pine Creek Inliers, northern of Alaska Australia: 1870-1900 m.y. shelf clastic rocks, carbonate, tuff (1884+3 Ma), minor felsic and mafic extrusive rocks, NORTHWEST QUADRANT low- to high-grade metamorphism 1800-1870 m.y., postorogenic and synorogenic (-1870 Ma) felsic intru­ Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in Yangtze sive rocks, preorogenic mafic intrusive rocks, in Pine and North China Platforms, accompanied by undifferen- Creek; probable similar events in Arnhem and Litchfield tiated extrusive rocks and felsic intrusive rocks now dominated by synorogenic and postorogenic felsic intrusive and medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks. SOUTHWEST QUADRANT Arnhem, Litchfield, northeast of Pine Creek orogenic, remainder of Pine Creek geosynclinal (over Rum Jungle Australia Block)

Sequences in downwarps in cratons-mainly not Southern part of Tennant Creek Inlier, central Austra­ deformed and not metamorphosed lia: Shelf clastic rocks, felsic and mafic extrusive rocks -1870 Ma on 1920+60 Ma medium-grade metamor­ Kimberley Basin, northwestern Australia: Shelf clastic phic basement; low-grade metamorphism, mild defor­ rocks, minor carbonate and tuff, mafic extrusive rocks, mation 1810 Ma. Felsic intrusive rocks -1650,1846+8, <1815 Ma; late mafic and felsic intrusive rocks 1762+15 1869±20 Ma; subsequent mild deformation -1450 Ma. Ma, epicratonic. Younger Middle Proterozoic, Upper Pro­ Geosynclinal terozoic (-640-670 m.y.) tillite Peake-Denison and Mt. Painter Inliers, southern Austra­ Hamersley Basin, western Australia: Shelf clastic rocks, lia: Clastic and mafic extrusive rocks metamorphosed to iron formation, carbonate rocks, minor chert, mafic and low grade and intruded by felsic rocks 1580-1820 m.y. felsic extrusive rocks 2490±20 Ma

Transitional basin, northern Australia Orogenic, possibly mobile belts

Mt. Isa Inlier: Shelf clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, mi­ Gawler Craton, Broken Hill Block in south: Deposition of nor tuff, felsic to intermediate extrusive rocks 1680,1780, sequences 2050-2200 m.y. (in Broken Hill clastic rocks, 1860 Ma; mafic extrusive and intrusive rocks ~1740 Ma, iron formation, felsic-mafic extrusive rocks), to medium- felsic intrusive rocks -1670, 1740, 1860 Ma; low- to to high-grade metamorphism; synorogenic felsic intru­ medium-grade metamorphism, deformation 1670-1740 sive rocks 1600-1860 m.y., preorogenic felsic intrusive m.y.; remnants of earlier crust 2300-2500 m.y. Possible rocks in northern Gawler 2270+43, 2300±33 Ma. epimobile belt Orogenic

Granites-Tanami Inlier: Clastic, felsic (1770+15 Ma) and Ashburton Trough, Nabberu Basin, and Paterson Prov­ mafic extrusive rocks, tuff, chert, minor iron formation; ince, western Australia: Shelf to littoral clastic rocks, iron felsic intrusive rocks 1720+8, 1764±15, 1770+62, formation, carbonate, mafic (and felsic in Paterson) 1780±24, 1802+15 Ma extrusive rocks, and in Nabberu, pyroclastic rocks; meta­ morphosed low-grade in Ashburton, low-to-high grade El Sherana Province: Felsic (1803+10 Ma) and minor in Nabberu, high-grade in Paterson. Synorogenic felsic mafic extrusive rocks, continental to shallow-water clas­ intrusive rocks 1700 Ma. Subsequent mild deformation tic rocks, tuff in rift infill. Upper mafic intrusive rocks in Paterson 1123, -1333 Ma. Geosynclinal; epicratonic

19 shelf to Capricorn Orogen in Ashburton and Nabberu, Yilgarn Block. Orogenic; may represent formation of erogenic or possibly mobile belt in Paterson primitive crust

Pilbara Block: Volcanic-sedimentary belts around com­ Archean (A) plex felsic gneiss migmatite granitoid batholiths; postorogenic felsic intrusive rocks, low-grade metamor- NORTHEAST QUADRANT phism 2500-2600 m.y., medium-grade (orogenesis) 2800- 3000 m.y.; syntectonic 3270+22 Ma and pretectonic Metamorphosed mafic volcanic rocks and associated sedi­ 3300-3500 m.y. felsic intrusive rocks. Older volcanic- mentary rocks with intrusive igneous rocks. Slave and sedimentary sequences of mafic extrusive rocks 3450- Superior Provinces of the Canadian Shield. Wyoming 3700 m.y. and mafic to ultramafic intrusive, with felsic Province of the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges of the extrusive rocks, chert, iron formation, clastic rocks, mi­ United States nor carbonate in upper part. Orogenic; may represent formation of primitive crust NORTHWEST QUADRANT Sylvania Dome: Clastic, mafic and ultramafic intrusive Marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in the North and extrusive rocks, felsic intrusive rocks, metamor­ China Platform, accompanied by undifferentiated phosed mainly to medium grade.-May be continuous with extrusive rocks and felsic intrusive rocks Pilbara Block

Basement of mafic metamorphic rocks, ultramafic to mafic intrusive rocks, and anorthosite, with volcano-sedi­ SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT mentary cover, accompanied by granite-gneiss and felsic intrusive rocks in the Siberian Platform and in the Kolyma by and Bureya Massifs Floyd W. McCoy

SOUTHWEST QUADRANT This map depicts unconsolidated sediment exposed on the ocean floor at the sediment-water interface, as Australia sampled primarily by coring equipment. The sediment is not necessarily of Holocene age, nor are the deposits Late orogenic block necessarily the result of Holocene sedimentary processes. Information from two data bases was used to produce a Rum Jungle Block, northern Australia: Felsic intrusive 13- category seafloor-sediment map used in the 1:10- rocks 2500 Ma, older minor metamorphosed (medium- million scale maps of the Geologic Map Series. grade) mafic intrusive rocks, metaclastic rocks, iron for­ The seven types of seafloor lithologies depicted in mation. Orogenic color on this map are defined in the classification format on the map, which is generalized from the thirteen-cat- Primitive crustal blocks of Western Australia egory scheme used in the Geologic Map Series 1:10-mil- lion scale maps. It is a two-component scheme compar­ Yilgarn Block: In southwest, mainly felsic gneiss, felsic ing composition of sedimentary particles to particle size. intrusive (2670±20 Ma) with enclaves of metaclastic, Particle composition is identified by proportional amounts metacarbonate, mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks, of biogenic material, in terms of carbonate or biosiliceous and late (2420+30 Ma) undeformed mafic dikes. Meta- constitutents, or of nonbiogenic material. Grain-size cri­ morphism 2500-2670 m.y. to medium-high grade of teria follow the accepted gravel-sand-silt-clay grade scale. deposits 3000-3200 m.y.; age of provenance forma­ For simplification on this map, the following lithologies tion 3500-3750 m.y. and possibly as old as 4200 Ma. are mapped as single units: clastic terrigenous sediment; In east and northwest mainly 2600-2700 and 2800- pelagic "red" clay and hemipelagic clay; calcareous 3000 m.y. felsic intrusive rocks with greenstone and gravel/sand/silt and calcareous marl/ooze; diatomaceous metasedimentary belts, metamorphosed to low-me­ silt and biosiliceous mud/ooze. The primary data base dium grade including felsic gneiss 2400-2710 m.y.; was derived from a new study of samples from the mafic intrusive 2470-2650 Ma, mafic extrusive rocks Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory archive of deep-sea 2750-3000 Ma. Protolith includes pyroclastic rocks, cores, with additional samples from cores in repositories clastic rocks, iron formation, and minor chert. Similar of other marine institutions. A secondary data base was rocks less well dated in Marymia Dome north of developed from published and unpublished sources.

