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MEASURING OPEN ACCESS STUDIES of WEB-ENABLED INNOVATION in SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PUBLISHING MIKAEL LAAKSO Ekonomi Och Samhälle Economics and Society

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MEASURING OPEN ACCESS STUDIES of WEB-ENABLED INNOVATION in SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PUBLISHING MIKAEL LAAKSO Ekonomi Och Samhälle Economics and Society EKONOMI OCH SAMHÄLLE ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY MEASURING OPEN ACCESS STUDIES OF WEB-ENABLED INNOVATION IN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PUBLISHING MIKAEL LAAKSO Ekonomi och samhälle Economics and Society Skrifter utgivna vid Svenska handelshögskolan Publications of the Hanken School of Economics Nr 268 Mikael Laakso Measuring Open Access Studies of Web-enabled Innovation in Scientific Journal Publishing Helsinki 2014 < Measuring Open Access: Studies of Web-enabled Innovation in Scientific Journal Publishing Keywords: open access, scientific publishing © Hanken School of Economics & Mikael Laakso, 2014 Mikael Laakso Hanken School of Economics Information Systems Science, Department of Management and Organisation P.O.Box 479, 00101 Helsinki, Finland ONM VIR EN N TA E L IC L D A B R E O L N 441 002 Printed matter Hanken School of Economics ISBN 978-952-232-224-1 (printed) ISBN 978-952-232-225-8 (PDF) ISSN-L 0424-7256 ISSN 0424-7256 (printed) ISSN 2242-699X (PDF) Edita Prima Ltd, Helsinki 2014 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis marks the end of an exciting journey. I would like to thank those who have provided me with support in reaching this milestone. I wish to thank my pre-examiners, Professor Carol Tenopir and Professor Félix de Moya-Anégon, who contributed with insightful comments and suggestions for improving the thesis during the pre-examination phase. I am very thankful for Professor Carol Tenopir acting as my opponent. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Bo-Christer Björk, who has always conveyed a strong belief in me and has offered valuable opportunities to practice my academic skills. I will always carry with me the many lessons I have learnt as part of this apprenticeship. Without your encouragement and guidance this thesis would not exist. I cannot thank you enough. Thank you to my co-authors Turid Hedlund, Patrik Welling, Helena Bukvova, Linus Nyman, Gudni Gudnasson, and the late Peter Majlender. It was a privilege to work together with all of you. Concurrently to working on the thesis I have had the pleasure to conduct research on Open Access together with Professor David Solomon which has enhanced my level of insight into the topic. Thank you for your helpful comments on article drafts at various points in time. I would also like to thank past and present faculty and doctoral students in the subject of Information Systems Science at the Hanken School of Economics, it has been a pleasure to be part of such a great working environment to which all of you have contributed. Thank you Aleksi Aaltonen, Cenyu Shen, Juho Lindman, Mats Engsbo, Martin von Weissenberg, Olle Samuelson & Pekka Buttler. The broader community at the department of Management and Organisation has also been important in maintaining an excellent cross-disciplinary community spirit. In particular I would like to thank Annamari, Edyta, Jennie, Markus, Mikko, Olga, Sanne, Tom & Tricia. Financial support for my doctoral studies have come from several different sources, all of which have been instrumental in keeping the research process going as smoothly as possible. I would like to thank the Waldemar von Frenckell Foundation, the Doctoral Programme in the Built Environment (RYM-TO), and Stiftelsen Svenska Handelshögskolan for supporting this research. I am grateful for the enormous support I have gotten from my parents and brother. Ann-Helen, Veijo & Diki - thank you for everything you have done for me and for always being there. Finally I would like to thank my family - Jatta, Alex & Benjamin - who have endured my intensive engagement in the doctoral process from beginning to end. You have supported, inspired and brought me joy every step of the way. Espoo, March 20th 2014. Mikael Laakso ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Purpose of the thesis ........................................................................................... 3 1.3. Structure of the thesis .......................................................................................... 5 2 THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PUBLISHING CONTEXT ........................ 7 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Main functions of journals in scientific communication .................................... 8 2.3. Stakeholders ........................................................................................................ 9 2.4. Business models ................................................................................................. 11 2.5. Industry metrics ................................................................................................. 12 2.6. Journals as products and service providers ....................................................... 15 2.7. Summary ............................................................................................................. 17 3 OPEN ACCESS ........................................................................................ 18 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 18 3.2. Mechanisms ........................................................................................................ 19 3.2.1. Gold open access .................................................................................... 19 3.2.2. Green open access ................................................................................. 20 3.3. Drivers and enablers .......................................................................................... 23 3.3.1. Technological ........................................................................................ 23 3.3.2. Behavioral .............................................................................................. 25 3.3.3. Ideological ............................................................................................. 26 3.3.4. Policy………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 3.3.5. Financial …………………………………………………………………………………….28 3.4. Benefits .............................................................................................................. 29 3.5. Threats ............................................................................................................... 30 3.6. Business models ................................................................................................. 31 3.7. Copyright & licensing ........................................................................................ 32 3.8. Summary ............................................................................................................ 33 4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 35 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 35 4.2. Data collection considerations .......................................................................... 36 iii 4.2.1. Baseline bibliographic index .................................................................. 37 4.2.2. Snapshot or longitudinal ........................................................................ 37 4.2.3. Manual or automated ............................................................................ 38 4.3. Main sources of data .......................................................................................... 40 4.3.1. Bibliographic databases ........................................................................ 40 4.3.2. Other web resources ............................................................................... 41 4.3.3. Manually collected data ........................................................................ 42 4.4. Research designs ............................................................................................... 43 4.5. Summary ............................................................................................................ 44 5 ARTICLE SUMMARIES ......................................................................... 45 5.1. Article 1: Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009 ... 45 5.2. Article 2: The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009 .................................................................................................................... 47 5.3. Article 3: Anatomy of open access publishing: a study of longitudinal development and internal structure ................................................................. 49 5.4. Article 4: Delayed open access: An overlooked highimpact category of openly available scientific literature ............................................................................. 50 5.5. Article 5: Green open access policies of scholarly journal publishers: a study of what, when, and where self-archiving is allowed .............................................. 52 6 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................... 54 6.1. Main results & fulfillment of research aims ...................................................... 54 6.2. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 56 6.3. Contributions to research ..................................................................................
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