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INDEX 303

Index Angola Arms-free Municipalities Project (AFMP) MANPADS attacks on aircraft 13 () 292–5 A non-state actors, light ‘Army of the Pure’: Lashkar-e-Tayyiba holdings 32 (LeT) (), guided light AAGs see anti-aircraft guns surplus weapons, destruction weapons holdings 33 adults, violence risk factors 252 programmes 97 Asia-Pacific, firearm homicides and anti-aircraft guns (AAGs), countries suicides 219 MANPADS producing 34–5 AT4 launcher 25 attacks on aircraft 13 anti-materiel ATGWs see anti-tank guided weapons destruction programmes 101 countries producing 34–5 diversion 119, 120, 125 prices 22 civilian weapons, theft of 63, 65 non-state actors, light weapons types 22–3 light weapons production 34 holdings 32 anti-personnel landmines (APLs), theft surplus weapons transferred to 79, destruction programmes 94 of M-72 LAW rocket launchers 81 anti-tank guided weapons (ATGWs) 49, 51, 52 violent incidents 232–3 countries producing 34–5 of civilian weapons 63, 65 Africa, firearm homicides and suicides held by non-state armed groups from gun shops 64 219 32–3 age production and values 28–30, 31 end-user certification 164–5, 171–3 see also youth stockpiles 19–20 light weapons production 34 violence risk factors 251–3, 258 types 18–20 automatic grenade launchers 24–5 AGS-17 24 anti-tank weapons, unguided rocket aircraft launchers 25–6 MANPADS attacks 12, 13 APLs see anti-personnel landmines use for diversions 115–16 B AKM rifles, diversion to 113 end-user certificates 128 anti-materiel 22 light weapons production 34 Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA), surplus weapons 84, 85 guided light weapons holdings 33 diversion 52 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council 25 stockpiles 91, 93 (AFRC) (Sierra Leone), guided light behaviour problems, risk factors 254 MANPADS, destruction programmes weapons holdings 33 Belarus 101 Armed Islamic Group (GIA) (), light weapons production 34 surplus weapons, destruction guided light weapons holdings 32 MANPADS, destruction programmes programmes 97 armed violence 101 alcohol, and violence 222, 264, 275 see also violence surplus weapons, destruction Alcotan-100 25 common factors 219–22 programmes 79, 97 Algeria, non-state actors, light weapons data collection 216–17, 222, 237 holdings 32 definition 246, 277 end-user certification 165, 171–3 al-Qaeda, guided light weapons dynamics 231 light weapons production 34 holdings 33 firearms interventions 278–9 Biting the Bullet project 128, 142 Al-Qassam , Gaza 15 global burden 218 Blue Lantern end-use monitoring ammunition interventions 226–7, 235–6, 275–6, programme () 129, 137, calibre compatibility 45–6 278–9, 295–8 170 diversion 45, 52 El Salvador 281, 288–95 Bolide High Velocity 17 Albania 52 United States 280–8 45, 46, 52 prevention 223, 227 MANPADS, destruction programmes 52 public health approach 211–12, 101, 102 51, 52 223–8, 236–40 surplus weapons 84 Peru 52 regional distribution 218–19 Bosnia and Herzegovina Uganda 51 risk factors 262–3, 282 ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93 measurement of 89, 90–1 school shootings 265–6 diversion of arms from 122 military requirements 89–94 as social phenomenon 236–7 MANPADS, destruction programmes security risk coding 50 urban areas 221–2, 257, 291 101 surplus 89–94 Arms Transfer Profiling Indicator surplus weapons tons 90 System (ATPIS) 129 destruction programmes 97 304 Small Arms Survey 2008

transferred to Afghanistan and non-state actors, light weapons diversion of ammunition to Liberia 79 holdings 32 121, 123, 126, 129, 134 Boston Gun Project (United States) 286 Chechen rebels, guided light weapons non-state actors, light weapons Bout, Viktor 117, 120, 135 holdings 33 holdings 32 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, children crime micro-disarmament 8 victimization, 247 see also organized crime; theft; Brazil violence risk factors 252–3 violence ammunition calibres 45, 46 South Africa 183, 184–7, 191–2, 195 end-user certification 165, 171–3 light weapons production 34 United States light weapons production 34 surplus weapons 84 access to firearms 284–7 surplus weapons 84 gun crime reduction 287–8 Browning M2 heavy 21 diversion, weapons from 121 Crime Observatory () 297 Bulgaria end-user certification 167, 171–3 diversion of arms to Colombia 122 heavy machine gun production 21 light weapons production 34 EU membership 104 light weapons production 34 surplus weapons, destruction light weapons