E ,Canadian Archaeological I& qssociaI tion LC \ 22th ~nt)ualMeeting St. ~ohnf,Newfoundland

-. Association canadien -'A ----

~&meriunion annuelle ?. .I I St-Jean, Terre-Neuve .. . 41 8-11 mai 1991 "- I' 7' + I,.. :i ,.._'I C.A.A. EXECUTIVE I CONSEIL D'ADMINISTRATION A.C.A. 3

President / Prksideltl David Meyer Vice-Presidenl / Vice-prksillerzl David Pokotylo President EIecl/ Prksident klu To be elected 1 A Ctre dlu Secretary-Treasurer / Secrkfaire-lrksorier Lesley Nicholls Executive Secrefury / Secrktaire ubcut$ Hjorn Simonsen Edifors, Newsletter / Rkducfeurs du Rulletin d'information Mima Kapches Martin Magne Edifor, Canadian Journal of Archaeology /REducfeur du Journal canadien d'archdologie James Tuck Associale Edifor, Canadian Journal of Arcllaeology / Rkdacteur associe'du Journal canadien d'urcli~ologie Norman Clerrnont

COVER COUVERTURE Beollluk bone peridant Pendentif Beoflizik en os Copper etching by Ingebotg Marsl~all Gravure h I'eau forte sur cuivre St. Johrt's, Newfouridlattd par Itrgebotg Marsliall St-Jean, Terre-Neuve WELCOME BIENVENUE

On behafof the organizing committee, I Au nom du comit6 organisateur,je dksire would like to welcome you to the 24th Annual Meet- souhaiter la bienvenue d tous d l'occaswn de la ing of the Canadian Archaeological Assmiafion. 24me rbunion annueUe de I'Associatwn We hope that you will enjoy your stay in St. John's. canadienne d'arcMologk. Now espkrons que vow Have a great Cortference! trouvera votre skjour d St-Jean agrkable. Bonne coqfkreme !

Linda Jderson Linda J@emon l., .f&-- Corlference Coordinator

Sponsored by: A\ l'initiative de:

GOVERNMENT OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND GOWERNEMENT DE TERRE-NEW LABRADOR E T DU LABRADOR DEPARTMENT OF MUNICIPAL AND DIRECTION DES AFFAIRES MUNICIPALES PROWNCLQL AFFAIRS' ET PROWNCIALES TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ackmw [edgemenis Corlference Organizing Committee ConferenceInfonnatwn Business Meeting Workdwps Public Session Federal HeritageLegislation: a Review and Discussion Social Events Tours Programme Abstracts

SOMMAIRE

RernericiemenCs Omit4 organbateur de fa co nfkrence Renseignements &draur Rdunwns d'A$aires Ateliers Pri%ettt(;~~wnpubIique Propositions k?@slatives concernant la protection du pa~rimoine1vchkologiq~ canadien: &ision et discussion Activitds socMIes Viiites guidkes Programme R6sumds CAA Conference Information

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REMERCIEMENTS The Coqferettce Organizing Committee would Le Cornif6de planif~utionremercie les or- like to gra&efuUyacknowledge the donutions made ganism suivanb pour leurs contributions: by lhe following agencies: La Direction des afaimmunicipales el Newfoundland Department of Municipal and provinciales, Terre-Neuve Provincial Affairs Le Ministdre des mines et de IVnergie, Terre- Newfoundhnd Department of Mines and Neuve Energy Le Ministe're du d&vebppmten?,Tern-Neuve Newfoundland Depart& of Development La ville de St-Jean City of St. John3 La Brasserie Lubatts Labatts Breweries Le Vin L'hbiunce et Chutond Carriage Works Carriage Works L'Ambiunce and Chatonne Wines Christian's Christian's Nous ddsirons bgulement mmercier tous les in- We would also like to thank those individuals dividus qui ont bEn6volement dondde &ur temps who freely gave their time towards the succeqjkl duns la pdpara lion de cefte conf6rence. Mmi hosting of this cor#erettce. beaucoup.

CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMImEE Linda Jfleersn Linda Je$eran Conference Coordinator Coordonnatrice de la conference Ralph Pastore Ralph Pastore Programme Coordinator Coordonnateur de la programma- Michael Deal tion Registration Coordinator Michael Deal Cdhy Mathias Coordonnateur de I'inscription Social Events and Hotel Arrange- mhyMathias ments gv~nernentsSociaux et arrange- Ellen Fouh ments hbteliers Social Events and Hotel Relations EUen EbuUtes Martha Drake gv~nementsSociaux et arrange- Social Events and Downtown Arran- ments hcteliers gements Martha Drake PrisciUa Renouf gvdnements Sociaux et arrange- Public Session Coordinator ments pour le centre-ville Sonja Jerkic Prbciila Renouf St. John's and Vicinity Tours Coordonnatrice de la pdsentation James Tuck publique Publication Preparation Sonja Jerkk Bryun Hood Visites de St-Jean et des alentours Audiovisual Services JamTuck Patricia Web Mparation de la publication Local Arrangemnts Bryan Hood Laurie MacLean Services Audio-Visuels Bookroom and Poster Displays Patricia Wells Rochelle Allison Arrangements sur place Advertising Laurie Machn Salle de livres et expositions d'afiches RocheUe Allison Publicit6 2 ACA Renseignement g4n4raux

CONFERENCE INFORMATION 1 RENSEIGNEMENT GEN~RACIX

CONFERENCE FACILITIES LOC4UX DE LA CONFERENCE The 24th Annual Meeting of the Canadian La 242me reunion de l'Association ArchaeoIogicaI Association will be held at the canadienne d'archCologie aura lieu A l'H8tel Radisson Plaza Hotel in downtown St. John's, Radisson au centre-ville de St-Jean, Terre- Newfoundland begining Wednesday May $1991 Neuve. Elle debutera mercredi le 8 mai 1991, et and ending Saturday May 11,1991. Conference se terminera samedi le 11 mai 1991. Les stances sessions will be held in the convention meeting de la cod6rence auront lieu dans les salles de rooms on the main floor of the hotel. reunion de la convention h 1'Ctage principal de 17h6tel.

REGISTRATION INSCRIPTION Conference registration will bc held in the L'inscription pour la conference aura lieu Crush Lobby of the Radisson Plaza Hotel begin- dans le Hall Crush dc IYH6telRadisson. Elle ing on Wednesday May 8,1991 and ending on commencers mercredi le 8 mai 1991 et se ter- Saturday May 11,lWl. Registration includes a minera samedi le 11 mai 1991. L'inscription in- copy of the Programme arla'~b.9rractSand a namt: =*.+ uiic ccpIe du Pm~c!?!?n~p! R&SISI!~~$ e.t 11ne tag, thc wearing of which is required for admis- etiquette quc vous devrez porter pour &treadmis sion to all sessions. Persons who have B toutes les sessions. Les pcrsonnes qui se seront preregistered may pick up their conference kits prBinscrites pourront prendre leur trousse de and receipts at the registration desk. The conference et leur rcqu au bureau d'inscription. registration desk will be staffed during the follow- Heures d'ouvertures: ing hours: Mercredi, le 8 mai Wednesday, May 8 15h-21h 3:OO pm - 9:30 pm Jeudi, le 9 mai Thursday, May 9 8 h - 17 11 8:OO am - 5:OO pm Vendredi, le 10 mai Friday, May 10 9h-17h 9:OO am - 5:OO pm Samedi, le 11 Mai Saturday, May 11 9h-12h 9:OO am - 1200 pm

C4A MEMBERSHIP MEMBRES DE L'ACA A membership desk will be open in the Les personnes dtsireuses de devenir registration area throughout the conference for membres ou de renouveler leur cotisation pour- those who wish to renew their memberships or ront le faire au cours de la conference de 1'- join the Canadian Archaeological Association. Association canadienne d'archCologie.

TRAVEL GRANTS DEPENSES DE VOYAGE Applications for reimbursement of travel Des formulaires de 1'ACA pour le rembour- costs for Canadian Archaeological Association sement des dtpenses de voyage sont inclus dans members are included with your registration kits. votre trousse d'inscription et devront Ctres Applications for reimbursement must be sub- envoy& directement au secrttaire-edcutif de 1'- mitted to the Executive Secretary of the Associa- Association avant lc31 Mai 1991. tion by May 31,1991, CAA Conference Information 3

MESSAGES MESSAGES A butletin board for messages will be set up Un babillard pour les messages sera install6 in the Crush Lobby near the registration desk for dans le Hall Crush prEs du bureau d'iiscription use by conference participants. Any changes to et mis a la disposition des participants de la the programme or conference events will be conference. S'il y a des changements au posted at this location. programme ou aux Cvenements vous en serez avis6.

PHOTOCOPnNG SERVICES SERVICES DE PHOTOCOPZE The Radisson Plaza Hotel provides L'H6tel Radisson fournit des services de photocopying services at cost. Arrangements for photocopie il vos frais. Vous pouvez prendre les photmpying can be made at the registration dispositions necessaires pour faire faire des desk during the conference. photocopies au bureau &inscription pendant la conftrence.

PAPERS P~SENTATIONS All papers are restricted to 20 minutes. Ses- Toutes les prbsentations sont limit6es il 20 sion chairs are requested to strictly enforce this minutes. On demande aux moderateurs de faire time limit and to maintain session schedules. respecter le temps allout5 & chacun afin de suivre l'horaire pr6vu.

SWDES DWOSITrnS Participants are requested to supply their Les participants devront fournir leur car- own carousels. Please mark these clearly with rousel & diapositives. Veuillez bien l'identifier your name and give to the projectionist prior to avec votre nom. Le carrousel devra dtre donne the start of the session or during the coffee break. au prepose technique A la pause-cafe ou au debut de la presentation.

POSTER AND PUBWCATZON DISPLAY ROOM EXPOSITZON D'AFFZCHES ET SALLE DE A poster display and book room will be LrnS open for participants from 9:00 am to 500 pm, Une exposition d'affiches et une salle de liv- May 9 through 11,1991 in the Placentia Bay res seront sur place pour les participants de 9h il Room. Order forms for publications may be left 17h, du 9 au 11 n~ai1991 dans la salle Placentia with display copies. A VHS VCR and television Bay. Vous pourrez laisser des billets de comman- monitor will be available for use in the display des pour les publications avec les copies en room. montre. Un VHS-VCR et une t61Cvision seront mis A votre disposition dans la salle &exposition.

CONSERVATION BOOTH KIOSQUE DE PR~~SERVATZON A conservation dropin booth will be set up Un kiosque de preservation sera install6 in the book room on Thursday, May 9,1991. Ar- dans la salle de livres, jeudi le 9 mai 1991. Les chaeologists are invited to bring their conserva- archbologues sont invitbs & poser leurs questions tion queries to the conservator on the desk. A au sujet de la prbservation, au consewateur variety of materials typically found in excavations present. Divers mattriaw trouvbs habituellement will be on display along with related literature. dans les fouilles ainsi que de la littkrature sur le sujet seront aussi exposes. ACA Renseignement ghnbraux

COFFEE BREAKS PAUSE-w12 Tea and coffee will be provided for con- Du tht et du cafe seront servis awpar- ferencc participants twice daily during the ses- ticipants de la conf6rence dew fois par jour sions. Coffee and tea service will be available durant les sessions - de 1Oh B 10h20 et de 15h B from 10:OO - 10:20 am and 3:00 - 3:20 pm. 15h 20.

BUSINESS MEETINGS &UNIONS D~AI:FAI~S The Canadian Archaeological Association La Rtunion Ex6cutive de l'Association Executive Meeting will be held on Wednesday canadienne d'archtologie aura lieu mercredi le 8 May 8,1991 in the Bonavista Bay Room, Radis- mai 1991 dam la salle Bonavista Bay de l'HBtel son Plaza Hotel, begining at 9:00 am. Radisson 3 partir de 9h. The Annual Meeting of the Canadian As- La Reunion annuelle de l'Association sociation of Provincial and Territorial Ar- canadienne des archtologues provinciaux et ter- chacologists (C.A.P.TA.) will be held on ritoriaux aura lieu mercredi le 8 mai 1991 dans la Wednesday May 8,1991 in the Placentia Bay salle Placentia Bay de l'H8tel Radisson B partir Room, Radisson Plaza Hotel, begining at 9:30 de 9h 30. am. La Reunion annuelle d'affaires de The Annual Business Meeting of the l'Association canadienne d'archeologie aura lieu Canadian Archaeological Association will be 316h jeudi le 9 rnai 1991 dans la Salon B de heid at 400 pm on Thursday iviay 9, lWi in l'I-16telRdisson. Tms !es me~brsssent hvit6s Salon B, Radisson Plaza Hotel. All members are 3 y assister. urged to attend. Une reunion est prevue pour les membres Members of the Canadian Maritime de la Fondation du patrimoine maritime Heritage Foundation are scheduled to meet on canadien vendredi le 10 rnai 1991 de 15h B 16h Friday May 10,1991 from 3:00 to 400 pm in the dans la saile Bonavista Bay de l'H6tel Radisson. Bonavista Bay Room, Radisson Plaza Hotel. La deuxizme reunion annuelle de The Second Annual Meeting of the l'hociation d'art parittale canadienne est Canadian Rock Art Association is scheduled prbvue de 9h B 10h samedi le 11 rnai 1991 dans la from 9:00 to 10:OO am on Saturday May 11,1991 salle St. Mary's Ray de I'HGtel Radisson. in the St. Mary's Bay Room, Radisson Plaza Hotel.

WORKSHOPS ATELIERS The North Atlantic Bioarchaeology L'Atelier bioarchtologique de 1'Atlantique Workshop will be held on Saturday May 11,1991 Nord aura lieu samedi le 11 rnai 1991 de 1Oh 20 A from 10:20 am to 12:OO pm in the St. Mary's Bay 12h dans la salle St. Mary's Bay de l'H6tel Radis- Room, Radisson Plaza Hotel. son.

PUBLIC SESSION P&SENTATION PUBLIQUE A Public Session will be held on Saturday, Une session publique aura lieu samedi le 11 May 11,lWl from 2:00 pm until 500 prn in the rnai 1991 de 14h B 17h dans la salle E.B. Foran, A E.B. Foran Room, St. John's City Hall. Shannie l'H8tel de Ville de St-Jean. Shannie Duff, maire Duff, Mayor of St. John's, will present the open- de St-Jean, prksentera le discours d'ouverture et ing address and Priscilla Renouf, Memorial Priscilla Renouf de I'Universitt Memorial de University of Newfoundland, will chair the ses- Terre-Neuve prksidera la session. La session in- sion. The session will include presentations by: clura des presentations par: Robert Ferguson, Canadian Parks Service Robert Ferguson, Service des Parcs Canada Bruce Stewart, Porter-Dillon Limited Bruce Stewart, Porter-Dillon Limited Ralph Pastore, Memorial University of Ralph Pastore, Universitt Memorial de Newfoundland Terre-Neuve James Tuck, Memorial University of New- James Tuck, UniversitC Memorial de Terre- foundland Neuve Peter Pope, Memorial University of New- Peter Pope, Universitt Memorial de Terre- foundland Neuve CAA General Information

FEDERAL HERITAGE LEGISLATION: A PROPOSITIONS LEGISLATMS CONCER- RE WEWAND DISCUSSION NANT LA PROTECTION DU PATRIMOINE There will be a review and panel discussion ARCHEOLOGIQUE CANADIEN: R~WSZON of the draft Federal Archaeological Legislation ET DISCUSSION on Friday May 10,1991 from 4:QQpm to 6:00 pm I1 y aura une revision et une r6union-dCbat in Salon B, Radisson Plaza Hotel. David Meyer, sur la version prtliminaire de la legislation President of the Canadian Archaeology Associa- archkologique fkdtrale vendredi le 10 mai 1991 tion, will give the opening address and Ian Dyck, de 16h 8 18h au Salon R de l'HBtel Radisson. Curator of Plains Archaeology, Canadian David Meyer, president de 1'Association Museum of Civilization, will chair the review and canadienne d'archkologie, donnera le diicours discussion. Panelists include: d'ouverture, et Ian Dyck, conservateur Elizabeth Snow, Director, Office for Ar- d'archeologie des Plaines, MusCe Canadien de la chaeological Resource Management, Com- Civilisation, prksidera la rtvision et la discussion. munications Canada Les invitts seront: Gary Baikie, Labrador Inuit Association Elizabeth Snow, Directrice, Bureau des William Byrne, Assistant Deputy Minister, Politques en Archtologie, Communications Alberta Culture and Multiculturalism Canada Francoise Duguay, l'Association des Gary Baikie, Association Inuit du Labrador archCologues du Quebec William Byrne, Sous-ministre adjoint, Native Persons' Representative Culture et multiculturalisme Alberta To be announced Francoise Duguay, Association des archtoloques du QuCbec Representant Autochtone A communiquer

SOCIAL EVENTS

Opening Receplwn Rkceplion d'ouverture There will be an opening reception on Wed- I1 y aura une reception d'ouverture nesday, May 8,1991 from 6:00 pm to 10:OO pm in mercredi le 8 mai 1991 de 18h A 22h au Salon B Salon B, Radisson Plaza Hotel. The Honourable de l'HBtel Radisson. L'Honorable Eric Gullage, Eric Gullage, Minister of Municipal and Provin- ministre des affaires municipales et provinciales cial Affairs will present a welcoming address to presentera le discours d'ouverture aux par- conference participants. Cheese and vegetable ticipants de la confkrence. Des plats de fromage platters will be served and there will be a cash et de legumes seront servis et, il y aura unbar bar for the event. payant pour cet tvtnement.

Evening at thCarriage Works Soirke au Carriage Works On Thursday, May 9,1991, there will be a Jeudi le 9 mai 1991, de 20h 8 lh, il y aura private party for conference participants at the une soiree privee pour les participants de la Carriage Works Bar from 8:QQpm until 1:QOam. confkrence. Le bar Carriage Works est situB au The Carriage Works is situated in downtown St. centre-ville de St-Jean pr&sde l'HBtel Radisson. John's, a short walk away from the Radisson John Lacey et Gordon Quinton joueront de la Plaza Hotel. Traditional Newfoundland music musique Terre-neuvienne traditionelle. I1 y aura will be performed by John Lacey and Gordon des prix spkciaux "Happy Hour" toute la soiree Quinton. There will be happy hour prices all eve- et un "Screech-In" pour les "Mainlanders" qui ning and a "Screech-In" for those 'Mainlanders" veulent participier 8 ce rituel peu commun (de la who seek this unusual ritual (cod, bologna and morue, du balonC, et du "Screech" vous seront Screech provided complimentary for the servis pendant la cCrCmonie). ceremony). ACA Renseignement g6n4raux

Hosphlity SuiCe and Tour of the Newfoundland Suite hospitaIitd et visite du MusBe & Term-Neuve Museum Vendredi le 10 rnai 1991, le Muste de On Friday, May 10 the Newfoundland Terre-Neuve, situB au 285 Duckworth Street, ouv- Museum, Iocated at 285 Duckworth Street, will rira A ZOh pour que les participants de la open its doors at 8:00 pm for conference par- confdrence puissent voir les objets exposes. Une ticipants to view exllibils. A hospitality suite will suite hospitalit6 sera ouverte de 20h h Wh (sauf be open from 8:00 pm until supplies are ex- si les rtserves manquent avant). hausted or 11:00 pm, whichever comes first. BanqM el Bul Banquet and DQTW LC Banquet aura lieu au Salon A de PHatel The Banquet will be held in Salon A, Radis- Radisson samedi le 11 mai 1991 a pa& de 2Ok son Plaza Hotel, on Saturday, May 11,1991 Michael Taft, folkoriste y prtsentera un discours begining at 8:00 pm. Micbacl Taft, Folklorist, will intitult "The Folklore of Archaeology". Les bil- present a banquet speech entitled "The Folklore lers pour lc banquet doivent etre rbervts avant of Archaeology". Banquet tickets must be 17h jeudi Ic 9 rnai 1991. I1 y aura un bar payant reserved before 5:00 pm on Thursady May 9, de 19h A Ih, Le goupe "Second Windn jouera de 1991. There will be cash bar open from 700pm la musique pour la bal qui suivra le banquet. until 1:00 am. The dance, with live music by Second Wind, will follow the banquet.

TOURS - ST. JOHN'S AND VICINITY WSITES GUIDEES: ST-JEAN ET Conference participants are encouraged to ALENTOURS sign up and pay for local tours at the registration Les participants de la conf6rence sont desk. invitCs participier B ces visites guidEes (pour vous inscrire rendez-vous au bureau Signal Hi4 Quidi VdiBattery and &inscription). Comm~House On Thursday May 9,1991 between 1:00 pm Signal Hill, Quidi Vidi Battery, la Maison du and 4:00 pm, the Canadain Parks Service will cornmissankt offer tours of Cabot Tower and the Interpreta- Jeudi le 9 rnai 1991entre 13h et 164 Le Ser- tion Centre on Signal Hill. As well, the Provincial vice des Parcs Canada offrira une visite guidbe Historic Resources Division will offer tours of de la Tour Cabot et du Centre d'Interprttation a Quidi Vidi Battery and Commissariat House Signal Hill. De plus, JA Division des Ressources Provincial Historic Sites for conference par- Historiques Provincides offrira une visite de ticipants. On Sunday afternoon, May 12, an in- Quidi Vidi Battery, des Sites Historiques Provin- depth tour of Signal Hill will be conducted by ciaux et de la Maison du Commissariat pour les Rob Ferguson of the Canadian Parks Senice. participants de la conftrence. Dimanche aprts- Transportat ion from the Radisson Plaza midi, le 12 rnai 1991, Robert Ferguson du Service Hotel and between sites will be offered at regular des Para Canada offrira un tour detaillt de Sig- intervals during this time. Thete is no fee for this nal Hill. tour. Le transport entre PHbtel Radisson et les sites historiques sera offert B intervalles reguliers Harbour Charter durant ces heures. Ces visites seront gratuites. On Friday, May 10,1991, if spring has ar- rived and weather permitting, there will be a Har- Viite &ns le port bour tour. The schooner Scademia ties up at the Vendredi le 10 rnai 1991, si le printemps est Harbour wharf just a short walk from the Radis- arrive et qu'il fait beau, il y aura une visite dans son. From 5:00 pm until 7:00 pm the ship will le port. Le schooner Scademia se trouve au port take passengers on a tour around the Harbour, non loin du Radisson. De 1% A 19h le schooner then out through the Narrows and a short way emm2nera les passagers en excursion dans le down the coast. port, puis passera les "Narrows" pour une Cost: $30.00 per person promenade un peu au large de la cbte. Minimum of 20-peoplerequired for tour. Prix: 30.00$ par personne Nombre minimum de 20 personnes requis pour cette excursion. CAA General Information

Bird Island Charters Bird Island Charters Bird Island Charters transport people from Bird Island Chaers ttansp otent lesgens Bay Bulls for a 1to 2 hour excursion out to and de lacornmunau tt deBay ails j qu'a uxiles around the islands for close-at-hand views of the des alentours. C'est une excursion qui dure entre buds on land, in the air and at sea. Although 1et 2 heures et qui donne aux gens l'occasisn de May is a bit early for their appearance, voir de prBs les oiseaux sur terre, sur mer et dans humpback whales might also be around. les airs. Bien que le mois de mai soit un peu tiit, If a minimum of 20 people indicate an inter- des baleines ii bosse pourraient faire surface. est in this tour for Sunday May 12,1991, follow- Si le nombre requis de 20 personnes se ing the meetings, the company will include in the mcntre intbr es$ pour dim anchele 12 mai, apr Bs cost a stop at Cape Spear (the easternmost point lesrkunions, lacornpapie inclu~dans la prix un in North America, complete with an historic arrCt A Cape Spear (la pointe la plus A I'est de lighthouse and rugged exposed coast) and hot I'Amtrique du Nord, dotte d'une phare histori- pea soup or cod chowder provided on the boat. que et d'une c6te dkchiquette) et de la soupe Five hours round trip from St. John's for Sunday aux pois ou de la chaudrte de morue seront ser- Tour. vies il bord du bateau. Ce voyage du dimanche, $24.00 boat tour per person aller et retour, durera 5 heures A partir de St- $11.00 round trip transportation from St. Jean. John's Prix: 24.00$ chaque personne pour le tour de bateau 11.00$ pour le transport aller et retour A partir de St-Jean. Programme: ACA Rbunion annuelle 199 1

