Arctic Science Day
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Arctic Science Day An Introduction to Arctic Systems Science Research Conducted at the Centre for Earth Observation Science (U of MB) Produced by: Michelle Watts Schools on Board Program Coordinator Arctic Geography – a brief introduction The Arctic Region is the region around the North Pole, usually understood as the area within the Arctic Circle. It includes parts of Russia, Scandinavia, Greenland, Canada, Alaska and the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic is a single, highly integrated system comprised of a deep, ice covered and nearly isolated ocean surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia and North America. It is made up of a range of land-and seascapes from mountains and glaciers to flat plains, from coastal shallows to deep ocean basins, from polar deserts to sodden wetlands, from large rivers to isolated ponds. Sea ice, permafrost, glaciers, ice sheets, and river and lake ice are all characteristic parts of the Arctic’s physical geography (see circumpolar map) Inuit Regions of Canada (www.itk.ca) Inuit Regions of Canada – See Map Inuit Nuanagat There are four Inuit regions in Canada, collectively known as Inuit Nunangat. The term “Inuit Nunangat” is a Canadian Inuit term that includes land, water, and ice. Inuit consider the land, water, and ice, of our homeland to be integral to our culture and our way of life. Inuvialuit (Northwest Territories) The Inuvialuit region comprises the northwestern part of the Northwest Territories. In 1984, the Inuvialuit, federal and territorial governments settled a comprehensive land claims agreement, giving Inuvialuit surface and subsurface (mining) rights to most of the region. The Agreement ensures environmental protection, harvesting rights and Inuvialuit participation and support in many economic development initiatives. Inuvik is the largest community in the region and is also the regional administrative center. Ulukhaktok and Sachs Harbour are located on islands and are therefore only accessible by air and sea. The other communities have limited road access. For example, one can drive from Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk and Aklavik on an ice road during winter. The famous Dempster Highway ends just outside the Inuvik town limits. Economic conditions in the Inuvialuit region focus on oil and gas development, diamond mining and transportation, but the region is also on the verge of significant economic development in the construction of a major natural gas pipeline. Inuvialuit speak Inuvialuktun The Inuit of this region are known as Inuvialuit and their mother tongue is Elevations Glacier elevations Depths metres above sea level Circum-Arctic physiography metres above sea level metres below sea level 5500-6000 800- 900 SCALE 1 : 50 000 000 >3000 0- 200 5000-5500 700- 800 2500-3000 200-1000 4500-5000 600- 700 E 2000-2500 1000-2000 m 4000-4500 500- 600 p e <2000 2000-3000 r o 3500-4000 400- 500 r 3000-4000 S NORTHWEST e 3000-3500 300- 400 a PACIFIC m 4000-5000 Pacic Ocean o BASIN 3000-3500 200- 300 u ch 5000-6000 tian Trench n ka Tren eu t at 2500-3000 100- 200 Al s ch Kam 6000-7000 nds il- s 2000-2500 <100 n Isla ur il Island tia K Kur 7000-8000 leu 1800-2000 A Hokkaido 8000-9000 NORTH Sakhalin 1600-1800 ALEUTIAN 1400-1600 Alaska BASIN