production 34 civilian stockpiles programmes 97 NATO membership 103 definition 45 Cuba, light weapons production 34 surplus weapons, destruction diversion customs data, limitations of 28 programmes 96, 97 high-order 63–4 , EU membership 103 Burma see low-order 62–3 Burundi South Africa 187–9 EU membership 103 MANPADS, destruction programmes types 46 light weapons production 34 101 securing 64–7 MANPADS, destruction programmes weapons diverted from South Africa Colombia 101 196–7 see also Fuerzas Armadas Revolucio- NATO membership 103 narias de Colombia (FARC) small arms per person 87, 88 diversion surplus weapons 89 transferred to Afghanistan and C weapons from Bulgaria and 122 Iraq 79 calibre, military and civilian compatibility weapons from 121, 45–6 124 weapons from Peru 113, 120, 123, MANPADS, destruction programmes 134, 136 D 101 Medellín Plan Desarme 292 deaths surplus weapons, destruction non-state actors, light weapons see also homicides programmes 96, 97, 98 holdings 32 suicides 219 surplus weapons 84 end-user certification 165–7, 171–3 violent 216, 218 violence reduction programme 275, light weapons production 34 delinquency 251–3 292 small arms per person 87, 88 Democratic Republic of the Congo violence risk factors 249 state-to-state transfers 166 (DRC) (formerly Zaire) surplus weapons 89 communities MANPADS attacks on aircraft 13 Carisma (Community Alliance for domestic violence attitudes 260–1 non-state actors, light weapons Renewal) (UK) 234 risk and resilience factors 229–30 holdings 32 Carl Gustaf 23 and violence 228–36, 240, 256 , light weapons production 34 Centrafrican Airlines 117 violence reduction efforts 234, 267, destruction programmes (CAR) 287–8, 298 Bolivia 102 small arms per person 87, 88 Comtech Mobile Data Corporation 132 comparison with disarmament 78 surplus weapons 89 Comtrade see United Nations, Commodity decision making 98 Central America, gangs 290 Trade Statistics Database domestic 96, 98 Central and Eastern Europe, firearm Consent-to-Search programme (United donors 105–6 homicides and suicides 219 States) 283 incentives 103–6 Conventional Armed Forces in Europe internationally sponsored 96–8 MANPADS, destruction programmes (CFE) Treaty 92 Kazakhstan 98–9 101 Côte d’Ivoire MANPADS 80, 99–102 INDEX 305

Montenegro 95 E surplus weapons 89 origins 94–6 , non-state actors, light East Timor, illicit capture of weapons and security sector reform 104–5 weapons holdings 32 55 95 European Tracking Initiative 129 Eastern Equatoria (Sudan), machine disarmament v. destruction 78 European Union (EU) gun attack 12 diversions destruction programme assistance ecological model, violence 211, 226, 228, of ammunition 45, 52 237, 250–1 78, 94 civilian stockpiles Ecuador, surplus weapons 84 membership requirements 103–4 high-order 63–4 EFPs see explosively formed projectiles explosively formed projectiles (EFPs), low-order 62–3 , light weapons production 34 lethality 12 South Africa 187–9 El Salvador export controls definition 114–15, 156–7 armed violence, interventions 281, see also transfers document abuse 118 291–5 diversion prevention 126–7, 132–3, export controls 126–7, 132–3, 143 Arms-free Municipalities Project 143, 159–60 government involvement 124 (AFMP) 292–5 MANPADS 61 in-transit 123 gangs 290 transparency 136–7 multilateral prevention measures homicides 289–91, 295 violations 137 160–1 legislation, violence reduction 293 national stockpiles Society without Violence (Sociedad extra-security force diversion sin Violencia) 292 53–6 end-use monitoring F high-order 56–62 ad hoc checks 163 FARC see Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias intra-security force diversion Blue Lantern monitoring programme de Colombia 48–53 129, 137, 170 issued stock diversion 51, 193–8 delivery verification 163, 174 light weapons production 34 low-order 47–56 Golden Sentry programme 170 small arms per person 87, 88 military collapse 60–2 Stinger 144 surplus weapons 89 official conspiracies 56–9 transfer controls 127, 128–9, 133–6 firearm deaths policy implications 52–3, 55–6, United States 170 see also homicides 59–60 end-user certificates (EUCs) 163 regional rates 218–19 South Africa 193–8 abuse of 118, 155, 158–9, 175–6 South Africa 183, 188, 195 paths of 44, 46–7 end-user certification United States 281–2 point-of-delivery 123–4 Austria 164–5, 171–3 urban–rural differences 257 police stockpiles, South Africa 193–5 Belgium 165, 171–3 firearms post-delivery 123–4 Brazil 165, 171–3 armed violence 214, 262–3 prevention 