THURSDAY / JEUDI

1. Current Research and Future Directions in Neo-Eskimo Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Cultural Studies with the Inuit of the Eastern Arctic (Salon B) CIIair urtd Orgattizer: S(tplten Lon'ng (University of Sortlh Carolina) 9:W-9:20: Stephen Loring (University of South Carolina) Introductory CommenCs 9:20-9:4& Margaret Saksagiak (Okalakatiget Society) 7bo Vim Pmentafk "Labrador Archaeoiogy" and "Gary Baikie tahto Susan Kaplan 9:40-10:OO: Gary Baikie (Torngasak Cultural Centre) Archaeology and History: the Inuit Pempective 10:OO-10:U) COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 10:U)-10:40: Barnett Richling (Mount St. Vincent University) Labrador Communal Houses Puuled Over ',0:4&11:0[1: Regindd Anger (1 Jniversitt LaVal) A Study of Ei~hteenthCerUu'y Sod Houm in Southern Labrador 11:OO-11:20: Kevin McAleese (Memorial University of Newfoundland) British Inuit Relations in Southern Labrador: George CarhvrightS Pempective, 1770-1786 11:20-11:40: William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian Institution) Archaeology of a Thule Village in Northern Labrador 11:40-12:OO: Patrick Plumet (UniversitC du MontrCal A Quebec) L'Ungava oriental. donne& elhnohistoriqm et archdologiques concemunt le Nboesquimau 1200-1:20 LUNCH / D~TEUNER k20-k40: Ian Badgley (Avataq Cultural Institute) Glimpses of Neo-Eskimo Occupation of the Nunaingok Site, Nunuvik 1:40-2: 00. Johnny Epoo (Avataq Cultural Institute) Rhtory, Herifageand flu?Inuit o/Nunavik 200-220: Melanie Cabak (University of South Carolina) Inuil Women as a C-aCalystfor Change: a Report on the Emuvation of the Nain Midden (1780-1890) 220-240: Stephen Loring (University of South Carolina) Chri~thnsand Heafhenr:Archaeological and Histaical Investigations of the Inuit of Northern Labrador 240-3:OO: Susan Kaplan (Peary-MacMilan Arctic Museum) Past and Present Direclions of Labrador Inuit Research 3:OO-3:U) COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 3:U)-3:40: William Anderson III (Labrador Inuit Association) Archaeology and Land Claims 340-400.Susan Rowley (University of Alberta) UNGALUJAT - On the IrUerface Between History and Archaeology

4:OO-6:00 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 1 LA REUNION D'AFFAIRES (Salon B)

2. Theory and Method in Archaeology (Salon C) Cftair Jon Driver (Simon Fraser University) 9:W-9:20: Jon Driver (Simon Fraser Univcrsity) Problemr and Possibifities of Open-Area Excavation Strategies on Compk Stratifid Sites Programme: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

920-9:40:James Molnar (SUNY at Albany) Spatial Ana lysis at the Hunter's Point Site, Bruce County, Ontario 940-10:OO:Morgan Tamplin (Trent University) and James Britton (Sir Sandford Fleming College) A System for Mapping Archaeologhl Dirtributions 10:OO-10:U). COFFEE BREAK I PAUSE-C~ 10:20-10:40:K. David McLeod and Patricia M. Badertscher (Manitoba Culture Heritage and Recreation) Ground Conductivity Studies at Forl Dfleir: CmntArchaeology at the Site of the B&h North American Boundary Commhwn Wurtering Qua?iemon Lots 31 and 33, Parish of Sainte Agothe 10:40-11:00:Kathryn Bernick (Vancouver) Wed Sites: Rediscovering Forgotten Finds and Finding Overlooked Deposits 11:00-11:20:Helen Gistmanson and Michael Deal (Memorial University of Newfoundland) The Identi/icutwn and Ihterpretafion of Finishing Marks on Prehistoric Nova ScoCian 11:20-11:40:Bryan Hood (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Lkwnstmting 'Complex' Hunter-Gdherem 11:40-1200:Theresa Sparks (University of Calgary) Dance: a New Theory and Method for Archaeology 1200-1:2& LUNCH / D~~EUNER

3. Maritime Adaptations (Salon C) Chair: David L. Keenlyside (Archaeological Survey of Canada) 1:20-1:M Moira McCaffrey (McCord Museum) Not Just Tourists: Early Prehiitoric Occupation on the Magdalen Islands, Curof St. Lawrence 1:40-2:00:Christopher Blair (New Brunswick Department of Tourism) and David Black (McMaster University) The Northeast Point Site: a Single Component Occupation Without Middens, on the Bliss Islad 200-2:m Claude Chapdelaine (Universite de Montreal) The Maritime Adaptation of St. Lawrence Iroquoians 2:20-240:Aubrey Cannon (McGill University) Ewmmic Transitwns on the Northwart Coast: the Evidence from Namu, British Columbia 240-3:00:Morley Eldridge (Millennia Research) The Glenrose Cknnery Wet Site: 4,500 Year-Old Perishables 3:00-3:20:COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-&

4.Archaeology and the Natural and Physical Sciences (Salon D) Chair, David Black (McMaster University) 9:00-9:Xk Robert K. Stevens, Simon Jackson, Douglas E. Rutherford and Priscilla Renouf (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Archaeological Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPIMS) 920-9:40:Bruce Bourque (Maine State Museum) and Harold W. Krueger (Krueger Enterprises) DieCary Reconstruction of Prehistoric Maritime Peoples of Northeastern North America: Faunal vs. Stable Isotopic Approaches 9:40-10:00:Mary Ann Tisdale (Canadian Parks Service), Barbara Sherriff (University of Manitoba), Brian Sayer, Henry Schwarcz and Martin Knyf (McMaster University) Soup's On: Investigation of Organic Residues on Subarctic Pottery Using Spectroscopic and Isotopic Techniques io:oo-i0:m: COFFEE BREAK 1 PAUSE-C& 10:20-10:40:Michel Lamothe (Universitb de Montreal) Thennolumine.wflceDating of noArchaeological Si&s in Eastern Quebec Programme: ACA Rkunion annuelle 199 1

10:40-11:00: Claude Chapdelaine (Universite de Montreal) and Greg Kennedy (&ole Polytechnique de Montreal) Time of Arrival of Eastern St. Lawrence Iroquoiuns in the Qdbec City Area Based on Neutron- Advation Anuhsk 11:00-11:20: Gordon Freeman and Phyllis J. Freeman (University of Alberta) Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex: Marking the 12.00 Hour Day, Not the True Solar Equinox 1200-1:m. LUNCH I D~EUNER

5. The Plains and Beyond (Salon D) Chair: Jack Brink (Archaeological Survey of Alberta) 1:20-I:&: Ian Dyck (Archaeological Survey of Canada) Evidence for Initialion of the Besanf Complex on the Northern Plains at 2500 B.P. 1:40-200: Maurice P. Lanteigne (University of Winnipeg) The Anishinube Ojibwa and the Precambrian Shield Rock Paintings 200-220: Bh. Nicholson (Brandon University) The Lowton Site: a Focal Point for the Spread of Viikers Focus Ceramics in Southern Manitoba 2:20-2:40: Sylvia Will Nicholson (Brandon University) Faunal Prmwing and Activity Areas at the Lovstrom Site in Southern Manitoba 241)-3:W: Stanley George Van Dyke and -w-endy J. Ua-reed (Bison ~istoricaiServicesj The Snyder Complew: a 6,000 Year Old Campsite on the Oidman River, Alberta 3:~-3120:COFFEE BREAK I PAUSE-C& 3:20-3:40 Milt Wright (Archaeological Survey of Alberta) Recent Resultsfrom the Smkatoon Mountain Site: an 8,000 Year Old Strat@& Site from Northwest Alberta

FRIDAY / VENDREDI 6. Atlantic Provinces Symposium (Salon B) Chair: David Keenlyside (Axhaeological Survey of Canada) 8:&-9:W. Jean-Yves Pintal (Universite du Qukbec B Montreal) Recent IndiQn Occupation in Blanc Sablon 900-9:20: Fred Schwarz (Dalhousie University) PdMgSubsZsfellce and Explaining Extinction in Newfoundland Prehktory 920-9:40: Douglas Rutherford (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Fat Deprivation and Prehktoric Populalion Decline on the Island of Newfoundland 9:40-10:W Laurie MacLean (St. John's) Bwthuk Iron: Evidence for Positive European Contact 10:00-10:20: COFFEE BREAK I PAUSE-CAI% 10:20-10:40: Michael Deal and Douglas Rutherford (Memorial University of Newfoundland) The Distribution and Diversity ojNova Scorian Archaic Sites and Materials: a Re-examination 10:40-11:W Kevin Leonard (University of Toronto) A Prehhric Micmac Burial Ground on Skull Island, N.B. 11:00-11:U): David Keenlyside (Archaeological Survey of Canada) Lit& as Horizon Markers in Maritime Prehktory ll:20-ll:40: David Sanger (University of Maine) Ear& and Middle Archaic Cultures in the Maritime Provinces? 11:40-12:00: Maurice P. Lanteigne (University of Winnipeg) Anchp;~ychology:a Case Study from Port au Choix, Newfoundland 1200-1:20 LUNCH / D~EUNER Programme: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

7. Palaeo-Eskimo Studies (Salon B) Chair: Bryan Hood (Memorial University of Newfoundland) 1%-1:N. Patrick PIumet and Serge Lebel (UniversitC du Quebec B Montreal) La technique & la cannelure au Dorstien: lecture technologique sur que4ues collections & l'mtique Canadien 1:40-200: Frederick Schwarz (Dalhousie University) Interior Prehistory and Interior-Maritime Subsistence-Settlement Patterns in NewfoundIand 2:00-2:20: Kevin McAleese (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Preliminary Report on EeBi-30, the Party Site, a Joint Dorset and Indian Sile at Port au Choix, NM. 2:20-240: Patrick Plumet (UniversitC du Qubbec B Montrtal) Sites Pakquimaur et Archa$ues d BIanc Sablon 2:40-3:OO: Daniel Gendron (Avataq Cultural Institute) Pre-Domed Boulder Field Archaeology in Nunuvik 300-320: COFFEE BREAK I PAUSE-C&

4:00-6:00: Federal Heritage Legislation: A Review and Discussion (Salon B) Chair: Ian Dyck (Archaeological Survey of Canada)

8. Archaeology of the Canadian Shield and Its Hinterland (Salon C) Chair and Organizer C.S. Paddy Reid (Ontario Minishy of Culture and Communication) and WilliamA. Ross Discussants: Ronald J. Mason (Lawrence Universiry) and James K Wright (Archaeological Survey of Canada) 8:40-900: Jean Luc Pion (Archaeological. Survey of Canada) Lace Prehistoric Dwellings of the Southwest Anderson Plain, N. W. T. 9:00-9:20: Virginia Petch (Maitoba Department of Culture Heitage. and Recreation) The KinHsh of Sasaginnigak 9:20-9:40: Scott Hamilton (Lakehead University) Ear& Holocene Human Skeletal Remains in the Northern Boreal Forest of Northwestern Ontario 9:40-10:OO: Andrew Hinshelwood (Old and in the Way Consultants) Excavations at Wunnumin Luke, Northern Ontario 10:00-10:20: COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 10:20-10:W. Colleen Halverson, (Halverson Archaeological Consultants) Public Archaeology in the Boreal For& 10:40-11:00: Joe D. Stewart, Phillip Fralick, Scott Hamilton and Josephine Eady (Lakehead University) Paste Analysis of Late Woodland Northwestern Ontario Ceramics 11:OO-11:m Patrick J. Julig (Laurentian University) Lithic Technological Continuity and Change at the Sheguiandah Site, Manitoulin Island, Luke Huron 11:20-11:40: Diana Lynn Gordon (McMaster University) In Context: Approaches to the Archaeological Record ofthe Three Pines Site (CgHa-6), Lake Temagarni, Ontario 11:4Q-1200: Round Table Discussion 12:OO-1:m LUNCH 1 D&EUNER

9. Archaeological Resource Management and Environmental Impact Assessment (Salon D) Chair: Linda Jefferson (Deparlment of Municipal and Provincial Aflairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador) 1:20-1:40: Jacques Ciq-Mars (Archaeological Survey of Canada) IntegrutingArchaeological Research and Managcmeni: a Ulopian Quest? 1:40-290: Denis Roy (Ministbre des Transports, Gouvernment du Quebec) Arch& and Environmental ImpactAs.re,wment: the Northern Airport Infrastructures Improvement Program of the Quebec Minktry of Transport Programme: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

200-2:20:Ian Badgley (Avataq Cultural Institute) Airport Impact Archlogy at Nunavik 220-240: Stephen Mills (Canadian Parks Service) Arcbb&dResource Management in the OrtCario Region of the Canadian Parh Service 240-300:Ann L. Balmer and John H. Peters (Algonqub Associates) A Method for Amring Prehisloric Site Potential in RegionuI Studies 3:OO-3:20:COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 3:a-3:40:Linda Jefferson (Historic Resources Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador) and Colleen Leeder (Environmental Assessment Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador) Environmentul Impact Assessment in the New RegulaCory Environment

10. Palaeo-Indian Research (Salon D) Chair: Stephen A. Davis (St. May's University) 900-9%):Stephen A. Davis (St. Mary's University) The Lkbwt/&hnl Palaeo-Indian Compler 9%)-9:40:Chrii Hanks (Canadian Parks Service) A Pass to the South: Anatomy of a Traditional Route Across the T'Logotsho Plateau-Mach& Mountains, NWT 9:40-10:00:Maurice P. Lanteigne (University of Winnipeg) Perr~IncialSocial Structures and Adaptive Str&egregrmin the Precambrian Shield 10:00-10:20:COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 10:20-10:40:Urve Linnamae and Marcel Corbeil (University of Saskatchewan) There is Hopemr Cultivation: An Intact PaIaeo-Indian Site in South-western Suskutc~un 10:40-11:OO:Stanley George Van Dyke and Wendy J. Unfreed (Bison Historical Services) The WekhSite, a Preliminary Ihaiption of a Lute PaIaaPIndian Site on the Oldmun River 11:00-11:20:Wendy J. Unfreed (Bison Historical Services) Oppottunity or Design, a Preliminary Asswment of a Late Palaeo-Indian Kill Site on the Ohn River 1200-i:a: LUNCH I DI~EUNER

11. Iroquoian Archaeology (Salon D) Chair: Marfha LaHa (University of Toronto) 1:20-1:40:Susan Jamieson (Trent University) A Pickering Conquest? Let's Review the Evidence 1:40-200:J.V. Wright (Archaeological Survey of Canada) The Conquest Theory of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition: a Reussessment 200-220: Martha Latta, Patricia Reed, and Melissa Auchincloss (University of Toronto) A Re-Anabsis of the Beeton Site, BdGw-3, Middlemen in the Stom Trade? 220-240: Rudy Fecteau (Ontario Ministry of Transportation), Jim Molnar (SUNY at Albany), Gary Warrick (Ontario Ministry of Transportation) Iroquoian Village Ecology 2:40-3:00 Neal Ferris (Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communications) and Ian Kenyon Loyalists Along the Grand: Nineteenth CenfuryArchueologicd and Historical Invarigo~iOnsof Mohawk ViUage, Six Nations, Bruntford 3:00-3:20:COFFEE BREAK I PAUSE-C&

12. Historic Burials and Demography (Bonavista Bay Room) Chair and Oqanizec Sonja Jerldc (Memorial University of Negoundland) 9:00-9:20:Sonja Jerkic and Cathy Mathias (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Clothes Make the Man: a Burial From L'Anse au Loup, Labrador Programme: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1 13

9:U)-940:Francine Mayer, Richard Lalou and Robert Larocque (Universitb du Quebec ii Montreal) Hi,~toricalDemography and Osleology: Tko Ckmpletrmhuy Approaches for the Study of Heakh in Hkhrical Popuhtions 9:40-10:W S. Pfeiffer, J.C. Dudar (University of Guelph) and S. Austin (Archaeological Services) Prsopacr HiU, Newmarket, Ontario: Skekal Remains from a Nineteenth Century Methodkt Chetery 10:00-10:20.COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 10:U)-10:40:Shelley Saunders and Ann Herring (McMaster University) Terting Theory and Mahod in Paldemgmphy: the St. ThomasAnglican Church Ce- 10:40-11:00:Lindsay Oliver and Mark Skinner (Simon Fraser University) Golden Pioneer Cemetery Relocation Project ll:00-1l:U):Patricia Badertscher and David K. McLeod (Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Recreation) Nonintmive Identifiwn of Burial Sites through Ground Conductivity Surveying Technhpm 12:00-1:u).LUNCH / D~EUNER

3:00-4:OO: Meeting of the Canadian Maritime Heritage Foundation (Bonavista Bay Room)

SATURDAY 1 SAMEDI 13. Historical Archaeology (Salon B) Chair and Organizer Carole Stimmell (Archaeological Resource Centre, Toronto Board of Education) 900-9U): Laurier Turgeon (Universite Laval) Basque Whalers and the Beginnings of the Fur Trade in the Saint Lawrence During the SWh Century 9:20-940.Reginald Auger (Universite Laval) The Archaeology of Kodlunum Island: Martin Frobisher's Basecamp of 1577-1578 9:40-10:00:William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian Institution) Archaeology of the Frobisher Voyages: Results and Prmm 10:00-10:U):COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 10:20-10:40:Peter Pope (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Scuvengem and Caretakers: Beothuk/European Settlement Dynamics in Seventeenth-Century Newfoundland 10:40-11:OO:Birgitta Wallace (Canadian Parks Service) The First French Settlements in Acadia: an Old Lifestyle in a New Setting 1k00-11:U):Robert Ferguson (Canadian Parks Service) and Frances Stewart (University of New Brunswick) An Acadian Settler on P.E.I.: the Ha&-Gallant House at Port La Joye 1k20-11:NPierre Drouin (Enviromement Canada, Service des para) A Fishing Village Near Gaspt!, Quebec 11:40-12:00:William Moss (VUe de Quebec) ArchueologV of the Urban Landscape: the Dcctferin Terrace, Qudbes City 1200-i:m LUNCH I DI~JEUNER 1:20-1:40:Dena Doroszenko, (Ontario Heritage Foundation) and Richard Gerrard (Toronto Historical Board) Why are there 369 Dkhes in the Privy? An Analysis of the Ceramic Assembhge from Operation 2, . In&-Va, Perth, Ontario 1:40-200:Rodney Crocker and Ellen Blaubergs (Toronto Board of Education) The Toronto Material-History Database 200-220:Olga Klirnko (Saskatchewan Research Council) and Michael Taft (Folklore and Oral History Consultant) A Sense of Ph:an Experiment in Historic Archaeology and Oral History 14 Programme: ACA R6union annuelle 199 1

14. Faunal Analysis (Salon B) Chair and Organizer: Francis Stewart (University of New Brunswick) 220-240: Francis Stewart (University of New Brunswick) House Chingat the Kqffer Site (AkGv-14): a Cornpatisan of the Faunal Samph in the Houses and Middens of a Huron YiUage 240-390: David W. Black (McMaster University) Prehhric Subsistence and Seasonu& in the Insular QdyRegion: Bkhemical, Zinnu-chneologiculand Natural Science ApprwcItes 3:00-3:20: COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 3:20-3:40: David Sanger (University of Maine) Settlement Seasonality in the Gulf of Maine 3:40-400: George Hiseler (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica) Canine Dentine Annuli as Indicators of Age andlor Season of Death 400-420: Jennifer Cridland (Memorial University of Newfoundland) A New Pempective on Historic Beothuck Animal Usage 4:20:4:40: Mary-Catherine Garden (Fort York Archaeology Programme) A Comparative Analysis of the Diels of the Wiemand the Enlisted Men at Fort York (AjGu-26), Toronto 440-500 Darlene Balkwill (Zooarchaeological Identification Centre) l%e PTerrible Ptarmigan and other problems in Bird Osteology.

15. GIs and Regional Archaeological Analysis (Bonavista Bay Room) Chair and Organizer, Luke Dalla Bona (University of Manitoba) 9:00-9:20: Luke Dalla Bona (University of Manitoba) A Predictive Model for Prehistoric Settlement in the Souris River Basin, Saskalc~van 9:20-9:40: Luke Dalla Bona (Universitjr of Manitoba) and Scott Hamilton (Lakehead University) GIs-based Heritage Resource Predictive Modelling in Northern Ontario: a Pilot Project 9:40-10:OO: Jim Finnigan (Western Heritage Services) Predictive Modelling Along the Saskatchewan River 10:00-10:20: COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C& 10:20-10:40: Terrance H. Gibson (Western Heritage Services) HyperCIS: GIs Plain and Simple 10:40-11:W. Denis Roy (Ministbre des Transports, Gouvernment du Quebec) Building Predictive ModeLF from Systemic Geomorphological Churucfwbtwn in the Context of Environmental Impact Assessment

16. Archaeology, Ethnography, and Historical Linguistics (Sonavista Bay Room) Chair: Marguerite MacKenzie (MUN) 1:20-1:40: John W. Ives (Archaeological Survey of Alberta) ImplicoCions for Prehistoric Studies in the Semantic Patterns Revealed in Reconstructed Kin Terminologies 1:40-200: Yves Labrbche (Universitk du Quebec B Montreal) Les traditions alimentaires de la rkgion de Kangiqsujuaq, Qdbec arctic (donne'es ethnographiqueset archdoligiques) 200-220: David Denton (Cree Regional Authority) What ir in a Name? Cree Place Names and Archaeology in Subarctic Quebec

17. Old World Archaeology (Bonavista Bay Room) Chair: ShtM Brown (Memorial University of Newfoundland) 3:20-3:40 Serge Lebel (Universitt du Quebec B Montreal) Le gisementpalhlithique moyen du Bau de 1'Aubesier (Vaucluse, France) Programme: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

3:40-4:W. Maxine Kleindienst (University of Toronto) hrvingPlektmme People at DaRleh Oasis, Egyptian Sahara 400-420: James Barrett (University of Toronto) Fanners and Fishermen in Norse Orkney: Wild Food Resources in an Agricuhural Island Economy 420-440: Cynthia M. Zutter (University of Alberta) MurarS of IceIandic Land-use During the Freestace

9:W-10:OO: Annual Meeting of the Canadian Rock Art Association (St. Mary's Bay Room)

10:20-12:OO: North Atlantic Bio-ArchaeologyWorkshop (St. Mary's Bay Room) Co-Convenors: Tom Amorosi (Hunter Coliep) and Charles Schweger (U.ofAlberta)

18. Thule/Inuit Research (St. Mary's Bay Room) Chair: Ian Badgley (Avataq Cultural ZnsMMtute) 1:20-1:M Peter Whitridge (McGill University) Thule Subsislenm and Site Seasonalicy on Southeastern Somerset Island, NWT 1:40-200: T. Max Friesen (McGill University) Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the District of &wahahn,NWT 200-220 Douglas Stenton (Candian Circumpolar Institute) and Robert W. Park (University of British Columbia) Fonnalwn Pr0m.w and Thule Cuhre Subsistence and Settlement Studies 220-240. Jack Brink (Archaeological Survey of Alberta) Caribou Drive Lines from Southein Victoria Island, NWT 240-3:W:Murielle Nagy (University of Alberta) Inlerpretation in Arctic Archaeology: Lasons From Inuvialuit Oral History 300-3U1: COFFEE BREAK / PAUSE-C&

19. Lithic Analysis (St. Mary's Bay Room) Chair: Michael Deal (Memorial Universiy of Newfoundland) 320-340:JamesB. Bandow (McMaster University), Heidi Bohake and Frank Albanese (University of Western Ontario) Pmliminaty Analysis of ThermulEy TWed Chertsfrom Soulhem Ontario 3:40-4:OO: Jean-Yves Pintal (Universitk du Quebec A MontrCal) Lirhic Raw Material Seriafwn in Blanc-Sablon 400-420: Sheila Greaves (University of British Columbia) A Model for the Organization of Microcore Technology Among Semi-Sedentzq Hunter-Gatherers 420-440: Douglas Rutherford and Robert K. Stevens (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Geochemical and Physical Analyst of Mefachertfrom the Ramah Group, Northern Labrador 4:40-5:W: Heinz Pyszczk (Archaeological Survey of Alberta) Where Stone Meets Metal: A Comparison of Stone and Metal Pmjeclile Points: Westem Canada 16 Programme: ACA RQunionannuelle 199 1

PUBLIC SESSION: Provincial Archaeology and the Public (E.B. Foran Room, City Hall) 2:OO-2:10: Shannie Duff, Mayor of St. John's WelcomingAddress 2:lO-230: Robert Ferguson (Candian Parks Service) The Other Side of the HiU: the Buried Hisrory of Signal Hill National Historic Park 230-250: Bruce Stewart (Porter Dillon) UrbanArchaeologv: the Hbtory Beneath Our Streets 250-310: R.T. Pastore (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Public Perceptions of Bedhuk Extincrion 310-330.James Tuck (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Archaeology and the General Public: an Emmple from, Red Bay, Labrador 3:30-3:50: Peter Pope (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Cbfogmphic Evidence and the Shape of St. John's Through Time 350-4:lO: General Questions 4:lO-5:OO: Wine and Cheese (Tentative)