20 The primary data base was developed using sediment used by DSDP do not recover undisturbed sediment from descriptions derived from smear-slide analyses supple­ the seafloor. Data from hydraulic piston cores (HPC) were mented by calcium carbonate (CaCO3) measurements. A not available when this mapping was done. smear slide is a thin film of sediment held under a cover The classification scheme for marine sediment estab­ slip on a glass slide with mounting compound, such as lished in 1884 by Murray and Renard was retained in Canada balsam, and is an excellent method for describ­ modified form. This classic scheme employs a nomen­ ing fine-grained sediment such as silt and clay. This tech­ clature defined by a one-third/two-third division for nique provided a systematic uniform framework for as­ nonbiogenic/biogenic components respectively. similating disparate sources of information on sediment Nonbiogenic components, predominantly throughout the Pacific Basin. allochthonous from land (terrigenous), are classified by Smear-slide analyses were made on the uppermost median diameter of the dominant particles using the sediment in over 4,500 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observa­ Wentworth grade scale subdivisions of gravel, sand, silt, tory cores throughout the project area, using petrographic- and clay. For simplification, adjectival modifiers or mul­ microscope techniques to determine the relative abun­ tiple-noun designations are not used with these terms, dances of mineral and biogenic skeletal components. thus eliminating terrigenous-sediment categories such as Calcium-carbonate analyses on approximately one-third "silty clay," "sand-silt-clay," and "mud." Pelagic clays of the core-top samples provided further quantitative are classified with "clay" because these pelagic deposits control. Additional smear-slide descriptions and carbon­ are predominantly allochthonous clay residues, remain­ ate data from the scientific literature were combined into ing after dissolution of calcareous biogenic debris, with the primary data set only if both were available in pub­ subordinate amounts of authigenic components,-and be­ lished form and consistent; if either or both were not avail­ cause differentiation between allogenic and authigenic able, this information was placed in the secondary data clays is impossible in smear slides. base. Biogenic components are calcareous and silicious Approximately two-thirds of the secondary data base skeletal debris that are predominantly formed locally represents compilations by the World Data Bank (WDB). (authochthonous), at least on a regional basis. The remaining one-third was obtained from the published Biosiliceous is used to distinguish biogenic from literature 0isted under References Cited); from unpublished nonbiogenic siliceous detritus. Calcareous clay and information (noted under Acknowledgments); from exist­ biosiliceous clay categories define seafloor areas of mix­ ing map compilations such as those of Frazer and others ing between biogenic and nonbiogenic material; both are (1972) and Rawson and Ryan (1978); as well as from his­ probably underestimated because they require smear-slide torical records such as those of the research vessels Chal­ or CaCO3 data, not always available. Marl is an abridg­ lenger, Carnegie, Snellius, Albatross, and other oceano- ment of the Murray and Renard term "marl ooze," which graphic expeditions. In some areas, these data points are so consists of calcareous clay and silt. numerous that one point has been plotted to represent many Biosiliceous mud is equivalent to marl but with sili­ samples. ceous skeletal material, and is designated "mud" to dis­ Individual data points used in published accounts are not criminate it from biosiliceous clay and to identify it as a shown. Not all such areas or sources are outlined on the mixture of clays and silt-sized biosiliceous debris. Oozes index maps, however (figs. 7-10). Much of the data in the contain at least 60 percent biogenic constituents, along secondary data base not derived from smear-slide analyses with 30 percent or more clay-sized material, which may are contradictory, incomplete, and difficult to combine into be either biogenic or nonbiogenic. one consistent and interpretable data base. Sediment descrip­ Calcareous gravel/sand/silt, diatomaceous silt, and tions may be misleading, for example, if based upon quick volcanic gravel/sand/silt define sediment with less than field observations, insufficient laboratory data such as coarse- 30 percent clay-sized material. These sediment types have fraction analyses, or a poorly defined terminology and clas­ been mapped only where adequate sedimentological data sification scheme. Equipment capabilities for sediment sam­ are available. Volcanic or calcareous gravel/sand/silt oc­ pling also must be considered, such as the effectiveness of cur on seafloor areas around volcanic islands and atolls, tallow at the end of a sounding line (frequently used in the for instance, but are not shown unless sufficient infor­ last century), or the efficiency of modern corers, grab sam­ mation exists for both a textural and compositional defi­ plers, underway samplers, dredges, and so forth. For these nition. Diatom frustules occur predominantly as silt-sized reasons, descriptions based upon smear-slide information particles; other biosiliceous debris does not form a domi­ from cores are the preferred basis for portraying seafloor nant silt component in Pacific Ocean sediment. sediment. Primary control in establishing trends of, and bound­ Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sediment data have aries between, sediment types were bathymetry and regional not been used on these maps. Rotary drilling techniques depth variations of the carbonate compensation depth

21 (CCD). Additional control was provided by documented thology designate selected seafloor outcrops, including pre- oceanographic and biologic water-column phenomena, and Quaternary sediment samples within 1 m of the seafloor geologic phenomena influencing seafloor sedimentation. (fig. 11). The samples consist of dredge hauls, sedimentary Details of sediment distribution, such as on continental rocks taken with heavily weighted dart corers, and Creta­ shelves, insular slopes, banks, and reefs, are indistinguish­ ceous and Tertiary strata penetrated by gravity and piston able at this scale. Calcareous ooze is presumed present and cores in areas of very slow deposition and seafloor erosion. is mapped on seamounts, guyots, and other isolated under­ Samples on the continental shelves have been selected to water peaks wherever these physiographic features rise at extend the outcrop geology of land areas as far seaward as least 2,000 m (two closed-contour intervals) above the re­ possible. Where samples on the continental shelves are too gional CCD level in areas of carbonate productivity. Sedi­ numerous all to be included, older samples have been se­ ment types that appear anomalous in their position, such as lected preferentially, along with those that alter patterns a calcareous ooze at 6 km water depth, could represent dis­ which might be inferred simply from offshore extrapola­ placed sediment or generalized bathymetry. tion of the continental geology. References cited were used in defining sediment types Deep-sea drilling has shown that the Earth's crust and distributions. Additional sources consulted are not listed under the ocean basins is much younger than that under if already noted by other maps or compilations used for this the continents. Whereas the oldest continental rocks span synthesis. a large fraction of the 4.54 billion year age of the Earth, Data were provided by: James V. Gardner, U.S. Geo­ those of the oceans do not exceed 180 million years, or logical Survey; Jane Frazer, World Data Bank of Scripps less than 4 percent of the Earth's age. Newly formed oce­ Institution of Oceanography; Herbert W. Meyers, Michael anic crust, such as that along the East Pacific and Pa­ Loughridge, Carla Potter, and Peter W. Sloss, National Geo­ cific-Antarctic Spreading Axes, is flanked by progres­ physical Data Center, National Oceanographic and Atmo­ sively older oceanic crust. The world's oldest ocean crust, spheric Administration; James E. Andrews, Naval Oceano­ Middle Jurassic in age, occurs in the western Pacific. graphic Research and Development Activity; Margaret Many volcanic seamounts and oceanic plateaus have Leinen, University of Rhode Island; Ross Heath, Univer­ a geologic age that matches that of the oceanic crust which sity of Washington; and Neville F. Exon, Australia Bureau underlies them. These prominences formed where erup­ of Mineral Resources, Geology, and Geophysics. tion rates were anomalously great along spreading axes. Assistance in data compilation and map preparation was Adjacent magnetic lineations indicate that many of these provided by: Adriano Bartolin, Susan Coughlin, Ginny thick volcanic bodies formed where a spreading axis was Gulick, Frank Hall, Eric Halter, David Keil, Stuart Lewis, offset by a long and presumably leaky transform fault. Sandra Meyn-Thomas, Martine Rawson, James Sonn, and Other seamounts, such as those of the midplate-hotspot Susan-Marie Stedman, all of the Lamont-Doherty Earth type, are believed to have formed above essentially fixed Observatory, and Frances R. Mills of the U.S. Geological magma sources that were overridden by a lithospheric Survey. plate so as to produce a line of islands and seamounts Clerical help was provided by Ramona Lotti, Rhonda that is progressively older along the line. Most promi­ Martinson, and Kathleen Thompson, all of Lamont-Doherty nences of this type, such as the well-known Hawaiian Earth Observatory. Ridge, are younger than the underlying oceanic crust. This material is based upon work supported by U.S. Water-chilled basalt, fine-grained and glassy, crops out Geological Survey research grant 14-08-0001-G-609. The near spreading axes where insufficient time has elapsed sediment maps further reflect decades of support to curato­ since the young oceanic crust was formed to accumulate rial facilities at major United States oceanographic institu­ a cover of sediment. Along fault scarps, dredges com­ tions by the National Science Foundation and the Office of monly recover coarse-grained basalt and gabbro, more Naval Research. This is Lamont-Doherty Earth Observa­ slowly cooled at depth below the seafloor. Along major tory contribution no. 3288. transform faults, the crust is disrupted to sufficient depth to expose such metamorphic rocks as greenschist and, in some places, serpentinite from the Earth's mantle. OFFSHORE GEOLOGY, CIRCUM- Serpentinite, gabbro, and basalt also crop out along PACIFIC REGION some trench slopes. Uplift and disruption of crustal ma­ terial in the upper plate of a subduction zone is believed by to cause these exposures. From other trench slopes, George W. Moore dredges recover Tertiary and older sedimentary rocks, also disrupted by the subduction process. To accompany the Geologic Map of the Circum-Pa- Accumulation is sufficiently slow in the central Pacific cific Region, triangles labeled by geologic age and li- Basin to cause early Tertiary strata to crop out or to lie within

