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The Skeletal System 206 Bones in T He Human Skelet On

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The Skeletal System 206 Bones in T He Human Skelet On The Skeletal System 206 Bones in t he Human Skelet on 2 Bones are Organs Each bone is a complex living organ made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. They come in many sizes and shapes. The largest bone is the femur and the smallest is the stapes. The humerus is pictured here. 3 The Skeletal System Also Includes Joints Cartilages Ligaments 4 Anatomy of the Skeletal System 5 Two Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton 6 Axial Skeleton Bones that Vertebral Column Vertebrae form the Sacrum longitudinal Coccyx axis of the Bony Thorax Ribs body make Sternum up the axial Skull skeleton Cranium Facial Bones 7 Axial Skeleton Vertebral Column Bony Thorax or Rib Cage Skull 8 Vertebral Column Composed of 33 bones before birth; some later fuse to form 26 separate bones 7 cervical vertebrae (red) 12 thoracic vertebrae (blue) 5 lumbar vertebrae (yellow) Sacrum – 5 fused (green) Coccyx – 4 fused (purple) 9 Structure of a Vertebrae 10 Cervical Vertebrae 7 vertebrae located in the neck Smallest and lightest vertebrae 11 Atlas & Axis The first vertebra is The second vertebra called the atlas, C1. is called the axis, C2. 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae Articulate with ribs Larger than cervical vertebrae Long spinous process that hooks sharply downward 13 Lumbar Vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Much larger than other vertebrae to support the weight of the upper body 14 Bony Thorax or Rib Cage 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly True ribs, pairs 1-7 (red), articulate anteriorly directly to the sternum by cartilage False ribs, pairs 8-12 (green & blue), articulate indirectly or not at all The last 2 pair do not connect at all and are called floating ribs (blue). 15 Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process 16 The Skul l The skull is for med by t wo set s of bones: Cranium Fa cial bones All are j oined by immovable j oint s except for t he mandible (jawbone) 17 Lateral View of Skul l 18 Hyoid Bone No direct articulation to another bone Provides attachment for these muscles: Floor of mouth Tongue Larynx Epiglottis Pharynx 19 Auditory Ossicles The smallest bones in the body are located in the middle ear: Malleus Incus Stapes 20 Appendicular Skeleton Includes the Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Collar bones limbs and the Shoulder blades Upper Limbs girdles which Arms Hands attach the Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Coxal Bones limbs to the Lower Limbs Legs axial skeleton Feet 21 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle: clavicle, scapula Upper Limbs: humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Pelvic Girdle: ilium ischium, and pubis Lower Limbs: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges 22 Pectoral Girdle The clavicle is commonly called the collar bone. The scapula is commonly called the shoulder blade. 23 Arm Bones • Humerus: Upper Arm Bone • Radius: elbow to thumb side of the wrist • Ulna: elbow to pinkie side of the wrist 24 Bones of the Hand Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals 25 Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle consists of two coxal or hip bones. Each hip bone is formed from the fusion of 3 bones: Ilium Ischium Pubis 26 The Coxal Bones 27 Leg Bones Femur – thigh bone Patella – knee cap Tibia – large bone in lower leg; sometimes called the shin bone Fibula – smaller bone in lower leg; forms the lateral ankle 28 Bones of the Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges 29 Flat Irregular Shape s of Long Bones Short • Long • Short • Flat Sesamoid • Irregular • Sesamoid 30 Two Basic Types of Bone Compact Bone is dense Spongy Bone is composed and looks smooth and of small pieces of bone homogeneous. and lots of open space. 31 Compact Bone • In long bones, surrounds spongy bone at ends • Along shaft surrounding medullary cavity Spongy Bone • At ends of long bones 32 Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone The open spaces keep bones light Found in the ends of long bones Also fills short bones, flat bones and some parts of irregular bones Contains red marrow 33 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone Composed of a matrix of hard mineral salts reinforced with tough collagen fibers Bone cells are called osteocytes Osteocytes are found in tiny cavities within the matrix called lacunae 34 bone cell 35 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone 36 Other Features of Long Bones • Articular Cartilages: cover epiphyses for smooth movement • Epiphyseal Line: marking left from growth at epiphyseal plate • Periosteum: fibrous, connective tissue that covers the diaphysis 37 Bone Marrow Red Marrow – in cavities of spongy bone in flat bones and epiphyses of long Red Marrow bones, site of hematopoiesis Medullary Cavity Yellow Marrow Yellow Marrow – fat storage in medullary Compact Bone cavity Periosteum 38 Bone Markings Bumps, holes, and ridges Projections: where muscles, tendons, Tuberosity and ligaments are Trochanter attached and where blood Tubercle vessels and nerves pass Process through Condyle Two categories: Depressions or projections or Openings: processes Meatus depressions or cavities Fossa Foramen 39 Examples of Bone Markings Styloid Process Olecranon Process Olecranon Fossa 40 Bone Markings on the Femur Proximal Posterior Distal Anterior 41 Joints Also called Three Types: articulations 1. Fibrous – no movement, ex: skull Where two 2. Cartilaginous – slightly bones meet moveable, ex: pubic Hold bones symphysis, vertebrae together, but 3. Synovial – bones also give separated by cavity mobility filled with synovial fluid, allow the most movement 42 Synovial Joints Articular cartilage Fibrous articular capsule Joint cavity – contains fluid Reinforced by ligaments 43 Types of Synovial Joints 44 Ball and Socket Joints The most moveable type of joint Found in the shoulder and hip 45 Physiology of the Skeletal System 46 Function Overview Support Protection Movement Hematopoiesis Storage 47 Support Internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs. 48 Protection Protects soft body organs 49 Movement Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons Tendons use the bones as levers to move body parts 50 Storage Fat storage in yellow marrow The minerals calcium and phosphorous are stored in bone tissue 51 Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation occurs in red marrow. 52 Developmental Aspects 53 Fontanels Spaces between bones of the skull in an infant Commonly called soft spots Fully ossified by 2 years Allows for growth of the brain and skull 54 Ossification Ossification is the formation of bone from cartilage At birth, bones are part cartilage and part bone The skeleton is fully ossified by age 2 except for epiphyseal (growth) plates 55 Longitudinal Growth X-ray of 12 year old showing epiphyseal (growth) plates at the distal ends of the tibia & fibula Epiphyseal plates are fully ossified by the end of adolescence 56 Bone Formation & Growth Key Terms: Ossification – bone formation Epiphyseal plates – provide for longitudinal growth; increase in length Appositional growth – increase in diameter Osteoblasts – bone-building cells Osteoclasts – bone-destroying cells 57 Bone Remodeling Breaking down & reforming of bone that occurs throughout life to maintain proportion & strength as well as healthy calcium levels 58 Osteoporosis • Weakening of the bone that occurs with aging • One in two women and one in four men over age 50 will have an osteoporosis- related fracture. 59 Hip Fracture A hip fracture is actually a femoral fracture that occurs in the proximal end of the femur near the hip The 1-year mortality rate after a hip fracture is 20% X-ray following hip replacement 60 Diseases and Conditions 61 Types of Fractures 62 Arthritis Osteoarthritis usually Rheumatoid Arthritis part of aging autoimmune disease Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. 63 Rickets Lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorous Bones fail to calcify; stay soft Usually in children ages 3-36 months Rare in developed countries 64 Herniated Disc Protruding discs of cartilage between the vertebrae Can irritate nearby nerves and result in pain, numbness or weakness in an arm or leg 65 Scoliosis Abnormal curvature of the spine May be congenital or result from disease or trauma 66 The Skeletal Syst em 67.
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