Poster Sessions / Exposition d'aMches (Placentia Bay Room) 1. Re&&! Auger (tJniversit6 b.val), W, Fitzhngh (Smithsonian Institution): Lynda Gullason (McGill University and Anne Henshaw (Harvard University) Archaeology of the Frobisher Voyages: I990 2. Fred Gregory (Save Ontario Shipwrecks) Marine Herita~andArchaeology 3. David Pokotylo (University of British Columbia) Lithic Technology among ConCemporary Mackenzie Basin Dew. 4. Ariane Burke, (New York University) Squehhronologie appkd d IVt& dm saisons de chasse au Pldniglaciaire

Consemation.Booth A conservation drop-in booth will be set up in the Book Room on Thursday, May 9. Archueologisfs are invited Co bring their conservatwn queries to the conservator on the desk A variety of &rials lypicaffylfound in mavations will be on display, as will reM liferature. Anderson, Wihm111 (Labrador Inuit Amociu- de leur culture materielle que de l'architecture twn) de leurs b3tis. ARCHAEOLOGYAND LAND CLAIMS (1) I1 est suggtrtque la presence des Inuit No abstract received. aurait dtcoulte d'une augmentation des activitts de pCche par les EuropCens. De plus, les Auger, R&inuld (Universite'Luval) similitudes obsemhes entre les deux groupes eth- A STUDY OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SOD niques dhmontrent qu'il est extrsmement diicile HOUSES IN SOUTHERN LABRADOR (1) de les distinguer. Cette recherche rCvble que les Unlike the written documents which sup- premiers colons europCens du dCtroit de Belle port an Inuit presence in the Strait of Belle Isle Isle construisaient des maisons d'un style sembl- from as early as the sixteenth century, the Inuit able 2 celles des Inuit du Labrador au 19iBme presence is archaeologicallynoticeable only at sibcle. the end of the eighteenth century. After a review Auger, Rkginald (Universile' Laval) of the history of the Labrador InuiVEuropean contacts, we discuss the results of the ar- THEARCHAEOLOGY OF KODLUNARNIS- chaeological research, which focused on sod LAND: MrLRTIN FROBISHER'S BASE CAMP houses located on both shores of the Strait. The OF 1577-1578 (13) evidence from two type sites is described in Few European enterprises in the history of detail in order to highlight the degree of architec- the New World discovery rival Martin tural and material cultural similarity that existed Frobisher's (1576-1578) exploits in search of the between Labrador Inuit and Europeans. Northwest Passage. For three summers The similarities observed between the two Frobisher led expeditions into the Canadian ethnic groups show how complex it is to tell them Arctic, first seeking a route to Cathay and when apart, because of acculturation which worked that eluded him, mining tons of "black ore'' for both ways. It appears that the Inuit were at- gold. Frobisher's mining enterprises resulted in tracted by the increased European fishing ac- the implantation of the earliest industrial English tivities in the area. Finally, this research reveals establishment in the New World. This presenta- that the first European settlers of the Strait of tion highlights the archaeological potential of Belle Isle were building sod houses very similar Frobisher's base camp on Kodlunarn Island. It to what we know of the nineteenth century discusses the results of the 1990 survey of the Is- Labrador Inuit. land, limited testing of the assay office, the smithy, the ship trench and the material UNE DES MAISONS EN TOURBE DU BTUDE recovered from the eroding bank in front of the 181.2~~SI~CLE AU LABIIADOR site. This preliminary archaeological recomais- MERlDIONAL (I) sance provides us with architectural, artifactual Contrairement de ce que nous apprenons and archaeometric data which will help in des sources tcrites qui nous sugg&rantque les answering a host of anthropological, and histori- Inuit du Labrador frequentaient le dCtroit de cal questions related to technological aspects of Belle Isle B une phriode aussi ancienne que le the Frobisher endeavour and left unexplained in 16ibme sibcle, les resultats de recherches the previous literature. archtologiques demontrent qu'ils ont occupt cette rCgion qu' B la fin du 18ibme sibcle. Aprbs ARCHEOLOGIE A L'ILE KODLUNARN: un historique des contacts entre les Inuit et les CllMP DE BASE DE MARTIN FROBISHER EuropCens, nous faisons part des rhsultats de 1577-1578 (13) fouilles archeologiques entreprises sur des Les exploits de Martin Frobisher (1576-. maisons en tourbe situees sur les deux rives du 1578) dans sa poursuite de la dtcouverte du pas- dCtroit. Afm de saisir le degr6 &acculturation sage du nord-ouest n'ont d'Cgal, que son habilet6 entre Inuit et EuropCens B la fin du 18iBme a convaincre ses creanciers de lui fournir les si2cle, deux sites sont dtcrits en detail afin de fonds ntcessaires A l'ttablissement d'une colonie mettre en evidence les similitudes qui existaient de 400 mineurs sur l'ile Kodlunarn. Au cours des entre les deux groupes culturels tant au niveau trois annCes constcutives que Frobisher dirigea RBsumBs: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

ses exptditions dans I'Arctique, la premikre outer Frobisher Bay and that Inuit interaction visait A dtcouvrir la route vers la Chine, alors with the Frobisher expeditions and material que les dew autres avaient pour objectif remains was more extensive than suggested in l'exploitation de minerais dans le but d'en ex- the historic accounts. The sites also should per- traire l'or qu'ils devaient contenir. Cette mit study of broader issues including the effect of entreprise pour la moins audacieuse rtsulta en environmental conditions on resource availability l'implantation de l'ttablissement industriel during the Little Ice Age and the indirect effects anglais le plus ancien au Nouveau Monde. Cette of European contact on Eastern Arctic Inuit communication vise donc A dtmontrer le poten- political, economic, and demographic systems.

, tie1 archtologique du poste de transformation des rninerais construit sur l'iie Kodlunarn. Nous Badwf.~cher,Panicia M. and David k= McM prtsentons les rtsultats de la reconnaissance (Manitoba CuCcure, Het-irap?and R&cnwfwn) archtologique de l'iie Kodlunarn et des sondages NONINTRUSM3 IDENTIFIGITION OF pratiques sur le fourneau d'essai, la forge, la BURM SITES THROUGH GROUND CON- rampe de lancement des navires et de l'analyse DUCTMTYSURVEITNG TECHNIQUES (12) de la collecte de surface dans une zone Often, if a heritage resource impact assess- d'trosion. Bien que trbs prtliminaires, les ment or an archaeological research project is do~tesarchitecturales, les ttmoins conducted on a site containing human remains, archtologiques et l'arch6omCtrie apportent des the research design is abandoned or modified Qtments d'expiicaiion 2 des questions d'aspeci drisiicaliy and field activities become mere reac- technologique relites B l'entreprise de Frobisher. tions to the unexpected occurrence. However, Enfm, il est B noter que les problkmatiques de recent ground conductivity studies by Manitoba's cette ttude n'ont jamais kt6 soulevees dans les provincial Historic Resources Branch have etudes utilisant un cadre traditionel dans enabled staff to determine unmarked grave loca- l'analyse des documents historiques. tions without disrupting the underlying burials. This technique is particularly useful in situations Auger, Reginald (Universitd Luval), WiUinm where Native burials are known or thought likely Fitzhugh (Smitbnian Instilulwn), Lynda GuC to be present, as it identifies specific lands which lason, (McCiU University) and Anne Henshaw can be avoided during construction and (Hanard University) monitored in the future. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FROBISHER The paper discusses research at three his- VOYAGES: 1990 (POSTER SESSION) toric cemeteries where two models of ground The archaeological remains of Martin conductivity meters were used, the EM-31 and Frobisher's sixteenth century expeditions search- the EM-38. The former reads a maximum depth ing for a northern route to Cathay and mining of 6m, while the latter penetrates only one gold "ore" in Frobisher Bay, southeastern Baffm quarter of that depth. Studies were conducted at Island, were investigated by a joint Canadian- St. Paul's Anglican Church at Middlechurch, American team in August 1990. The four-week north of Winnipeg, and at the abandoned survey by archaeologists, geologists, and his- cemeteries associated with two former Native torians was the first of a planned multi-year corn- residential schools at Elkhorn and Brandon, munity-based project which will involve local ~anitoba.Data generated at Middlechurch, participation in field excavation and oral history where studies were conducted over a two-year reconstruction. The primary focus of the study is period and Branch archaeologists tested the earliest documented European voyages to anomalies, provided a foundation for subsequent the North American Arctic and their impact on research and interpretation of the residential early Inuit cultures during a period of significant school cemetery sites. climatic change, the Little Ice Age. Eventually The paper concludes with a comparison of this material will be compared to the later cul- the EM-31 and the EM-38 meters and discusses ture contact experienced in the whaling period. the logistical problems of using each machine, as During the 1990 season, 46 archaeological sites well as their potential for archaeological applica- were located including several Frobisher sites tions. and Inuit contact period sites. The sites suggest a considerable amount of artifactual and faunal evidence for European-Inuit contact exists in Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

Mg&, Ian (Avataq Culcural Instilute) present distribution includes the Canadian AIRPORT IMPACTARCHAEOLOGYIN prairies have been examined. The amounts of NUNAUK (9) variation within and between taxa have been com- Environmental impact studies engendered pared to determine the most reliable osteological by the Northern Quebec Airports Improvement characters. The most distinctive postcranial ele- Project included the systematic archaeological in- ment is the humerus, with the carpometacarpus, ventory of the environs of 11 Inuit villages and ulna, proximal corocoid, proximal femur and the salvage excavation of sites threatened by quadrate also providing reliable characters for project construction work. This field identifying passerine remains. programme, wried out between 1984 and 1988, On the other hand, the bones of most was planned and implemented through the col- species of grouse and ptarmigan have proven vir- laboration of the Ministry of Transport of tually impossible to distinguish on the basis of Quebec, the Avataq Cultural Institute and the morphological features. Osteometric studies con- local Inuit communities concerned. In all, 233 ducted on modem reference specimens show a sites were inventoried and four sites were salvage great deal of overlap in the total length of com- excavated. The organization and results of these plete bones, although this measurement can in impact mitigation activities are described and the some cases reduce the number of possibilities implications of the programme regarding the and occasionally point to a single species. Thus management of archaeological resources in in areas where more than one tetraonid species Nunavik are discussed. occurs, or may have occurred, identification of these bones should be made with extreme cau- Wgb,Ian (Avataq Cultural Institule) tion. GLIMPSES OF NEO-ESKIMO OCCUPATION OF THE NUNAINGOKSITE, NUNAWK (I) Balmer, Ann L. and John H. Petem (Algonquin As- sociclres) Archaeological field schools for Inuit con- ducted in 1987 and 1988 at the Nunaingok site, A METHOD FOR ASSESSING PREHISTOMC extreme northeastern Quebec-Labrador, were SITE POTENTU IN REGIONAL STUDIES centred on the excavation of a sod qamat and an (9) associated midden. PreIiminary results of the ex- Archaeologists are increasingly involved in cavations indicate that the dwelling was repeated- environmental planning studies required as a ly occupied by historic Inuit and clarify the precondition of development. A major com- seasonality of occupation. As well, data ponent of these studies is the identification of recovered from underlying Thule culture prehistoric archaeological site locations that may deposits shed new light on prehistoric Neo-Es- be affected by the proposed undertakings. The kimo occupation of the site. challenge to archaeologists is to identify, with limited field reconnaissance, location(s) that are Baikie, Gary (Tomgasak Culhtral Centre) most likely to have significant material remains. ARCHAEOLOGYAND HISTORY;.THE INUIT The method developed and described is in- PERSPECm (I) tentionally generic, and may be applied in any No abstract received. regional study, although the specific data used would vary. A contextual approach incorporating BaUcwill, Darlene (Zooarchaeological Ident fica- both ecological and cultural data is advocated tion CeW,Canadian Museum of Nafure) for assessing archaeological potential. Relevant THE PTERRIBLE PTARMIGANAND OTHER ecological and cultural features of the environ- PROBLEMS IN BIRD OSTEOLOGY (14) ment are mapped and overlaid to assess poten- This paper presents preliminary results of tial. The opportunities and limitations posed by comparative osteological studies of two very dif- the scales of ecological data are illustrated, and ficult groups of birds: smaller members of the examples of the databases available for such order Passeriformes (perching bids) and the studies in Ontario are described. The impor- subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse and ptarmigan). tance of specific cultural adaptation and land use Despite their small size, some passerine bones hypotheses in relation to the ecological context is can often be distinguished on the basis of mor- emphasized. Cultural data (ethnographic and ar- phological characters. Using modern reference specimens, selected elements of species whose RQsurnQs:ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

chaeological) relating to patterns of land use and cal deposits in this region, including former resource exploitation are incorporated. sloughs and creek beds up to 2.5m below present- Using examples from studies undertaken in day alluvial surfaces, and modern intertidal river Ontario, an approach to classifying high poten- beaches in front of terrestrial habitation sites. tial areas in a regional context is presented. Black, David B. {McMa~terUniversity) Bandow, James B. (McM&r University),Heide PREHIS TORZC S UBSISTENCE AND Bohaker (University of WarnOntario) and SEASONAL.ITYIN THE INSULAR QUODDY Fmnk Albanese (University of Western Ontario) REGION: BIOCHEMIU, ZOOAR- PRELIMINARYANALYSIS OF THERMALLY CHAEOLOGIW AND NATURAL SCIENCE TREATED CHERTS FROM SOUTHERN ON- APPROACHES (14) TARIO (19) Prehistoric subsistence and seasonality in This paper presents the preliminary results the insular Quoddy region, New Brunswick, are of macroscopic analysis of various cryptocrystal- being studied through stable isotope analyses of line raw materials from southern Ontario. In- carbonized encrustations on ceramic vessels, dividual chert samples, gathered from known niche width analyses of vertebrate and inver- chert outcrops as summarized by Eley and Von tebrate faunal assemblages, and "season-of- Bitter (1989), were experimentally burned in death" analyses of soft-shelled clams and hearths for controlled periods of time. Samples mammal teeth. This paper presents results to nnrntn thnn mnm-o-nA tn ~.n--n~~\n"A:n nnnt-n1 AOCP f-nm thn .,....1:,.nt:nn nf thnrn t~nhn:n..nr "Yl" L..".. W-y-YU LW WIIV.~II..".& -.All Wl VULY I. w- L.." UppII~UL*".. WL LUUilY .bCIILL.\IU"U. groups for form, colour, transparency, luster, Data are drawn from nine sites (15 cul- change in hardness, and cleavage. Preliminary turastratigraphic components) dating ca. 2400 results suggest there is sufficient variability in BP to ca 400 BP. Warm season occupations of macroscopic characteristics after burning to cau- insular locations, focused on the exploitation of tion against subjective field indentifications. littoral resources, predominate; however, there is evidence for changes in the intensity and schedul- Barre#, Jam(University of Toronto) ing of resource exploitation, and in the specific FARMERS AND FISHERMEN IN NORSE resources exploited, during this period. ORKIVEY;.MLD FOOD RESOURCES INAN AGRICULTURAL ISLAND ECONOMY (17) Blair, Christopher (New Brunswick Department of The remains of ffihes and other wild foods Tourism) and Ddvid Bhck (McMaster University) from Earl's Bq a high status Norse site in THE NORTHEAST POINT SITE: A SINGLE Orkney, Scotland, are compared to the evidence COMPONENT OCCUPATION WTHOUT for agricultural food resources. Wild foods were MIDDENS, ON THE BLISS ISLANDS (3) probably a significant dietary supplement at The Northeast Point Site (BgDq-7) is the Earl's Bu. Similar data have been reported from only known non-shell midden prehistoric site on other Norse sites in the region. These raise ques- the Bliss Islands. This site type is unusual in the tions regarding the usefulness of economic Quoddy region, and thus, Northeast Point offers categories such as "forager" and "farmer". insights into aspects of prehistory different from those represented in shell midden sites. The site Bernick, Kathryn (Vancouver) apparently represents a short-term, single com- WETSITES: REDISCOERING FORGOlTEN ponent occupation dating to ca. 1400 BP. Or- FINDS AND FINDING OVERLOOKED ganic preservation is poor; however, lithic DEPOSITS (2) artifacts and debitage occur at higher densities Detailed background research provides es- than in any of the other components sampled on sential direction for locating wet-site resources in the islands. This paper describes the location, the field, since they are seldom detectable by nor- structure and contents of the site, and discusses mal survey procedures. A search of field notes, how interpretations of it have changed since its unpublished manuscripts, artifact records and discovery in 1981. collections in selected repositories documented 28 wet-site components in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, where previously only eight were "on record". The data indicate likely loca- tions for additional water-saturated archaeologi- Abstracts: CAA Annual Meetlng 199 1

Bourque, Bruce J. (Maine Slate Museum, Batm Analogies with Norwegian reindeer drive sys- CoUege) d HwoU W.Kmpr (mr tems are noted. Enterprises, Inc.) SYST~MESDE CHASSEAU CARIBOUAVEC DIETARY RECONST!?UCTION OF PREHIS- RABA7TAGE AU SUD DE LYLE WCTORL4, TORIC iU4RITZME PEOPLES OF NORTH- T.N.-0. (18) EASTERN NORTHAMERIU: FAUNAL VS. Du travail de terrain effectut en 1988 au STABLE ISOTOPICAPPROACHEs(4) sud de rile Victoria dans les T.N.-0. eut comme We present dietary reconstructions for rtsultat la dtcouverte et l'ttude de plusieurs alig- seven coastal archaeological populations from nements de roches. On a identifit ces derniers Northeastern North America based upon stable comme ttant les vestiges de systtmes isotopic ratios in human bone, including WPSC prthistoriques de chasse au caribou avec rabat- (collagen), lSNl14N (collagen) and 13C tage. Cette communication dtcrira les (apatite)/l3C (collagen). These reconstructions caracttristiques physiques de plusieurs sites de are compared to others based largely upon murs d'afMt ayant servi la chasse au caribou faunal remains, but also upon palaeoenvironrnen- avec rabattage au sud de l'ile Victoria. Ces tal models. The populations range geographically wacttristiques comportent la taille, la composi- from L'Anse Amour, Labrador, to Casco Bay, tion, l'espacement et l'orientation des cairns in- Maine, and in age from 7,500 B.P. to the early dividuels ainsi que ceux d'alignements de cairns. seventeenth century. Comparisons are made to Elles furent considtrtes afin d'identifier les Northeastern interior populations of comparable modes d'emplacement et de construction des age. cairns. On discutera aussi de certains aspects du Our main goal is to estimate the importance comportement du caribou domant une meil- of marine protein in the diets of these groups, leure comprthension des chasses collectives de and to use these estimates to assess current no- cet animal la lumitre d'exigences concomitan- tions about maritime adaptations along the tes A la configuration de la chasse au caribou northwest Atlantic littoral. The relevance of avec rabattage. these results for the ongoing discussion about Les attributs essentiels des systtmes de postdepositional diagenesis of bone is con- chasse au caribou avec rabattage semblent Ctre sidered. la direction du vent, la prtsence d'un affleure- ment rocheux avec roches tclattes par le gel ou Brink, Jack (Archaeolo&al Survey of Alberta) celle d'anciens rivages, une pente inclinte et, CARIBOU DmLANES FROM SOUTHERN d'aprbs des donnts ethnographiques, l'addition l4CTORIA ISLAND, N.W.T. (18) d'tltments qui munissent les cairns d'un sens de Field work conducted in 1988 on southern movement. On notera aussi les analogies avec Victoria Island, N.W.T. resulted in the discovery des systtmes B rabattage utilists pour les remes and study of several extensive stone alignments en Norvtge. believed to be the remains of prehistoric game drive systems where the communal hunting of Burke, Ariane (New York Universiry) caribou took place. This paper will describe the SQUELE~OCHRONOLOGIEAPPLIQ~E physical characteristics of several caribou drive A L'~TUDEDES SAISONS DE CHASSE AU lane sites from southern Victoria Island- includ- PL&NIGLACMRE (iWPOSITION ing the height, composition, spacing, and orienta- D 'AFFICHES) tion of individual rock cairns and lanes of De nombreuses techniques existent permet- cairns -in a search for patterns in the location tant l'observation des lignes de croissance dans and construction of these structures. Aspects of le cement des dents de mammiftres terrestres. caribou behaviour relevant to communal hunting Celles-ci peuvent &trecorrtltes, chaque techni- are discussed in light of the requirements placed que nous apportant des informations difftrentes on the conf~gurationof the drive lane system. sur la nature des structures observtes. Cepen- Critical aspects of the drive systems appear to be dant, la technique la plus tfficace pour l'ttude wind direction, the location of frost shattered du mattriel fossile et sub-fossile reste bedrock outcrops or old beach ridges, a downhill l'observation au microscope, sous lumibre trans- run, and, based on ethnographic data, the ap- mise, de lames minces non-dtcalcifites. pearance of movement among the cairns. Dans cette ttude, des observations de dents actuelles de cheval ont ttt faites et il en rtsulte RQsumQs:ACA RQunion annuelle 199 1

un modtle &apposition du ciment chez cette pattern. The onset of shell midden formation is espkce qui difftre de celui dtja observe chez associated with the increased production of sal- d'autres 0ngulCs. Ce modble a Ctt applique il mon, which suggests that increased utilization l'analyse microscopique sous lumitre transmise and control of salmon was a necessary cause of (ordinaire et polaris&) de dents fossiles population increase and social elaboration. provenant de sites prthistoriques (18,800 il LES TRANSITIONS ECONOMIQUES DE LA 14,000 B.P.) du Sud Ouest de la France. Une es- C~TENORD-OUES E L 'ELTDENCE DE timation de l'importance saisonibre du cheval vis NAMU, COLUMBIE-BRITANNIQUE (3) B vis le renne dans 1'Cconomie humaine de cette Les donntes faune du site Namu sur la &e rtgion est faite, baste sur cette analyse et les centrale de Columbie-Britannique avaient do~tesde Gordon (1989). employe pour examiner Pordre et la cause de Les r6sultats obtenus de cette analyse nous changement majeure dans l'kconomie de la Cdte permettent de souligner l'importance de Nord-ouest. Les donnCes faune indiquent qu'il y l'ttablissement d'un tchantillon de contrdle, avait utilisation intensive du saumon, et des autre ainsi qu'une analyse histologique approfondie, resources marines. 11s indiquent aussi permettant une meilleure comprthension du l'habitation semi-ddentaire, et la capacite pour modtle de dt@t du dment pour l'esptce l'entreposage de saumon, depuis 1000 am avant ttudite. Les resultats archtologiques qui l'utilisation des coquillages. Ce suggbre qu'un ac- decoulent de cette ttude nous permettent de con- croissement de la population et l'exploitation stater -a&c;eri&e ~iiip~Ciiieiitx&entre !C d'un pius diversite des resources marines cheval et le renne dans les sites archtologiques n'avaient pas B cause d'un changement de la sub- du Pltniglaciaire dans le Sud Ouest de la France. sistance ou de l'habitation. La formation de la midden coquille est associt B l'intensification de Cabak,Melanie (University of South Carolina) la production du saumon qui suggbre que INUIT WOMENAS A CATALYST FOR l'intensification de l'utilisation et la CHANGE:A REPORT ON THE EXCAVA- rtglementation des saumon Ctait un cause neces- TZON OF THE NAIN MIDDEN (1780-1890) (1) saire d'accroissement de population et A feminist agenda in archaeology recog- tlaboration sociale. nizes the significance of gender as a universal principle of social organization. The pronounced Chapdelaine, Claude (Universitb de MontnW) division of labour along gender lines is well THE hURITIME ADAPTATION OF ST. recognized in Inuit ethnography as well as in LANRENCE IROQUOL4NS (3) arctic archaeology (McGhee 1981). Archaeologi- The St. Lawrence Iroquoians living in the cal excavation of a deep stratified midden at Qutbec City area have been regarded as a very Nain affords an opportunity to consider the role particular Iroquoim group. They were the only of Inuit women in the nineteenth century. group within Iroquoia to have a direct access to the sea and its rich fauna. Several sites contain- Chmon, Aubrey (McGiU Univers*) ing evidence of an Iroquoian presence in the St. ECONOMIC TRANSITIONS ON THE Lawrence estuary will be reviewed as will be the NORTmST COASE THE EVIDENCE site from Place Royale in downtown QuCbec City FROM NAMU BRmSH COLUMBL4 (3) and the cluster of fishing camps in the Cap Tour- Faunal data from the site of Namu (ElSx-I), mente lowland. The analysis of the related on the Central Coast of British Columbia are ecofactual data will provide us with some insight used to examine the sequence and cause of into the maritime adaptation of these northern major transitions in the Northwest Coast horticulturists. The importance of the sea resour- economy. The Namu faunal data indicate inten- ces in their annual cycle will also be discussed. sive utilization of salmon and other vertebrate marine resources, the likelihood of semi-seden- tary settlement, and the capacity for salmon storage at least 1,000 years before the signifcant utilization of shellfish begins. The implication is that population growth and a consequent shift to a broader range of marine resources was not due to any major shift in subsistence of settlement Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

Chapdelaine, Claude (Univemi&! de MonMhl) and ing evidence of a Beothuck individual directly Greg finnedy (dale ~olytechnique& Montr&l) representing their own culture is the set of draw- TIME OFARRNAL OF EASTERN ings by Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuck In- ST.LAVRENCE IROQUOLANS IN THE dian. QU.BEC CITYAREA BASED ON NEUTRON Examination of the original drawings, part ACTWATION ANALYSIS (4) of the Newfoundland Provincial Museum's per- The Eastern St. Lawrence Iroquoians en- manent collection, revealed that some of the countered by Jacques Cartier in the sixteenth original details have been altered or are com- century were living in a cluster of villages around pletely missing from the most well known ver- present day Quebec Ciiy on the north shore of sions illustrated in James P. Howley's 1915 the St. Lawrence River. They have been classic, The Beothucks or Red Indians: rite regarded as a recent expansion from Iroquoian Aboriginal Inhabitants of New$oundland In fact it groups living to the south as late as the fifteenth is apparent that the original drawings with their century. This hypothesis has never been con- accompanying explanatory notes (as transcribed firmed by a detailed analysis and the purpose of by W.E. Cormack from conversations with this paper is to clarify the time of arrival of this Shanawdithit) were not available to Howley. Iroquoian group in the Qukbec City area. We These differences in the drawings and notes are will therefore present the new data produced by presented, with a focus on the new information the neutron activation analysis of more than 50 and suggested interpretation regarding historic pottery samples dating to the Middle and Late Beothuck animal usage. Woodland Period. The results indicate the neces- sity to revise the current hypothesis and suggest Crock, Rodney and Ellen Bhubergs (Torotrto an in situ development for a small Iroquoian- Bbard of Education) speaking group going back as far as the Middle THE TORONTO MATERL.LL-HISTORY Woodland period. DA TABASE (13) The Archaeological Resource Centre of the Cinq-Mars,Jacqrres (Archaeological Survey of Toronto Board of Education has recently begun -) compiling a material-history database for the INTEGRATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RE- City of Toronto. The inception, process and SEARCHAND MANAGEMENE A UTOPL4N preliminary results of the database will be QUEST? (9) presented and discussed. The information it con- Using current examples of regional &- tains relates to the introduction and impact of chaeological resource management efforts on the technological advances on urban life in the part of various government agencies, this paper eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. attempts: (1) to present a synthetic review of The database is computerized and essentially both research and management requirements; open-ended. It is correlated with the database (2) to identify (if any) points or nodes of com- system used for analyzing artifacts at the Ar- plementarity, overlap or contradiction between chaeological Resource Centre, and is intended to such requirements; (3) to delineate the basic con- provide a social-historical context for artifact in- stituents of what might be an integrative research terpretation of sites within Toronto. Use of the and management approach; and, finally, (4), to database addresses several problems associated arrive to a realistic answer to the question posed with the investigation of historic urban, domestic in the title. and small-commercial sites.