22 1 m of the seafloor over broad areas (fig. 12). The Pacific University of Washington, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Geo­ Basin has a typical depth of between 5,000 and 6,000 m, logical Survey, U.S. Navy, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sci­ well below the ordinary level at which the rate of calcium ences, U.S.S.R.. Ministry of Geology, and Woods Hole carbonate deposition is exceeded by that of its dissolution. Oceanographic Institution. Thus, carbonate skeletons of foraminifers and nannofossils, the principal sediment materials in areas that are shallow or are highly productive biologically, are eliminated from the OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM/DEEP sediment of much of the deeper basin. SEA DRILLING PROJECT COLUMNAR Opaline skeletons of diatoms and radiolarians are also SECTIONS subject to dissolution. Although some of the more robust fossil radiolarians survive near areas of high surface pro­ by ductivity, over much of the basin windborne dust from Anne L. Gartner and Theresa R. Swint-Iki the continents and clay and zeolitic reaction products from volcanic material are the main components of a thin and The columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project discontinuous late Cenozoic sedimentary section. (DSDP) sites 1 through 326 within the Circum-Pacific Thick Quaternary deposits ring the Pacific Basin and region were compiled by Paul W Richards from a com­ cover the adjacent abyssal plains as a result of sediment puterized data set provided by Peter B. Woodbury through plumes from streams, deep-sea fans, and slide-generated the cooperation of the Scripps Institution of Oceanogra­ turbidity currents. Along the Equator, a belt of Quater­ phy; these sections were later revised to add more detail, nary carbonate ooze, 1,000 km wide and as much as 20 using data from the Initial Reports of the DSDP, 1969- m thick, occurs where nutrient-rich water wells up along 1987. Columnar sections for sites 382 through 543 were the Equatorial Divergence and enhances biologic produc­ compiled by Theresa R. Swint-Iki from data in the Ini­ tivity. In other parts of the deep basin, however, produc­ tial Core Descriptions of the DSDP, 1978-1982; these tivity is insufficient to balance seafloor dissolution. Many sections were later checked and revised following publi­ such places are at a steady state of no net accumulation, cation of the data in the Initial Reports of the DSDP. Sec­ and in others, erosion of underlying older deposits oc­ tions for sites 565 through 624 were compiled by Anne curs by means of both dissolution and bottom currents L. Gartner from the Initial Reports of the DSDP, and for such as those generated by the sinking and lateral flow sites 626 through 908 from the Initial Reports of the of cold dense water from near Antarctica. Ocean Drilling Program (OOP). Sites 909 to 919 were Principal sources for the offshore geology of the taken from the Science Operator Reports (JOIDES, 1994). Circum-Pacific Region are Bryant and others (1969), The sediment-classification scheme employed is that used Campsie and others (1983), Domack and others (1980), by the ODP/DSDP. Engel and Chase (1965), Fox and Heezen (1975), Special permission to use data from the Science Opera­ Gramberg and others (1992), Hanna (1952), Ibrahim and tor Reports was granted by the management of the OOP. others (1979), Jarrard and Clague (1977), Kudrass and Columnar sections from the DSDP sites on the Pacific Ba­ others (1986), Lonsdale and Klitgord (1978), Marlow and sin Geologic Map are inclusive of Leg 96, published March Cooper (1980), McDougall (1975, 1982), Perfit and 1987, and OOP sites inclusive of Leg 150, published Feb­ Heezen (1978), Riedel and Funnell (1964), Sheridan and ruary, 1994. The information contained on these columns is others (1969), Skornyakova and Lipka (1976), Vallier and intended to convey general age and lithologic information. others (1985), and Vedder and others (1974). Additional Columns shown on the 1:10-million scale Geologic Maps data were obtained from the marine data file of the Na­ of the Circum-Pacific Region, Northeast, Southeast, South­ tional Geophysical Data Center of the U.S. National west, Northwest Quadrants, and Antarctic Sheet, published Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, through the between 1983 to 1989, were selected on the basis of total courtesy of Carla Potter. Several samples of abyssal clay depth of penetration, age of the oldest sediment, and whether from within 1 m of the seafloor were dated especially for or not basement was reached, so as to display on those maps this map series on the basis of their fossil ichthyoliths by the most representative columns (see figures 13-17). Patrica S. Doyle, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Columns in figure 18 are representative of OOP drill Samples used on the Pacific-Basin Sheet were collected sites in the circum-Pacific region between 1982 and 1994. by ships from the Germany Bundesanstalt fur They have been selected on the basis of total depth of Geowissenshaften und Rohstoffe, Hawaii Institute of penetration, and age of sediment. Letter symbols on fig­ Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, New ures 13 through 18 are used to denote geologic age. The Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, amount of detail shown on the columns is controlled by Oregon State University, Scripps Institution of Ocean­ a relatively small scale that limits representation of litho­ ography, Texas A&M University, University of Texas, logic units to those thicker than 10m.