142–5, 160–3, 173–4 Canada 165–7, 171–3 private security companies, South China 167, 171–3 availability 262–3 Africa 190–3 documentation 163, 172, 175 United States 284–7 punishment 134–6 enhancing 175–6 interventions 278–9 risk factors 122–7 167, 171–3 legislation significant cases (1987–2007) 120–2 167–8, 171–3 El Salvador 293 transfer controls 127–37 Japan 168, 171–3 South Africa 183, 186–7, 198–9 transfer routes 118–19 multilateral measures 160–1 United States 286–7 transportation methods 115–16 national practice 164–73 types 115 national systems 162–3 light weapons production 34 documentation 175 surplus weapons, destruction see also end-user certification transfer controls 128–9 programmes 97 abuse of 118, 128–9 169, 171–3 Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de transfer controls 128–9 United States 169–70, 171–3 Colombia (FARC) domestic violence epidemiology, armed violence 224 ammunition, diverted from Peru 52 public health approach 25 Estonia diversion of weapons from Peru risk factors 260–1 EU membership 103 113, 120 DShK heavy machine gun 21 NATO membership 103 light weapons holdings 15, 32 Dube, Lucky 183 small arms per person 87, 88 Fujimori, Alberto 113, 123 306 Small Arms Survey 2008

G heavy machine guns (HMGs) public health approach 277–9, 287–8, countries producing 34–5 298–9 gang violence lethality 12 targeting 268, 269, 270, 278 community against 234, 235–6 types 21–2 types 267 El Salvador 290 Hezbollah (), guided light United States 280–8 risk factors 261–2, 270 weapons holdings 32 violence reduction 226–7, 235–6, United States 225–6, 234, 286 Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) (Kashmir), 262–9, 291–5 gender, violence risk factor 252–3, 258–9 guided light weapons holdings 32 top ten strategies 268 general-purpose machine guns, as light HMGs see heavy machine guns IPPNW see International Physicians for weapons 10 HN-5 MANPADS the Prevention of Nuclear War Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence Bolivia 102 , light weapons production 34 and Development (2006) 275 destruction of 100, 102 , light weapons production 34 Iraq German Democratic Republic (GDR) homicides ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93 ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93, 94 see also deaths; firearm deaths anti-tank guided weapons 20 small arms per person 87, 88 firearm homicides 219, 280 arms management responsibilities surplus weapons 89 Colombia 292 58–9 Germany El Salvador 288–91, 295 dispersal of weapons 60–1 end-user certification 167, 171–3 United States 281–2 diversion light weapons production 34 Hun Sen 96, 98 arms from Bosnia and surplus weapons, destruction Hungary Herzegovina 122 programmes 96, 97, 98 EU membership 103 US weapons 125, 126 global positioning systems (GPS), light weapons production 34 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) guidance systems 27 MANPADS, destruction programmes 14, 61 Golden Sentry programme (United 101 light weapons production 34 States), end-use monitoring 170 NATO membership 103 MANPADS attacks on aircraft 13 non-state actors, light weapons light weapons production 34 holdings 32 MANPADS, destruction programmes surplus weapons transferred to 79, 81 101 I Irish Republican Army (IRA), guided light weapons holdings 33 grenade launchers IEDs see improvised explosive devices Islamic Courts Union (ICU) (), countries producing 34–5 Ilyushin-18, use in diversion of weapons guided light weapons holdings 33 as light weapons 10 116, 117 Islamic Jihad, Quds rocket production 15 types 24–5 Ilyushin-76, use in diversion of weapons Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) guided light weapons 115, 120, 124 see Hamas definition 16 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) Israel held by non-state actors 32–3 from diverted weapons 61 ammunition, diversion 52 Guinea Iraq 14, 61 light weapons production 34 MANPADS, destruction programmes use by non-state actors 14–15, 31 Spike ATGW 20 101 , light weapons production 34 issued weapons, diversion 51 non-state actors, light weapons , light weapons production 34 Italy holdings 32 Inter-American Development Bank, end-user certification 167–8, 171–3 surplus weapons, destruction Violence Prevention programme 275 programmes 97 light weapons production 34 international import certificate 163 Guyana, surplus weapons 84, 85 surplus weapons, destruction International Physicians for the programmes 97 Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), Aiming for Prevention Programme 292 H interventions , military collapse 60 community programmes 234, 267, J Hamas 287–8, 298 Jamaica Al-Qassam rockets 15 criminal justice approach 287 Crime Observatory 297 guided light weapons holdings 33 El Salvador 281, 291–5 small arms per person 87, 88 hand-held grenade launchers 24 evaluation of 295–8 surplus weapons 89 Harkat ul-Ansar (HUA) (Kashmir), firearms targeting 278–9, 287–8 Jamiat-e-Islami (Afghanistan), guided guided light weapons holdings 32 national plans 297–8 light weapons holdings 32 INDEX 307