Cridland, Jennifer (Memorial UnivemiCy of New- DaUa Bonu, Luke (University of Manitoba) and foundIand) Scott Hamillon (Lakehead UniversiCy) A NEW PERSPECTm ON HISTORIC GIs-BASED HERITAGE RESOURCE PREDIC- ' BEOTHUCKANIMAL USAGE (14) TmMODELLING IN NORTHERN ON- This paper presents another example of the TARIO: A PILOT PROJECT (15) importance of returning to the primary source In 1990, Lakehead University began a pilot when doing ethnohistoric research. Almost all project studying the feasibility of developing our information regarding the historic Beothuck predictive models of prehistoric settlement loca- is derived from European records of Beothuck tions. More than 250,000 square kilometres of behaviour and material culture. The only surviv- forest is leased for logging activities and virtually none of that land has been subjected to ar- known as the Hunter Road site (BiCu-lo). A chaeological analysis. The project will organize seventh possible site has been recorded 25km its land base according to the Borden system to northeast of the DeberVBelmont complex facilitate correspondence with archaeological The paper will present preliminary results management units. This has resulted in in- of the 1990 archaeological, geological and dividual map sheets of 18.5km x 12km in size palynological studies. (608 rows x 397 columns per digital map). Each cell in the digital database represents 30m x 30m. hl,Michael and Douglas E. Rulhedord This cell resolution allows for detailed mapping (Memorial University of Newfoundland) of the natural resource and archaeological THE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF database. In addition, LANDSAT TM data can NOVA SCOTIANARCHAIC SITESAND be incorporated directly into this database. At MATERULS: A RE-WINATION (6) the present time, two Borden blocks have been While the Palaeo-Indian period of Nova digitized: DhJf and Due. A variety of data Scotia is well established in the archaeological layers have been generated including elevation, literature, surprisingly little has been written con- water resources, surface geology, drainage, cerning the Archaic period. No Archaic sites transportation and utility corridors, and known have been excavated by professional ar- archaeo~ogi~a~sites. A prefiminary predictive chaeologists, and the few references that are model has been generated but has not yet been made to this period focus on the lack of Early "..L:,.-&-A b- c-1A :c--*:-.. --A ma:Ax- A--L-:- -:L- :- AL.. JUUJbbLbU LULlGlU -.,.-VGlUlMLlUU. LLllU lV11UUlG LU(LIL DlLGJ Ul LUG GULUG MaineNaritimes region. The latter is usually at- DaUa Bona, Luke (Universily of Manitoba) tributed to the drowning of coastal sites due to A PREDICTm MODEL FOR PREHISTORIC rising sea-levels andlor environmental con- SETTLEMENT IN THE SOURIS RIVER straints on human occupation. Most other refer- BASIN, SASXA TCHEWAN (15) ences consist of vague statements confirming the This research presents the results of the discovery of Laurentian or Maritime Archaic ar- development of a predictive model for prehis- tifacts in Nova Scotia, which merely obscure the toric settlement along the Souris River in fact that there is a wealth of undocumented Ar- southeastern Saskatchewan. The predictive chaic materials in public and private collections model was developed using a visual possibility that are from known sites. The authors are cur- statement approach using a Geographic Informa- rently compiling a comprehensive inventory of tion System. It was then tested with field survey these materials for future study. Although this and then subjected to subsequent revisions. The work is still in progress, some initial observations final predictive model accounts for between 77% are presented in this paper in the form of a re-as- and 87% of the sites in the study area. This paper sessment of the distribution of Archaic sites and presents a predictive model for the Souris River cultural affiliations of Nova Scotia's Archaic Basin in its final form with a discussion of the dif- peoples. ficulties encountered in its development. Denton, David (Cree Regional Autkor@) Davis, Stephen A. (Sainf Mary's University) WhYTIS INA NAME? CREE PLACE NAMES THE DEBERTiBELMONT PALAEO-INDIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGYIN SUBARCTIC COMPLEX (10) QUEBEC (16) A paper presented at the XXIII Canadian A toponymic survey was recently conducted Archaeological Association's annual meetings at in the Whapmagoostui (Great Whale) area of Whitehorse introduced two Palaeo-Indian sites northern Quebec. Over 3,000 names were col- associated with Debert in central Nova Scotia. lected. It is shown that these Cree place names At that time the complex was defined as Debert encode a number of different kinds of environ- (BiCu-1), Belmont I (BiCud), and Belmont I1 mental, land-use, and historic information, some (BiCu-7). The summer and fall of 1990 have of which could be useful to archaeologists. It is added three additional loci to the complex Two suggested that systematic, regional place name of these are in close proximity to the Belmont surveys can be a useful departure point for sites and are tentatively assigned as Belmont Ia developing research strategies and interpreting and Belmont IIa. The other is a discrete occupa- site date. Various types of Cree place names, tion site one kilometre east of Debert and is from geomorphological and vegetational descrip- Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

tions to those with mythological referents are dis- The advantages of the method included: under- cussed, both in terms of their practical functions standing site formation processes, recognition of and in terms of Cree ideology and world view. features and isolation of rodent disturbance. The The possible archaeological implications of dif- disadvantages were minor, and it is concluded ferent types of names are discussed. that open-area excavations provide better con- trol and more infdrmation in complex sites. Dvroszmh, Dena (Ontario Herita~Foundation) and Richard Gerratd (Toronto Historical Board) Drouin, Piem (Environnement CMadcr, Service JWYARE THERE 369 DISHES IN THE hparcs) PRNY7ANANALYSIS OF THE CERAMICAS- A FISHING mLLAGE NEAR GASP& SEMBLAGE FROM OPERATION 2, INGE-VA, QU~BEC(13) PERTH, ONTARIO (13) During the 19703, excavations were con- From 1987 through 1989, archaeological ex- ducted on the Penouille Peninsula, Forillon Na- cavations have been conducted at the Inge-va es- tional Park. Remains of a French establishment tate in Perth, Ontario, under the auspices of The dating from the 1713-1758 period were then dis- Ontario Heritage Foundation. Built in 1823, Inge- covered. Jean-Franqois Blanchette reported on va represents one of the finest Neo-Classical this site through papers in a Gasphie magazine. Georgian houses in eastern Ontario. While only Further testing during the 1988 summer occupied by three families since its construction, season provided additional data concerning the the archaeological work has focused on the hypotheses originally presented by Blanchette Radenhurst family and in particular, the excava- regarding supplies and communication between tion of an abandoned privy pit deposit which un- Forillon, the French colonies at Louisbourg and covered over 15,000 artifacts in 1988. The large on the Saint Lawrence river, and France. This number of ceramic vessels recovered from this paper will deal with the result of this research. discrete feature and the high degree of vessel completeness allowed several analytical and cul- WcR, Ian (Archaeological Survey of Canada) tural questions to be addressed. Primary data EWDENCE FOR INITUTION OF THE BE- analysis was accomplished with a 4GL relational SANT COMPLEX ON THE NORTHERN database, ORACLE. A detailed stratigraphic PLAINS AT 2500 B.P. (5) analysis using a Harris matrix allowed the The Sjovold Site (ENS-4) in south central deposit to be organized into discrete deposition- Saskatchewan contains 21 cultural components al events. These were used as the basis for explor- beginning with the Hanna complex some 4,100 ing post-depositional disturbance to the ceramic years ago and ending with recent historic assemblage as a first step towards developing materials. Although there is a general correspon- socio-economic and behavioral inferences. dence between the sequence of occupations at the Sjovold site and the culture/historical se- Driver, Jonathan C. (Simon Fraser University) quence expected for the region, there are PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES OF OPEN- anomalies among some of the Sjovold com- AREA EXCAVATION STRATEGIES ON COM- ponents of the Late Middle Period. One would PLEX STRATIFIED SITES (2) expect a sequence of Pelican Lake occupations The normal excavation method for sites dating from 3000 to 1850 B.P. followed by, and with complex natural stratigraphy in North perhaps slightly intermixed with, a series of Be- America involves the use of small excavation sant components dating from 2050 to 1150 B.P. units, with stratigraphic "control" being achieved However, Layer XIV marks a distinct interrup- through the large number of stratigraphic sec- tion in the Pelican Lake sequence of corner tions obtained using such methods. The ad- notched forms at a date several hundred years vantages of this method are well known, but earlier than expected. Layer XIV's sample of there are disadvantages as well - reduced ability well made side notched projectile points is as- to detect features, poor control of layer margins, sociated with a date of 2500+85 radiocarbon and less information about site formation proces- years B.P. After a review of archaeological litera- ses. ture pertaining to the Northern Plains and sur- The recent excavations at Charlie Lake rounding regions, I conclude that the side Cave (B.C.) employed open-area excavations notched projectile points in Layer XIV are most over a fairly small area of a highly complex site. similar stylistically to those of the Besant com- Rksurnbs: ACA Rbunion annuelle 199 1

plex The predominance of Knife River Flint, an fish, and sturgeon bone, fire-altered rock, and exotic chipped stone material, is another Layer lithic debitage. Also included were mammal XIV trait which further supports a Besant iden- bone and antler, faunal remains and tools, and tity. I propose, therefore, that Layer XIV vegetable materials including perishable ar- material represents an early variant of the Besant tifacts. The last include basketry, a carved complex whose temporal range should be ex- wooden tray, a wooden wedge, cordage, detritus, tended backward to 2500 B.P. A noteworthy con- and hundreds of wooden stakes. This assemblage sequence of this proposal is that the onset of is the oldest waterlogged collection from the Besant on the Plains now comes close to the Northwest Coast, dated by six radiocarbon dates begi~ingof the Sub-Atlantic climatic episode to between 3950f 60 and 4590f50 B.P. ' when the Boreal forest of the Western Interior Basketry items are of particular interest due shifted into its historic position bordering the to their sensitivity to cultural processes. Northern Plains. Moreover, a 2500 B.P. initial Northwest Coast baskets show very strong tradi- date for Besant puts the Northern Plains cul- tions through thousands of years within ethnic ture/historical sequence into step with major areas, and continued differences between ethnic developments in neighbouring regions, develop areas. The seven basketry fragments from Glen- ments such as the initiation of the Woodland rose are mostly beautifully made, with weevi- Period in the Mississippi Valley of the Eastern dent in the close, even spacing, and the closely Woodlands, and the introduction of bow and matched materials. These is a strong emphasis arrow iechnoiogy in ihr. Eastern Great Bash. on wappiiig ie~nips(a &sf:~nct froiii p!&- in& twining, or coiling). One example has a uni- Eldridge, Motley (Miuennia Rmh) que weaving variant, consisting of doubled warps THE GLENROSE CANNERY WET SITE: 4,500 staggered on the inside and outside of a passive YEAR OLD PERISItQBMS (3) weft, bound by a single wrapping weft with a con- A woven strap from the beach in front of sistent up-to-the-right slant. The wrapping tech- the Glenrose Archaeological Site, near the nique is generally associated with Wakashan mouth of the Fraser River, B.C., was seized from heavy-duty carrying baskets, although eth- a private collector by the R.C.M.P. and the B.C. nographic Salish made and used similar baskets. Archaeology Branch. The artifact was radiocar- Although the basketry from the Glenrose site is bon dated to 4000 B.P., making it the oldest generally similar to these historic Wakashan bas- perishable artifact from the Northwest Coast. A kets, there are differences, and some details are Millennia Research crew under the direction of similar to 2,000 year-old baskets from Coast the author subsequently tested the intertidal area Salish territory. Although the sample is too small to determine the limits and content of the water- to make statements about potential ethnic con- logged component on behalf of the Archaeology nections with any confidence, the possibiity ex- Branch. ists of ancestral connections to both the Salish Major excavations at Glenrose were under- and Wakashan speaking groups. taken in the early 1970s by SFU and UBC. The The hundreds of stakes arranged in oblique Mercury series site report has been among the rows along the riverbank are probably the standard references for the culture 'area since remains of fsh weirs and traps. This interpreta- that time. Three components were recovered tion i.i supported by the huge number of salmon from the upland portion of the site: the Old Cor- bones in the shell hash layers. The inference is dilleran (8150-5700 B.P.); the St. Mungo (4300- that intensive salmon harvesting, processing and 3300 B.P.); and the Marpole (2300-2000 B.P.). storage were well established at the mouth of the No waterlogged materials were encountered Fraser River by 4600 B.P. Added to other data, it during these earlier excavations, however. appears that many of the components of In 1990, waterlogged cultural materials Northwest Coast Culture, including massive ar- were found along 250m of beach. Test excava- chitecture, wealth accumulation, hereditary tions found the rocky beach surface to be lag ap- status, and ranking were in place by this early parently collapsed from washed-away shell date. midden strata. Under the surface were alternat- ing layers of culturally ster-ilecompact silty clay and sandy shell hash. The shell hash contained large quantities of mussel and clam, salmon, flat- Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

Ep,Johnny (Av- Cultural Imtitufe) visitors alike with a stunningly beautiful natural HISTORK HERITAGE AND THE INUIT OF landscape. Hidden throughout that landscape NUNAVIK (I) are the defences, barracks and workshops of its The cultural heritage importance of history former military occupants. Archaeology in the as perceived by the Inuit of Nunavik and the park helps to illuminate the long struggle of the work of the Avataq Cultural Institute in the soldiers, not against human adversaries, but preservation of traditional Inuit knowledge are against a more persistent foe - the harsh environ- outlined. ment. The Canadian Parks Service is currently developing these archaeological resources to Fecfeau,Rudy (Ontario Ministry of Transponia- help tell the story of Signal Hill. fwn),Jim Molnar (Stace Univenity of New York at Albany) and Gary Warrick (Ontario Ministry of Fed,Ned and Ian Kenyon (Ontario Mh&y of Transportation) Cuhmand Communicalwns) IROQUOUN VILLAGE ECOLOGY (11) LOYALISTSALONG THE GRAND: Patterns in Iroquoian village relocation are NINETEENTH CENTURYARCHrlEOLOGI- presented. Typically, a village was located at the CAL.AND HISTORICAL INVESTIGA TIONS edge of its agricultural catchment and relocated OF MOHA WK VILLAGE, SLX NATIONS, a distance of two kilometres. Reasons for this ,'3RANTFORD (11) relocation pattern are evaluated in light of ar- After the American Revolution, the British chaeological, geographical, and historical data Government granted a large tract of land along for a cluster of thirteenth and early fourteenth the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario to century village sites near Burlington, Ontario. A memkrs of the Six Nations Iroquois who were strategy for Iroquoian village relocation is of- loyal to the British Crown and had chosen to fered, emphasizing the interrelationships be- leave New York State. About 1,800 people, led tween temperate forest regeneration and by Joseph Byant, settled along the river south of Iroquoian demands for cleared fields, building present day Brantford. By the late eighteenth supplies, and firewood. century a chain of Six Nations villages extended down the Grand River, consisting of loose ag- Ferguson, Robert (Chadian Parks Service) and glomerations of log cabins. In what eventually Frances Stewart (University of New Brunswick) would be south Brantford was the Upper ANAWLAN SEl'TLER ON P.E.I.: THE Mohawk Village, where Joseph Brant, his family, HACHI?-GALLANTHOUSEATPORTLA and a number of other Mohawk families lived, JOYE (13) adjacent to a frame chapel. Development ac- The cellar of a domestic building, ca. 1720- tivities in the early 1980s, situated adjacent to the 1745, at the first French settlement on Isle Saint still standing Mohawk Chapel, revealed a num- Jean (P.E.I.) contained one of the few undi- ber of features related to the nineteenth century turbed archaeological deposits in this heavily- Upper Mohawk settlement. Excavations focused farmed site. The property had belonged to on an area represented by two cellar pits with as- Michel HachC-Gallant, considered the first sociated features, occupied sequentially by the Acadian settler on the island and ancestor of same family between the beginning of the many of P.E.I.3 present inhabitants. Location of nineteenth century and 1860s. The archaeologi- the cellar by EM-38 conductivity meter is dis- cal materials recovered from these two occupa- cussed, as well as structural, artifactual and tions, as well as the findings from other areas of faunal evidence of the Gallant occupation. the village, document changes to settlement-sub- sistence and material culture use through this Ferguson, Robert (Canadian Parks Service) period of massive change in southern Ontario, THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HILL: THE and also show how changes differed between this BURIED HISTORY OF SIGNAL HILL NA- highly Christianized Iroquois group and other, TIONLHISTORIC PARK (PUBLIC SES- more conservative sectors of the Grand River Six SION) Nations community. As well, the archaeological The nineteenth-century British garrison on data obtained from this site both augment and Signal Hill in St. John's has left us a surprisingly contradict traditional historical interpretations of rich historical record buried in the ground. Mohawk culture history in the nineteenth cen- Today the park provides city residents and tury, demonstrating the potential value ar- R6surnBs: ACA Rbunion annuelle 199 1 chaeological investigations have in the area of paper reviews the history of research, dwelling Late Historic Native studies. particularly upon recent interdisciplinarywork on the Frobisher settlements and mines and ar- Finnigm, Jim (Wakm He&& Services Inc.) cheometric studies of the early-dating Frobisher PREDICmMODELINGALONG THE SAS- iron "bloo~ns'~.Results of recent surveys con- KA TCHEWAN RIKTR (15) ducted in outer Frobisher Bay in 1990 are During the 1970s and 1980s a substantial presented. Finally, a plan coordinated with the amount of archaeological survey was completed Canadian Steering Committee for Frobisher re- along stretches of the Saskatchewan River be- search is presented for forthcoming studies in his- tween Nipawin and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. tory and oral history, historical archaeology, A wide range of survey techniques was European-Inuit acculturation, and environmen- employed, from surface reco~aissanceto prob tal research. abilistic sampling. Because this river is situated in a transition- Fmman, Gordon R and Phyllis J. Fmman al zone between the aspen parkland and the (Univemity of Alberta) boreal forest, a clearer picture of the distribution MAJORVILLE MEDICINE WHEEL COM- of sites here could be used as starting model for PLEX M4Rk7NG THE 12.00 HOUR DAE: site location in the two adjacent ecotones. This NOT THE TRUE SOLAR EQUINOX (4) paper presents a preliminary report on process "Medicine Wheel" is a name given to of budding a predictive site iacation modei for severai kinds of ckcuiar or radiating patterns of the Saskatchewan River. stones placed on the ground by man. It is unlike- ly that all kinds of medicine wheels served the Fihhugh, WiUiam W. (Smichsonian InsCihrCion) same purpose (Brumley 1988). The Majorville ARCHAEOLOGY OF A THULE ULLAGE IN Medicine Wheel in Southern Alberta (50.5860 N NORTHERN LABRADOR (I) latitude, 112.410" W longitude) has associated The Thule period and its relationships to with it outlying rock lines and cairns that ac- Dorset and late Indian occupations of central curately mark the sun rise and set points on the and northern Labrador is an important but little solstices and on the "observed equinoxes". known period in Labrador prehistory. Large The point of the sun's first flash on the populations and strong cultural, economic, and horizon is the rise position, and the point of the ethnic contrasts characterize this period, which last flash on the horizon is the set position. These led directly to the establishment of modern Inuit points move northward from December to June, and IMU populations and laid the foundation for then move southward again after the summer the historical period. While Late Dorset, Point solstice. Near an equinox the sun rise and set Revenge, and historic Inuit cultures are well- points at Majorville move along the horizon by described, the Thule period has not been given 1.3 sun diameters per day. Near a solstice it takes sufficient attention. This paper presents informa- nine days to move the last diameter to the tion from recent Thule excavations on Staffe Is- solstice position. We determine the sun rise and land in the Killinek region in the context of other set points photographically to within less than Labrador Thule data and proposes an interac- one sun's diameter, and sometimes to within a tion model for the period AD 1000-1500 leading fifth of a diameter (O.lO),along alignments up to to the modern era. 2km long. Rock alignments at Majorville mark the sun Fihhugh, WhW. (SmirhsonianInstirucwn) rise and set points three days before the vernal ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FROBISHER equinox and three days after the autumnal equi- VOYAGES: RESULTS AND PROSPECTS (13) nox These days are within two minutes of being The Frobisher Voyages (1576-1578) present exactly 12 hours long. The lens effect of the at- one of the most interesting opportunities for in- mosphere causes the length of the solar equinoc- tegrated historical, anthropological, and ar- tial days to be about 12 hours and 10 minutes chaeological studies in the Quincentennial era. long at Majorville. While the history of this earliest English The position of sunrise on the 12.00 hour enterprise on the soil of the New World is well day is marked by a spoke in the Medicine Wheel known, its archaeological and ethnographic which points to a large white limestone in the aspects have received cursory treatment. This "East House" 61m away, and to a configured Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