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24 Bryant, W.R., Deflache, A.P.r and Trabant, P.K., 1974, Con­ Corliss, B.H., and Hollister, C.D., 1979, Cenozoic sedimenta­ solidation of marine clays and carbonates, in Inderbitzen, tion in the central north Pacific: Nature, v. 282, p. 707- A.L., Deep-sea sediments: physical and mechanical prop­ 709. erties: New York, Plenum Press, p. 209-244. Cox, M.E., and McMurtry, G.M., 1981, Vertical distribution Bryant, W.R., and others, 1969, Escarpments, reef trends, and of mercury in sediments from the East Pacific Rise: Na­ diapiric structures, eastern Gulf of Mexico: American ture, v. 289, p. 789-792. Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 53, p. 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30 Theyer, R, and others, 1977, Sediment core descriptions: R/V zoic history and paleo-oceanography of the central equa­ Kana Keoki 1973 north central Pacific cruise, 1974 south­ torial Pacific Ocean: Geological Society of America Mem­ eastern Pacific cruise, and a 1974 Mid-Atlantic Ridge oir 143, 134 p. IPOD site-survey: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Data van Andel, T.H., and Postma, H., 1954, Recent sediments of Report 33, HIG-77-9, 13 p. the Gulf of Paria: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Thomas, C.W., 1969, Paleontological analyses of north Pacific Wetenschappen Afdeling Natuurkunde Verhandelingen, ocean-bottom cores: Pacific Science, v. 23, p. 473-482. sen l,v. 20, 245 p. Thomson, C.W., and Murray, J., 1891, Report on the scientific Vedder, J.G., and others, 1974, Preliminary report on the geol­ results of the voyage of H.M.S. 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50 region: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 22, p. 8- script map for the Circum-Pacific Map Project, scale 13. 1:10,000,000. White, C.M., and Craddock, C, 1987, Compositions of igne­ Hanna, G.D., 1952, Geology of the continental slope off cen­ ous rocks in the Thurston Island area, Antarctica: evidence tral California: California Academy of Sciences Proceed­ for a late Paleozoic-middle Mesozoic Andinotype conti­ ings, v. 27, p. 325-358. nental margin: Journal of Geology, v. 95, p. 669-709. Ibrahim, A.K., Latham, G.V., and Ladd, J., 1979, Seismic re­ Williams, P.L., Schmidt, D.L., Plummer, C.C., and Brown, L.E., fraction and reflection measurements in the Middle 1972, Geology of the Lassiter Coast area, Antarctic Pen­ America Trench offshore Guatemala: Journal of Geophysi­ insula-preliminary report, in Adie, R.J., ed., Antarctic cal Research, v. 84, p. 5643-5649. geology and geophysics: Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, p. Jarrad, R.D., and Clague, D.A., 1977, Implications of Pacific 143-148. island and seamount ages for the origin of volcanic chains: Wolmarans, L.G., and Kent, L.E., 1982, Geological investiga­ Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 15, p. 57- tions in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica-a syn­ 76. thesis: South African Journal of Antarctic Research, Kudrass, H.R., and others, 1986, Mesozoic and Cainozoic rocks Supplement 2, 93 p. dredged from the South China Sea (Reed Bank area) and Wolmarans, L.G., and Krynauw, J.R., 1981, Geological maps Sulu Sea and their significance for plate-tectonic recon­ of the Ahlmannryggen, Borgmassivet, and Kirwanveggen structions: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 3, p. 19-30. areas, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: South Lonsdale, P., and Klitgord, K.D., 1978, Structure and tectonic African Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research, scale history of the eastern Panama Basin: Geological Society 1:250,000. of America Bulletin, v. 89, 981-999. Yoshida, M., 1978, Tectonics and petrology of charnockites Marlow, M.S., and Cooper, A.K., 1980, Mesozoic and Ceno- around Liitzow-Holmbukta, East Antarctica: Osaka City zoic structural trends under southern Bering Sea shelf: University, Journal of Geosciences, v. 21, p. 65-152. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Znachko-Yavorskii, G.A., and Ravich, M.G., 1969, Bottom v. 64, p. 2139-2155. relief and sedimentation in the East Antarctic Sea, in McDougall, J.C., 1975, Cook sediments: New Zealand Oceano- Aver'yanov, V.G., ed., Collected papers of the Soviet Ant­ graphic Institute Oceanic Chart Series, scale 1:1,000,000. arctic expeditions: Jerusalem, Israel Programs for Scien­ McDougall, J.C., 1982, Bounty sediments: New Zealand tific Translations, p. 87-98. Oceanographic Institute Oceanic Chart Series, scale 1:1,000,000. Perfit, M.R., and Heezen, B.C., 1978, The geology and evolu­ REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL tion of the Cayman Trench: Geological Society of America SOURCES OF DATA Bulletin, v. 89, p. 1155-1174. Riedel, W.R., and Funnell, B.M., 1964, Tertiary sediment cores Bryant, W. R., 1969, Escarpments, reef trends, and diapiric and microfossils from the Pacific Ocean floor: Geologi­ structures, eastern Gulf of Mexico: American Association cal Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 120, p. 305- of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 53, p. 2506-2542. 368. Campsie, J., Neumann, E.R., and Johnson, L., 1983, Dredged Sheridan, R.E., Smith, J.D., and Gardner, J., 1969, Rock volcanic rocks from the southern oceans: The Eltanin col­ dredges from Blake Escarpment near Great Abaco Can­ lection: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophys­ yon: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bul­ ics, v. 26, p. 31-45. letin, v. 53, p. 2551-2558. Domack, E.W., Fairchild, W.W., and Anderson, J.B., 1980, Skomyakova, N.S., and Lipka, M.I., 1976, Basic and ultraba- Lower Cretaceous sediment from the East Antarctic con­ sic rocks of the Mariana Trench: Oceanology, v. 15, p. tinental shelf: Nature, v. 287, p. 625-626. 688-690. Engel, C.G., and Chase, T.E., 1965, Composition of basalts Vallier, T.L., and others, 1985, Petrology of rocks dredged from dredged from seamounts off the west coast of Central the landward slope of the Tonga Trench: Implications for America: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 525- middle Miocene volcanism and subsidence of the Tonga C,p. 161-163. Ridge: Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Fox, P.J., and Heezen, B.C., 1975, Geology of the Caribbean Resources Earth Science Series, v. 2, p. 109-120. crust: Ocean Basins and Margins, v. 3, p. 421-466. Vedder, J.G., and others, 1974, Preliminary report on the geol­ Gramberg, I.S., Pogrebitsky, Y.E., and Musatov, E.E., 1989, ogy of the continental borderland of southern California: Geologic, seafloor-sediment, and offshore-geologic map U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies MF- of northern Russia: U.S.S.R. Ministry of Geology manu­ 624, 34 p.

51 CORRELATION DIAGRAM FOR MAP LEGEND OF THE FIVE SHEETS IN THIS SERIES Ages in million years (Ma)

Southwest Quadrant Antarctica Southeast Northeast Northwest Sheet Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant Age Ma Islands Australia

QTn Q Q Q Q QUATERNARY ,••—- — i _--— • -2 Tn iS i QTn Pliocene g I Cz gi •5 Tn Tn i T Q Tn CENOZOIC Miocene z Cz Cz — -«- .. " --^-. ^ «8 • 24 T T T T Oligocene a> '•£ M ^ • 38 Tp Tp Tp K- Tp Eocene g t- TpK ' 55 I TK Paleocene £ JT »~— • — t-^- t •63 ^2 •^ Late Cretaceous j ~««_ K^J -96 K K K K ^ 1 KJ K KJ Early Cretaceous KJ -*«^ Mz KJ £ |MESOZOIC • 138 J TrVjJ J J J J Jurassic T Mr Mz E i - •205 Late Triassic 1 JTi i Mz Ti JTi Middle Triassic a. Ti Ti

0.•nt Early Triassic •- —^* •*^< ^ **tv £ tC Permian •R j • 290 £ *2 ft ft Til^2 Late Carboniferous 2 2 •~330 ft2 ft2 ft, Early Carboniferous ^— * •^*_ -360 ~n ^•^ • —•— <• — ^—- 1 PALEOZOIC ft ft ft Devonian hL ••«. —*— »»- -410 Silurian CO df 435 *, QJ Ordovician £ fti ftiB3 500 Cambrian "3 IV __ 83 _ Late B3 3 Proterozoic PROTEROZOIC — _x-^- pC2 "£ 900 QJ QJ Middle *2 |PRECAMBRIAP Proterozoic B — -— s^-*- v^^"^- -^> 1600 p€ i Early B, BI BA Proterozoic ^ —f — •"-^ —• •>——. •— « 2500 s pC AKCHEAN A A A A

Figure 1. Correlation diagram for the five map sheets in this series.

52 'SO. '60

province»~ \\ , / > " Figure 2. Principal morphostructural features of the Northeast Quadrant.

1000 MILES

2000 KILOMETERS 16o Figure 3. Principal morphostructural features of the Andean Belt adapted from Auboin and others (1973) and Corvalan (1979). Other geographic and structural features referred to in the Description of Map Units are also indicated.

54 EXPLANATION

PRINCIPAL CORDILLERA

OCCIDENTAL (WESTERN) CORDILLERA

PATAGONIAN CORDILLERA PATAQONIAN ARCHIPELAGOS

COASTAL RANGE

CENTRAL CORDILLERA

ORIENTAL (EASTERN) CORDILLERA

VENEZUELAN ANDES

CARIBBEAN MOUNTAIN SYSTEM

PACIFIC COASTAL PROVINCE

SUBANDEAN RANGES

PAMPEAN RANGES

PRECORDILLERA

FRONTAL CORDILLERA

ALTIPLANO OR PUNA

PAMPA DEL TAMARUGAL

CENTRAL VALLEY DEPRESSION CESAR DEPRESSION FALCON BASIN LOWER MAGDALENA DEPRESSION MIDDLE MAGDALENA DEPRESSION MARACABO BASIN SAN JUAN-ATRATO BASIN SAN JORGE BASIN TALARA BASIN

1290 KILOMETERS

Figure 3.—continued

55 OROGENY GEOLOGIC BOUNDARY AGE AGE in Ma

PONTIAN Pliocene (QUECHUA) ~^— Miocene

Oligocene oo Eocene

Paleocene LARAMIAN JEH! — DO Maestrichtian 70 Campanian Q">

PERUVIAN ^ Santonian QC (SUB-HERCYNIAN) *• Coniacian

ARAUCANAN — — • Kimmeridgian l^w (NEVADAN) *— Oxfordian

Hetlangian RIO ATUEL g— I 1OR Rhaetian

Triassic HERCYNIAN ^^ Permian - 290 (APPALACHIAN) "^=- Pennsylvanian

Mississippian APADIAM _j_ Devonian

BRASILIAN Latest - 570-600 (CARIRIAN) Precambrian

TRANSAMAZONIAN Late - 1750 (GUAYANENSE) Precambrian

Figure 4. Major orogenic periods of the Southeast Quadrant. Boundary ages are principally from Cohee and others (1978), Sohl and Wright (1980), and Larson and others (1981).

