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Navigating Inclusion in Peace Processes

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28 ISSUE ISSUE anA internationalccord review of peace initiatives Issue Editor Andy Carl 2019 Navigating inclusion in peace processes ISSUE 28 28 Accord ISSUE an international review of peace initiatives Navigating inclusion in peace processes 'Dialogue with all stakeholders is needed to end the bloodshed in Kashmir. There is no alternative to peaceful negotiation and mutual understanding other than sitting down at the table to discuss the issues. It remains to be seen whether the process will retain its motion or come to a grinding halt. The hope, however, must survive.' Shujat Bukhari, the editor of Rising Kashmir wrote this in an Editorial weeks before his assassination when he was shot dead at a market outside his office in June 2018. No group claimed responsibility for the killing. March 2019 // Issue Editor Andy Carl Accord // ISSUE 28 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Conciliation Resources would like to give special Burghley Yard, 106 Burghley Road thanks to Kristian Herbolzheimer who was London, NW5 1AL instrumental in designing and commissioning www.c-r.org this Accord publication. Telephone +44 (0)207 359 7728 We would also like to thank the following: Fax +44 (0)207 359 4081 The Political Settlements Research Programme Email [email protected] Steering Committee and Advisory Board, Lucy Hovil and Zahbia Yousuf. Charity registered in England and Wales Opinions expressed by all contributors are (1055436). Company limited by guarantee their own. registered in England and Wales (03196482). This report is an output of the Political Director of Accord and Series Editor Settlements Research Programme, funded by Alexander Ramsbotham UK aid from the Department for International Development for the benefit of developing Issue Editor countries. The views expressed and information Andy Carl contained in it are not necessarily those of Commissioning Editor or endorsed by DFID, which can accept no Kristian Herbolzheimer responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. Editorial management Felix Colchester www.politicalsettlements.org Twitter.com/PolSettlements Executive Director Jonathan Cohen Director of Policy and Learning Teresa Dumasy Senior Advisor, Gender and Peacebuilding Sophia Close Copyedited by Aaron Griffiths Designed and typeset by Soapbox www.soapbox.co.uk © Conciliation Resources 2019 Permission is granted for reproduction and use of the materials for educational purposes. Please acknowledge your source when using the materials and notify Conciliation Resources – see guidance below. Cover photo: Participants on a ‘March of Peace’ from Nezuk to Srebrenica in Bosnia-Herzegovina, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre, 8 July 2015. // © Reuters/Antonio Bronic ISSN 1365-0742 ISBN 978-1-905805-28-0 References to this publication should be cited using the following format: Carl, Andy (ed.) Inclusion in peace processes (Accord 28, Conciliation Resources, 2019) Example of citation of a specific article within the publication: Bell, Christine. 'New inclusion project: building inclusive peace settlements', in Andy Carl (ed.) Negotiating inclusion in peace processes (Accord 28, Conciliation Resources, 2019) Contents Acronyms 4 Introduction: navigating inclusion in peace processes 5 Section 1: Frameworks for understanding inclusion in peace processes 10 New inclusion project 11 Peacebuilding and principled pragmatism 18 Forging inclusive peace 23 Gender, inclusion and political settlements 27 More inclusive monitoring of peace agreement implementation 32 Complexity thinking and adaptive peacebuilding 36 Civil society inclusion in peacebuilding 39 Youth, peace and security 42 Section 2: Inclusion in practice in national peace processes 47 Colombia Negotiating inclusive peace in Colombia 48 Inclusion and the Colombia peace process: conversation with Sergio Jaramillo 52 Colombian diaspora in the peace process 56 Indigenous women’s inclusion in the Colombia peace process 59 Nepal Negotiating a ‘New Nepal’ 61 Creating space for inclusion in Nepal: conversation with Minendra Rijal 67 Making Nepal look like Nepal: conversation with Manjushree Thapa 70 Section 3: Inclusion in practice in sub- and supra-national peace processes 73 Inclusion amid fragmentation: the Mai-Mai in the DRC 74 Inclusion and the Kurdish ‘Resolution Process’ in Turkey 79 UN-led mediation in Syria and civil society 84 Internationalisation and inclusiveness in Afghan peace processes 88 Conclusion: keeping the process open 97 Key texts 102 References 103 Accord series 107 Navigating inclusion in peace processes // 3 Acronyms AKP Justice and Development Party [Turkey] BDP Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party [Turkey] CA