part of the eroded river bid1100m away. Rocks This study also reveals potential inadequacies in have slid down the eroded bank from the previous archaeological survey strategies in the sightline position. The sun rises over the horizon barrenlands. about 30km distant. A more spectacular 12.00 hour day sunrise Garden, Mary-Catherine E. (Fort York Archaeol- marker involves two V sights of rocks separated ogy Programme) by 70m, on the west side of the Medicine Wheel A COMPMTNE ANALYSIS OF THE DIETS hill. The sighting line is tangent to the Wheel. Be- OF THE OFFICERSAND THE ENLISTED cause one is looking up the shaded side of the MEN AT HISTORIC FORT YORK (AjGu-26), hill, the sun becomes visible in the nested bot- TORONTO (14) toms of the V's a half hour after the first flash on Archaeological excavations undertaken the distant horizon. Thus, one can observe the since 1987 at Fort York, a multi-component equinox sunrise even if the distant horizon is British Military site founded in 1793, have un- overcast to a depth of several sun diameters. covered both a midden associated with Enlisted The 12.00 hour day sunset is marked by a Men and a filled areaway adjacent to the ca 1815 spoke of the Wheel which points to a small cairn Brick Officers' Mess. on a hillock 1100m away and to a ripple on the Faunal material from the midden and the horizon about lOkm distant. Officers' Mess was compared to determine if The important part of the Majorville status differences could be detected within the Medicine Wheel site covers 13km. It is 20,000 faunal sample. Results suggest that there are times larger than previously thought. The area notable differences in the subsistence patterns of protected by Alberta Government designation the Officers and the Enlisted Men living under has been increased from 0.16km to 0.65km. The similar conditions. In addition, there is some in- designated area should include all of sections 2, dication that increases and decreases in the rela- 3,10 and 11 in township 19, range 18, west of the tive frequencies of key species within the 4th meridian, and also the E half of 4-19-18-4 Enlisted Men's sample can be linked to docu- and the steep banks on both sides of the Bow mented historical events. River in sections 1,12,l3and 24 of 19-18-4, and the banks in sections 24,25,34 and 35 of 18-18-4. Gendroq, Daniel (Avataq Culhual Inst&&) PRE-DORSET BOULDER NELD AR- Friesen, Max T. (McGill University) CHAEOLOGY IN NUNAVIK (7) PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PAKCERNS IN A collaborative salvage project was under- THE DISTRICT OF KEE WATIN, taken in 1990 by the Avataq Cultural Institute NORTHKEST TERRITORIES (18) and the Cree Regional Authority at the GhGk-4 The barrenlands of the Keewatin District, site, a Pre-Dorset boulder field site near Kuuj- northwest of Hudson Bay, exhibit a complex juarapikNhapmagoostui, southeastern Hudson prehistory which includes five distinct ar- Bay. Project activities were centred on the ex- chaeological traditions: Palaeo-Indian, Archaic, cavation of four semi-subterraneandwellings of Pre-Dorset, Taltheilei, and Caribou Inuit. People varying form and two tent ring. The excavations of all traditions shared an economic focus on yielded a total of 4,650 lithic specimens. The tool wibou; which provided not only food, but also assemblage, comprising 232 artifacts, is the skins, antler, bone and sinew which were re- dominated by burins, burin spalls, microblades quired for clothing, shelter, and subsistence tech- and projectile points of several varieties. The ex- nologies. Investigations near Baker Lake during cavation results and the implications of the the 1988 and 1989 field seasons have yielded sig- project regarding boulder field archaeology in nificant new components to the known site dis- Nunavik are described and discussed. tributions of the Taltheilei (Dene) and Caribou Inuit traditions. Settlement patterns associated Gibson, Terrance H. (Western He&@ Services with these two populations indicate major distinc- Inc) tions between their respective wibou procure- HITERGIS: GIS PLAINAND SIMPLE (15) ment systems. These distinctions are interpreted Although Geographic Information Systems here in terms of technological, environmental, aie becoming more commonly used for ar- and social factors which affect the mobility and chaeological studies, many archaeologists, eth- spatial distribution of northern hunter-gatherers. nographers and ethnohistorians are reluctant to RBsum6s: ACA R6unlon annuelle 1991

make use of GIs techniques, because the systems microcore technology, within the subsistence-set- are so difficult to design and operate. However, tlement system of prehistoric, semi-sedentary most heritage-related studies do not require the hunter-gatherers. The study of technological or- vast array of analytical tools offered by GIs sys- ganization involves investigation of why a society tems that make them so incomprehensible to un- selects particular tool designs, and how it struc- trained researchers. What most people want is a tures the manufacture, use, maintenance and dis- simple way of tying database information to card of tools and associated debitage across the geographic location. This paper demonstrates landscape. The model tested here associates the several ways how this can be done simply, cheap- use of microcore technology with a design for a ly and effectively using Hypercard. maintainable and transportable tool assemblage which conserves lithic material, and with a dis- Gordon, Diana Lynn (McMaster University) tribution focused on residential camps as the IN CONTEXT: APPROACHES TO THE AR- locus of microcore manufacture, and microblade CHAEOLOGIW RECORD OF THE THREE production and use. The model is tested through PINES SITE (CgHa-6), LAKE TEMAGAMI, a comparative case study of archaeological tools ONTARIO (8) and debitage from microlithic and non- Analyses of the soils, a pollen core, the microlithic sites in two upland valleys in the geomorphology and the microstratigraphy of the British Columbia Southern Interior Plateau. Three Pines Site, were integrated to reconstruct Results indicate that microcore technology was some of the natural and cultural processes which variable in design goals and distribution, even have formed this shallow, multi-component site within the same geographically and ethnographi- typical of the Canadian Shield. The Three Pines cally defined region. Site is a baymouth bar, created sometime after deglaciation (ca 10,500 B.P.) and available for Halverson, Cokn(Halverson Archueokbgical Con- human occupation by at least 6400 B.P. suIcanCs) Repeated seasonal occupations by Archaic, Ini- PUBLICARCHAEOLOGYIN THE BOREAL tial Woodland, Terminal Woodland, Historical FOREST (8) and Modern period groups have left a time series Public archaeology in the Boreal Forest is of minute cultural modifications to the striving to prove that good archaeological landscape. The nature and the relative temporal method and theory can be achieved in a public sequence of these events were identsed through setting. Indications to date suggest that uchaeol- the use of a Harris Matrix stratigraphic analysis. ogy in the future will be an integral part of educa- This provided a basis for phasing the settlement tion and tourism. traces, artifacts and other archaeological sedi- ments into a temporal sequence of occupations. Hamihn, Sco# (Lakehead University) This contextuaVstratigraphic approach (cf. EARLYHOLOCENE HUMAN SKELETAL Butzer 1982; Harris 1979) involves conceptualiz- REMAINS IN THE NORTHERN BOREAL ing the archaeological record as a time series of FOREST OFNORTmSTERN ONTARIO (8) physical deposits, whose form and nature reflect Prehistoric human burials were en- the cumulative total of all events, activities and countered during construction of an airstrip on processes which have operated to create the ar- the Wapekeka Indian reserve, located 600km chaeological site as it exists today. This viewpoint north of Thunder Bay, Three AMS radiocarbon allows for artifacts to be considered within their tests of human bone fragments yielded results of stratigraphic context, sites in their palaeoenviron- 6,630+90,6,800&90, and 7,080+90 years B.P. mental context and ultimately hunter-gatherer These human skeletal remains represent behaviour within the context of the human the first discovered and reported in the northern ecosystem. portions of Northwestern Ontario, and greatly ex- tend the known antiquity of human occupation of Greaves, Sheila (Univemify of Brirish Columbia) the Severn Uplands and the adjacent Hudson A MODEL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF Bay Lowlands. MZCROCORE TECHNOLOGYAMONG SEMI- The Wapekeka region was not deglaciated SEDENTARYHUNTER-GA THERERT (19) until about 8,600 years B.P. and was then The purpose of this research is to construct covered by Lake Agassiz until about 8,000 B.P. and test a model of the organization of After the abrupt drainage of Lake Agassiz, the Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 1991

Hudson Bay Lowlands were inundated by the Hanks, Chris (Environment Cha&q Chadian Tyrrell Sea, and the Wapekeka region was within Parks Service) 60 to 100km of this arctic sea edge for several A PASS TO THE SOUTH: ANATOMY thousand years. TRADITlONAL ROUTEACROSS TIYE The burial site is located upon a beach TLOGOTSHO PLATEAU - MCKENZIE strand line that developed in the side of a sand MOUNTAINS, m.(10) esker. This beach is undated, but is tentatively Eight sites spanning from the late pleis- identified as a glacial lake shoreline given its tocene to the post contact period on the height above current water levels. The burials T'logotsho Plateau, south of the Nahanni Nation- date to about 1,000 years after the drainage of al Park Reserve, provide the basis for an ex- Lake Agassiz, but the landscape was likely still amination of human movement in the northern seasonally water-saturated except for upland Cordilleran. The discovery of a basal fragment of regions such as bedrock outcrops, end moraines a Clovis Point has allowed the question of move- and eskers. Coniferous forest cover was likely ment along the "ice-free" corridor by Palaeo-In- quite open, stunted and adversely affected by dims to be addressed next to the seasonal proximity to the Tyrrell Sea, and the early rounds of later Dene hunters in the mountains. Holocene resource potential of the region was This comparison has facilitated our under- likely similar to the modem tunciralforest inter- standing of long term aboriginal land use in the face of the North West Territories. southern Mackenzie Mountains. Given the comparatively late deglaciation of the region, the Wapekeka burials likely represent Hin~hehvood,Andrew (Old and in the Way Con- initial human expansion into the area. Whether suh) they are of late Plano or early Shield Archaic af- EXC4 VATIONSAT WUNNUMIN LAKE, filiation is uncertain. Construction activities have NORTHERN ONTARTO (8) removed any evidence of encampment areas, and Wunnumin North Portage Site (FETh-1) was no archaeological materials were encountered in excavated as a CRM mitigation project in situ. A crudely flaked biface and a ground stone August, 1989. Artifacts recovered from the 23 gouge were recovered in disturbed context. square metres of excavation indicate repeated oc- Ground stone technology is not associated with cupation of the portage camp from Middle the Plano or Archaic cultures of the Boreal Woodland (Laurel) times to the present. Laurel Forest, and stone gouges are virtually unknown ceramics include a small (10l.lmm diameter, west of the spatial range of the Laurentian Ar- 0.30981 volume), vessel of coil construction, un- chaic. decorated except for two lines of twisted fibre im- It is not known whether the gouge was pressions below the rim. In the prehistoric originally associated with the burials, indicating component, spatial separation of the ceramics, previously unrecognized early development of scrapers and hearth feature from bifaces and ground stone technology, or whether it was debitage suggest discrete activity areas. Early deposited as part of site re-use long after human and late historic materials recovered from the burials. Even if the stone gouge reflects a later site also reflect a series of maintenance and sub- Shield Archaic occupation of the site, its sistence activities taking place. Vertical distribu- presence is startling. It contradicts the general tion of artifacts has been limited by natural forest characterization of the Shield Archaic as small frre action, with the prehistoric materials lying at and isolated groups of northern hunters. Little or near the mineral soiVhumus interface, and evidence of contact and technological inter- with later material occurring within the humus change between Shield Archaic and Laurentian and duff. Archaic is apparent in the literature. Evidence of such contact is limited to the mixture of cultural Hireler, George (Memorial Univcm@ of New- "index fossils" at sites in the southeasterly por- foundland) tions of the Canadian Shield. The recovery of a h?ARPSEAL (Phoca groenlandica) CANINE ground stone gouge in the Severn Uplands calls DENTTNE ANNULIAS INDICATORS OF for considerable rethinking of the cultural AGE AND/OR SEASON OF DEA TH (14) dynamics of the Archaic in the Canadian Shield. Determining site seasonality and the age composition of the faunal resources exploited re- quires the utilization of all available data RBsumBs: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

recovered from the site. This paper reports on scent. Such societies, which Asch has referred to the progress of research into one such data as "bilateral Dravidianate", have kin ter- source, the dentine incremental muli of harp minologies with close formal ties to those of seal (Phoca groenlandica) canines. Using in- Dravidian speakers in South India. These kin sys- cremental annuli in mammal teeth for determin- tems are also common in North America among ing age is a widely accepted technique among Athapaskan, Algonkian and Numic speakers; wildlife biologists. Archaeologists have applied they divide social groups into affines and consan- this technique to a limited number of mammals guines, so that all cross relatives are prospective to determine their age and time of death. The marriage mates or in-laws. Analysis of Athapas- time of death has been used as an indicator of kan social structures has shown that the place-

' site seasonality. ment of cross relatives within or outside local Studies, by 1) a binocular microscope using groups or villages determined the degree of local transmitted polarized light, 2) black and white group endogamy or exogamy, and ultimately in- microphotography, and 3) computer programs fluenced economic and political strategies (image enhancement and density slicing), on through effects on local group size and alliance both modern and archaeological harp seal opportunities. canine thin sections will be discussed. The objec- The same semantic patterns can be recog- tive is to validate or refute the method of deter- nized in lexical reconstructions for proto- mining age and/or season of death from harp Athapaskan, proto-Eyak-Athapaskan and seal canine dentine annuli. If the method is proto-Central-Algonkian kin terms, thus provid- validated in a modern baseline sample (of known ing rich contextual information relevant to Late age at death and time of death), it will be applied Prehistoric (and perhaps earlier) archaeological to archaeological specimens from Port au Choix records linked to these language groups. Palaeo-Eskimo sites. The results will be Moreover, degree of exogamy, local group size, evaluated to determine how constructive the and pattern of alliance all have the capacity to method is in generating pertinent archaeological shape material records in predictable ways. data. Dravidian-like systems may have evolved toward more complex Crow terminologies in Hood, Bryan C. (Memorial University of Nw- northwestern North America; developmental foundland) breakdown of Dravidian-like systems (favouring DECONSTRUCTING "COMPLEX" HUNTER- local group exogamy and leading toward Spier's GATHERERS (2) "Mackenzie Basin" terminologies) was a key Recent archaeological studies of hunter- trend in Athapaskan expansion outside their gatherers (e.g. Price and Brown 1985) emphasize homeland; and identical terminological patterns the problem of emergent social complexity. are also present among virtually all Numic and These studies reify "complexity" and evade Algonkian speakers who moved onto the Plains. fundamentalconceptual issues. I examine the theoretical assumptions and methodological con- Jamieson, Susan M. (Trent Universily) ventions used by complexity advocates, par- A PICKERNG CONQUEST? LE PS REKlEW ticularly their paradigm commitments and THE EVIDENCE (11) strategies of argument. I reject the dominant J.V. Wright has proposed that the Middle framework of reductionist eco-functionalism and Ontario Iroquois were the product of "the un- outline an alternative viewpoint based on struc- broken cultural development of the Pickering turation theory (e.g. Giddens 1979). branch in southeastern Ontario and the conquest and cultural absorption of the Glen Meyer Ives, John W. (Archaeological Survey of Alberta) branch by the Pickering branch in southwestern IMPLICA TIONS FOR PREHISTORIC Ontario" (Wright 1966:64). A reevaluation of the STUDIES IN THE SEMANTIC PAlTERNS bases of this hypothesis reveals that Middle On- RE'VEALED BY RECONSTRUCTED KlN TER- tario Iroquois genesis was complex and is inade- MINOLOGIES (16) quately explained by the Pickering conquest1 Levi-Strauss's treatment of elementary kin absorption model. Middle Ontario Iroquoian structures did not recognize a logical category development arose out of events within a larger arising from his analysis: societies that had posi- Northeastern context which involved the process tive marriage rules, but did not have unilineal de- of "Mississippification" and relatively large-scale Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1 population shifts and realignments along major Jerkic, Sonja M. and WhyMathias (Md river systems. University of Newfoundndlan) "CLOTHES MAKE THE MAN": A BURL4.L Jefemh Lin& (Historic Resources Division, FROM L'ANSE AU LOUP, LABLABRADOR (12) Governmenl of Newfoundland and Labrador) and The 1987 discovery, excavation, and analysis CoUeen Leeder (Environmental~ment of a human skeleton, a nearly complete set of Division, Government of Newfoundndlan and clothing, and other cultural remains from a Labrador) burial at L'Anse au Loup, Labrador, provide an ARCHAEOLOGYAND ZMPACTASSESS- example of co-ordinated investigation by an os- MENT IN THE NEWREGULATORY EN- teologist and a conservator. Study of the skeleton WRONMENT (9) and preserved hair indicate the remains to be The EnvironmentalAssessment Act (1980) those of a young adult black male. Loss of an and the Historic Resources Act (1985) have arm may have contributed to his death. helped to ensure the protection of historic Conservation treatment and analysis of the resources in Newfoundland through the applica- clothmg suggest a costume dating to the early tion of impact assessment procedures. A sys- nineteenth century. Initials scratched into an as- tematic referral and review process has been sociated pocket knife handle and shoe sole pro- developed which enables cultural resource vide a clue to identity. Together the work of the managers to determine if a proposed develop- osteologist and conservator reveal "W.H." to ment will signXcantly impact upon an ar- have been a young black sailor working and chaeological site. The introduction of proposed dying on the Strait of Belle Isle in the nineteenth federal Acts for environmental assessment and century. archaeology will undoubtedly change the face of impact assessment as we know it. This paper ex- Julig, Pahick J. (Laurentian Univemity) amines Newfoundland's current assessment LZTHZC TECHNOLOGZU CONTINUlTY process, the new regulatory environment and pos- AND CHANGE AT THE SHEGUL4NDAH sible implications for archaeology and environ- SITE, h2 NITOULZN ISLAND, LAKE mental assessment in the province. HURON (8) ARCH~OLOGZEETL~TUDE D'IMPACT Sheguiandah is a stratified quarry- DANS LE NOWEL ENMRONNEMENTDE workshop site with confirmed Palaeo-Indian REGLEMENTATZON (9) (Eastern Plano), Archaic, and later cultural com- L'Environmental Assessment Act (1980) et 1'- ponents. In the "habitation" area of the site the Historic Resources Act (1985) ont aid6 A assurer original investigator, T. Lee, reported five cul- la protection des ressources historiques A Terre- tural levels within a complex stratigraphy. Lee Neuve par l'application des processus de recovered small thick bifaces in the lower mixed l'tvaluation d'impact. On a dtveloppt un proces- deposits, overlain by an assemblage with large sus de rtftrence et de rtvision systematique qui thin biiaces. A re-analysis of a sample of the Lee permet des gtrants de ressources cuturelles afin Sheguiandah collection was wried out to ex- de dkterminer si un dtvelopement propost ait un amine technological continuity and change in the impact significant sur un site archtologique. biface and uniface quartzite industry. A small L'introduction des Lois ftdtraux que l'on a macroblade assemblage from the lower com- propostes pour l'tvaluation enviromementale et ponents is evaluated with respect to age and cul- l'archtologie va changer le structure de tural affiation. Finally the directions of future l'tvaluation d'impact comme on la connail. Cette work to resolve outstanding questions at dissertation examine le processus d'tvaluation Sheguiandah site is considered. courant h Terre-Neuve, le nouvel environnement de rkglementation et les constquences possibles Kaplan, Susan A. (The Peary-MacMiUan ArcCic A l'archtologie et h l'kvaluation enviromemen- Museum) tale dam cette province. PASTAND PRESENT DZRECTZONS OF LABRADOR INUIT RESEARCH (1) The Thule Inuit colonization of and adapta- tion to Labrador have been studied by ar- chaeologists and ethnohistorians since the early 1900s. While scholars agree that Labrador Inuit R6sum6s: ACA R6union annuelle 199 1

culture has undergone dramatic changes over the not only an understanding of the material history last 500 years, archaeologists have proposed com- of the valley, but also of the mental landscape of peting demographic, environmental, and histori- the people who lived there. cal explanations to account for the changes. The history of investigations of Labrador Inuit K&mamon, Helen and Michael Deal (Memorial lifeways, the status of these explanations, and the University of Neyfoundland) direction of ongoing research will be reviewed. THE IDENTIFIc4TIONAND IrnRPRETA- TION OF FINISHING M4RKS' ON PREHIS- 'Kadyside,David (Archaeologicul Survey of TORIC NOVA SCOTLA N CERRMICS (2) -) A wide variety of surface finishing techni- ' JX'HICS AS HORIZON iU4RKERS IN ques were employed on prehistoric North East- MARITIME PREHISTORY (6) ern ceramics, yet surface finish is probably the Archaeological research at prehistoric sites most poorly recorded attribute in published in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Ed- ceramic reports. This situation stems from a lack ward Island has identified specific lithic of standardization in terminology and identifica- materials which have proven to be useful time in- tion procedures. Comparative analyses have dicators for Maritimes' archaeological as- been limited by the resultant inconsistencies in semblages. Current data apply primarily, documentation. This paper presents the results although not exclusively, to the late prehistoric of replicative experiments that form one com- Maritime Woodland period. Examples discussed ponent of a larger data-base management include Ramah Bay, Labrador quartzite, Bay of project, which is currently in progress. Repli- Fundy cherts and chalcedonies, Ingonish Island cated finishing marks are used to aid a com- siliceous shale and Prince Edward Island parison of decorative and finishing techniques hematite. The occurrence of these lithics at over time in ceramic assemblages from several specific Maritimes' locales also sheds light on Nova Scotian sites. Particular attention is given population movements, economic procurement to the identification of interior finishing techni- strategies, and trading patterns. It is ques since they are less likely to be obscured by hypothesized that the use of specific lithic types decorative elements, which typically occur on the may signal the beginning of a cultural pattern exterior vessel surface. This research should identifiable with the traditional Micmac of the prove to be useful in the development of stand- region. ardized identification procedures and for clarify- ing the chronological relationships between Kleindw Marine, (University of Toronto) various decorative and finishing techniques on PRESER WNGPLEISTOCENE PEOPLE AT prehistoric ceramics. DAKLEH OASIS, EGPTLAN SAHARA (17) No abstract received Lubdche, Yves (UniversU du Qdbec d Monhhl) LES TRADITIONS ALIMENTAIRES DE LA Xlimko, Olga (WPstem Heritage Services Inc.) Tqft; RI~GIONDE XANGIQSUJUAQ, QU~BEC Michael (FoIWore and OralHistory Consubnt) ARCTIQUE (DONNBES ETHNOGRAPHI- A SENSE OF PLACE: AN EXP.ERIMENT IN QUES ETARCH~OLOGIQUES) (16) HISTORICARCHAEOLOGYAND ORAL HIS- Depuis 1985, l'auteur a rtalis6 six br&vesin- TORY (13) terventions arch6ologiques (inventaires et fouil- As part of the Rafferty Project in southeast les) chez les Inuit de Kangiqsujuag. Differentes Saskatchewan, fmanced by the Souris Basin zones tcologiques ont Ct6 explorkes: estuaires, Development Authority, we combined the dtes et iles maritimes, lacs de l'interieur. Des methodologies of historic archaeology and oral entrevues ethnographiques ont tgalement ttt history in the investigation of Euro-Canadian set- rtaliskes. Ces travaux permettent de rendre com- tlement in that area (appro&ately 1900 to pte du mode d'utilisation des ressources naturel- 1%0). For our presentation, we would like to &is- les, et plus sptcifiquement des pratiques relites cuss the ways in which we have conducted oral A l'alimentation traditionnelle, objet principal de history interviews with former residents of the cette communication. Suivra une discussion au valley and combined them.with archaeological sujet des problemes que pose l'interprktation des recording and sampling procedures to gain an vestiges arch6ologiques ayant trait A ce domaine: overall understanding of life in the Souris Valley; Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

os, lampes et recipients, foyers et caches (16) individual TL ages were obtained and they provenant de sites dorsktiens, thuleens et inuit. suggest a TL age of 2.67k0.19 ka, for the last firing event. However, there is some variability in Since 1985, the author has conducted six the individual ages, a result of complex environ- brief archaeological expeditions (survey and ex- mental and internal dosimetry. cavation) with the Inuit of Kangiqsujuaq. Dif- ferent ecological zones have been surveyed: Lun&igne, Maurice F. (University of Winnipeg) estuaries, coastline and maritime islands and THE ANISHINABE OJIBWA AND l'lXE lakes of the interior. Ethnographical interviews PREWBRL4N SHIELD ROCK have also been recorded. These field activities PAINTINGS (5) enable us to understand natural resources utiliza- The rock art of the central Canadian tion by Inuit and their predecessors, and more Precambrian Shield has received only cursory specifically their traditional foodways. Our dis- scientific attention, up until now. No exhaustive cussion bears on problems encountered in the in- study aimed at collating and synthesizing the terpretation of archaeological data concerning data base into a comprehensive uniform model ancient food practices in the Arctic: animal of cultural evolution has ever been attempted, bones, lamps and pots, hearths and food caches, due to the logistical enormity of such an en- discovered in Dorset, Thule and Inuit sites. deavour. Most studies undertaken during the past thirty (30) years have been local or site Lcrmothe, Michel (Universitrl du Qdbec d specific, severely crippled by inadequate record- MontrM) ing and taxonomic classification procedures, and THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING OF subjugated by theoretical models intended to TWOARCh2EOLOGICAL. SITES INEAST- support pre-existing conceptions; not to verify by ERN CANADA (4) refutation. By continuing to ignore the scientific ' Archaeological sites in North America are requirements for such an important aspect of our typically near-surface finds. Thermolumines- Human heritage we inadvertently allow the cence (TL) has not yet been applied to the prehistorical, ideological, cultural and cosmologi- dating of these sites, although many show cal values associated with this evidential resource evidence for burnt structures and materials. The base to be misinterpreted, misrepresented and objectives of this study were to undertake a sys- potentially misused. tematic analysis of the TL of burnt material in sites that were previously dated by radiocixbon La&igne, Maurice P. (Univetsity of Winnipeg) and to apply the TL method to the dating of the ARCHAEOPSYCHOLOGY A CASE SEY last firing event. Two types of materials are now FROM PORTAU CHON, NEWOUND under study. This abstract presents results ob- LAND (6) tained on burnt stones from Blanc Sablon. Pot- Traditional modeling in symbolic archaeol- tery fragments recovered from the Cap ogy has relied almost exclusively upon vectors ex- Tourmente site are in the process of being ternal to the idiom itself-e.g. cosmological, analyzed and results will be presented at the con- biological, and environmental patterning. Con- ference. cerned primarily with the origins, ethnicity and The archaeological site is found on a raised functionality of symbolism rather than the for- beach in the vicinity of Detroit de Belle Isle. The malization process, the dicipline has circum- occupation is dated by radiocarbon obtained on vented humanistic perspectives critical to in situ charcoal (ca. 2.6 ka BP). The geometry understanding ideological factors. While ar- and the general appearance of arkoses of the chaeopsychologistshave thus far avoided the ex- Brador Sandstone found at the site suggest they treme arguments of the epistemologists and were a segment of a prehistoric hearth. TL meas- humanists currently being waged in Anthropol- urements have been carried out on K-feldspar ogy, the dicipline has also avoided making . and quartz inclusions of four arkosic sandstones. strong theoretical advances and in presenting a Equivalent doses were obtained by the additive truly comprehensive perspective. This has method, corrected for supralinearity. stemmed in large measure from its inability to The thermoluminescence of the stones col- distinguish between the physical phenomenon of lected in this study demonstrates the rocks have symbolism and the social context which it repre- sufficiently burnt to be datable by TL. Several sents, to classify the phenomenon in any other RBsurnQs:ACA RQunlon annuelle 199 1

