DOCSLIB.ORG

Navigating Inclusion in Peace Processes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Navigating Inclusion in Peace Processes 28 ISSUE ISSUE anA internationalccord review of peace initiatives Issue Editor Andy Carl 2019 Navigating inclusion in peace processes ISSUE 28 28 Accord ISSUE an international review of peace initiatives Navigating inclusion in peace processes 'Dialogue with all stakeholders is needed to end the bloodshed in Kashmir. There is no alternative to peaceful negotiation and mutual understanding other than sitting down at the table to discuss the issues. It remains to be seen whether the process will retain its motion or come to a grinding halt. The hope, however, must survive.' Shujat Bukhari, the editor of Rising Kashmir wrote this in an Editorial weeks before his assassination when he was shot dead at a market outside his office in June 2018. No group claimed responsibility for the killing. March 2019 // Issue Editor Andy Carl Accord // ISSUE 28 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Conciliation Resources would like to give special Burghley Yard, 106 Burghley Road thanks to Kristian Herbolzheimer who was London, NW5 1AL instrumental in designing and commissioning www.c-r.org this Accord publication. Telephone +44 (0)207 359 7728 We would also like to thank the following: Fax +44 (0)207 359 4081 The Political Settlements Research Programme Email [email protected] Steering Committee and Advisory Board, Lucy Hovil and Zahbia Yousuf. Charity registered in England and Wales Opinions expressed by all contributors are (1055436). Company limited by guarantee their own. registered in England and Wales (03196482). This report is an output of the Political Director of Accord and Series Editor Settlements Research Programme, funded by Alexander Ramsbotham UK aid from the Department for International Development for the benefit of developing Issue Editor countries. The views expressed and information Andy Carl contained in it are not necessarily those of Commissioning Editor or endorsed by DFID, which can accept no Kristian Herbolzheimer responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. Editorial management Felix Colchester www.politicalsettlements.org Twitter.com/PolSettlements Executive Director Jonathan Cohen Director of Policy and Learning Teresa Dumasy Senior Advisor, Gender and Peacebuilding Sophia Close Copyedited by Aaron Griffiths Designed and typeset by Soapbox www.soapbox.co.uk © Conciliation Resources 2019 Permission is granted for reproduction and use of the materials for educational purposes. Please acknowledge your source when using the materials and notify Conciliation Resources – see guidance below. Cover photo: Participants on a ‘March of Peace’ from Nezuk to Srebrenica in Bosnia-Herzegovina, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre, 8 July 2015. // © Reuters/Antonio Bronic ISSN 1365-0742 ISBN 978-1-905805-28-0 References to this publication should be cited using the following format: Carl, Andy (ed.) Inclusion in peace processes (Accord 28, Conciliation Resources, 2019) Example of citation of a specific article within the publication: Bell, Christine. 'New inclusion project: building inclusive peace settlements', in Andy Carl (ed.) Negotiating inclusion in peace processes (Accord 28, Conciliation Resources, 2019) Contents Acronyms 4 Introduction: navigating inclusion in peace processes 5 Section 1: Frameworks for understanding inclusion in peace processes 10 New inclusion project 11 Peacebuilding and principled pragmatism 18 Forging inclusive peace 23 Gender, inclusion and political settlements 27 More inclusive monitoring of peace agreement implementation 32 Complexity thinking and adaptive peacebuilding 36 Civil society inclusion in peacebuilding 39 Youth, peace and security 42 Section 2: Inclusion in practice in national peace processes 47 Colombia Negotiating inclusive peace in Colombia 48 Inclusion and the Colombia peace process: conversation with Sergio Jaramillo 52 Colombian diaspora in the peace process 56 Indigenous women’s inclusion in the Colombia peace process 59 Nepal Negotiating a ‘New Nepal’ 61 Creating space for inclusion in Nepal: conversation with Minendra Rijal 67 Making Nepal look like Nepal: conversation with Manjushree Thapa 70 Section 3: Inclusion in practice in sub- and supra-national peace processes 73 Inclusion amid fragmentation: the Mai-Mai in the DRC 74 Inclusion and the Kurdish ‘Resolution Process’ in Turkey 79 UN-led mediation in Syria and civil society 84 Internationalisation and inclusiveness in Afghan peace processes 88 Conclusion: keeping the process open 97 Key texts 102 References 103 Accord series 107 Navigating inclusion in peace processes // 3 Acronyms AKP Justice and Development Party [Turkey] BDP Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party [Turkey] CA Constituent Assembly [Nepal] CHP Republican People’s Party [Turkey] CNDP National Congress for the Defence of the People [DRC] CONAMIC National Coordination of Indigenous Women in Colombia CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement [Sudan and Nepal] CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal–Unified Marxist-Leninist CRC Constitutional Reconciliation Commission [Turkey] CSO Civil society organisation CSSR Civil Society Support Room DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ELN National Liberation Army [Colombia] FARC Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia FPTP First past the post GoA Government of Afghanistan HDP People’s Democratic Party [Turkey] ICD Inter-Congolese Dialogue ICNC International Centre for Non-Violent Action IPTI Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative IPV Intimate partner violence IS Islamic State LAS League of Arab States LGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersex MHP Nationalist Action Party [Turkey] NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NC Nepali Congress NGO Non-governmental organisation NVR Non-violent resistance PDIA Problem-driven iterative adaptation PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PR Proportional representation PSRP Political Settlement Research Programme PYD Kurdish Democratic Union Party [Syria] RCD Congolese Rally for Democracy SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SPA Seven-Party Alliance [Nepal] TEPAV Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey UNSC United Nations Security Council VAW Violence against women WPC Wise People Commission [Turkey] YPG People’s Protection Units [Syria] YPS Youth, peace and security 4/ / Accord // ISSUE 28 Introduction Navigating inclusion in peace processes Andy Carl There is a broad global consensus that inclusion matters in peace processes. The 2018 UN and World Bank report, Pathways for Peace, asserts that ‘addressing inequalities and exclusion’ and ‘making institutions more inclusive’ are key to preventing violent conflict. The challenges now are to strengthen that consensus and to better understand what inclusion in peace processes means in practice. These have been the questions explored in the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP), which this publication is part of (see inset below). Seventeen years ago, Conciliation Resources published Structure of the publication Catherine Barnes’ ground-breaking Accord on public In addressing some of the practical challenges of navigating participation in peacemaking, Owning the Process. Since inclusion in peace processes, this publication is structured then there have been multiple milestones in negotiating around three areas of enquiry: peace accords with varying levels of commitment to 1. Frameworks for understanding inclusion in inclusion, in the Philippines (Mindanao), Nepal, South peace processes Sudan and Colombia. UN Security Council resolutions 1325, 2419 and 2282 and the Sustainable Development 2. Inclusion in practice in national peace processes – Goals chart the emergence of a new global consensus with ‘deep dive’ case studies of Colombia and Nepal that women, young people and society more broadly 3. Inclusion in practice in sub- and supra-national peace have essential roles to play in negotiating, implementing processes – with case studies on Turkey, the Democratic and sustaining peace, and in preventing conflict from Republic of Congo, Syria and Afghanistan descending into violence. Section 1) Frameworks for understanding inclusion While the ‘inclusion consensus’ has been growing, new in peace processes challenges to implementing it have been evolving with In the first section, authors introduce an essential equal vigour. Negative trends in violent conflict have been vocabulary of concepts with which to navigate the reversing development gains, exacerbating suffering challenges, dilemmas and opportunities for inclusive peace. and fuelling displacement crises. Drivers of conflict have escalated and evolved, including fragmentation of military Christine Bell opens the section by situating the publication and political power, weak and corrupt governance and as part of a new ‘inclusion project’ in global policy circles, state institutions, climate shocks, rapid mutation of conflict which sees inclusion as an essential goal in building peace. causes and means of violence, geopolitical rifts that fuel But different actors have different perspectives as to why a proliferation of weapons, and military interventions. inclusion is important. Development actors see it as essential Authoritarian governments have shrunk space for civil to long-term poverty reduction. Peacebuilders understand society mobilisation. International relations are in a state of it as a requirement
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Negotiating Peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the Justice Challenge
    Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue rDecembeerp 2007 ort Negotiating peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the justice challenge Priscilla Hayner Report The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue is an independent and impartial foundation, Contents based in Geneva, that promotes and facilitates 1. Introduction and overview 5 dialogue to resolve armed conflicts and reduce civilian suffering. 2. Background to the 1999 talks 8 114, rue de lausanne 3. Participation in the Lomé talks: April–July 1999 10 ch-1202 geneva 4. Amnesty in the Lomé process and Accord 12 switzerland The context 12 [email protected] t: + 41 22 908 11 30 Rapid agreement on a blanket amnesty 13 f: +41 22 908 11 40 A second look at the amnesty: was it unavoidable? 16 www.hdcentre.org The amnesty and the UN and other international participants 17 © Copyright 5. Other justice issues at Lomé 19 Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2007 A Truth and Reconciliation Commission 19 Reproduction of all or Provisions for reparations 20 part of this publication The security forces and demobilisation of combatants 20 may be authorised only Reaching an agreement on power-sharing 21 with written consent and acknowledgement of the 6. After the agreement: a difficult peace 22 source. Slow implementation and near collapse of the accord 23 The International Center The Special Court for Sierra Leone 25 for Transitional Justice Implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission 26 assists countries pursuing Judicial reform efforts 28 accountability for past mass Creation of a new Human Rights Commission 28 atrocity or human rights abuse. It assists in the development Demobilisation, and reform of the armed forces and police 29 of integrated, comprehensive, and localized approaches to 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Analysis of Liberia
    Conflict analysis of Liberia February 2014 Siân Herbert About this report This rapid review provides a short synthesis of the literature on conflict and peace in Liberia. It aims to orient policymakers to the key debates and emerging issues. It was prepared for the European Commission’s Instrument for Stability, © European Union 2014. The views expressed in this report are those of the author, and do not represent the opinions or views of the European Union, the GSDRC, or the partner agencies of the GSDRC. The author extends thanks to Dr Mats Utas (The Nordic Africa Institute), who acted as consultant and peer reviewer for this report. Expert contributors Dr Thomas Jaye (Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre) Diego Osorio (former United Nations Mission in Liberia) Dr Sukanya Podder (Cranfield University) Dr Alexander Ramsbotham (Conciliation Resources) Eric Werker (Harvard Business School) Craig Lamberton (USAID) Julia Escalona (USAID) Tiana Martin (USAID) Suggested citation Herbert, S. (2014). Conflict analysis of Liberia. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. About GSDRC GSDRC is a partnership of research institutes, think-tanks and consultancy organisations with expertise in governance, social development, humanitarian and conflict issues. We provide applied knowledge services on demand and online. Our specialist research team supports a range of international development agencies, synthesising the latest evidence and expert thinking to inform policy and practice. GSDRC, International Development Department, College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK www.gsdrc.org [email protected] Conflict analysis of Liberia Contents 1. Overview 1 2. Conflict and violence profile 2 3. Principal domestic actors 4 3.1 Political personalities and parties 3.2 Principal security actors 3.3 Ex-combatants and ex-commanders 3.4 Civil society organisations 4.
    [Show full text]
  • A3299-B8-1-2-001-Jpeg.Pdf
    G> ) vl Recording made by Hilda Bernstein, 1j5th March 1973, on her recollections of the South African Peace Movement. I think there were two very important reasons why we started a Peace Movement - at least I was involved with these two reasons The first was a desire to do something about the menacing world situation since the dropping of the nuclear bombs in Japan, to outlaw nuclear weapons and to save the potential world from this terriDleXdisaster it was facing; and the second was the desire to link up any activities on this front in South Africa with some sort of international movement, particularly in South Africa because one is so terribly isolated there from world affairs. This was in the early 1950's, a kind of post-war activity which grew up: people who took an active part in politics in South Africa also of course followed what was happening overseas, inter­ national affairs as we called it, but a lot of South Africans are very much absorbed with their own problems which are real and near, and everything else seems so far away and nobody cares a damn about it. We felt a necessity to establish this international link. Now during the whole time of its existence the official peace movement in South Africa wasn't officially connected with the World Peace Council, but this was for safety reasons as far as the South African Government was concerned. But unofficially we kept our links with them, and wherever we could we sent people to conferences that were held.
