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Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation

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Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation Nancy Y. McGovern, Volume Editor Katherine Skinner, Series Editor EDUCOPIA INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS Atlanta, Georgia Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation Nancy Y. McGovern, Volume Editor Katherine Skinner, Series Editor EDUCOPIA INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS Atlanta, Georgia EDUCOPIA INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS Atlanta, Georgia www.educopia.org/publications © 2012 by Educopia Institute Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode References to websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the authors nor the editors are responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Publication and Cataloging Information: ISBN: 978-0-9826653-1-2 Volume Editor: Nancy Y. McGovern Series Editor: Katherine Skinner Publisher: Educopia Institute Publications Atlanta, GA 30309 USA TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... ix Prologue (Katherine Skinner) ............................................................................................ 1 Foreword (President Toomas Hendrik Ilves, Republic of Estonia) ................................... 2 Envisioning an International Community of Practice: An Introduction (Nancy Y. ….McGovern) .................................................................................................................. 5 Tale of Two Countries, Part I (Laura Campbell) ................................................... 17 Tale of Two Countries, Part II (Gunnar Sahlin)..................................................... 30 Legal Alignment (Adrienne Muir, Dwayne Buttler, Wilma Mossink) ............................ 43 Legal Deposit and Web Archiving (Adrienne Muir) ............................................. 75 Organizational Alignment (Inge Angevaare, Michelle Gallinger, Martha Anderson, ….David Giaretta, Martin Halbert) ................................................................................. 89 Standards Alignment (Raivo Ruusalepp, Christopher A. Lee, Bram van der Werf, ….Matthew Woolard) ................................................................................................... 115 Technical Alignment (Michael Seadle, Andreas Rauber, Adam Rusbridge, Sabine ….Schrimpf, Matt Schultz) ........................................................................................... 167 Economic Alignment (Maurizio Lunghi, Neil Grindley, Bohdana Stoklasová, Aaron ….Trehub, Christin Egger) ............................................................................................ 195 Economic Sustainability and Economic Alignment (Aaron Trehub) ................... 235 Economic, Strategic, and International Aspects (Bohdana Stoklasová, Jan …..…....Hutař, Marek Melichar) ................................................................................... 253 Education Alignment (Joy Davidson, Sheila Corrall, George Coulbourne, Andreas ….Rauber) ..................................................................................................................... 269 Conclusions: ................................................................................................................. 309 Closing Thoughts (Clifford Lynch) ..................................................................... 309 Opportunities for Alignment (Nancy Y. McGovern) ........................................... 320 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume emerged out of a digital preservation conference held in Tallinn, Estonia, in May 2011: “Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation.” We are grateful to the many people who helped bring that conference to life, especially the conference organizers—Martha Anderson, Michelle Gallinger, Martin Halbert, Mari Kannusaar, Abigail Potter, Matt Schultz, Katherine Skinner, and Aaron Trehub—and the keynote speakers— Laura Campbell and Gunnar Sahlin—and the panel chairs—Inge Angevaare, Joy Davidson, Maurizio Lunghi, Adrienne Muir, Raivo Ruusalepp, and Michael Seadle—all of whom brought a wealth of experience, passion, and intellectual engagement to this endeavor. We would like to extend a special thanks to all of the presenters and delegates (from more than 20 countries!) who participated in the conference. We look forward to our continued work with you all in the growing community of cultural stewardship that we will collectively foster. We also want to take the opportunity to thank the wide range of memory institutions that provided various kinds of support to enable this publication. Topping that list are the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) of the Library of Congress and the University of North Texas Libraries, both of which provided financial support for this volume’s production. Finally, we want to express our gratitude to Laura Campbell, whose vision, strength, and determination has contributed so substantially to the establishment and evolution of the field of digital preservation in ways far too numerable to recount here. We dedicate this volume to her. Nancy Y. McGovern, Volume Editor Katherine Skinner, Series Editor August 2012 1 Prologue On May 23-25, 2011, more than 125 delegates from more than 20 countries gathered in Tallinn, Estonia, for the “Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation” conference. At the National Library of Estonia, this group explored how to create and sustain international collaborations to support the preservation of our collective digital cultural memory. Organized and hosted by the Educopia Institute, the National Library of Estonia, the US Library of Congress, the University of North Texas, and Auburn University, this gathering established a strong foundation for future collaborative efforts in digital preservation. Using a combination of plenary panels and hosted discussions, the convened group studied a range of opportunities and barriers to alignment in areas such as technology, law, education, economics, organizational frameworks, and standards. This publication contains a collection of peer-reviewed essays that were developed by conference panels and attendees in the months following ANADP. Rather than simply chronicling the event, the volume intends to broaden and deepen its impact by reflecting on the ANADP presentations and conversations and establishing a set of starting points for building a greater alignment across digital preservation initiatives. Above all, it highlights the need for strategic international collaborations to support the preservation of our collective cultural memory. The digital preservation field is still in an early stage of emergence and development, and we know that the techniques and technologies that early adopters are exploring today will be, at best, building blocks for a still unimaginable future environment. We also are aware that the digital content we are called to curate increasingly confounds national boundaries. We publish this volume in hopes that it will help our field continue to imagine and bring into being the strong international alliances we need to support the persistence of our digital memory. We were honored to have President Toomas Hendrik Ilves of the Republic of Estonia address the ANADP attendees as the conference’s opening event. We are likewise honored to reproduce his timely address here as a foreword to this volume. -Katherine Skinner (Educopia Institute) 2 Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation Foreword The President of the Republic of Estonia at the opening of the international conference, "Aligning National Approaches to Digital Preservation," at the National Library of Estonia on 23 May 2011. Dear Friends, I am pleased to welcome you to Estonia, a country that has been an innovative pioneer in a range of areas involving the application of information technologies to provide new services to the public. Estonia pioneered the e-government cabinet, computerized tax returns (already in 1994), mobile phone parking, as well as online elections. All of a person’s health records are available to him and his personal doctor on computer; the same holds true for dentistry, and seventy percent of pharmacy prescriptions are digital. So, with that background it should come as no surprise that our host today, the Estonian National Library, is also a leader in digitization with its digital archive, DIGAR, which now contains a significant part of our cultural heritage. But while we are proud of what we have done, we also are keenly aware how important it is to keep up with current developments. As the speed of progress cranks up, so too does the speed of obsolescence. As I noted, Estonia has invested a good amount of energy in innovation and modern technologies. Yet we also have perhaps exceptionally strong ties to institutions that serve as a repository for historical memory. Indeed, the formation of the nation in the Karl Deutsch sense of social communication was inextricably intertwined with archivization. In the second half of the 19th century, a Lutheran pastor here, Jakob Hurt, organized a nationwide folklore collection campaign in which more than 1,400 people took part. This is an impressive figure, considering that Estonia's population was less than a million in those days. This imposing compendium of the Estonian psyche is laid out in 162 thick volumes totaling 114,696
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