context except along basic morphological ta#a, Martha A, Patricia Reed and Me& parameters, and to accept the observed Auchincbss (Scarborough College, Univenicy of idiosyncrasies and interplay of individual par- Torow ticipants as measurable indicators of a larger A RE-ANALYSIS OF THE BEETON SITE, socio-behavioral constntct. A theoretical under- BdGw-3: MIDDLEMEN IN THE STONE standing of archaeopsychological analysis is out- TRADE? (1 I) lined and applied to a symbolic assemblage case The Beeton site is located on the height of study: the Archaic burial complex at Port au land separating the regions occupied by the Choix, Newfoundland. Huron and the Lake Ontario Iroquois. The site dates from the Late Prehistoric period, shortly LMteigne, Mbrim P. (University of WuuuUUUpeg) before the northward removal of the Lake On- PERXGLACML. SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND tmio Iroquois. The location of the site and its ar- ADAPTm STRATEGIES IN THE tifacts strongly sugest that its occupants were PRECAMBRUN SHIELD (10) involved in the transshipment of lithic tools and Continued investigations at the Rush Bay raw material from the Lake Ontario drainage, Road complex in northwestern Ontario have sus- where there are extensive deposits of high quality tained previous hypotheses, initially presented flint, to that of Georgian Bay, where there are no during the 22nd Annual CAA meetings, as well comparable sources of lithic raw material. This as qanded upon new understandings on the so- paper presents a re-examination of this cial and economic strategies of Palaeo-Indian oc- hypothesis in light of continued analysis, current- cupational group adapted to a periglacial ly in progress at Scarborol~ghCollege of the environment. Results from additional excavation, University of Toronto. Assistance from the On- immunological blood residue and probabilistic tario Heritage Foundation is gratefully acknow- spatial analyses, indicate that the complex repre- ledged. sents a Plano culture winter-dispersal pattern in- terfaced between the eastern shores of Glacial Lebel, Serge (Universitt! du Qudbec d Montdal) Lake Agassiz and the southwestern margins of LE GISEMENT PALEOLITHIQUE MOEN the Laurentide ice sheet. Two temporary shelter DU BAU DE L'AUBI~SIER(T~AUCLUSE, features, 25-30 sq. meters in area, have been iden- FRANCE) (17) tified on the basis of lithic toss 7nne behavioral LR potentiel arch6ologique moustbrien du patterns around central hearths. Diagnostic Sud-Est de la France demeure trQ peu exploit4 residue was detected on nine (9114) unmodified surtout lorsqu'on le compare 3 la rtgion flake tools, five of which tested positive for anti- Aquitaine. Depuis 1987, I'abri-sow-roche du sera reactivity to the species level for cat, bear Bau de l'AuMsier fait exception et des rechet- and elk (cedces). From the Rush Bay Road ches systtmatiques y ont 6t6 entreprises par une evidence, it is inferred that an inhercnt dysfunc- dquipe franco-canadienne, Les dt5p6ts tional characteristic is embedded in the Plano accumulQ constituent un remplissage quater- socio-organizational structure which affects tool- naire de 12 m6tres d'kpaisseur, permettant la kit assemblage attributes in a unique manner cornparaison diachronique de plusieurs niveaux during winter dispersal patterns. Formalized tool- d'occupation superposb, attribuables au kit assemblages, which have traditionally served Paldolithique Moyen. Lcs activitCs humaines as Palaeo-Indian diagnostics for the generd dans I'abri ont conduit A la composition et region of the Glacial Lake Agassiz basin, may be I'organisation de dtpbts anthropiques a function of speciali~sdcommunal aggregation diff&renciCs.L'examen des restcs osseux dam les characteristics- the absence of which does not couches infkrieures a rkvCl6 la presence de: Bos necessarily signify lithic reduction workshops. prinrigenircq Equits caballus, Dicemdtinus hemitoeciaus, Megaceros giganteus, Cenw elaptlus, Capteolus capreaIus, Stis Scmfa, Urns arctos. Des traces de feu sont visibles dans ces niveaux et les dates ESR (Lu) leur conf&rentun Age supCrieur B 60 Ka (Wiirm 1et Wiirm 11). La prhence d'une couche archbologique trbnoire ct de grande etendue dans les dtpbts sup4rieurs cst it notre connaissance unique dans le Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

Paltolithique Moyen de l'Europe de l'Ouest. cavated. Cremated remains of several individuals Une importante aire de combustion associ6e il were accompanied by a rich assemblage of ar- cette couche, pose le problBme de la struchua- tifacts and ecofacts including chipped and tion de l'espaw A cette Bpoque. La faune recueil- ground stone tools, ceramic vessels, copper ar- lie y est bien difftrente de celle des niveaux tifacts, decorated bone fragments, red ochre inf6rieurs: Rangrrer tarandus, Rupicapra nodules, iron pyrites, faunal bones, and charred mpicapru, Capm ibex. La technologic et le travail botanical specimens. de l'os par les Neandertaliens sont discutks B la A preliminary interpretation of the site con- lumikre de la dtcouverte d'tclats en os et de tents and structure is presented. rainures r6gulibres sw du materiel osseux. of THE MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC SITE OFBAU Linnamae, Urve and Marcel Corbeil (Univemicy DE L 'A UB~SIER (VAUCL USE, FRANCE) (17) Saskhewan) In comparison to the Aquitaine area, the THERE IS HOPE AFTER CUL WATTON:AN Mousterian archaeological potential of the South- INTACTPALAEO-INDL4N SITE INSOUTH- East France has still not been investigated. Since WESTERN SASKA TCHE WAN (10) 1987, the rock-shelter of the Bau de l'AuMsier The Heron Eden site, just south of Prelate, has been as exception and this site is under inves- has produced an intact occupation palaeod, tigation by a French and Canadian team. The containing faunal remains and artifacts of the deposits form a quaternary accumulation of 12 Cody complex. Five radiocarbon determinations meters thickness, which is allowing a temporal have given ages between 8,160 to 10,210, with a comparison of many superposed occupation cluster around 9,000 years. The site has layers, attributable to the Middle Palaeolithic. produced five complete Cody complex points The human activities in this rock-shelter have (Scottsbluff and Eden) and a broken Agate created various archaeological layers, differen- Basin type. This paper will present the prelimi- tiated in the organization and composition of the nary analysis of the site, its stratigraphy and lithic remains. The analysis of the fauna, in the lower technology. Faunal analyses are not yet complete. layers, has revealed the presence of: Bos primigenius, Equus caballus, Dicerorhinus Luring, Stephen (Univemiry of South Clmlhra) hemitoechus, Megaceros giganteus, Cervus CHRZSTLANS AND HEATHENS: AR- elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Sus Scrofa, Ursus CHAEOLOGICALAND HISTORICAL INVES- urcfos. Fire traces are visible in those layers and TIGATIONS OF THE INUIT OFNORTHERN ESR (Lu) dates are suggesting an age superior to LABRADOR (I) 60 ka (Wiirm 1and Wiirm 11). As far as we know, A research initiative begun in 1989 seeks to an extended and very black archaeological layer provide Labrador Inuit with a means to access in the upper deposits is unique in the Middle their recent history. In pursuit of the exotic, Palaeolithic of West Europe. An important com- Euroamerican visitors to Labrador (nineteenth bustion area associated with this layer is setting century Moravian missionaries as well as contem- the problem of space structuration during this porary anthropologists and archaeologists) have period. The fauna is different from the lower created different visions of the indigenous Inuit. layers: Rangifer tarandus, Rupicapra mpicapra, A particularly vivid example of these attitudes is Capra iba The bone technology by the Neander- evident when examining the writings of thals is discussed, following the discovery of bone nineteenth century Moravian missionaries who flakes and regular grooves on bone material. characterized the Inuit as either "Christian" or "Heathen". A critical look at the Moravian docu- Leonard, Kevin (Univenisy of Toronto) ments, coupled with archaeological excavation, A PREHISTOMC MICMAC BURIAL afford a means to reconsider the nature of Inuit GROUND ON SKULL ISLAND, NEW social and economic strategies in the nineteenth BRUNSWCK (6) century. During 1990 a human burial site was en- countered in the erosion face of a small island in Shediac Bay, southeastern New Brunswick. With the approval of the Union of New Brunswick In- dians and funding from the province of New Brunswick, the endangered portion was ex- R6sumQs:ACA RQunion annuelle 190 1

Mayer, FdM., Richard Lalou and Rober~ collections of surface materials have been made. hroque (UniversW du Qdbec h Montrhl) The southern part of the Islands, particularly the OSTEOLOGYAND HISTORZW DEMOG- protected shores of interior lagoons, proved to R4PHY;.A COMPLZMENTARYAPPROA CH be especially rich in prehistoric remains. These FOR Tb-IE STUDY OF POPULATIONS' regions once contained a thriving seal and walrus HEALTH IN THE:PAST (12) population, as well as the diverse range of The osteology of historical populations and aquatic fauna still found there. This paper will the demography of the past are two fields of re- concentrate on the evidence for occupation search which are not usually linked. Although dif- during the Late Palaeo-Indian and Archaic ferent by virtue of their sources and methods, Periods. These data, though preliminary in na- each, however, shares the same objectiwe and ture, suggest that the Magdalen Islands were oc- the same object of study. In fact, osteology, as cupied at a very early time period by groups from well as demography (more recently), is con- the Maritime Provinces. cerned with a better understanding of the health PAS SEULEMENTDES TOURISTES: statut of former populations. As to their respec- T~MOIGNAGED~OCCUPA TIONS tive objects of study, they are the same popula- PR~IIISTORIQUESANCIENNES SUR LES tion composed of individuals who died, werc ILES-DE-LA-MRDELEINE, GOLFE DU buried and whose deaths were recorded in the SAINT--LAURENT (3) same parish. This double conjuncture in the re- A~ai1988, aiicine rcchcrcbe systemztique search interests of each field constitutes a strong de type archtologique n'avait tt6 faite sur les incentive for bringing them more closely Iles-de-la-Madeleine. Depuis, trois saisons de together. Moreover, these two sciences are com- travail de reconnaissance ont ttb mentes, ayant plimentary because they throw different lights on eu pour rtsultat la dtcouverte de 36 sites the same reality: osteology is primarily interested prthistoriques. Jusqu'ici, les sites ont ttt sondes in the pathology of populations, whiie historical et des collectes de materiel de surface ont tt6 demography concerns itself with the reproduc- effectubes. La partie sud des Iles, principalement tion patterns and mortality regime of the same les berges prottg6es des lagunes inttrieures, se cntily. Both approaches, when combined, should sont montrCes particulierement riches en restes lead to a more ~mprchensiveunderstanding of prthistoriques. Ces regions renfermaient jadis the population under study. The evident com- des populations florissantes de phoques et de plimentary nature of their analyses can also be ex- morses, ainsi qu'une faune aquatique extrement tended to the more technical aspects of varite. Ce dossier va se concentrer sur les measurement. Although the same individuals are preuves d'occupation B l'tpoque PalCo-Indienne studied differently, we should still be able to tardive ainsi qu'aux periodes archaiques. Ces verrfy reciprocally the quality of the data. There donnkes, bien que de nature prtliminaire, would be advantages, specifically for osteology, suggtrent que les Iles-de-la-Madeleines ttaient to compare reconstructed age and sex structures occupaient tr&st6t par des groupes des Provin- as well as life tables to those reconstructed by his- ces Maritimes. torical demography. However, since both sour- ces of data are not without weaknesses, the MacLean, Laurie (St. John's) wmparisons could be hazardous if not done with BEOTHUK IRON- EVTDENCE FOR POSI- the met~~odologicalexpertise developed by each TmEUROPEAN CONTACT (6) field of research. The author has recently produced the first comprehensive analysis of Beothuk iron artifacts. Mcwrey, Mota T. (McCord Museum of This includes a typology of ten types of projectile Cbdian History) points and awls that were recycled from NOT JUST TOURISTS: EARLY PREHIS- European wrought iron objects. The preferred TORIC OCCUPATION ON THE MAGDALEN European items used as raw materials and some ISLANDS, GULF OF ST. LAWUENCE (3) of the discernable manufacturing procedures Prior to 1988, no systematic archaeological were also outlined. Most of the iron was cold research had taken place in the Magdalen Is- hammered, but laboratory tests of a sample from lands. Since that time, three seasons of survey Boyd's Cove (DiAp-3) indicate that some nails work have resulted in the discovery of 36 prehis- were hot worked at temperatures only attainable toric sites. Thus far, sites have been tested and in European forges. This suggests that peaceful Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

Beothuk-European interactions occurred as late and the site' sposition within th e overall range of as the A.D. 1650-1720 period, which appears to sites at Port a Chok is discus ed. encompass most of the Boyd's Cove material. These data are contrary to ehting information MccLeod, K David and Paniciu M.-her indicating the complete absence of such (Histork Resources Br(u~ch,ManitobaCullwe, materials at Boyd's Cove and a complete break- He&@ and Rmion) down in the Beothuk relationship by the latter GROUND CONDUCTMTYSTUDIESAT seventeenth century. FORT DUFFERIN: CURRENTARCCNAEOL- OGYAT ZHE SITE OF THE BRITISH NORTH McAleese, Kevin (Memorial University of New- AMERICAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION foundland) WNTERING QUARTERS ON LOTS 31 AND BRITISH-INlJ?T RELATIONS IN SOUTHERN 33, PARISH OF SAINTAGATHE (2) LABRADOR: GEORGE C4RTHWGHTS Electromagnetic surveying of archaeologi- PERSPECTm 1770-1786 (1) cal sites has been a common occurrence since During the late eighteenth century George the late 1970s. Metal detectors, magnetometers Cartwright, a British merchant, operated a num- and resistivity meters have been used at a num- ber of sealinglf~shingltradingposts in southern ber of archaeological sites to locate various sub- Labrador. These were primarily clustered near surface features. The attraction for such devices Cape St. Charles in the Strait of Belle Isle and in is that they can lessen the need for extensive Sam- Sandwich Bay on the southeast Labrador coast. pling programs to locate archaeological features. Cartwright kept a journal of his daily business ac- However, metal detectors have a maximum tivities during his sixteen year tenure in penetration of only 0.50m. Magnetometers are Labrador, a record which also included accounts adversely affected by phenomena such as over- of his relations with Inuit people. This paper will head powerlines, proximity to vehicular trafftc, review his singular account of British-Inuit con- standing structures, etc. Measuring resistivity is a tact, as well as draw on evidence for this contact cumbersome process, which is time consuming recovered during exploratory excavations con- and usually requires the assistance of several ducted in 1986 at Stage Cove, his post near Cape people. St. Charles. It appears the CartwrighVInuit Historic Resources Branch personnel have relationship developed during the later stage of recently initiated studies using the EM-38 an episode in Labrador history in which control ground conductivity meter to plot features at the of southern Labrador was being redefined by two former site of the 1872-75 British North groups relatively equal in power. American Boundary Commission wintering quarters near Emerson, Manitoba. The EM-38 McAlsese, Ahin (Memorial Univemity of New- creates a circular magnetic field to a maximum fodland) depth of 1.5m below the surface and measures PRELIMINARY REPORT ON EeBi-30, THE the strength of that field. The basic premise of PARTY SITE, A JOINT DOMETAND IN- ground conductivity measurement is that buried DUNSITEATPORTAU CHOm, NEW- features result in either increases or decreases of FOUNDLAND (7) a soil's relative conductivity, depending on the Few, if any, sites at Port au Choix contain nature of buried features. The EM-38 is not ad- clear evidence for both Eskimo and Indian oc- versely affected by above ground or overhead cupation. However, lithics recovered during the metal and can be operated by one person. 1990 exploratory excavation of EeBi-30 indicate The paper will outline the historical back- a Dorset Eskimo occupation and suggest an In- ground of the Fort Dufferin Site, highlighting its dian presence at this apparently small campsite. importance regionally, provincially and national- The more substantial Dorset occupation is ly. The second portion of the paper will discuss reflected by a number of micro-blades, some Historic Resources Branch research objectives quartz crystal, plus various fme-grained stone at Fort Dufferin, while the fourth and fifth sec- and flakes of coarse-grained purple quartzite tions will deal with the operation of the EM-38 and Ramah quartzite. This latter group of lithics, and the data is generated. The paper concludes spatially separated from the former, suggest an with a discussion of future research planned at Intermediate or Maritime Archaic occupation. Fort Dufferin on the basis of the conductivity The site, artifacts and excavation are described data. R4surnBs: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

Mi&, Stephen (Chnadian Porkr Service) Moss, Wik(Service de l'urbankme, Vil& & ARCHAEOLOGIU RESOURCE MANAGE- Qdbm) MENTIN THE ONTARIO REGION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE URBAN CANDUNPARKS SERVICE (9) LANDSCAPE: THE DUFFERIN TERRACE, The Archaeological Research Section of QUEBEC CITY (13) the Canadian Parks Service, Ontario, is respon- The analysis of defensive works and sible for archaeological activities in six national landscapes features excavated at the Dufferin parks, military complexes and associated sites. Terrace in Qukbec in 1982 suggests that the Cultural resources within the national parks rep development of the site was marked by four resent the human occupation and exploitation of phases during its 300 year existence: the creation the region from the first Palaeo-Indians,ca. of the urban landscape (pre-1775), the reor- lO,W B.C. right through to the historic period. ganization of the urban landscape (1775 to 1820), The national historic parks and sites com- the restructuration of the urban landscape (1820- memorate nationally sqyXcant events and 1878) and, finally, the over-determination of the people. Cultural resources ia this system of urban landscape (post-1878). The analysis con- parks, canals and sites are as rich as they are siders visual perspectives offered by this part of varied. One of our major functions is the protec- the city and integrates stratigraphic, architec- tion of these cultural resources. To accomplish tural, historic and iconographic data. Results in- this tzsk z vziety ~f =recesses have ken dicate that the principle function of the Lower developed. Garden. from 1775 to 1878 was to announce to all This paper will describe techniques used by those arriving in Qukbec by boat that this urban the CPS archaeologiists to record, manage and space, at once the heart of the city and colony, protect the cultural resources within the parks was controlled by the Imperial government. The system, including the preparation of various in- study also suggests that urban form, seen ventories and evaluations of known resources. synchronically, represents a functional and cugni- Such techniques provide a blueprint of the cul- tive model: the organization of the urban tural resources and in some cases, the condition landscape has both symbolic and physical con- of the archaeological sites and are useful in the straints. Urban form is thus often, but not neces- appraisal of plans for development and opera- sarily, the accumulation of successive models: tional maintenance. They also provide park each of the four phases identified represented a managers with an assessment of the conditions of readjustment of the urban structure and the tran- sites within park boundaries, the significance of sition from one phase to another constituted the these sites and recommendations for monitoring, transformation of the paradigm prevailing for the mitigation options and future research. physical and conceptual organization of the urban landscape. Molnar, J~ames(SkW Universily of New York at AC MY) Nagy, MurieUe (University of Albda) SPATLQL ANALYSIS AT THE HUNTER'S INTERPRETA TION INARCTZC ARCHAEO- POINT SITE (2) LOGE LESSONS FROM ZNUKULUIT ORAL Hunter's Point is a multi-component camp HISTORY (18) on the Georgian Bay side of the Bruce Peninsula During the summer 1990 an oral history in Ontario. Excavations were begun last year on project was undertaken by the Inuvialuit Social this undisturbed site. Hunter's Point features Development Program (I.S.D.P.). The main ob- many discrete artifact concentrations repre- jective of the Herschel Island Cultural Study was senting the remains of specific behaviours. They to document Inuvialuit use and perceptions of include fish processing, lithic reduction, and Herschel Island. Results of the study would then habitation areas. These areas are isolated and be used in the development of an Interpretive mapped out using piece plot and unit density Plan for the Herschel Island Territorial Park data. Quantitative techniques are considered which would include interpretation of the Island with the aim of further defining artifact and be- from an Inuvialuit perspective. To this end, inter- haviour patterns. views were conducted in Inuvialuktun with In- uvialuit elders who lived along the Yukon North Slope. A field trip to Herschel Island was or- ganized, and five Inuvialuit elders visited histori- Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1 cal sites along the Yukon coast and at Pauline this unusual assemblage across the area during Cove on Herschel Island. the terminal Late Prehistoric period and led to Information collected regarding the use of renaming the assemblage as the Vickers Focus the island by Inuvialuit included: seasons of oc- within the larger context of the Scattered Village cupation, means of subsistence, structural Complex The sheer abundance of cultural remains, trading activities, interaction with materials in the Lowton assemblage, when com- whalers and Inuvialuit involvement with the pared with other sites containing these ceramics, Anglican mission. Inuvialuit oral history can pro- indicates that the Lowton site was easily the most vide important insights into archaeological is- important of the known sites for people belong- sues. As one example, the Inuvialuit elders ing to this segment of the Scattered Viage Com- described sod houses as being occupied year plex and may have been a regional center fdt a round rather than solely in winter time as often coalescing polyethnic society. assumed by arctic archaeologists. Nicholwn, Sylvia Will (Bmndon Univ-) LECONS DE L'HZSTOZRE ORALE DES ZN- UVLALUlT POUR ZNTERPR~TER FAUNAL PROCESSING AND ACTIWTY L'ARCH~OLOGIEDE L'ARCTIQUE. (18) AREASAT THE LOvsTROMSzmz Durante Pet6 1990 un projet d'histoire oral SOUTHERNMANIToBA (5) fut entrepris par l'Inuvialuit Social Development Analysis of the faunal remains at the Program (I.S.D.P.). L'objectif principal de cette Lovstrom (DjLx-1) site in southern Manitoba in- Btude culturelle de Pile Herschel Btait de dicates activity areas associated with different documenter l'utilisation de Pile par les Inuvialuit cultural groups. Carbon 14 dates place the site in et leur perception de cette derni&re.Les the late prehistoric time period and represents rBsultats de l'Ctude seraient alors utilises par le hunting and gathering bands with some groups Parc territorial de l'lle Herschel dans possibly practising small scale horticulture. P6laboration d'un plan &interpretationde l'ile Block excavations and test units show a range of avec une perspective Inuvialuit. A cette fin, des activities by diverse cultural groups within blocks interviews furent effectuBsen Inuvialuktun avec and throughout the site. des ain6s Inuviduit ayant v6cu le long de la c8te Oliver, Lindsay and Mark Skinner (Simon Fraser du nord du Yukon. Un voyage jusqu'8 l'ile Herschel fut organist5 et cinq ahts Inuvialuit University) visitbrent des sites historiques le long de la dte GOLDEN PIONEER CEMETERY RELOCA- du Yukon et B Pauline Cove sur Pile Herschel. TmPROJECT (I2) L'information recueillie B propos de Vandalism of an all but forgotten late l'utilisation de l'ile par les Inuvialuit concerne les Nineteenth century pioneer cemetery in Golden, saisons &occupation, les moyens de subsistance, B.C. prompted a two-season archaeological and les vestiges structuraux, les activitiks de traite, les physical anthropological examination of a por- interactions avec les @chews de baleines et la tion of the site. Location of interments, some of participation des Inuvialuit A la mission them at considerable depth, was satisfactorily ob- anglicane. L'histoire orale des Inuvialuit peut tained through use of subsurface interface radar. contribuer A la clarification de certaines ques- Our preliminary studies of 15 individuals indi- tions archa6ologiques. Par exemple, les ain6s In- cate a cemetery population from birth to old age uvialuit expliqutrent que les maisons de tourbe with a preponderance of young adult males. Our Ctaient occup6es A I'annCe longue plut6t que current work concerns variation in mortuary seulement l'hiver comme le prksument souvent ritual and building up of an osteobiography of in- les archCologues travaillant dans l'Arctique. dividuals some of whose identities have been as- certained. We would like to acknowledge Nicholwn, BA. (Brandon Univemity) support of the residents of Golden, B.C., the . THE LOWTON SITE: A FOCAL POINT FOR R.C.M.P. and the Heritage Trust of British THE SPREAD OF MCXERS FOCUS Columbia. CERAMICS IN SOUTHERNU4NZTOBA (5) The Lowton Site has provided the Ceramic Type Collection for an initial definition of the Pelican Lake Focus. Subsequent work in southern Manitoba has indicated a dispersal of Rdsumds: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