    [Show full text]
  • Paix Sans Frontières Building Peace Across Borders
    ISSUE ISSUE 22 Accord 22 Accord edited by an international review of peace initiatives Alexander Ramsbotham Paix sans frontières and I William Zartman 2011 building peace across borders ISSUE Paix sans frontières Armed confl ict does not respect political or territorial 22 22 boundaries. It forms part of wider, regional confl ict systems. building peace But there is a policy gap across borders and in borderlands 2011 where statehood and diplomacy can struggle to reach, across borders as confl ict response strategies still focus on the nation state as the central unit of analysis and intervention. This twenty-second publication in Conciliation Resources’ Accord series addresses this gap. It looks at how peacebuilding strategies and capacity can ‘think outside the state’: beyond the state, through regional engagement, and below it, through cross-border community or trade networks. building peace across borders across peace building “In many of today’s wars, violence is driven in part by cross- border regional confl ict dynamics. And, as this important new publication from Conciliation Resources makes clear, failure to take the regional dimension of civil wars into account increases the risk that peacebuilding strategies will fail. What is needed, in addition to the statebuilding policies that are now de rigeur in post-confl ict environments, are strategies that address cross- border confl ict dynamics with the relevant regional states and cross-border communal engagement.” Andrew Mack, Director of the Human Security Report Project (HSRP) at Simon Fraser University and a faculty member of the university’s School for International Studies. Conciliation Resources is an international non-governmental organisation that works in fragile and confl ict-affected states to prevent violence, promote justice and transform confl ict into opportunities for development.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Initiatives in Colombia
    UNITED STATES InsTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Nearly half-a-century old, the Colombian conflict has spawned a Virginia M. Bouvier long tradition of peace initiatives that offer innovative alternatives to violence. Peace Initiatives in Colombia, a conference sponsored by the United States Institute of Peace and the Latin American Studies Program at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, November 19–20, 2005, analyzed these initiatives from various perspectives and Harbingers of Hope identified the variables and strategies relevant to their success. The conference brought together contributors to a book on Colombian peace initiatives being edited by Virginia M. Bouvier, a Latin American Peace Initiatives in Colombia specialist and senior program officer of the Jennings Randolph Program at the U.S. Institute of Peace. Conference speakers included some twenty individuals from a broad range of academic fields, as well as human rights and development specialists, photographers, Summary and political and military analysts from Colombia, the United States, and Europe. A list of conference participants, about half of whom are • With the reelection of incumbent President Alvaro Uribe on May 28, 2006, a “ripe current or former USIP grantees or peace scholars, is at the end of moment” may be emerging for resolving Colombia’s long-standing armed conflict. this report. After exerting pressure on the guerrillas and demobilizing the largest paramilitary The conference was organized by Dr. Bouvier and Dr. Mary Roldán. organization during his first term, President Uribe is well positioned to pursue a Additional sponsors included Cornell’s Africana Studies and Research political solution to the conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit V 1. India As a Champion of World Peace and Justice A
    UNIT V 1. INDIA AS A CHAMPION OF WORLD PEACE AND JUSTICE A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, and is often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Means to achieve these ends include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, peace camps, moral purchasing, supporting anti-war political candidates, legislation to remove the profit from government contracts to the Military–industrial complex, banning guns, creating open government and transparency tools, direct democracy, supporting Whistleblowers who expose War-Crimes or conspiracies to create wars, demonstrations, and national political lobbying groups to create legislation. The political cooperative is an example of an organization that seeks to merge all peace movement organizations and green organizations, which may have some diverse goals, but all of whom have the common goal of peace and humane sustainability. A concern of some peace activists is the challenge of attaining peace when those that oppose it often use violence as their means of communication and empowerment. Some people refer to the global loose affiliation of activists and political interests as having a shared purpose and this constituting a single movement, "the peace movement", an all encompassing "anti-war movement". Seen this way, the two are often indistinguishable and constitute a loose, responsive, event-driven collaboration between groups with motivations as diverse as humanism, environmentalism, veganism, anti- racism, feminism, decentralization, hospitality, ideology, theology, and faith. There are different ideas over what "peace" is (or should be), which results in a plurality of movements seeking diverse ideals of peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing a Comprehensive Peace Process for Afghanistan