56 100°E 120°E 140°E 160°E 180° 160°W 70°N

EXPLANATION

—— _ MAJOR SUBDUCTION ZONE OR INTRAPLATE FAULT ————— PRINCIPAL MORPHOSTRUCTURAL FEATURE BOUNDARY

TARIM PLATFORK 40°N KUNLUN-QINLING FOLD BELT

30°N, HIMALAYA OROGENIC BELT

20°

10°N,

10°S

Figure 5. Principal morphostructural features of the Nonhwest Quadrant. Other geographic and structural features referred to in the Description of Map Units are also included. MONEY SHOAL CAPE YORK- BASIN ORIOMO INLIER /

CORAL SEA

INDIAN OCEAN

1 BROKEN RIVER EMBAYMENT 2 CLARKE RIVER BASIN 3 BUNDOCK BASIN 4 LOLWORTH-RAVENSWODD BLOCK 5 BURDEKIN BASIN

20°,

LGILDIE BASIN AND ABERCORN TROUGH ESK TROUGH IAMBOUR BASIN IPSWICH BASIN NEW ENGLAND NORTMAMPTO FOLD BELT BLI

-30° 30°..

TASMAN SEA Concealed boundaries ———— QJ2 marginal deposits since Gondwane breakup INDIAN OCEAN —— — MPz2 merginel deposits preceding Gondwene breakup ^••— KH epicretonic sequences ...... j}C epicratonic and trensitionel basin sequences ...... pzm epicretonic end transitional besin sequences —•—— PZi epicratonic sequences ...... pf epicratonic sequences 120° 130° References 1.Moritani(1979) 15. Naugter and others (1974) 2.MizunoandMorttanl(1977) 16.Logvinentoand 3.MizunoandChujo(1975) Ogorodr*Dv(1980) 4. Nemoto and Kroenke (1981) 17. NakJu and Mowatt (1972) 5.Lteteyn(1969) Bames and others (1960) 6. Gardner and others (1980) 18.RBfle«er(1974) 7.Sharma(1979) 19. Cta* and others (1980) 8. Cartson and others (1977) 20.Bomhokj(1976) 9. Knebel and others (1974) 21.BomhokJ(1980) 10. Larsen and others (1980) 22. U.& Department of 11. McManus and others (197< 1977) Commerce (1971) 12. Roberts (1979) 2a Welday and WIMams (1975) 13.Creager(1963) 24. Emery (1980) 14. McManus and others (1989) 25. \tenAndel (1964)

140"

Figure 7. Index map showing selected Pacific and Arctic Ocean areas (Northeast Quadrant) in which published sediment data were used to supplement Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory data and the secondary data set from the World Data Bank, Scripps Institution of Oceonography.

59 90°

1. Berryhill and Tripper (1980) 14. Goodell (1967) 2. Stetson (1953) Milliman(1972) 3.Curray(1960) 15.Enos(1974) 4. Greenman and LeBlanc (1956) 16. Seiglie and others (1976) 5. Rsk and others (1954) 17. Schneidermann and others (1976) 6.Coleman(1976) 18.Morton(1975) 7. Davies (1968) 19.VanAndel(1967) 8. Rezak and Edwards (1972) 20.Prell(1978) 9. Edwards (1969) 21. Scherer and Macsotay (1972) 10. Huang and Goodell (1970) 22. Keller and others (1972) 11.Bouma(1972) 23. Wells and Coleman (1978) 12. Doyle and Sparks (1980) 24. Carr and Brown (1972) 13. Gould and Stewart (1955) Van Andel (1967) 25. Emery and Uchupi (1972) .

Figure 8. Index map showing selected Caribbean and Antlantic Ocean areas (Nonheast Quadrant) in which published sediment data were used to supplement Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory data and the secondary data set from the World Data Bank, Scripps Institution of Oceonography.

60 120" 140° 160° 160°

-jO"

ABO"

References 1 McManus and others (1977) 7 Chen and Chen (1971) 10 Boggs and others (1979) 16 Keller and Richards (1967) 2 Gershanovich (1967) 8 Sediment Group, Marine 11 Oshima (1975) 17 Emery (1969) 3 Lisitsyn (1969) Geology Department, South 12 Inouchi and Kinoshita (1977) 18 Neeb(1943) 4 Chin (1963) China Sea Institute of 13 Arita and Kinoshita (1976) 19 Nakao(1979) 5 Niino and Emery (1966) Oceanography (1980) 14 Inouchi and others (1979) 20 Arita (1977) 5 Niino and Emery (1961) 9 Chou(1972) 15 Arita and Kinoshita (1978) 21 Arita (1975)

Figure 9. Index map showing selected areas in the Nonhwest Quadrant in which published sediment data were used to supplement Lamont-Doheny Geological Observatory data and the secondary data set from the World Data Bank, Scripps Institution of Oceonography.

61 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 160° References

1 Keller and Richards 7 Jones (1973) 12 Marshall (1980) 18 McDougall (1975) (1967) 8 Jones (1973) 13 Davies (1979) 19 Morris (1979) 2 Neeb (1943) 9 Jones and Burgis 14 McDougall (1979) 20 Lewis and Mitchell (1980) 3 Emery (1969) (1974) and vanAndel 15 Eade (1974) 21 Lewis and Gibb (1970) and Veevers (1967) 4 Nakao (1979) 16 Carter and Eade (1980) 22 Cullen and Gibb (1966) 5 Arita (1977) 10 Jongsma (1974) 17 Doyle and others (1979) 23 Herzer (1979) 6 Arita (1975) 11 Maxwell (1968)

Figure 10. Index map showing selected areas in the Southwest Quadrant in which published sediment data were used to supplement Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory data and the secondary data set from the World Data Bank, Scripps Institution of Oceonography.

62 160

Figure 11. Locations of selected seafloor outcrops and sediment samples.

63 -EXPLANATION 140° 180° 140° 100° 60° Quaternary strata

Neogene strata

Paleogene strata

100° 140° 180° 140° 100° 160* 140* 120« 100* 80*

.•? Columnar section shown on Geologic map of the Circum-Pacific Region, Northeast Quadrant •'** Columnar section shown here

to'

Figure 13. Index map of the Northeast Quadrant, showing location of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes.

65 1 u *to & i «7U ITiJ i • /o ,Q 1 -,._._ Q-Tp _ _L -y Q ^ 9m _ a. Q Ku No j _ 44 Tn recovery -."""a. Tp —.-i. ~kT i 3Tp Tn "^ 3 76m 1 13MT" ^c _ _L Tp r"j~ tv» itd S=i=S 295m :r_'~"_ 279m - Tp 302m 1 % «.* z*-? 147 34 ^q 85 •-.:-" 28 Q 105m Q n ' _Ku -2- 66 rl-I i^H ~^-~_ Tn Tn ' 463m .---- Tp 96 ? P 198m IJXH I-JBI Tn Tp 148 . — _ _- w.-- H -rf--- _-_-_- Ku — 1 L- - - • 302m -_-_-_- ^__. "rp 193m -I -_-JL- ':--.- :--_-_-_ 87 ^; Tp ^i- 771 m I--_-L-_ 384m 68 Tp -^*=. 404m V 15 m :-I:'-i:i- *c:: 2 35 m Tn =c=. 100m Q ] 79 Q 332m .o. _Tn 900m 272m Tn Tn :-_••- 88 100 Tp" n Q 92 153 W IIIm Q « — L Tn 3 Tp :?_------2- E££ 135m -] Q L A 4 230m 248m 89 i- 70 -"•2 • Ju 1 Q 390 m ." _L Q Tn 1— j— 4 282m - i ----- 331 m . 36 Q Tp 93 >? Tn — 1 05 nn 101 Tn -i— — y Ip ^T1 116m 94 :-:-:-: 1 rf^ Tn 1 ^ Tn 00 oo IE Tn d=pi Tn 1 r€^

388m - Tn 4 A J -.£-~ 47m S 440 m -J A A T_J_1 40 Ku 430m v~ 72 .Q 1 "KU k A A A A ;.^ . -/V 628m 31 Tp i |Q 776m 4 _ _L Tn T~ 'D | V _Q_ Tn 156m —T ^^^ Tp i ^^^^ 42 —— Ku-J Tp 1 Tp j . ' . . _L 345 m Tp 100m 259m - 325m • CO 4 T.-.-L t•Ku 660m