Pashm, Ra&h (Memorial Univemiry of New- was an incipient interest in biomedical activities. foe) In so far as economic development necessitates PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF BEOTHUKEX- disturbance of such sites, it is important that TINCTIONS (PUBLIC SESSION) mechanisms be available to allow the salvage of Many mainland Canadians and older New- as much historical and biological information as foundlanders believe that the extinction of the possible. Beothuks was the result of an organized cam- Pilon, (Archaeological Survey of Chadz) paign of genocide by the Micmacs, and J~M-Luc European settlers and fishermen. In part, these LATE PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS OF THE . beliefs rest on earlier literature which, since SOUTmSTANDERSON PLAIN, about 1970, has been superseded by the works of NORTmST TERRITORIES (8) a number of scholars whose research argues that To date there have been 50 semi-subter- Beothuk extinction was due to a complex of en- ranean features discovered in the southwest vironmental, economic, and historical factors. Anderson Plain region of the Northwest Ter- While younger Newfoundlanders appear to be ritories. Limited testing and excavation of these aware of these mare sophisticated explanations, features, combined with surface information, all too many mainland Canadians retain a lurid, strongly suggests that most of these were dwell- simplistic image of the Beothuks as "the people ing structures dating to the Late Prehistoric ~hcwere hnnled for fitn'', This perception Period. Their use may have wntinued into early reflects the views of several popular historians historic times. They consisted of iow gabied roofs whose works have been distinquished, in this covered over with tightly spaced poles, sod and case, more by their sensationalism than the soil. In the centre of the area covered by this su- quality of the research. perstructure was a depression which may have facilitated movement within the dwelling and per- Petch, Cri(Manitoba Deprtment of Cuh, haps acted as a cold trap. Hearths were usually Herita~and Recmntwn) located near the hypothesized doorways. THE KlNGFISHERS OF SASAGZNNIGAK (8) Analysis of the site locations suggests that these An investigation of the pictographs (EjKv- were indeed used mainly during the winter 2) on the east arm of SasagiMigak Lake suggests period when protection from the elements was a that they may have been produced by members major concern and access to open water was of the Kin$-her clan and may be an indicator of unimportant. territorial limitations. Prbs de 50 structures de creusement ont Pfe#er, S., J.C. Dudar (UniversiCy of Guebh and maintenant Bt6 dBcouvertes dans le sud-ouest de s. Awh (Archaeological Services Inc.) la plaine $Anderson aux Territoires du Nord- PROSPECT HILL: SKELETAL REUAINS Ouest. Nos sondages indiquent que Ia pfupart de FROM A NINETEENTH CENTURY ces structures Ctaient des habitations qui METHODIST CEMETERE: NEMWRKET, auraient ttt utilistes pendant la periode ONTARIO (12) prChistorique tardive et peut-etre aussi au tout During 1989-90, in response to disruption debut de Ia phiode historique. Ces maisons sans caused by a building site excavation in New- murs.consistaient d'un toit a pignon bas market, Ontario, archaeological and biological in- recouvert de perches, de tourbe et de terre. A formation was salvaged from a former church l'inttrieur de l'aire couverte par la toiture, une cemetery dating from 1824 or 1827 to 1879. The depression fut pratiqute qui aurait pu servir skeletal remains of 77 individuals indicate a comme sas thermique et faciliter les population with high infant mortality and little ac- d6placements des occupants. Les foyers anraient cess to medical or dental we. Fifteen infants CtC vraisembtablement plads prbs de entrks. La (20% of total) died before the end of their fust distribution de ces habitations nous portent A year of life. Growth during childhood was slow, croire qu'elles servaient surtout pendant l'hiver although adult stature is normal for Europeans. lorsqu'on voulait se protCgcr des intemphies de Dental health is poor. A survey of trauma and cctte saison et que Padsaw cours d'eau impor- disease was attempted during the brief examina- tait peu. tion period. The autopsy of a young pregnant woman and one gold dental filling indicate there Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

Pb&d, Jean Yvps (UnivmW du Qdb~d pouvaient laisser esptrer qu'il y avait eu coexis- Mon6rM) tence entre groupes du Paltosquimau et de LITHIC RAWMA TEmSERU TION IN l'Archaique, n'a r6v616, au cours de la fouille, BLANC-SABLON (19) qu'une strie d'occupations amtrindiennes After having investigated the area of Blanc- remontant au moins A 2500 BP. L'Ctude Sablon, the prehistory of this region is now docu- microstratigraphique et les analyses mented by more than 200 sites, dating from 8000 osthlogiques indiquent qu B toutes les Cpoques years BP to the contact period. Surface collect- les occupants exploitaient surtout les ing and intensive digging on 30 of those sites mammifbres marins qu'ils dtpefient sur place provided us with a lithic collection rich of et consommaient apr2s cuisson dans des foyers 300,000 flakes and more than 2,000 tools. The en fosses. Toutefois la microstratigaphie et presence of a local quarry of quartzite explains, l'ttude des macrorestes montrent qu'une grande in part, why a so huge concentration of artifacts partie des ttmoines de combustion proviement has been observed and partially collected in this d'incendies naturels et pQiodques qui peuvent area. A detailed geological analysis established conduire les archtologues A des erreurs that exogenous raw materials were also repre- d'interprttation. sented. In order to discover a model of chronological distribution of the raw material In 1989, researches were undertaken at used, a seriation has been produced. This helped three archaeological sites in Blanc-Sablon area, us to established the regional lithic resource base EiBi-16, EiBj-29 and 11. The first two sites, in of the Strait of Belle-Isle and to investigate the Havre des Belles Amours and Ile au Bois, are strategies of raw materials provisioning. purely Groswater "occupations". They had brief occupations during which Newfoundland cherts PinCal, Jean Yves (Univmitb du Q& d have been flaked. At one kilometre from the Montd) coast, the third one, where previous work could RECENT INDIAN OCCUPA TION IN BLA NC- suggest a coexistence between Palaeo-Eskimo SABLON (6) and Archaic groups, appeared, after excavations, The purpose of this paper is to present the to be only Amerindian. The sequence of occupa- result of an intra-site spatial analysis on a recent tions begins as soon as 2500 B.P. Microstratig- Indian occupation (ca 1000 years BP) in Blanc- raphy and faunal analysis indicate that at all the Sablon. Using a theoretical model established by periods the occupants were exploiting mainly sea Binford (logistical vs. forager groups) and a mammals which were dismembered on the site methodology developed by Simek, Kintigh and and eaten after cooking in fire pits. Nevertheless, Ammerman (cluster analysis and Tau-B correla- from microstratigraphy and macrofossil analysis, tion), the distribution of the tools has been it appears that most of the burned material is the studied in relation with the spatial distribution of result of periodical and natural fires which could the features. Our goals were to identify activities, induce archaeological misinterpretations. to define the functions of living spaces (sites) and Plumet, Panick (Univemitkdu Qudbec a Montrhl) to bound the frontiers of action (settlement pat- tern). A model of establishment is proposed for L'UNGAVA ORIENTAL: DONN~ESETH- all the recent Indian occupations in Blanc- NOHISTORIQUES ETARCHBOLOGIQUES Sablon. CONCERNANTLE N~OESQUIMAU(I) C'est au debut du XIXe sibcle les premiers PihefJPatrick (Univemitbdu Qdbec d Montr6al) explorateurs, les fr2res moraves Kohlmeister et sn~sPAL&OESQUI~UXETARCHAI- Kmoch visithrent la c6te est de la baie d'ungava, QUES A BLANC-SABLON (7) l'estuaire du George et le Kujjuak jusqu'8 Des recherches ont ttt effectutes en 1989 I'emplacement de Fort Chimo. A la fin du XIXe trois gisements de la region de Blanc-Sablon, siBcle et au dtbut du XXe la presence Eii-16, EiBj-29 et 11. Les deux premiers, pure- eurocanadienne s'intensifia dans la rtgion de Kil- rnent groswattriens, ttmoignent de brbves oc- linik et apporta de nouvelles observations. Les cupations au Havre des Belles Amours et B l'Ile reconnaissnces archCologiques men& depuis au Bois, au cours desquelles des cherts de Terre- 1%7 permettent de retrouver certains sites Neuve ont ttt debitts et fa~nnte.A lkm de la decrits par ces premiers voyageurs et d'esquisser dte, le troisibme, oil les observations anterieures \ R4sum6s: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

lagrandes lignes de l'occupation et du rhau preforms characterized by more elaborated and spatial neoesquimau dans 1'Ungava oriental. regular flaking and two tipfluting on one face, finished points showing different morphologies, PW,Patrick et Sew Lebel (UniveM du and finally, tip-fluting spalls with more or less Qutkd Monhfd) standardir~dshapes keeping traces of previous LA TECHNIQUE DE LA CANNELURE AU treatments. A first "technological reading" shows DORSI~TIEN:LECTURE TECHNOLOGZQUE that in Dorset culture, fluting technique occurs SUR QUELQUES COLLECTIONS DE at different stages during the manufacturing of L'ARCTIQUE WADIEN(7) artifacts, at different locations on the blank, and Aprb la technique de la cannelure not only during the finishing. The production of proximale, caractdrisant certaines pointes du tip-fluted points reveals a "predetermination con- PalCoindien, celle de la cannelure distale des cept", a concept which may be issued from the pointes dordtiennes pourrait constituer la laminar concept, since Dorset people were seconde "invention" arn6ricaine. Plusieurs mastering perfectly pressure flaking of blades. categories d'objets t6moignent de cette techni- The production of tip-fluted points was probably que: des ebauchcs, caractCris6es par un travail favoured by the abundance of suitable raw important de taillc bifacialc, assez grossier material, as it is in Northern Labrador. Why this effectut au percuteur dur, des ebauches et technique is restricted to Early and Middle Dor- prkformes avorttes offrant I'interet de conserver set - less than one thousand years span tirne- des &tapesintermmaires du travail, des and to the Eastern Arctic, remains to be prtforma caractbis6es par un faconnage plus explained. pouss6 et plus r6gulier et I'existencc de deux can- nelures distales sur la meme face, des pointes Pokotylo, David (University of British Cblumbiu) finies 8 18 morphologie variCe, enfin les chutes de LITHIC TECNNOLOGWAMONG CONTEM- cannelures B la forme relativement standardide, PORARY MACKENZIE BASIN DENE qui conservent les traces des traitements (POSTER SESSION) anttrieurs B leur extraction. La lecture Ethnoarchaeological work in the middle techonologique tentte ici montre que chez Mackenzie River Valley has shown that some Dorsttiens la technique de la cannelure inter- contemporary Dene continue to make and use vient 8 diffkrents moments de la fabrication chipped stone implements for hide processing. d'une pi2ce, B differents endroits du support et This provides an opportunity to study tool n'est pas seulement un mode dc finition. La manufacturing processes and the formation of production de pointes B cannelure distale use-wear on hide-scraping implements. This in- tbmoigne d'un "concept de prtd6terminationm formation also provides useful models of storage, qui pourrait deriver du concept laminaire curation and discard for prehistoric stone tools. puisque les Dors6tiens rnaitrsaient parfaitement le d6bitage laminaire par pression. La produc- Pope, Peler (Memorial Univemity of Nw- tion de pointes B cannelures distales est sans foundland) doute favoride par I'abondance de matitres SCAmNGERS AND C4RETAKERS: premitres convenables, comme c'est le cas an BEOTHUKlEUROPEAN SElTLEMENT Labrador. I1 reste toutefois A expliquer pourquoi DWAMICS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY cette technique ne se retrouve qu'au Dorsttien NEWFOUNDLAND (13) ancien et moyen, soit pendant moins d'un Early European settlement of New- millhaire et seulement dans I'Arctique oriental. foundland may have been encouraged by an aspect of Native economic behaviour which has The tip flutkg technique of Dorset points only recently been recogniz~d.Since the Beothuk may represent the second American invention did not regularly exploit the Avalon Peninsula, after the basal fluting technique which charac- recovery of a stone artifact of aboriginal terize some of the Palaeo-Indian points. Several provenance sandwiched between late sixteenth- categories of artifacts attest it: blanks charac- century European material at Ferryland suggests terbed by an important and coarse bifacial flak- they were scavenging there, as they would a cen- ing obtained with hard hammer, miscarried tury later in their northern refugium on the north- blanks and preforms which present the interest east coast. The Beothuk treated of keeping intermediate stages of the process, seasonally-abandoned fshing premises as stores Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

of iron. Whether or not pilferers were correctly when redevelopment opens up new oppor- identified, migratory owners of damaged equip- tunities. ment regarded such acts as outrages. Over- wintering care-takers were one obvious Pysizyk, Heinz (Provincial Musem of Ah) counter-measure. Given intense and often WHERE STONE MEETS METAL: A COM- violent competition within the open access PARISON OF STONE AND METAL PROJEC- resource of the fuhery, once one fishing master TILE POINTS, WESTERN CANADA (19) in an area had a winter care-taker, the general One of the most debated and controversial employment of care-takers became inevitable, questions of archaeology involves what factors ac- for fishermen whose equipment was left un- count for prehistoric stone projectile point varia- protected were at the mercy of those whose tion. The same question is rarely applied to boats and rooms were secure. Hence the assump- North American historic metal projectile points. tion, made by many historians, that settlement Nor in any thought given to possible relation- was not "necessary" for the Newfoundland ships between historic metal and late prehistoric fishery is mistaken. It rests on a view of the New- . stone point styles. foundland fuhery abstracted from the human Using a sample of metal projectile points context into which it had intruded and from the from late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- harsh realities of competition in a capitalist in- tury fur trade posts and Native sites in Alberta, dustry operating outside the effective jurisdiction this paper considers: of the executive committee which set out the 1. how much spatiaVternporalvariation ground rules of competition but failed to enforce there is in metal projectile point attributes; them consistently. 2. the degree of similarity between Historic period metal projectile points and Late Prehis- Pope, Par (Memorial University of New- toric period stone projectile points. foundland) The results of this study indicate that there CARTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE AND THE are discernable regional differences in some SWEOF ST. JOHN'S THROUGH TIME metal projectile point attributes. Furthermore, (PUBLIC SESSION) metal projectile points more closely resemble In 1984-85 the Canada Council Explora- their regional stone counterparts than they do tions Program funded research into the mapping metal projectile points found elsewhere. At a of St. John's through the centuries and thus very broad level of comparison there is a strong made possible a 1988 exhibition of mapsat the association between metal projectile point stylis- Arts and Culture Centre: "The Shape of St. tic attributes and cultural areas. John's through Time". Among other things this exhibition reproduced eleven of the clearest his- Richling, Barnett (Mount St. Vincent University) toric maps of St. John's between 1698 and 1962 LABRADOR COMMUNAL HOUSES PUZ- to the same 1:5400 scale. This series of maps, ZLED OVER (I) together with other early images of St. John's, Schledermann's "Communal House phase" permits us to draw three conclusions: in Labrador Inuit culture has been of particular 1. we can locate the early modern occupa- interest to archaeologists and ethnohistorians tion of St. John's; studying the dynamics of the early contact 2. occupation was essentially along the period. The phase is associated with a shift from waterfront; single to multi-family winter dwellings, dramati- 3. filling and re-filling have steadily moved cally evident at occupation sites along the Atlan- the waterfront southwards away from Water tic coast dating from the 1600s, and Street. corresponding organizational changes in domes- This is good news. Why? Because, there is tic groups. Explanations are numerous, most nothing quite like fill for protecting archaeologi- seeing the changes as accommodations to the cal resources. Archaeology and redevelopment rise of complex trade relations with Europeans, are not incompatible. In fact, archaeology often and one, with an adaptation to an episode of en- depends on redevelopment. The cartographic vironmental cooling. This paper raises some record suggests that the historic archaeological questions about the value of these interpreta- resources are there. The challenge now is to find tions, and particularly about what they suggest ways and means of recovering those resources concerning the fit between archaeological ex- RBsumBs: ACA Rbunion annuelle 199 1

planation and the ways people respond to chang- The geographic characterization method ing conditions. Alternative possibilities are con- and the theoretical basis fundamental to the sidered, based largely on the cthnohistoric elaboration of predictive models as well as the record of the late eighteenth century. advantages and inconveniences of the approach will be described and discussed in this paper. Rowley, S~usan(Universify OfAlberla) L~~TDLISSEMENTDEMOD~LES UNGALUJAT- ON THE INTERFACE BE- P&DICTZFS PAR LA CARACT'RISATZON TWEEN HISTORYAND ARCHAEOLOGY (I) GI~OMORPHOLOGIQUESYST~MIQUE Ungalujat is a large Neoeskimo site on the DANS LE CONTEXTE D'ETUDES D'IMPACT south coast of Igloolik Island, N.W.T. It consists L'ENMRONNEMENT (15) of many heavy tent rings, caches, a linear feature Au QuCbec, les projets de rCalisation of inuksuks, and a festival house. Ungalujat was d'infrastructures de transports generent des first visited by Euro-Americans in 1822 when quantitts d'Ctudes environnementales qui Parry and Lyon wintered in Turton Bay. They integrent automatiquement la variable noted that the site had recently been abandoned archCologique. Dans certains cas, l'importance and the people had relocated to their winter set- des projets nCcessite relaboration de modbles tlement at Iglulik Point. However, Parry and prkdictifs qui servent B mieux orienter la recher- Lyon were fascinated by the site and recorded in- che sur le terrain. formation about the structures and the festival L'approche des mrrClations empiriques a house. Later, C.F. Hall also made notes on the tt6 appliqukes B la dhtermination de potentiel site. In 1987 we excavated one of the houses as a prthistorique pour une vaste rCgion devant faire community archaeology project. Local youth ex- l'objet d'importants travaux d'amtnagements cavated under my direction while elders were d'infrastructures de transports. Ainsi, les sites employed as site interpreters. Through this re- archtologiques de reference et la region d'ttude search we were able not only to corroborate ont CtC trait& selon la mCthode de much of Parry, Lyon, and Hall's information, but caracthisation et de cartographie Ccologique also to add to it through archaeology and oral his- int6grCe. Les donntes obtenues sont consignQes tory. en bases de donndes informatistes et traitCes en multi-varites afin d'identifier des ensembles Roy, Denis (Gouvemmnt du Qw'bec, Mink&m corrClatifs. des Transporn) La methode de caracttrisation BUILDING PREDImMODELS FROM geographique ainsi que les fondements SYSTEMIC GEOMORPHOLOGZCAL CHAR- thCoriques la base de 1'Claboration des modhles ACTERIZA TIONIN THE CONTEXT OF EN- prtdictifs feront I'objet de cette communication VIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENT (15) en plus d'en dresser les avantages et Transportation infrastructure projects car- inconvCnients. ried out in Quebec generate a large number of environmental studies which automatically in- Roy, Denis (Gouvernmenl du Qdbec, Minis&m tegrate archaeology as a study variable. In cer- des Transports) tain cases, the scope of the projects necessitates LES,ACTIVIT~SARCH~?OLOGIQUES DU the formulation of predictive models, so as to bet- MZNZST~REDES TRANSPORTS DU ter orient field research. QU~BECDANS LE CONT~DES The empirical correlations approach has ~TUDESDJIMPACTS SUR been applied to the determination of prehistoric L'ENMRONNEMENTDES PROJETS DE potential in a broad region prior to the initiation ~FEC~ONDES~ROPORTSNOR of extensive construction work. Archaeological DIQUES (9) reference sites and the study area have been Depuis 1984, un vaste programme de treated according to the integrated charac- rCfection des infrastructures atroportuaires en terization and ecological mapping method. The milieu inuit est en cours dam le Nunavik information obtained is entered into a com- (Nouveau-Quebec). Ce programme est realist5 puterized data-base system and subjected to par le ministere des Transports du QuCbec dam multi-variate analysis in order to identify correla- le cadre d'une entente ft5dCrale-provinciale. tive groups. Douze villages inuit font l'objet de cette entente Abstractsr CA4 Annual Meeting 199 1 et le programme est actuellement en phase ter- discribed and the results of the studies carried minale. out in the area by Transport Quebec in concerts- La loi de la qualit6 de Penviro~ementet la tion with Inuit agencies and the Inuit com- convention de la Baie-James et du Nord munities will be presented in this paper. qutMcois prtvoient explicitement que les 6tudes d'impact sur l'environnement de ce type de R&h$ord, Dough, E. (Memorial Univmof projet doivent tenir compte de la compsante Newfodland) archhlogique. FAT DEPWATIONAND PREHISTORIC La rtalisation des diverses ttapes des POPULATION DECLINE ON THE ISLAND Btudes en archbologie a fait l'objet d'une entente OF NEWFOUNDLAND (6) entre l'Institut Culture1 Avataq et le ministere The prehistory of the Island of New- des Transports du Qu6bec. Cet organisme qui foundland is characterized by several population est vout a la promotion et la protection de la cul- groups appearing and subsequently, disappear- ture inuit agit A titre de mandataire pour le ing from the archaeological record. One recent Ministbre et est responsable des inventaires, proposal has linked this to the "boom or bust" fouilles et autres Ctudes B rtaliser en archtologie. nature of the Newfoundland environment, with Cette communication prtsente le contexte long-term failure of primary prey species causing 16gal dans lequel la discipline de Parchblogie such stress on prehistoric groups that population oeuvre en gtneral au Qutbec et plus decreased below the level of archaeological particulibrement en milieu nordique. De plus, il visibility. sera fait ttat de l'ampleur des rtsultats des This proposal is examined in light of the etudes rtalistes dans ce domaine qui dtcoulent consequences of deprivation of a major nutrition- des efforts wncertts du ministc?redes al element, namely fat, due to primary prey Transports de Qutbec, des organismes et species failure. Beyond the possibility of starva- comrnunautts inuit. tion, several problems emerge with long-term ARCHAEOLOGYAND EMRONMENTAL dietary fat deprivation. Principal among these IMPACTASSESSMEhT: THE NORTHERN are increasing rates of infant mortality and pos- AIRPORTS INFRASTRUCTURES IMPROm- sible female sterility, the latter due to required MENT PROGRAM OF THE QUEBEC MINIS- percentage fat to total body weight. The possible TRY OF TRANSPORT result is a decrease in population with minimal A large construction project involvipg the ability for replacement, leading to potential improvement of airport infrastructures in the population decline below levels of archaeological Inuit communities of Nunavik has been in visibility and conceivably, extinction of cultural progress since 1984. This project, wried out by groups. the Quebec Ministry of Transport under a Ruthedord, Douglas E. and Robert K. Stevens federal-provincial agreement, has been imple- (Memorial Universily of Neyfoundlund) mented in 12 Inuit villages and is now in its ter- minal phase. GEOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICQL ANALYSIS The Environmental Quality Law and the OF METACHERTFROM THE RAMAH James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement GROUP, NORTHERN LABRADOR (19) provide explicitly for the inclusion of archaeol- Ramah chert, a translucent siliceous rock ogy in the environmental impact studies required with light to dark grey banding, has been macro- for this type of project. scopically identified at archaeological sites from An agreement was convened between the its proposed sole source in northern Labrador to Avataq Cultural Institute and Transport Quebec as far south as northern New England. However, for the conduct of the various phases of the ar- no techniques have been applied which could chaeology studies. The Institute, which is dedi- definitely determine if artifacts and debitage cated to the protection and promotion of Inuit from these sites are comprised of this particular culture, acts as representative of the Ministry material. Physically similar rock is known from and is responsible for inventories, excavations the Mistassini region of Quebec and in the ab- and other studies in archaeology. sence of suitable techniques, it is reasonable to The legal context within which archaeology assume that some misidentification has occurred. is practised in Quebec in general and in the Inaccurate provenancing will have serious effects northern part of the province in particular will be upon currently-held theories of prehistoric trade. RBsumds: ACA Rdunion annuelle 199 1