Constituent Assembly [Nepal] CHP Republican People’s Party [Turkey] CNDP National Congress for the Defence of the People [DRC] CONAMIC National Coordination of Indigenous Women in Colombia CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement [Sudan and Nepal] CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal–Unified Marxist-Leninist CRC Constitutional Reconciliation Commission [Turkey] CSO Civil society organisation CSSR Civil Society Support Room DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ELN National Liberation Army [Colombia] FARC Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia FPTP First past the post GoA Government of Afghanistan HDP People’s Democratic Party [Turkey] ICD Inter-Congolese Dialogue ICNC International Centre for Non-Violent Action IPTI Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative IPV Intimate partner violence IS Islamic State LAS League of Arab States LGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersex MHP Nationalist Action Party [Turkey] NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NC Nepali Congress NGO Non-governmental organisation NVR Non-violent resistance PDIA Problem-driven iterative adaptation PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PR Proportional representation PSRP Political Settlement Research Programme PYD Kurdish Democratic Union Party [Syria] RCD Congolese Rally for Democracy SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SPA Seven-Party Alliance [Nepal] TEPAV Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey UNSC United Nations Security Council VAW Violence against women WPC Wise People Commission [Turkey] YPG People’s Protection Units [Syria] YPS Youth, peace and security 4/ / Accord // ISSUE 28 Introduction Navigating inclusion in peace processes Andy Carl There is a broad global consensus that inclusion matters in peace processes. The 2018 UN and World Bank report, Pathways for Peace, asserts that ‘addressing inequalities and exclusion’ and ‘making institutions more inclusive’ are key to preventing violent conflict. The challenges now are to strengthen that consensus and to better understand what inclusion in peace processes means in practice. These have been the questions explored in the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP), which this publication is part of (see inset below). Seventeen years ago, Conciliation Resources published Structure of the publication Catherine Barnes’ ground-breaking Accord on public In addressing some of the practical challenges of navigating participation in peacemaking, Owning the Process. Since inclusion in peace processes, this publication is structured then there have been multiple milestones in negotiating around three areas of enquiry: peace accords with varying levels of commitment to 1. Frameworks for understanding inclusion in inclusion, in the Philippines (Mindanao), Nepal, South peace processes Sudan and Colombia. UN Security Council resolutions 1325, 2419 and 2282 and the Sustainable Development 2. Inclusion in practice in national peace processes – Goals chart the emergence of a new global consensus with ‘deep dive’ case studies of Colombia and Nepal that women, young people and society more broadly 3. Inclusion in practice in sub- and supra-national peace have essential roles to play in negotiating, implementing processes – with case studies on Turkey, the Democratic and sustaining peace, and in preventing conflict from Republic of Congo, Syria and Afghanistan descending into violence. Section 1) Frameworks for understanding inclusion While the ‘inclusion consensus’ has been growing, new in peace processes challenges to implementing it have been evolving with In the first section, authors introduce an essential equal vigour. Negative trends in violent conflict have been vocabulary of concepts with which to navigate the reversing development gains, exacerbating suffering challenges, dilemmas and opportunities for inclusive peace. and fuelling displacement crises. Drivers of conflict have escalated and evolved, including fragmentation of military Christine Bell opens the section by situating the publication and political power, weak and corrupt governance and as part of a new ‘inclusion project’ in global policy circles, state institutions, climate shocks, rapid mutation of conflict which sees inclusion as an essential goal in building peace. causes and means of violence, geopolitical rifts that fuel But different actors have different perspectives as to why a proliferation of weapons, and military interventions. inclusion is important. Development actors see it as essential Authoritarian governments have shrunk space for civil to long-term poverty reduction. Peacebuilders understand society mobilisation. International relations are in a state of it as a requirement
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