Figure 13—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

66 155 180 187' 393, 425 468 476 48C) Q 394 ^Q X . Q L'u'l-i.' i- H Tn Q rj*L: Q j- -v gv 110m i; J-; -v Tn ^- -v 152m rs^_ 7 ;":..- Tn -~^-

IPI o¥c: /**. m 426 295m 481 :^ No V Q 370m ^ «jcovery -=--~: 365 m 416m ^~: 312 ^g Tn 471 m 428 477 No 536m P^s Q ...... ^^^y recovery 419 Q 469 |-j- Q ------•T\'c' Q 181 . El 46m ? ^o=- ._.._. :_•_•" 314 -___ .-.-~n P1- >m Q -li-i- _---_-. T-I-rT: 156 Fi^ P Tn 191 m f^ 384m ?£ 45 m 420 4 m of Q SQ 391 1 A / .___ Q E& 429 478 :_i_~_-. 482 -_-_-_- Q 166 >.-" J^Tn" 1 A i Q Tn -::::: *ijj^147m -S" P 369m 454m Tp Tn 467 . -XI _ _ _ , •••n f 229m "Ku 421 ^r- Q m 182 55 Q *?: f Q Kl >^ i472 T~ 310m :pj ||ji 114m Tn V ^ 483 195m ^ --v^ i-i-i-i Tn 464m Q -TVf. 138m I 175 _•_•.• S: Q 185 422 §J~ ••Hh ~-i Q •_:_• ^479 Tn Ku ^£|U 73 m — r .. /- -w -:-:-:- 473 Q ^^^L 267m ^" *"N* Tn~ «:"^ y~ ~ f"1 ^Vrf :-i-i-: i^ Q

r~ ~Vrf :-x-: .— "_' Tn 271 m -i-i-i- 423 m <484 »i-i Eg) 54m 1 A 1 Q 176 .___ 62m ^vyl • •___ 288m I _"•_"_"_ T 4*1 m T 424 -J 440 m

1701 79 ^17F Q ^g76.m .Tver, . /- "W ______?*••%. Q ^ • Tn :•:•.:%( Tn 109m - -r1 1042m 728m Ju •Hai S^ 196m 1412m

Figure 13—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

67 485 490 498 503 534 535> 539 541 Q ..M Q Q Q Q ...ry Q ^. No recx>very Tn

V: ? ^i =3S Tn ;Vrti/lVVJ Tn -^ —— . _i_ ""l71 K 540 Q Tn -•4r— 235m '. Y _ t _i Tn Cjjp 331 m :ii:~I :•=«••: 322m -t--H M; 506 Q h— 1- Tp 32m 49S ^si 459m hj-f- 486 Q i , Q i Hi 38m i- : __ 3 589m 51^ 507 Tn i K 542 Q -^ -h- Q 487 39 m t^t492 Tn ^ _-£-: IP L_ 714m ' = Q Q r-^-r tggj 287 m :-2:: 1 .'•(it i .__-_ ^ 508 l -___• Tn Q K 536 t i" l Tn 182m Q- i . -V 51 m V K 1 V 500 T i is 326m i *§! Q i TV.-.- 746m i 488 .,..: 290 m M, Tn 509 7 543 Q i Q 213m Q m 166m (jjg 34 m 496 T ¥** Q (537 Tn i= =^^ Tn- • ;-~_-~ ^^•i K *.*3 501 510 1—r- 1 504 Q i J-TI7 Kl Tp .^-.i --_-_-_ .^_i ° §! 110m i "£ Tn — u ^ Pre-Mesoz< Die 429m 225m r- V K 455m o/o m « 489 n ^ V 278m 538 .'Ml.. Tn- Tn 497 T j 1167m Tp Q f j IHJJ

~JL_' 502 ~*l! — Tp-K ——"•: Q T" -_-_-_-. 1 Kl r_-^E 1 -V-- Tn 327m Tn ;! ; Pre-Mesozoic .-_-_VL V \/333m i .. a :---:-: 229m rrtrrc 397m

Figure 13—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

68 110' 80°

80 Columnar section shown on Geologic map of the Circum-Pacrfic Region, Southeast Quadrant 76 Columnar section shown here

140° 120° 100° 80° 60°

Figure 14. Index map of the Southeast Quadrant, showing location of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes.

69 29 72 324^ 423 48E1 500 509I dQ i _ _i _Q i148 "W Q Q 1 1 34m Tn 0 "^L Q ~Tn -— — — ~-*C. Tn i sffi iS Tn ."-".-- 166m ^ Tp k v^p- -Tn fir T_-_--7 K1f >c^~ r~f 01 o w« ji rt ji M O II} k A 4 £ -•=*- A J| A -- Q -i- — :•.••)?.•/>: 272m qoi Q -— o Tp o^.< .30 . _L 76m P> lv)«J — ~""~ ~\ R01 • [ 1 Q JLi 345m • • 110m Tn f 304 73 429m 1 Q 425 Q _ a. .^j :-.'.'.• ^ Q i 541 49e Q -_-_-- Tn PjH Tn Tn -tgj 110m Q g — 1— 1 _ -^ Tn Tp • * Tn €: 278m - 3? I 302m 426 T 430 m ——m* No Tn 76 Tp :^. 31 Tn recovery 10 'E3 27m n -'*'-* 1 -J- - - 378m -IRO? • - - •^4 Z? - _-.-_-. ii-:- Q "_.".." , 149i-rv =^ -•'—t 146 1 -- - - '_"_-_". •i^^ Tn 428 497~v/ r 459m 3=± Q k A i _ Tn A A "5gQ -i Iy-_ I Kit • ' 1 718m gHJ Q h A A *4 — 5S A A Tn ?i P 542 326> i||f115m OOO »«« "1 ESSS _i_. Q •i-* 776m 95m T — s.v'i 325m rtx! 41£I 503 •7 - JL s 42 155 & 46 m 429 , i Tn $? Tp Tp - Tn JT_- Sa •£jp 53m i .. a i1 5±+: Tn j^ A A - 420 397m 140m <>± ^ ni~^. Q 4RR • jl"j- 235m "" .*_*~ 326m ""T4 4oD 4 fiO Vr-1— ^ O 498 \J& - Tn Vi - JE! Tn •sSm - —v Q _ J. Tp IT Ku 147m 506 543 >"*" i^J Q f ? 1 r-f-I _ _. Q - -^ > A A 487 - - ._.._. - - - 32m -"*• ^t . L A A "p- Q - -^ : ^*»* T - .* ** ~ * Tn Tn A^A 230m 762m 4?1 •_"- '-'-• j^y-I Tn Q • :-:- 70 Q 147 Tn 317m K07 '» > ;•' 536m \j\j i Q — —t W 182m '100 Q ^ Tn V 114m ^ i o 1 39 m . Tp f •::•!? Tp 1 156 198m K 4n10f Q ^122 -X 508 455m i^l Q ^2 £ F ..tl 51 m i 73m JJ 287m 388m

Figure 14—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

70 120" 140' 160° 160°

iff

tf>°

H?

If

m 455 45S _„ . 60* 456 460 201 457

150° 160° EXPLANATION 292 Columnar section shown on Geologic map of the Circum-Pacific Region, Northwest Quadrant

•446 Columnar section shown here

Figure 15. Index map of the Northwest Quadrant, showing location of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes.

