List of Abbreviations ADUCD Archives Department, University College, Dublin HJ Historical Journal IHS Irish Historical Studies NAWDC National Archives, Washington DC NLI National Library of Ireland NYPL New York Public Library PRO Public Record Office, London PRONI Public Record Office, Northern Ireland SPO State Paper Office, Dublin Bibliography The place of publication is London, unless otherwise stated. INTRODUCTION There is no modern general survey of this topic, though books dealing with different aspects of it by Paul Bew, Andrew Gailey, and Tom Garvin are in the press. An old, but still insightful work is W. Alison Phillips, The Revolution in Ireland, 1906-1923, 2nd edn (1926), written from a southern Unionist point of view. Two collections of essays range over some of the most important issues: C. C. O'Brien (ed.), The Shaping of Modern Ireland, 1891-1916 (1960) and F. X. Martin (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin, 1916 (1967) which has a wider perspective than its title implies. A much more conceptual survey is N. Mansergh, The Irish Question, 1840-1921 (1965). Older still, but containing provocative as well as learned comments is A. V. Dicey, England's Case against Home Rule (1886) which ponders on the whole nature of the Anglo-Irish relationship and in particular the role of the British government in Ireland. But the inspiration for the approach adopted in the planning of this volume is to be found in J. C. Beckett's brilliant essay, 'Ireland under the Union' in Confrontations: Studies in Irish History (1972). 1. LAND AND POLITICS, 1879--1903 Paul Bew, Land and the National Question in Ireland, 1858-82 (New Jersey, 1979; Samuel Clark, The Social Origins of the Irish Land War (Princeton, 1979); Samuel Clark and J. S. Donnelly, (eds), Irish Peasants: Violence and Political Unrest, 1780-1914 (Wisconsin, 1983); Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (London and New York, 1904); J. S. Donnelly, The Land and People of Nineteenth Century Cork: the Rural Economy and the Land Question (1975); J. S. Donnelly, Landlord and Tenant in Nineteenth Century Ireland (Dublin, 1973); Barbara Solow, The Land Question and the Irish Economy, 1870-1903 (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1971); W. E. Vaughan, Landlord and Tenant in Ireland, 1848-1904 (Dublin, 1984). 2. FAILURE AND THE MAKING OF THE NEW IRELAND While it may be said that the experiment in constructive Unionism lasted twenty years, the historical literature almost entirely concentrates on the first five years. On the period of Balfour's Chief Secretaryship, L. P. 238 THE REVOLUTION IN IRELAND, 1879-1923 Curtis's Coercion and Conciliation in Ireland (Princeton, 1963) remains the prime authority and for information and balanced assessment it must be the starting point for any student. Tom Garvin's The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics (Dublin, 1981) and D. G. Boyce's Nationalism in Ireland (1982) set out the political and ideological challenge to the Unionist position, while F. S. L. Lyons in his Culture and Anarclry in Ireland (Oxford, 1979) describes brilliantly the confrontation of cultures. In contrast Theodore Hoppen's Elections, Politics and Sociery in Ireland, 1832-85 (Oxford, 1984) stresses the power of localism lest nationalist loyalties should be exaggerated. Oliver MacDonagh's chapter on 'Politics pacific' in States of Mind (1983) is highly perceptive on why all British governments floundered in the face of the Irish problem. Patrick O'Farrell argues strongly in his Ireland's English Problem (1971) that kindness failed because of the British inability to appreciate Irish Catholic aspirations. The economic impact of kindness has not yet received thorough analysis but Barbara Solow's The Land Question and the Irish Economy, 1870-1903 (1972) and Joseph Lee's astute comments in The Modernisation of Irish Sociery 1848-1918 (Dublin, 1973) have dealt some telling blows to the optimistic claims of contemporaries, such as W. L. Micks, The History of the Congested Districts Board (Dublin, 1925). For Tory policy in the 1870s see Lady Victoria Hicks Beach, The Life of Sir Michael Hicks Beach (1932) and R. F. Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill (Oxford, 1983). A. B. Cooke andJ. Vincent give an original 'high political' interpretation to the politics of the 1880s in The Governing Passion (Brighton, 1974) which is developed further by Peter Marsh's study of Lord Salisbury, The Discipline of Popular Government (Hassocks, Sussex, 1978). Arthur Balfour has been the subject of many biographies, few of which escape the influence of the first by his niece Blanche E. C. Dugdale. One of the few is Piers Brendon's vitriolic assault in his Eminent Edwardians (1979). Max Egremont's Balfour (1980) provides on the other hand a good, if general account. Balfour and coercion is best analysed in Charles Townshend's Political Violence in Ireland (Oxford, 1983). On the government involvement in the special Commission see F. S. L. Lyons, 'Parnellism and Crime, 