Therefore samples of Ramah chert were Sanger, &vid (Univers* of Maine) tested using inductively coupled plasma mass SEZTLEMENTSEASONALITYIN THE GULF spectrometry (ICP/MS) to deterhechemical OF MAINE (14) constituents. Analyses were also conducted using A decade ago I offered a reanalysis of X-ray fluorescence, cathode luminescence, thin- seasonality of settlement in the Gulf of Maine sectioning, and fabric analysis. Similar tests were using site data from Passamaquoddy Bay, New conducted with a small sample of Mistassini Bnrnswick, to the central Maine coast, Since that quartzite, and archacologid samples from the timc, efforts to refine our understanding of the Tracadie River area in New Rrunswick. settlement pattern have involved the analysis of many faunal asscmbIages. In addition to the clas- Sahagil& Maqpnd (OhMati@ Sociely) sic "ptcace-absence' methods, we have em- TWO HDEO PRESENTATIONS: phasized the usc of endogenous changes, "LABRADORARCHAEOLOGYAND "GARY particularly in shellfish, as an adjunct method. A BAIK7E TALKS TO SUSANWLAN* (I) review of the data from a number of sites tends No abstract received. to confirm the hypothesis that during the Ceramic Period (ca. 28CWl B.P. to 350 B.P.) there Sanger, David (Univenily ofMaine) was a coastal population(s) in Maine that can he CQRLYAND MIDDLE ARCHAIC CULTURES distinguished from an interior population(s), and TAYEMAATTIME ,PROVrNC_ES'? (6) t!!at !he trnditinnal ethnogaphic transhumant It has bee11 asserted that Early and Middle model is a poor analogue for the Ceramic Archaic cultures, if they existed at all, left no Perid. The new model has implications for the trace in the archaeological record of the riverine model of settlement espoused by Speck Maritime Provinces. Field work in Maine, plus a and supported by later ethnohistorians. reanalysis of older collections, has reopened the issue. There is new evidence for deeply-buried Saundem, Shelley and Ann Herring (McMaster (2m and more) occupations in Maine riveriae set- Universily) tings that may be t~pto 10,000 years old. Artifacts TESTING THEORYAND METHOD IN associated with these early Holocene dates do PALEODEMOGRAPHY;. THE ST. THOMS not meet our expectations based on southern ANGLICAN CHURCH CEMETERY (12) New England sites. The unequivocal presence of The degec of representativeness of ar- such cultures in Maine suggests that similar cul- chaeological remains, be they osteological or ar- tures should be found in the Maritimes, especial- tifactual, is usually difficult to evaluate because ly where similar geologic processes have of the lack of other comparative data sources. occurred, The crucial question for osteologists is whether Identification of Early and Middle Archaic their reconstructions from human skeletal assemblages in Maine awaited resources neces- samplcs truly reflect the living population from sary to open up deep excavation units. Although which they were drawn. Thc 1989 excavation of few riverine sections have been excavated in the the cemetery of St. Thomas Church, Relleville, Maritimes, it is possible to reassess collections yielded almost GOO human skeletons buried be- based on our new data from Maine. Flaked slabs tween 1821 and 1874. The church maintained of phyllite and comparable Hthologies, numerous dctailed parish rccords spanning the same time stone rods or abraders, extensive use of quartz perid allowing us to test the representativeness when locally available, a ground slate technology, and reliability of demographic proFles generated and unrecognized biface traditions may con- fro~nthe skeletal rcmnstructions. The only other stitute some of the characteristic Early and Mid- North American study with comparable skeletal dle Archaic assemblages. An examination of and written data is the Highland Park Cemetery existing Maritime Provinces collections suggests from Rochester, N.Y. but the St. Thomas written - this region was ahiuhabited between 10,000 data appears to bc more comprehensive. and 5,000 B.P. Initial study of a subsample of personally identified individuals substantiates some of the clironic problems of skeletal age-at-death estima- tions. Broadcr historical versus skeletal sample comparisons fare better, depending upon thc hypotheses being tested. Current preparation of Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1 family histories will provide information on mor- and down" (Mason, 1944, p. 3). With comments tality, fertility and marriage patterns of such as these, social scientists may be inclined to nineteenth century Belleville. dismiss the subject as unworthy. Reynolds (1984) observed that "dance has Schwan, Fred (Daulousie Univenily) existed since the beginning of time- as ritual, as PREDICTING SUBSISTENCE AND EXPLAIN- recreation, as spectacle." Moreover, dance il- ING EXTINCTION IN NEWFOUNDLAND luminates aspects of culture impossible to cap PREHISTORY (6) ture through more traditional archaeological Not long ago, a re-examination of data on approaches. "Dance is not separate from the life the Bwthuk extinction in Newfoundland it comes from" (Brooks, 1984). Dance captures provoked a re-assessment of the nature of aspects of knowledge, beliefs, values, and emo- Beothuk interior settlement, and led to certain tions that are beyond words and physical objects. predictions concerning the nature ofprehistm'c This paper presents an interpretive framework settlement in the interior. Recent archaeological within which to study dance and to understand investigations in interior Newfoundland already its potential for capturing Plains Indians ideol- permit us to test these predictions for the ap ogy. The Ghost Dance of Western North plication and use of predictive models in ar- America is used as a case study. Dance provides chaeology, and for the explanation of prehistoric a new theory and method for archaeological extinctions, particularly Palaeo-Eskimo extinc- study. tion, in the Canadian north. In the late 1800's the Plains Indians culture was struggling for survival as the buffalo disap- Schwan, Fred (Daulousie Univenily) peared and, with them, the old ways of life. INTERIOR PREHISTORYAND INTEROR- Lesser (1978) noted that there was a "cultural MARITIME SUBSISTENCE-SETTLEMENT forgetting" as the functions of the ceremonies PAITERNS IN NEWFOUNDLAND (7) were fading from memory and the continuity of Considerable research into the archaeology ritual knowledge from a priest to his apprentice of coastal Newfoundland has established the became less likely. During the latter part of the presence of both prehistoric Indian and Palaeo- nineteenth century a revitalization movement Eskimo occupations on the island. Some differen- known as the Ghost Dance Religion spread ces in coastal settlement patterns have been among the Indians of western North America. A noted, but these have not been clarified or ex- vital factor in hastening the return of the Golden plained in any detail. Research into the prehis- Age was the Ghost Dance. tory of the interior, on the other hand, is in its infancy. Several investigations of the interior Stenton, Douglas, R ((Canadian Circumpolar In- have been undertaken recently, and these bode srilute) and Robert W. Park (University of British well for the future of interior archaeology in New- Columbia) foundland. Moreover, even at this stage, data FORMATION PROCESSES AND THULE CUL- from the interior allow us to draw some con- TURE SUBSISTENCE AND SETIZEMENT clusions about prehistoric settlement in the inte- STUDIES (18) rior, and even to make some preliminary The archaeological record left behind by statements about the contrasts between prehis- the prehistoric Thule culture of the Canadian toric Indian and Palaeo-Eskimo interior- Arctic is rich and diverse, particularly that por- maritime adaptations. tion represented by their semisubterranean winter houses. The contents of these structures Spark, Them(Univemily of Calgary) are often remarkably intact due to preservation DANCE: A NEW THEORYAND METHOD by permafrost, and increasingly ambitious at- FOR ARCMOLOGY (2) tempts are being made to utilize the faunal Bernard Mason (1944) pointed out that the remains from these and other Thule structures to gap that often exists between popular conception generate inferences concerning Thde settlement and truth is nowhere better illustrated than in the and subsistence patterns. Through an explora- treatment of dance of the North American In- tion of site formation processes as they relate to dians. North American dance has been the faunal remains in Thule sites we will argue described in the memoirs of early travellers as "a that many of these attempts are based on an un- crude jumping about" or a "mere hopping up critical interpretation of the faunal data. Direc- RBsumbs: ACA RBunion annuelle 1991 tions for future research in this area will be out- Economic legislative and public factors will be lined. considered.

Shmm, Robert K,Simon Jackson, Dough E. .%wad, F~ranaesL. (Univemicy of New Bmmvkk) Rulherfwd and Priscilla Renoqf (Memorial HOUSE CLEANING AT THE KEFFER SITE University of Newfoundhnd) (AkGv-14);A COMPARISON OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLIUTION OF IN- FAUNAL SAMPLES IN THE HOUSES AND DUCTmLY COUPLED PLASMA MASS MIDDENS OFA HURON WLLAGE (14) SPECTROMETRY (ICP/MS) (4) The 12,132 faunal remains from four houses Inductively coupled plasma mass and three middens of the Keffer Site, a southern spectrometry (ICPMS) is presented as an impor- division Iroquois village dating to ca AD 1500 tant tool for the analysis of lithic material, par- are compared. The variable distribution of faunal ticularly relating to provenancing studies. remains is shown to be an aid in establishing Previous research has approached provenancing building sequences and a considerable difference using atomic absorption (AA), neutron activa- between house and midden faunal deposits is tion analysis (NAA), and X-ray fluorescence demonstrated. (XRF) to analyze trace elements within lithic materials and the results used to present S~iut,J~oe D., Phillip FralicR; Swtd Hamilron hypotheses regarding prehistoric trade through and Josephine Eady (Lake- UniverssiCy) similarities between geological outcrop samples FASTE AivivALYSiSOT iA TE VOGZUNS and archaeological artifacts. Frequently, pre- NORTmSTERN ONTARIO CERAMICS (8) vious results have been inconclusive due to varia- The composition of late Woodland tion within outcrops compounded by the ceramics from Northwestern Ontario is inves- resolution of the aforementioned methodologies. tigated using petrographic and geochemical ICP/MS offers a more fine resolution in its methods. The sample is drawn from sites in results and determines the constituent rare earth geologically differing areas within the region and elements to a high degree of accuracy. Further, includes sherds that are, stylistically speaking, laser probe analysis offers the potential for both regional and exotic. The aim of this study is similar results without destruction of artifacts. to determine whether regional and interregional The process is described and analysis of interaction patterns in the study area can be dis- nephrites from outcrops and archaeological cerned with greater precision when composition- samples from Newfoundland and Labrador are al properties of ceramic artifacts, along with presented to demonstrate the potential of this stylistic properties, are known. methodology. Tamplin, Morgun (Trent University) and Jiamm Slewart, W. Bruce (Porter DiUon Limited) Britton (Sir Sword Fleming College) URBANARCHAEOLOGX: THE HISTORY A SYSTEM FOR MAPPING ARCHAEOLOGI- BENmTH OUR STREETS (PUBLIC SES- G1L DISTRIBUTTON (2) SION) We have produced an interactive system Over the last twenty-five years, an increas- which displays distributions of archaeological ing number of archaeologists have directed their data hom user - supplied criteria. Using bid attentions to the untold archaeological potential remains from Ontario sites as an example, we found within our urban centres. As a focal point can display maps on a screen showing the dis- of people and activities, our cities reflect a com- tribution of any group of sites according to plex blend of the social, economic and political selected spatial, species and cultural criteria. influences which shaped and moulded them. An Most commercial Geographical Informa- archaeological examination of the impact that tion Systems (GIs) are beyond the means of ar- these influences had upon the landscape can chaeologists. They require complex hardware lead to a greater understanding of the configura- and are among the most expensive programs to tion and dynamics of our modem cities. purchase. Both data and output are locked into The potential and benefits of urban ar- the chosen configuration. Our system runs on a chaeology will be discussed within the context of minimal IBM-PC platform with EGA graphics a successful program of urban archaeological re- capability using standard ASCII sequential files search presently operating in Kingston, Ontario. derived from common database or spreadsheet Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1 programs. One can produce laser printer or plot- and the whalers who worked there. Visitors are ter hard copy versions of displayed maps. also encouraged to visit on-going archaeological Although our original goal was to produce excavations, observe laboratory work and tour maps for publication, designing the system raised areas investigated during the past decade. The fundamental questions about the nature of ar- result has been remarkably successful, from a chaeological data and what we want to do with it. handful of visitors in the early 19- the number The program will be demonstrated and these increased to more than 3,000 in 1990, despite the issue discussed. southern Labrador ferry strike. The number of visitors, attracted by the area's historic resources, Tidale, M.A. (Cludian Pa& Service), B.L.. has resulted in employment for local residents She* (Univemicy of Manitoba), B. Sayer (Me- and significant addition to the local economy. Master Universiry), H. Schwarcz (MeMasler Other communities, and particularly the Universily) and M. Knyf (McMa&r Univemicy) City of St. John's, which bills itself uNorth SOUP'S ON! INK9STIGATION OF ORGANIC America's Oldest City" could profit by this ex- RESIDUES ON SUBARCTIC POTTERY ample and preserve, investigate and develop USING SPECTROSCOPICAND ISOTOPIC their archaeological resources for the benefits of TECHNIQUES (4) scholars, the general public and the provincial Pottery vessels from the Kame Hills site economy. (HiLp-1) include an unusual variety of forms. In particular, the shallow oval plates are apparently lbrgtwn, Luauier (UniversW Laval) unique to the Kame Hills Complex of the Selkirk RASQUE WULERSAND THE BEGIN- Composite, located around Southern Indian NINGS OF THE FUR TRADE IN THE ST. Lake in northern Manitoba. In aq attempt to LAWNCE D WRING THE SLXTEENTH identify vessel function as well as to investigate CENTURY (13) diet breadth, samples of blackened organic This study will attempt to provide a better residues were scraped from interior and exterior understanding of the chronology, the geography surfaces of both plates and pots. Fifteen samples and the nature of Basque-Amerindian trade in were submitted for analysis using 13C CPMAS the Saint Lawrence during the latter part of the NMR spectroscopy as well as C and N isotopic sixteenth century. Although attention will be ratios. A variety of wild foods collected from the focused on the trade itself, an effort will be made boreal region of Manitoba and Saskatchewan to understand it in the economic and social con- were cooked over an open fire in hand bat text of the period. Most of the information and earthenware pots in order to provide comparison data used in the study is drawn from three sour- standards for the archaeological residues. ces: the notarial records of Bordeaux and Paris Preliminary results indicates a different dietary (France), archaeological excavations of a Basque emphasis than is evident from analysis of faunal site at Pile aux Basques (Quebec) and ar- remains from the Kame Hills site. chaeological collections of early trade goods found in Ontario and Nova Scotia. Tuck, James (Memorial Univemicy of New- foundland) Urlfreed, Wendy J. (Bison HisC0riuz.l Services M.) ARCHAEOLOGYAND THE GENERAL OPPORTUNITY OR DESIGN, A PRELIMI- PUBLIC: AN WPLEFROM RED BAE: NARYASSESSMENT OFA LATE PALAEO- LABRADOR (PUBLIC SESSION) INDUNKILL SITE ON THE OLDMAN Beginning in the late 1970's, excavations of RZKER, ALBERTA (10) sixteenth century whaling stations at Red Bay, The Welsch Site (DjPm-36) is located on Labrador attracted worldwide media attention. the north bank of the Oldman River near This "free publicity", in turn, has attracted in- Cowley, Alberta. The site exhibits a series of cul- creasing numbers of visitors to the site. Coopera- tural occupations dating back to 8,000 years; The tion among archaeologists, funding agencies and southeast area of the site contains evidence of the Community of Red Bay resulted in a campsite and kill site occupations with an programme of interpretation for the general average date of 7800 years before present. The public. A Visitor Centre, constructed to profes- kill site component, referred to as the Cowley sional standards and at relatively modest cost in- Complex, consists of a major bone bed that over- troduces visitors to sixteenth century Red Bay lies abandoned channels in a low terrace setting. Rbsumds: ACA Rdunion annuelle 199 1

The kill site is distinguished by good preserva- about 180cm below ground surface and consists tion, a high number of articulated bone units, of a series of nine early side-notched projectile and significant clustering of major bone units. points, side scrapers and a variety of marginally This paper provides a preliminary descrip retouched tools. The site, which exhibits tion of the bone bed based upon the analysis of a evidence of bison, deer and canid, is dated to sample drawn from the southern third of the ex- 59202 170 years before present. cavations. Discussion focuses on bone This paper provides a brief introduction to taphonomy, butchering practices, seasonality and the site, its geology and contents, and dkcwses herd composition represented in the bone bed its place in the prehistory of southwestern Alber- These observations are presented in the context ta. of the Welsch site as a whole. Finally, the Cowley Complex is discussed with respect to previous Wak,Biqitta (Canadh Parks Service) Palaeo-Indian bison kill research. THE FIRSTFRENCH SE7TLEMENTS IN AWL4:AN OLD LIFESmE ZNA NEW VaDyke, SSCanley Gaorge and We* J. Uqtkd SETTING (13) (Bison HistoM Servk U.) The first stages of long-distance migration TUE WZLSCH SITE, A PRELIMINARY follows a leapfrogging pattern. Merchants, trap- DESCRIPTION OF A LATE PALAEO-INDIAN pers, mercenaries and craft specialists create an SITE ON THE OLDUANIUVER,ALBERTA "island" form of settlement in suitable locations (10) separated by large stretches of iand (Anthony Archaeological studies wried out as a part 1990). The first French settlements in Acadia are of the Oldman River Dam Archaeological examples of such exploratory settlements. Exploi- Project have resulted in the excavation of a multi- tive in nature, they consisted of habitations in compnent bison kill at the Welsch Site near scattered coastal locations. Their primary Cowley, Alberta. Six radiocarbon dates yielded economic basis was the fur trade coupled to an average age of 7800 years B.P. The site is com- some extent with the fishery. posed of a main bone bed and a campsite area. The habitations were owned and operated The main bone bed lies stratigraphicalIy bclow by members of the French aristocracy sponsored and offset to the east of the campsite. The bone by cartels which in turn possessed close ties with bed has yielded a series of projectile points tenta- the French court. Competition between in- tively referred to as LoveU Constricted. The dividual habitation owners resulted in conflict, campsite has yielded specimens which are basal- each habitation being fortified and armed against ly indented and exhibit expanding stems. A- the others. though not readily attributable to known The social organization of the habitations archaeological cultures, the specimens bear a reflected their exploitive and competitive nature. strong resemblznce to a specimen from Paint Instead of the family-based settlement pattern Rock V and referred to as a "Variant of Pryor fostered by the British in New England, the Stemmed". This paper provides a preliminary habitations contained a transitory work and description of the site and its geology. defensive force consisting chiefly of work-age males. Van Dyke, SStanley GBOw and Wendy J. Urtfi Archaeological excavations in Nova Scotia, (Bison Historical Services Ltd.) conducted by the Canadian Parks Service at THE SNIDER COMPLEX:A 6,000 YEAR OLD Nicolas Denys' habitation Fort Saint Pierre and WPSITE ON THE OLDMANRWER,AL- the Port Royal habitation of Charles de Menou, BERTA (5) Sieur d'Aulnay, have shown that, in the seven- Archaeological studies wried out as a part teenth century, habitation owners (governors) of the Oldman River Dam Archaeological maintained the highly formalized lifestyle to Project have resulted in the excavation of a multi- which they were accustomed from home. Hi- component campsite on the Oldman River near status clothing and furnishing, formal dining, and Cowley, Alberta. The Welsch Site (DjPrn-36) ex- the presence of servants and social hierarchal hibits evidence of the Old Women's, Avonlea, patterns were the rule. This is in sharp contrast Besant, Pelican Lake and McKean Phases and to the architectural setting. Log or wattle-and- the Mummy Cave Complex The Mummy Cave daub structures replaced the stone mansions of cultural occupation is situated at a depth of the French elite, with only minor differences in Abstracts: CAA Annual Meeting 199 1

scale and construction between the residence of the lack of distinctive differences between the the governor and the dwellings of his staff. Pickering and Glen Meyer cultures; evidence for cultural continuity in western Southern Ontario; Whirrid@, Peter (McGill Univemity) and the suggestions that events in Ontario mir- THULE SUBSISTENCE AND SITE rored those of contemporary Iroquoian cultural SEASONALITY ON SOUTHEASTERN developments in New York. I will argue that all SOMERSETISLAND, M. (18) of the foregoing grounds for rejection of the Detailed investigations of Thule subsistence theory are faulted in fact, methodology, audlor are still in their infancy. Although some attention theoretical perception and that a reassessment of has been directed away from the most recog- the evidence over the last twenty years adds sup- nizable and productive sites (sod, stone and port to the conquest theory. It will be further ar- whale bonelwood winter houses), and towards gued that the economic and social changes more problematic seasonal features and residen- underlying the proposed conquest are critical to ces, there has ken little progress in integrating an understanding of the development of Iro- these data in a full account of the annual subsis- quoian social structure and that some of these tence round. As the procurement activities un- said changes in social structure can be detected dertaken during a given season are partially by archaeological means. dependent upon both available food storcs and perceived needs during the next phase of the Wright)Milt (Provincial Museum of A0erta) cycle, an understanding of regional Thule subsis- RECENT RESULTS ,FROM THE SAS- tence economies must be based on direct KATOON MOUNTAIN SITE: AN 8,000 evidence from the fuH range of seasonal site type YEAR OLD STRATIRCATION SITE FROM which make up the settlement system. This is NORTHWEST ALBERTA (5) especially imperative where reliance on bowhead The Saskatoon Mountain site is a two-metre whale bone for artifact manufacture and house deep stratified multicomponent dune deposit Io- construction complicates assessments of their cated atop a promontory within the former basin dietary importance. An analysis of faunal of glacial Lake Peace. The site was discovered remains recovered during 1989 and 1990 from during the course of the Archaeological Smey Classic Thule winter houses, gamut, tent rings of Alberta's First Albertans Research Initiative, and karigi on southeastern Somerset Island is a project designed to locate early prehistoric presented towards this end. sites within the Western Corridor region of the province, Excavations at Saskatoon Mountain Wright)J.V. (Archaeological Survg of Canada) (GhQt-4) have revealed components containing THE CONQUEST THEORY OF THE ON- abundant debitage, cores and conjoinable pieces TaOIROQUOIS TRADITION:A REAS- bdow a charcoal-bearinghorizon dated at 8,000 SESSMENT (11) years ago. In the original formulation of the Ontario Palaeoenvironmental data indicate that the Iroquois tradition a fundamental proposition site area would have been inhabitable prior to maintained that the Early Ontario Iroquois Pick- 13,000 years ago. This possibility will be ering culture of eastern Southern Ontario in- evaluated during the course of a collaborative re- vaded the territories of their Glen Meyer search programme involving the Archaeological neighbours to the west near the beginning of the Survey, University of Alberta and provincial- fourteenth century. Glen Meyer sites were federal funding programmes. Studies will be replaced by Uren sites of the Middle Ontario Iro- directed toward discovering tool assemblages to quois period representing the continuing evolu- assist in the seriation of the prolific surface as- tion of Pickcring culture. Subsequent semblages from the Peace region. developments from this broad cultural base Zulter) Qnfhiu (Univers@ of Alberta) across Southern Ontario and adjacent western New York State led to the Huron. Petun, Neutral MURALS OF ICELANDIC LAND-USE and Erie of the historic period. The conquest DURING THE FREESTATE (17) theory has been rejected by many Iroquoian ar- Not folktales, epics or myths, the Icelandic chaeologists on the following grounds: lack of Sagas are historic stories which combine fiction evidence of cultural discontinuity in western and fact. This unique medieval literature can be Southern Ontario; calibrated radiocarbon dates; utilized as source material for the history of the RBsurn4s: ACA RBunion annuelle 199 1

Icelandic economy during the Freatatc (A.D. these stories is often the actual daily life of 870-IN).Although not entirely factual in their Icelandic farmers. Therefore, through careful historic detail, the Icelandic Sagas provide infor- reading and selective use of these tales, subsis- mation for the reconstruction of various cultural tence resources and land-use activities of the land and resource use practices. Freestate Icelanders are identified and se- The Sagasare pl ausible vernacul~ales quenced into seasonal patterns. about conflictmd re soIutions betweerthe This agricultural information provides the Norse freemen landowners (bondur) and chief- basis for reconstructing a model of Icelandic t ains (godar) Initially parbf the oral tradihn, land-use patterns during the Freestate period. t hese stories elate the hisbry of the peopleand This model will be presented and discussed events during Iceland's "Golden Era" (tenth and during this paper presentation. In turn, this eleventh centuries) and the Sturlunga period model can be utilized to augment the interpreta- (twelfth and thirteenth enturies). Written down tion of Icelandic archaeological and by prominent scholars during the thirteenth Cen- paleoecological data. Collaboration between ob- tury, the Sagas are considered by present-day jective, scientific archaeological data and histori- literary critics to bc a form of historic fiction. cal information from the Icelandic Sagas can Elements of factual, historic information provide a more realistic record of the early are contained in the fictional context of the writ- stages of the Icelandic economy. ten S2gs. Fer ermplei the narrative setting for