71 44 185 189 194 290 - 298 304 r^T* • v r -i Tn "1 rv-- = Tn 76m f- -u Q ±= Q :2-Z- ^ i r~r_- — Tn Tn Tp £§ Tn -•;-:> Tp j c^Tp 173m ? 9 m "Ku £ ^ i 255m ._ _ — 59 Kl 256m Q 47 „ i- -S. u Q 294 347m SE? !__T.— — ~Tn W-. r-"-:-: Tn -, Tn 195 r- -N, VWT, Tp ^x Tp ? ----:- 4?nc 135m \3UO Ku Tn SH^" 118m 129 m 60 IP j^V. 48 — „ 295 s Jjt j A .I —— I\U -.HI-: ^*:-a Oil£*4 4 III j _ i_ Tn * ' * . ¥ Ku Tn ?::: _ „ _ _ 299 , — L. Kl 84m Kl "2ri 5"V 728m 1 -J-^J-,^- _ k A t 1 _L 392m 49 187 158m fi -t-1 FT? rlrl-i 20m - ^~_" 197 . _L 348m 871 m 296 10m of • . -1- Q Q L__L 50 192 bass It i ., 475m Ii \J^* M-k 66 recovered J— T -^~ Q ::-!- Ku - Iflti n_._n Q ^vl 309 45m Tn 198 12 m Pi • V •_-_-.-. -<*— - i Tn , recovered 52 Tn i. j. - ..-_- Tn Tp ------t£.-_-: Tn •v— - 370m • 4 Ku Ku -W— "^ 312 f Tn BBi? •ZJ 193m _i*jn No 69 m looIQQ 532m recovery 68 fc^u 300 '. 53 Tp L A i 258m • •*••* 15m -ijFiJ Q Q I----T V t Tp 166 200 i® M- _ Q y~ ~ Q_ 117m 45m ^ Tn Tn Tn i •v- - 302 W1 X" " • I?!s?n QJP ^Xr: r*if 132m X_ — Q 17m 201 m Tp X— . Tn p ife - 55 ^:=: 201 _Q SYu No ~\j~ • recovery E£+ Tn \ Kl 310m . -388 vr- — 3* i 202 Tn n -:-:-:- •NX- — Jp Tn 131 m '170 _-_-_- * , ' Tp j 638m — i=d fc _-_-_-_ Tp 1 i£ 154m x-^ 56 Ku 1087m vo-c jCXi. "RT 1057m m ' ~ * 532m 193 Tn t 196m | Rgy Q Tp 71 m

Figure 15—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

72 ^^ U '•*i*«l;.V Q ^- v Tn Q Q J± Jn Jr'-L. 5^ M Tn 104m Tp -Vi>^^-- 1 K i — i — 456 123m * ** * wr- -> Tn ::::::: Tn wr- -^ m Q 579 Tn =±?±. f '".^i Tp :-sa: Q

m 169m . m Tn -x^ w"v ==:-: ~_'~"j' ~_r_~_" -_--;= 'I..'.' :-:*k-J -:-::~: :-_-:-: vr-v ¥K~: Q i-~_-: Tn Tn :Tr^f: iftfi^ 892m 914m -*^_ _ _' ^ —v 245m ^: 446 5J5- ::x:: 954m 1041 m 449 Q -i-i-i 585 Tn Tn :^:: ,Q 436 440 ^ Tn ^ •h L'ilf g"J5' .-_-_-. "Zj •*o5 :-i-i-i IE Q ^3 [TP Tp 152m -%~-" .y ~N 455m Tp f 1 Q 451 P§§ Tn f ,Q 4 i : :^ 444 691 m . J——— L. -^: Hi Tn •— r Q IP T7-*- T t- 750 m ' :^:: 460 ZTp _ — — . i IT1 Tn Tn /*"'"*f< 398 m Q Mixe)d ^ ln sedi ments Sis l\ M~~ Tn 99 m 629m :i->i-: 310m T 461 K f ^ci1: Tn,Tp.K Reworked ***** 20m if t-ftr*pt 466 583 * * * Q v\?v- I Tn 88E: 814m " Tp * * * I~Zt.~_ ***! 893m * * ** j_"l~i Ku Q

* * » ^ * "** *>_»_ fff: 312m

'-*»* L-l-i-. 931 m "..".. 450m

Figure 15—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

73 130

EXPLANATION • 217 Columnar section shown on Geologic map of the Circum-Pacific Region Southwest Quadrant • 166 Columnar section shown here

Figure 16. Index map of the Southwest Quadrant, showing location of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes.

74 587 592 Y —— ^H h > Tn Elr4 ££ Z"^-|:Tn Tn 1 "Etr1 £t -Tp 131 m : 132 m 147m Tn 56 201 No r< scovery 588 - — L_ Tp . - -4 » i Tn *?«« m - -4

- -.-4 -.-+ Tp 270m Tn • IP 594 — *i— 58 ? ilrt ^ •JH;:1 JTn Q 154m _i _i :-•_-. L=i 344m 208I

Tp 173m - -4 Q

589 Tn 59 — -4 IE Q - -4 Q 36.1 m BE1:1: Tn JZZri Tp 135 m

o-o- 60 o-o- 590 h-O-C i Q I-D-C ? i o-cw o-cn>-oo HD-C 1 p 639 m 'O-C Tp Tn

Tn ^03-a^ ~Ru 594 m ,595 Tn •_"_•. t= Tp 276 si K 348 m ?23m 124m f 66 284 -7 : 499m "Ir^T* Q Tn t >96 Tn Tn — Tp Tp , — -4 S91 £ii - 193m 8 76m Ku _Q i 208m •4^

166 Q Jt j xH 586 -t- - Tn Tn > * i -i— i- ^ —h ^B -(—— h Tp -1—— h Tn H—— h Ku i— -.--Z4 ?ffl Kl 310 m i •1—— h 305 m 500 m

Figure 16.—continued Columnar sections of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

75 589 7 591 592 590

593/7 .594

283 •»276

/\ - ' 27? x.° .281 279 282 »280 »278

EXPLANATION

Columnar section shown on Geologic map of the Circum-Pacific Region, Antarctic Sheet

• 589 Columnar section shown here

326 591 697 276 284 589 Q -== 9.5 m 36.1 m

Tn Tn Tn 208 m

320 m

iu 500 m

Figure 17. Index map of the Antarctic Region, showing location of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Project (OOP) boreholes. Sediment classification scheme is that used by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.

76 sis >33 672 ^ €>17 62fi < --- Q Q -•„- = 0 Q Q 0 -0 ^C3 '-T_ - I_J I ^ . _.. — * 3 0 _ . _ -• mi 0-0 Tn -. _ ----- Tn

1 0 -^_ 598 191 m _ 3 0 ^^ s'cs Tn H Tn 1 * -"jC- — 0 227m -.. . E CO MM -618 -•'•- '.-.'. Tn •0 aBBBB* ------I-S S34 •-. - finr fo Tp 92m o « .... ^ 3 ^ Tn Tp Tn 19m 1-H 619 C ——— T-^I 456m _ T tk: D~C 60 j, A _ 62' /Th =F=CJ — r 27m 673 ^ Ku Q Q 0 ±2 :-_-_- :T.:- 675 m Ku 60!! Q .-_-_" •«nc TS3 Tn 0 4= ?? ___ — 0 <= 5m 61 3 i 208m j 1 •'•?"•'— Tn — - Tp 60,3 ROfl ^ __ s ri-5 o , 3 0 490m 1 ^r Q r_-_- :."^- _~_i --- ^T_- Ku r_" -•.TJ OOv> >oc F^,0 Tn > -^ — :.:: =^ 674 at Q "KI Q S 118m 531 m :-- -~A— Tp 636 Sx 628I Tn ^=3Tn j TL'-: •_-_-- Si: J 0 0 Q 422m 21 m -%t Tn V. 6?1 Tn :__ . w^»5 r_" — - -—"-J •*-!- Tp r-Xr 614 Tp .._. ^ -- Q r.r_- ,.,.... -L-L r_-_7 r-r_- ^ LdLj •_-_-. 452m Q 298m z-ZrZ '••W: 214m — 150m 675 Q 62"2 629 PQ^an Q -I 1 61 5 16m »« ••>

• ••.-': • »: 63f> -r_ _Q Y Tp url 3 C .71.-

C~:j£ 208m ::•;; Tn Ku Q 623 Tn rrr: -:: 3 O Tn :f>: . O C '--. J 388m Q 250m fe>: CQ1 I576 _ __ I rr: -.-_ —— i ^ a^a _ _ Q _!_-"- 202m o <: . __ :: . — -_-_- 523m o c 7.r. ft A\ 3 O — - R1C ^^-S Tn _. _ -fVf ^-^- Tn n 3-r->i ::-r Q • 1585m 244m 310m 604 I Q 63;» 1147m - 207m BT: -_•*: Q Q .. _.. Q j?tj S ---- TJM -^-r-; Tn :« i^ Tn 371 m ^ «>0 ag _ i-.. Tn *?-«=! •4T-L 294m 283m . [5 309 m

Figure 18. Columnar sections of the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Project drill sites in the Circum-Pacific region, 1982-1994.