Japan United States 286–7 diversion to criminals 49, 51, 52 end-user certification 168, 171–3 Letter of Acceptance (LOA), state-to-state 24 light weapons production 35 transfers 166 M82 anti-materiel rifle 22 Javelin ATGW 20 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) 24 , diversion of weapons from Peru (Tamil Tigers) Macedonia to Colombia 113, 120, 123, 134, 136 diversion of weapons to 121 light weapons production 35 Joy 127–8 guided light weapons holdings 33 non-state actors, light weapons Jumbish-e-Milli (Afghanistan), guided light weapons production 15 holdings 33 light weapons holdings 32 Liberia machine guns assault rifles diverted to 119 see also heavy machine guns diversion as light weapons 10 ammunition from Côte d’Ivoire Miniguns 10 K 121, 123, 134 Kaliningrad, surplus weapons, destruction sub-machine guns from Slovakia small arms per person 87, 88 programmes 79 115, 116, 117, 121 surplus weapons 89 Kashmir, non-state actors, light weapons weapons and ammunition from Mali, illicit capture of weapons 54 holdings 32 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Malta, EU membership 103 al-Kassar, Monzer 120, 122, 124, 134, 136 121 man-portable air defence systems Kazakhstan MANPADS, destruction programmes (MANPADS) ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93 101 attacks on aircraft 12, 13 light weapons production 35 non-state actors, light weapons countries producing 34–5 MANPADS, destruction programmes holdings 32 destruction programmes 80, 99–102 101 shelling of Monrovia (2003) 11–12 developments 18 surplus weapons, destruction Liberians United for Reconciliation and diversion 119, 120 programmes 96, 98–9 Democracy (LURD) end-use monitoring 170 Kenya guided light weapons holdings 32 export controls 161 ammunition, diversion 51, 52 shelling of Monrovia (2003) 11–12 held by non-state armed groups 32–3 MANPADS attacks on aircraft 12, 13 life stages, violence risk factors 251–2 stockpiles 17–18 non-state actors, light weapons light machine guns, as light weapons 10 theft 53–4 holdings 32 light vehicle, for weapons transport 9 types 16–18 , non-state actors, light weapons light weapons MANPADS see man-portable air defence holdings 32 availability 12–16 systems Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK), guided craft production of 15 maras, gangs 290 light weapons holdings 32 definition 8–11, 30 al-Masri, Sharif 117 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), guided guided 16–20 Mayors Against Illegal Guns (United light weapons holdings 33 lethality 11–12 States) 285 portability 9 Medellín Plan Desarme (Colombia) 292 production and values 27–30, 31 mental illness, and violent behaviour threats from 30–1 254, 255 L unguided 20–7 , weapons diverted from United limpet mines 9 landmines, Ottawa Convention (1997) 9, States 63 94–5 Middle East, firearm homicides and EU membership 103 Latin America and the Caribbean, suicides 219 NATO membership 103 firearm homicides and suicides 219 military collapse, and arms diversion longitudinal studies, violence risk factors Latvia 60–2 249 diversion of weapons to Somalia military personnel, thefts of weapons by Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) (Uganda), 120, 124, 127 49, 51 guided light weapons holdings 33 EU membership 103 mines NATO membership 103 limpet mines 9 Lebanon, non-state actors, light Ottawa Convention (1997) 9, 94–5 weapons holdings 32 Minigun, as light 10 legislation M Minin, Leonid 121, 135 firearms M2 heavy machine gun 21 24 El Salvador 293 M40 recoilless rifle 23 MK 118 Mod 0 High Explosive South Africa 183, 186–7, 198–9 M72 LAW rocket launcher 25 Dual-Purpose (HEDP) warhead 25 308 Small Arms Survey 2008