Kamchatka Peninsula Sea of 1200-1400 Bering Sea Okhotsk 1000-1100 Gulf of it 900-1000 Alaska a tr S e g C C h g n h Chukotka i u e n r a k r R e ch s Alaska k ka B i R as a i Al nge y Yukon R e Chukchi Kolyma a Plateau ng n a g R Sea Basin e s e n s R a g o u n t a i n g e ok Wrangel M n k y ro East o c Island Yana- a B R R Siberian Indigirka k Basin s Sea n Beaufort ya ho Sea Verk New-Siberian CANADA Islands East Siberian Banks BASIN Island Platform Canadian Laptev Victoria Sea Shield Island Arctic Ocean e Queen g id R Severnaya Elizabeth v so Zemlya Mid-Siberian o Taymyr n e Plateau Islands o g Ellesmere m id o R L l Island e k Hudson k a Kara Bay Ban G Island Sea Franz Josef West Siberian Land Novaya Yamal Basin Ban Zemlya Canadian Bay Svalbard Shield it tra Green- s S Greenlandic vi land Barents Sea U a ra D Shield Sea l M Labrador ou Labrador nt ain Sea Kola s Jan Norwegian Mayen Sea East European Platform Newfoundland Iceland Fenno-Scandian Shield e d g Faroe i Islands R Baltic North Atlantic Ocean Sea c i t North n a Sea l t A - d i Cartography: M Elevations from ‘Digital Chart of the World’ Bathymetry from ‘Natural Earth’ Arctic circle Compilation and design: W. K. Dallmann Arctic boundary: AMAP © Norwegian Polar Institute Arctic boundary: AHDR vNbu wkw5 kNoq5 Kanatami Inuit Nunalingit kNQMs6LtA5 vNbsMs6t8NA µ8N vNbusai6S5 yK9ost2XK5 srs6b6©2 wmz nunagilauqlutigut- kanataulauqtinnagu maanna kanatamiunguniqput sivulliutippavut UKIUQTAQTUUP IMANGA FIRST CANADIANS, CANADIANS FIRST Arctic Ocean océan Arctique LES PREMIERS CANADIENS, CANADIENS EN PREMIERS xshw5g6 Ausuittuq Grise Fjord wkFxlw5 cshw5g6 INUVIALUIT Qausuittuq u5tmbo4 Mittimatalik whs4 Resolute Bay Pond Inlet vq6g˛ZW4 x˜{ v Ikaahuk Sachs Harbour Kangiqtugaapik alaaska w4Wx3J4 Clyde River x4I˛F4 g4©/6©6 ALASKA Tuktoyaktuk Ikpiarjuk Aklavik Arctic Bay Aklavik Tuktoyaktuk er6b3Jx6 er6∫l4 Qikiqtarjuaq w˚F4 kNK5 Qikiqtarjuaq Inuvik sl4n6©6 QIKIQTAALUK Inuvik Uluhaktuk Baffin Holman Ô√8 XsM©6 NUNAVUT w[lo4 région de Baffin X8i6©6 Paulatuk Iglulik Panniqtuuq juukaan Paulatuk bl3 Jx6 Igloolik Pangnirtung et3us5 wcl4©5tx6 Talurjuaq YUKON Taloyoak niC/4 KITIKMEOT Ikaluktutiak ˛ Cambridge Bay ƒZ3J4 Sanirajak Central Arctic Kuugaarjuk Hall Beach Centre de l’Arctique s6h6©6 Kugaaruk wclw5 d3l6g6 500 km Uqsuqtuuq Iqaluit Kugluktuk su1m4g6 Iqaluit Gjoa Haven r`Zw5 Kugluktuk Umingmaktuk Umingmaktuuq Kinngait Ns÷5 Cape Dorset r7uD5 r9oi6 4zs4 Naujaat Kimmirut kN5yx3u Kingauk Repulse Bay Kimmirut Killiniq kN5yxK5 r?9o6 Killiniq Bathurst Inlet vq3hJx6 nunatsiarmi dx6b6 KIVALLIQ n9lw5 Kangirsujuaq NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Keewatin n9o6 Salluit Kangiqsujuaq Quaqtaq NUNATSIAVUT Quaqtaq TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST région de Keewatin Salliq Salluit cmi'gx6 vq6hxl0Jx6 Coral Harbour m3ÎF4 Qamani'tuaq w[lo˛Z3J4 vq6h4 xsXl4 Kangiqsualujjuaq x6Fg6 wKpF4 Kangiqsualujjuaq Marruuvik Baker Lake Igluligaarjuk Kangiqsuk Aupaluk kNwa4 Aqvituq Ivujivik Hopedale Makkovik Chesterfield Inlet Kangirsuk Aupaluk cq6Oi6 Ivujivik Nunainguk Kangiqliniq Nain rrx4 Rankin Inlet xfoF4 eS6v6 Kikiak bys/6 ƒ0Jx6 Qipuqqaq Akulivik SF3ig6 Tasiujaq Rigolet trC3Jx6 Kuujjuaq Postville North West River Akulivik Puvirnituq Tasiujaq Tikirarjuaq Kuujjuaq Happy Valley-Goose Bay Puvirnituq Whale Cove bys/3Jx6 kNF4 is?s8˜8 x7m ˜Xgx3 x3Fx5 TASIUJARJUAQ Arviat