77 67C Q 686 761 Q 769 784 790 794 799 805 812 77( «-•*• L.~. Q ±& Tn xa ^^ L. . . Q No recovery :~ ^»- IXCV § ^JL m L ,- 5— it Q rJ-^ Tn Tp • Q Q 77; r 170m A ~Ku :33 Tn ^ '*-'" Tn 1 -"-• — 1_ ""*"•£ Tn " 61m S 678I = Kl 7 1 ^ Tn •- -» ,-s Tn Err Q * 303m 300m ±F 1 m** Sir.U ( 387m - 587 377m ^^ 452m «— f- 8131 Z3 437m 1 •rC" .Tj Q £"] 1 77C 78S 7911 • •JrE- 765 Tn £& 778 ~-^ rn ,0 — - Q ~B Q Tn Tn - s -_-_£ To I 104m 359m 207m . Tn 646m it? 611m — t >Jff 231 m 786 ?i 68CI 752 'o • 795 806 * • Tn rirff -— +• Q 1_i_ Tn ;« ~5 Q A_«. a J314 I——A. JkJ Tn !•• 1.——— ~ -i =^ i Tn i _L_L Tn ^,~ 317m . 34B H >-•» TP i S J i 5ST Fn 195m - o I Tp -rso jfi Tp ' 1 Q wS #>. """"J i •«wr /.«^ i-'-H- 681 s J Q -1— t tft. •j." t m acir -j-J *=i i2£ T 529m - Tn ,-- Tn 1084m _i_ 300m Q a o 1 j J^vi Tp 163m Ku - ' ' 77' --4- 1 rr-r eo: i I MS v-- 'j.J • ££| - Tn (35m Ku -] 781 . ---- -•=.•=. Q St— ' 187m 753 1 1 Tn m J __L 68: ^ut — Tn 2Q E !=•" Tn £ - ;:r~ i II 63m . Kl R - Tn CT 75<) 940m JS|r 304m i 762m ^_ i Tp 4-pt- _Q tt 826 m § 782 II 776m Tn ^ 764 /° ^7 772 m Q f » ^ i _.^Tn 78' 7Q< SOSI Tp 1 ^? =2^Tp r "j 1145m icsS: 463m Ku 1 Q -i_j l^V 1Sa 79.2m IJ16 Tp £5 > Q \jf 792 •^-j-1 H — 1 Tn Tn "Ku T — r rr 11S •ic ^ Q - -^ 81CI Tp ~k° •9^ IJL ,| 'n 684 308m Tn 656 m Q : J-i-U 294m . ^ P I 1 ^ pg.Q ^ Tn \\t\A 7Rn Tp . sr- Q _ • • Q Tn 320m " 7645o 250m Tn 1 m Tn , 136m -IP 77C 78{I 136m ti ' Tp - 477m S&: , 817r Q 465m Tn 811 1 ? II 685 IL'I \ Ku 782 — -. Q Tpl Q '••••.* 798 -*I - - -f g Q r _ S$ —i_ '361 m ::-:-: • * L Tn P Tp ^ Tn Q • 774 "^ 313m 35- 1 C w No recovery ^ •\/ >% " i Tp •*•••<* '•^f?^ •H& 1 Tn -••..• : 775 .* ** ** 4 ir" "" Q 374m ^ii Tn 506m. 4-^5 •^ i 6 fl7m 789 392m. pS ^527m f™l Q -^»^ sw 1 J 54m A 468m I 886m

518 m I 666m

Figure 18.—continued Columnar sections of the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Project drill sites in the Circum-Pacific region, 1982-1994.

78 Ol D 02!» ooA. 0*1rU 849 OJ»» 869^in -j871r 883 I391 903 Q — Q ti W Ku 1 •if"- Tp ' Tn Tn Q _ *^ Q ¥ 190m m • Tn 1 Tn 1 ^g | Q rlw I J78 303m ' 1 Q Sc": 3PCT ••ir. -L_L ii- 350m •Ar m 81JJ MM _»_ •UM • • _L_ . — j "-V. 85 0 fi Ku 5f" *-- J 440m 476m " •^r. :~;: 392 . •? •V^.' 861 .Jiz. 826 '::^-J 597m ^ ££ Q | r.-.r Q -L.-L S^ 842 Q m Tn ;v;I; Tn Tn I ml "1ZU Kl ?^ •• *- -fa- :-:- i::- .•rw Tn 796m I 1 400m Tp 250m Tn fSg-f ""jr^_ < 87( 1 )99(Tl 156 IP 82G 82' |:lvi: Q J 175m - r HS 31m T 237m 8511 885 I Q 89C I Q -6 87 2 '.X- 843 Tn ..••.: T 496m • I 59m aE .:£.•: » Tn Tp Q 1107m 862 5y"- 89'* ±ij i- •' Tn r"7"-! 1 88CJ -, 83^ s \ P PI 1149m Q § "Ku - sS'*1 Si£J 102m ] 909m 90f \ JL! ¥ 192m 1 I k-=* 320 m 864I 154m Q 400m J7S 3"3C 400m ^ EHZ1? 87:i -, 821 " ¥312m 852 15m - Q 8£>5 Tn Kl / 828 Tn 844 86 5 Q \x •4= *£i' Q o j" Ku ' oo •« ~ Tn •jj*J: », *rt ^^ :=r-Tn L . ^^ Tp w- 1 17 rr1 on2 "JU" me- Q 120m ' 1 232m I 353 ^ 435m T Q 82!) 3=}= 880 ^•-TJ i wa Q l^± Tp ^ 87' 1 18m I——I i I335 T T H -\ 567m -1--L 1±J 72m *P* MJ__JJ Q 290m 1 t=J 881 8139A390 ' 400m ¥:-: Q - J."|" 845 j 85^ ^ Ku 576m Tn - ^ § 822 - l-^T-l 8fc ^ ^•jrrT 3ac 905 fe p • ^ Kl ! 46m T sfe T^T !5c Q Tn 856 •t* 1 93m Tn 836 - F"x— 87S • «\^ Q Q Q * - ^!Q 3^ - 1 ^*n ^? _ Vlr co m 1 121 Ku Tn - •%^ »s 'TT^ Tp •i B37 ^l m 858 N 3«4(n 345m ED Q 847 "^ r 133m • Tp Tn $ 590 m rl2^ i ss:i .lit S 4^ Tn 871 m 876 \f 736m - i 4^ H 440m B3J Q v ?2* 82'1 - J367 Ku h x^ -( h • zre! Q 838 Tn 3-C 1T1~ 'Tj : o ' 1 Kl i 7 • Tn *»N • _ Q 241 m - $s! i - 9 «r r7m ^1 54m 339m :". | . «i 848 S? ? e •^- ' 86G h Kl i Tn - •Om r 2 398m 350m v>! t^94m 259m rrrw :££

"1: TP 911 m 430m

Figure 18.—continued Columnar sections of the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Project drill sites in the Circum-Pacific region, 1982-1994.

79 906 910 915 F^qQ "SS 919 Sti- *,«' .-lf ^»: £r: .%* Sfe Tp Tn 147m M Tn 209m

Tn

mY.M

=*3 Tp 507m 602m 911 907 Q

Tn . ;f--

216 m - ->i- 908

Tn

505m

Tn 912 Depth not yet published 344 m one unit silty day-clayey silt 875m 909 913 918 .'H: Q

**' Tn

Tn Tn

.'V

Tp

770m TP 914 Tp

1061m Tp 245m -

1206m

Figure 18.—continued Columnar sections of the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Project drill sites in the Circum-Paciflc region, 1982-1994.

80 EXPLANATION

A A A A 79- DSDP site * A A A Diatom ooze A A A A Chert A A A A Cor 3d interv ral r_r_r.nr: 100- ____. _ ___. Radiolarian ooze _— _— _. Clay/claystone 200- Diatom-radiolarian ooze Silt/siltstone 0=0 or siliceous ooze 265 m —— Penetration — _ i. ^f •-•—•-• Ba Sandy mud/ Nannofossil ooze :..j..i... ,....._... sandy mudstone V< jrtical Scale 1 cm = 100 meters

Foraminiferal ooze ':':•£•$£.': Sand /sandstone ,——— •-, Holocene and I QUATERNARY Q ? Nannofossil-foraminiferal / J Foraminiferal-nannofossil Conglomerate ooze M Tn Neogene }. > TERTIARY Nannofossil chalk Breccia B! Tp ? Paleogene v*i« Calcareous chalk * *»•« Volcanic ash 1 Ku > • Upper Cretaceous KJ > CRETACEOUS ''Vr"0-*' Limestone Basalt Kl J* Lower Cretaceous

z Zeolitic

v Volcanic

M Muddy

Y~7 Continental basement

Figure 18.—continued Columnar sections of the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Project drill sites in the Circum-Pacific region, 1982-1994.

81

-A- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000 — 573-047 / 30004 Region No. 8