Mmono, B. S. 197 national stockpiles North Atlantic Treaty Organization Moldova ammunition 89–94 (NATO) ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93 definition 44 destruction programme assistance MANPADS, destruction programmes diversions 78, 80, 94, 97 101 extra-security force diversion Kazakhstan 98–9 non-state actors, light weapons 53–6 membership requirements 103–4 holdings 33 high-order 56–62 North Korea sub-machine guns, diverted to Liberia intra-security force diversion diversion, weapons from China to 116, 117 48–53 Sri Lanka 121 theft from military stockpile 55 issued stocks 51 light weapons production 35 MoldTransavia 117 low-order 47–56 Northern Alliance (NA) (Afghanistan), Mombasa (Kenya), MANPADS attack military collapse 60–2 guided light weapons holdings 32 (2002) 12 official conspiracy 56–9 Northern , non-state actors, light Monrovia (Liberia) 11–12 types 46 weapons holdings 33 Montenegro management of 59–60 ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93 military requirements 86–9 light weapons production 35 surplus weapons security of 52–3, 55–6, 66, 69–70 small arms per person 87, 88 destruction programmes 95 surplus 86–9 surplus weapons 89 transferred to Afghanistan and destruction programmes 106–7 Iraq 79 thefts from storage 48–51, 53–4 Montesinos, Vladimiro 120, 123, 124, 129, National Union for the Total Indepen- 134, 135, 136 dence of Angola (UNITA) see União O Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) Nacional para a Independência Total offset arrangements 20 (), light weapons a Angola Organization for Security and production 15 NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) mortars Organization destruction programme assistance attack on Monrovia (2003) 11–12 78, 94, 97, 98 countries producing 34–5 light weapons production 35 Document on Small Arms and Light guidance systems 27 surplus weapons, destruction Weapons 79 lethality 11–12 programmes 97 Handbook of Best Practices on Small producers of 26–7 Arms and Light Weapons (2003) ranges 26, 27 light weapons production 35 surplus identification 81 transport of 10 mortar production 27 transfer controls 159–62 types 26–7 Next-generation Light Anti-tank Weapon organized crime, theft of civilian Mothers Against Gang Warfare (MAGW) (NLAW) 26 weapons 63–4 (United States) 234 Nicaragua Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) (Ethiopia), Myanmar, non-state actors, light weapons diversion, weapons to Colombia guided light weapons holdings 32 holdings 15, 33 121, 122, 124, 126 OSCE see Organization for Security and MANPADS, destruction programmes Co-operation in Europe 100, 101 Ottawa Convention (1997) 9, 94–5 Nigeria Otterloo, use for diversion of weapons N diversion, weapons from Yugoslavia 116, 121, 158 Nairobi Best Practice Guidelines (2005), to Liberia 121 transfer controls 160–2 light weapons production 35 National Congress for the Defense of non-state actors the Congolese People (CNDP) anti-tank guided weapons 20 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), diversion from national stockpiles P guided light weapons holdings 32 53–6 Pakistan National Liberation Army (ELN) improvised explosive devices (IEDs) heavy machine gun production 21 (Colombia), guided light weapons 14–15, 31 light weapons production 35 holdings 32 light weapons holdings 15–16, 17–18, non-state actors, light weapons National Liberation Army (NLA) 31, 32–3 holdings 33 (Macedonia), guided light weapons North America, firearm homicides and Palestinian Authority (PA), guided light holdings 33 suicides 219 weapons holdings 33 INDEX 309

Palestinian Territories portability, as light weapons definition targets of 268, 269 Al-Qassam rockets 15 9 top ten strategies 268 non-state actors, light weapons , light weapons production 35 types 267, 268 holdings 15, 33 Powers SeaCure Satellite System 132 life stages 252 Panama private security companies, South Africa pathways model 251–3 diversion, weapons to Colombia 121, 190–3 school shootings 265–6 124, 126, 129 problem behaviour theory, armed triggers 256 surplus weapons, destruction violence 248 violence prevention 264 programmes 97 Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) violent behaviour 253–63 rocket launcher 25 (United States) 287–8 youth violence 252–3, 255–6, 258–9, Papua New Guinea (PNG) public health approach 262 Royal Papua New Guinea domestic violence 25 rocket launchers Constabulary (RPNGC), diversion of four-step process 225 countries producing 34–5 arms and ammunition 48–9 interventions 277–9, 287–8, 298–9 types 25–6 security sector reform 104 violence prevention 211–12, 223–8, rocket-propelled grenade launchers small arms per person 87, 88 236–40 (RPGs) surplus weapons 89 lethality 12 destruction 104, 105 producers of 25–6 , surplus weapons 84 