wk0Jx6 niuvaunlaan amma laapatuar Arviat Hudson Bay Inujjuaq NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR baie d’Hudson Inukjuaq NUNAVIK sus/6 TERRE-NEUVE ET LABRADOR Umiujaq Umiujaq nirlx6 ƒ0JxÇW4 fXw4 Sanikiluaq Kuujjuaraapik Sanikiluaq Kuujjuaraapik kupaik QUÉBEC y~yW Chisasibi Chisasibi D e s i g n : B e a t S t u d i o s x0pos6bs9lt4 cJw WsE8 x7m wmo sNtk4 Bxwf Kwt8S4j5 Qaajui Baron (left) and Emily Unatweenuk in Kangiqsualujjuaq (Photo: Heiko Wittenborn) Qaajui Baron (à gauche) et Emily Unatweenuk à Kangiqsualujjuaq (Nunavik) (Photo : Heiko Wittenborn) INUIT COMMUNITIES OF CANADA LES COLLECTIVITÉS INUITES AU CANADA qwewrt ©2004 INUIT TAPIRIIT KANATAMI. x6r4bsK5 wvJ6bs9lt4 rNs/4f5 Z?mgc4f8i5 x7m srs6b6gu WD6X9oxt5tpi. Produced with a grant from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Produit avec l'aide d'une subvention d'Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada. Inuvialuktun, one of several dialects of the Inuit language. Nunatsiavut (Labrador) On December 6, 2001, Governor General Adrienne Clarkson proclaimed an amendment to the Canadian Constitution, officially changing Newfoundland’s name to Newfoundland and Labrador. The name change acknowledges the distinction of the Labrador region of the province. The Inuit region of Labrador is called Nunatsiavut. Approximately 4,500 Inuit live along the Labrador coast, primarily in five communities. Nain is the biggest Inuit community in Labrador, and is also the administrative center, with a population of 900. Wildlife harvesting continues to dominate the Inuit diet and regional economy. Government and service industries are Nunatsiavut’s biggest employer, but the Voisey’s Bay nickel mine is expected to boost the local economy in years to come by employing Inuit from nearby areas. The Nunatsiavut Government officially came into being on December 1, 2005. It has responsibility for economic development planning, preserving Inuit culture and implementing social programs. The legislative capital is in Hopedale, while the administrative capital is in Nain. Nunavik (Quebec) The area in northern Quebec inhabited by Inuit is known as Nunavik. In 1971, the Quebec government announced its intention to develop a massive hydroelectric project flowing into James Bay. The James Bay Project was developed without consultation or consent of Inuit and Cree who had lived and used the area for thousands of years. The James Bay Project had the potential to irrevocably damage the land and wildlife, resources upon which the people depended. In response to the announcement, the newly formed Northern Quebec Inuit Association and the Grand Council of the Cree of Quebec took the provincial government to court to stop development. In 1973, the Inuit and Cree won an interlocutory injunction, effectively halting construction. Quebec responded by announcing it would negotiate land claims with the Aboriginal groups. A week later, the court ruling was overturned. The result for the Inuit of Nunavik was the first modern comprehensive land claims agreement in Canada, called the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, signed in Quebec City on November 11, 1975. Some 9,500 Inuit live in 14 communities along the eastern coast of Hudson’s Bay and Hudson Strait. The largest community in the region is Kuujjuaq, with a population of approximately 1,600.