1887-90', Transactions of the Royal Historical Sociery (1974) 123-40. For the strained relationship between the Tories and the Liberal Unionists, the clearest account is Peter Davis, The Liberal Unionist Party and the Irish Policy of Lord Salisbury's Government, 1886-1892', HJ, XVIII, i, (1985) 85-104. Richard Jay's Joseph Chamberlain (Oxford, 1981) also has many stimulating insights. The legislation after 1892 has always been interpreted from the perspective of the 1880s. Andrew Gailey's British Kindness and Irish Divisions (Cork, 1987) attempts to rectify this while at the same time placing government policy in the context of competitive politics in Westminster and Ireland. On George Wyndham recent biographies such as Egremont's The Cousins (1977) and J. Biggs-Davison's George wyndham (1951), have been preoccupied with defending their subject rather than in explaining the wider significance of the Devolution Crisis. For a clear appraisal of this affair that does the same, see F. S. L. Lyons, The Irish Unionist Party and the Devolution of Crisis of 1904-5' in IHS, VI (March, 1948) 1-21. BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Finally, on the ideas and the difficulties of the progressive Unionists, there are the Earl of Dunraven's Past Times and Pastimes (1922), Horace Plunkett's Ireland in the New Century (1904) and Margaret Digby's Horace Plunkett, an Anglo-American Irishman (Oxford, 1949). 3. IRISH UNIONISM AND THE NEW IRELAND The political history of Irish Unionism has been discussed in some detail in P. Buckland's three volumes: Irish Unionism One: The Anglo-Irish and the New Ireland 188~1922 (Dublin, 1972); Irish Unionism Two: Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland 1886-1922 (Dublin, 1973); Irish Unionism 188~1923: A Documentary History (Belfast, 1973). A. T. Q. Stewart's The Ulster Crisis (1967) is a very readable account of the crisis over the third Home Rule Bill. The more convenient biographies of Ulster Unionist leaders include A. T. Q. Stewart, Edward Carson (Dublin, 1982), and P. Buckland,James Craig (Dublin, 1981). There are no recent biographies of leading southern Unionists but useful are the rather apologetic recollections of Viscount Midleton, Records and Reactions 1856-1939 (1939), and a sketch of the life ofa younger southern Unionist who hoped to play an active part in an independent Irish state, Lennox Robinson's Bryan Cooper (1931). D. Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978), examines Ulster Unionist political thinking, especially a distinctive concept of loyalty. P. Gibbon, The Origins of Ulster Unionism: The Formation of Popular Protestant Politics and Ideology in Nineteenth Century Ireland (Manchester, 1975) is a stimulating attempt to put Ulster Unionism in a broader socio-economic context but needs to be read cautiously. There is no equivalent interpretation of southern Unionism but two local studies examine the social situations and mentalities of Unionists in counties Cork and Clare: I. D'Alton, 'Southern Irish Unionism: A Study of Cork Unionism 1884-1914', Transactions of the Royal Historical Sociery, Fifth Series, XXIII (1973) 71-88; and Chapter 2, 'Protestants and Unionists', of D. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life 1913-21: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution (Dublin, 1977). The fate of southern Unionism after self-government is briefly sketched in F. S. L. Lyons, 'The Minority Problem in the Twenty-Six Counties', The Years ofthe Great Test 1926-39, ed. F. MacManus (Cork, 1967) pp. 92-103. There are two contrasting treatments of the way Ulster Unionists conducted themselves after partition. P. Buckland, The Factory of Grievances: Devolved Government in Northern Ireland 1921-39 (Dublin, 1979), provides an administrative history firmly based on the Northern Ireland cabinet papers; while P. Bew, P. Gibbon and H. Patterson, The State in Northern Ireland 1921-72: Political Forces and Social Classes (Manchester, 1979) is a subtle Marxist exploration of the variations between different kinds of Unionism. British attitudes to Irish Unionism and to partition are discussed in R. Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister. The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law 240 THE REVOLUTION IN IRELAND, 1879-1923 1858--1923 (1955); D. G. Boyce, 'British Conservative Opinion, the Ulster Question, and the Partition of Ireland 1912-21', IHS, XVII (1970) 89--112 and Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy (1972); and R. B. McDowell, The Irish Convention 1917-18 (1970). 4. GREAT HATRED, LITTLE ROOM: SOCIAL BACKGROUND AND POLITICAL SENTIMENT AMONG REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVISTS IN IRELAND, 1890-1922 The standard account of the birth of the Irish state is Brian Farrell, The Founding of Dail Eireann (Dublin, 1971). Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland (Oxford, 1983) gives an account of the unconstitutional tradition in Ireland and of the efforts of British and Irish authorities to come to terms with it.