types 25–6 pathways model, violence risks 251–3 R warheads 25 Patriotic Movement of Côte d’Ivoire (MPCI), guided light weapons race, violence risk factor 259 Romania holdings 32 recoilless rifles and guns diversion of arms to Colombia 122 Pecos, diversion of weapons to Liberia countries producing 34–5 EU membership 104 117, 121, 146 types 23 light weapons production 35 Peru Red Sky missile 18 NATO membership 103 diversion RENAMO see Resistência Nacional surplus weapons, destruction ammunition 52 Moçambicana programmes 96, 97 weapons to Colombia 113, 120, replica weapons, light weapons 11 RPG-7 rocket launcher 25–6 123, 126, 134, 136 reserves, exaggeration 85–6 RPGs see rocket-propelled grenade small arms per person 87, 88 resilience factors launchers surplus weapons 84, 89 armed violence 229–30, 245–6 Ruprah, Sanjivan 117, 135 Philippines definition 247–8 Russian Federation light weapons production 35 violent behaviour 256 light weapons production 35 non-state actors, light weapons Resistência Nacional Moçambicana military stockpile, diversion 57–8 holdings 15 (RENAMO) (Mozambique), weapons non-state actors, light weapons surplus weapons, destruction diverted to 196 holdings 33 programmes 97 Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) surplus weapons, destruction PIAT rocket launcher 25 (Colombia) see Fuerzas Armadas programmes 96, 97 Revolucionarias de Colombia Rwanda diversion, weapons from Latvia to Revolutionary United Front (RUF) (Sierra end-use certificates, illicit 158–9 Somalia 120, 124, 158 Leone), guided light weapons MANPADS attacks on aircraft 13 EU membership 103 holdings 33 light weapons production 35 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), ammunition, NATO membership 103 diversions 45, 46, 52 risk factors Spike ATGW production agreement S 20 armed violence 229–30, 238, 245–6, surplus weapons, transferred to 262–3, 282 SA-7 MANPADS Afghanistan and Iraq 79 behaviour problems 254 destruction of 100 theft of MANPADS 53 definition 246–7 Mombasa attack (2002) 12 police firearms, diversion, South Africa domestic violence 260–1 production of 17 193–5 ecological model 250–1 St. Louis (United States), Consent-to- Popov, Pavel 117 gang violence 261–2, 270 Search programme 283 Popular Front for the Liberation of identifying 249–53 Salafist Group for Preaching and Palestine (PFLP) (Lebanon), guided important factors 257–9 Combat (GSCP) (Algeria), guided light weapons holdings 32 interventions 264–9 light weapons holdings 32 310 Small Arms Survey 2008

São Tomé and Príncipe, MANPADS, Somali National Alliance (SNA), guided , light weapons production destruction programmes 101 light weapons holdings 33 35 Sarajevo, market massacre (1994) 12 Somalia South-east Asia, firearm homicides and satellite tracking, transfer control 132 diversion of weapons from Latvia suicides 219 , non-state actors, light 120, 123 Southern Africa, weapons diverted to weapons holdings 33 MANPADS attacks on aircraft 13 196 schools non-state actors, light weapons Soviet Union, MANPADS development shooting incidents 265–6 holdings 33 16–17 violence mapping 216 South Africa Second World War, tonnage of bombs Arms and Ammunition Act No.75 light weapons production 35 deployed 94 (AAA) (1969) 186 non-state actors, light weapons security sector reform (SSR), surplus Central Firearms Registry (CFR) 187 holdings 33 destruction 104–5 crime Spike ATGW 19, 20 SEESAC see South Eastern and Eastern cash-in-transit robberies 191–2 production and sales 28–30 Europe Clearinghouse for the Control violent 183, 184–5, 187–9 Sri Lanka of Small Arms and Light Weapons Department of Correctional Services, diversion, weapons from China 121 firearms 197–8 non-state actors, light weapons light weapons production 35 firearms holdings 15, 33 MANPADS, destruction programmes competency certificates 186, 190 violence 218 101 Department of Correctional SSR see security sector reform small arms per person 87, 88 Services 197–8 ‘Steyrgate’ incident 16 surplus weapons 80, 89 licences 187 Stinger missiles 17, 18 destruction programmes 97, 105 lost or stolen 188–9, 191–2, diversion to Afghanistan 119, 120, Shabaab (Somalia), guided light weapons 193–5, 196, 198 125 holdings 33 private security companies 190–3 end-use monitoring 144 ships, use for diversions 115–16 South African National Defence stockpiles Shlem missile 18 Force (SANDF) 195–7 see also civilian stockpiles; national Sierra Leone, non-state actors, light South African Police Service stockpiles weapons holdings 33 (SAPS) 193–5 diversion from 43–7, 158 , light weapons production 35 use in crime 183, 184–5, 187–8 types 44–5 Slovakia Firearms Control Act No. 60 (FCA) Stokes mortar 26 diversion, sub-machine guns from (2000) 183, 186–7, 198 storage, thefts from 48–51, 53–4 Uganda to Liberia 115, 117, 121 Firearms Control Bill (FCB) 186 straw purchasing, illegal sales of EU membership 103 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 196 weapons 62–3, 284–6 light weapons production 35 Sudan NATO membership 103 light weapons production 35 transfer controls 127–8 National Crime Prevention Strategy machine gun attack (2007) 12 (NCPS) 185 MANPADS EU membership 103 National Injury Mortuary Surveillance attacks on aircraft 13 light weapons production 35 System (NIMSS) 188 destruction programmes 101 NATO membership 103 private security companies, firearms mortar attack on Darfur (2007) 27 surplus weapons, transferred to 190–3 non-state actors Afghanistan and Iraq 79 small arms per person 87, 88 illicit capture of weapons 55 small arms and light weapons (SALW), South African National Defence light weapons holdings 33 military requirements 86–9 Force (SANDF), firearms 195–7 Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), Small Arms Trade Transparency South African Police Service (SAPS) guided light weapons holdings 33 Barometer 114, 137–42 attacks on 195 suicides, firearm suicides 219 social bonding theory, armed violence firearms 193–5 Suriname, surplus weapons 84 248 surplus weapons 89 surplus weapons social learning theory, armed violence destruction programmes 96, 97 Belarus 79 248 South America, surplus weapons definition 81–3 Society without Violence (El Salvador) estimates 84–5 destruction programmes 78, 96–8, 292 South Eastern and Eastern Europe 106–7 Soghanalian, Sarkis 135, 136 Clearinghouse for the Control of disposal choices 78–81 Solomon Islands, illicit capture of Small Arms and Light Weapons estimating 83–5 weapons 54 (SEESAC) 115–16 Kaliningrad 79 INDEX 311

reserve exaggeration 85–6 pre-shipment controls 127–31, UNDP see United Nations Development and security sector reform (SSR) 104–5 163 Programme Serbia 80 priorities 173–4 unguided light weapons, definition 20 South America 84–5 prospects for 142–5 unguided rocket launchers 25–6 transfer 79, 81 diversion 113–14, 145–6 União Nacional para a Independência survey questionnaires, violence risk licensing 157, 158–9, 162, 173–4 Total a Angola (UNITA) (Angola) factors 249 satellite tracking 132 guided light weapons holdings 32 Sweden state-to-state 166 weapons diverted to 196 end-user certification 175 surplus weapons 79, 81 Union of Forces for Democracy and light weapons production 35 transparency 136–7 Development (UFDD) (Chad), Next-generation Light Anti-tank Transitional Federal Government (TFG) guided light weapons holdings 32 Weapon (NLAW) 26 (Somalia), guided light weapons UNITA see União Nacional para a holdings 33 Independência Total a Angola diversion of arms to Iraq 122 Transitional National Government (TNG) United Kingdom light weapons production 35 (Somalia), guided light weapons civilian weapons, theft of 63, 64, small arms per person 87, 88 holdings 33 65–6 surplus weapons 89 transparency end-user certification 169, 171–3 destruction programmes 97 export controls 136–7 Export Control Act (2002) 169 Sydney (Australia), thefts of M-72 LAW Small Arms Trade Transparency Firearms Amendment Act (1997) 65 rocket launchers 49, 51 Barometer 114, 137–42 gang violence 234 transport, of light weapons 9–10 light weapons production 35 Turkey surplus weapons, destruction child victimization 247 programmes 97 T light weapons production 35 United Nations (UN) non-state actors, light weapons Commodity Trade Statistics Database , light weapons production 35 holdings 33 (Comtrade), Small Arms Trade Tajikistan, MANPADS, destruction Transparency Barometer 114, 137–42 programmes 101 Firearms Protocol 161, 163 Taliban (Afghanistan) Panel of Governmental Experts on guided light weapons holdings 32 U Small Arms (1997), definition of violence by 232 light weapons 8–11, 30 , light weapons production 35 UAZ-3151 vehicle, for light weapons Programme of Action to Prevent, theft transport 9–10 Combat and Eradicate the Illicit see also crime Uganda Trade in Small Arms and Light by military personnel 48–9, 51 ammunition, diversion 51 Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) of civilian weapons 62–3, 187–9 diversion, of sub-machine guns to diversion prevention measures from state stockpiles 48–51 Liberia 115, 116, 117, 121 160–1 tons, of ammunition 90 non-state actors surplus weapons, definition 81–2 traffickers, prosecution of 134–6 capture of weapons 54 transfer control measures 159–60 Transdniester light weapons holdings 33 United Nations Development ammunition, stockpiles 91, 93 surplus weapons, destruction Programme (UNDP) light weapons production 15 programmes 97 destruction programme assistance 78 transfers Ukraine El Salvador, armed violence reduction see also export controls ammunition 291–5 chain of 122–4, 157 diversion from Côte d’Ivoire to United Somali Congress/Somali control measures 159–60 Liberia 121, 123, 129, 134 Salvation Alliance (USC/SSA), see also end-user certification stockpiles 90, 91, 93 guided light weapons holdings 33 costs and difficulty of light weapons production 35 United States implementation 145 MANPADS, destruction programmes ammunition flowchart 144 101 requirements 91 in-transit and point-of-delivery military stockpile, diversion 56–7 stockpiles 91, 93 controls 131–3 small arms per person 87, 88 anti-materiel rifles 22–3 multilateral measures 160–1 surplus weapons 89 armed violence national systems 162–3 destruction programmes 95, 96, interventions 280–8 post-delivery controls 133–6, 97 school shootings 265–6 155–6, 173–4 under-barrel grenade launchers 24 Arms Export Control Act (2005) 169 312 Small Arms Survey 2008

arms management, Iraq 58–9 theft of weapons 55–6, 64 Western Sahara, MANPADS attacks on Boston Gun Project 286 Tiahrt Amendment 286–7 aircraft 13 Consent-to-Search programme 283 violence risk factors 282 World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Defense (DoD) interventions 267 Armed Violence Prevention ammunition security risk coding Native Americans 249 Programme 292 50 race 259 ecological model of violence 211, Defense Transportation Tracking United Wa State Army (UWSA) 226, 228 System 132–3 (Myanmar), guided light weapons violence definition 46, 212–13 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction holdings 33 Violence Prevention Alliance 275 Fund 126 urban areas, armed violence 221–2, 257, violence typology 213–14 Special Assignment Airlift 291 World Report on Violence and Mission 133 , surplus weapons 84 Health (2002) 211, 224 Department of State (DoS) Blue Lantern end-use monitoring programme 129, 137, 170 V X budget for weapons destruction vehicles, UAZ-3151 9–10 XM25 Individual Airburst Weapon 105 Venezuela System 24–5 deportation, gang members 290 homicide rate 215 XM312 heavy machine gun 21–2 Directorate of Defense Trade surplus weapons 84, 85 XM320 grenade launcher 24 Controls (DDTC) 143 Territorial Guard 85–6 diversion theft of weapons 55 firearms components to Europe , light weapons production 35 120, 130 violence Y Stinger missiles to Afghanistan see also armed violence; crime 120, 125 , People’s Democratic Republic and communities 228–36, 240, 256, weapons in Iraq 125, 126 of 128, 158 287–8 end-use monitoring 144, 169–70, youth contexts of 215 171–3 armed violence 219–20, 286 definition 212–13, 246, 277 exports, security measures 132–3, 143 gangs 225–6, 234, 261–2, 286 ecological model 211, 226, 228, 237, firearm homicides 281–2 resilience to violence 256 250–1 firearm injuries 257 violence risk factors 252–3, 255–6, empirical studies 249 firearms, access to 284–7 258–9, 262, 282 impacts on communities 230–5 gang violence 225–6, 234, 270, 286 Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of, interventions 262–9 Golden Sentry programme 170 diversion of weapons to Liberia 121 mapping of 216 homicides 280, 281–2 and mental illness 254, 255 urban areas 222, 257 pathways model 251–3 illegal sales of weapons 62 prevention 245 International Traffic in Arms Z problem behaviour theory 248 Regulations (2007) 169 Zimbabwe reasons for stopping 270 intervention programmes, violence light weapons production 35 risk factors 229–30, 238, 245–6, 249–53 reduction 282–8 MANPADS attacks on aircraft 13 social bonding theory 248 Iraq countermeasures 14 social learning theory 248 light weapons production 35 triggers 256 MANPADS development 16–17 types 213–15, 259–63 Mayors Against Illegal Guns 285 organized crime 64 Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) 287–8 school shootings 265–6 W small arms per person 87, 88 Wassenaar Arrangement, diversion state-to-state transfers 166 prevention 161 surplus weapons 89 West African Air Services 117 destruction programmes 96, 97, 98 Western Europe, firearm homicides and disposal of 81 suicides 219