    [PEACEW RKS [ DESIGNING A COMPREHENSIVE PEACE PROCESS FOR AFGHANISTAN Lisa Schirch, with contributions from Aziz Rafiee,N ilofar Sakhi, and Mirwais Wardak PW75_Cover_3a.indd 1 9/13/11 10:27:11 AM [PEACEW RKS [ ABOUT THE REPO R T This report, sponsored by the Center for Conflict Management at the U.S. Institute of Peace, draws on comparative research literature on peace processes to identify lessons applicable to Afghanistan and makes recommendations to the international community, the Afghan government, and Afghan civil society for ensuring a more comprehensive, successful, and sustainable peace process. Research for this paper was undertaken during five trips to Kabul, Afghanistan, and one trip to Pakistan between 2009 and 2011. Funding for the research in the report came from the Ploughshares Fund and Afghanistan: Pathways to Peace, a project of Peacebuild: The Canadian Peacebuilding Network. ABOUT THE AUTHO R Lisa Schirch is director of 3P Human Security, a partnership for peacebuilding policy. 3P Human Security connects policymakers with global civil society networks, facilitates civil-military dialogue, and provides a peacebuilding lens on current policy issues. She is also a research professor at the Center for Justice and Peacebuilding at Eastern Mennonite University and a policy adviser for the Alliance for Peacebuilding. A former Fulbright Fellow in East and West Africa, Schirch has worked in more than twenty countries in conflict prevention and peacebuilding. Schirch has written four books and numerous articles on conflict prevention and strategic peacebuilding. Photo taken by members of Peace Studies Network of Department of Peace Studies (NCPR) from Psychology and Educational Sciences Faculty of Kabul University in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialogue for Peace Reflections and Lessons from Community Peace Platforms in the Mano River Region
    Fall 08 Discussion paper Nov 2016 Dialogue for Peace Reflections and lessons from community peace platforms in the Mano River region NGO partners This project has been implemented in partnership with the following national NGOs: ABC Development is a registered NGO in Guinea, established in 1998. It is a member of the West Africa Action on Small Arms and WANEP in Guinea. In partnership with Conciliation Resources, ABC Development set up the DPD in Forécariah, which has led dialogue between mining companies and communities in the surrounding region. Institute for Research and Democratic Development (IREDD) was founded in Liberia in 2000 (as the Liberia Democratic Institute) and serves on several civil society networks in Liberia that engage in policy influencing. It works to strengthen citizens’ voices and engender a culture of local participation in policy development and implementation. Network Movement for Justice and Development (NMJD) in Sierra Leone is an advocacy and peacebuilding national civil society organisation, established in 1988. It has a wide range of experiences working in partnership with national and international institutions to build capacities, create and influence policies on mining, governance, peace and security and youth empowerment. West Africa Network for Peacebuilding–Côte d’Ivoire (WANEP-CI) is the Ivorian branch of WANEP, a leading regional peacebuilding organisation founded in 1998 operating in every ECOWAS member state. WANEP is experienced in bringing people together through dialogue platforms to promote
    [Show full text]
  • A Sheffield Hallam University Thesis
    The Sheffield peace movement 1934-1940. STEVENSON, David Anthony Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3916/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3916/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. REFERENCE ProQuest Number: 10701051 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10701051 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 The Sheffield Peace Movement 1934 -1940 David Anthony Stevenson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2001 Abstract: The object of the thesis was to build a portrait of a local peace movement in order to contrast and compare it with existing descriptions of the peace movement written from a national perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusion of Gender and Sexual Minorities in Peacebuilding
    Report July 2018 Inclusion of gender and sexual minorities in peacebuilding Background What are the barriers to and benefts of meaningful participation of gender and Methodology sexual minorities in peace processes and Case study participants were identifed how can their participation be supported? through a combination of Conciliation What can their experience tell us more Resources’ staff and partner organisations broadly about inclusion in peace processes? in the two contexts. Semi-structured interviews took place over video call and by Conciliation Resources is an international email with two activists, one a member of a peacebuilding organisation with a strong focus non-governmental organisation. Participants’ on supporting inclusive peace processes. We permission was sought and granted as to have learnt that gender, a key aspect of inclusion, the purpose of the research, how it would be continues to be misunderstood and overlooKed. shared and the identifcation of interviewees. Each interview explored the same core MeaningFul participation of women and other questions, with follow-up discussions where excluded groups in peace processes is important necessary. The research examined how For sustainable peace, yet to date has been the participants bring the voices of gender limited and lacKing in diversity. Women and other and sexual minority people and groups into excluded groups experience multiple forms of peace processes or other political processes; discrimination related to their diverse gender how this work benefts peace processes; identities. These exacerbate social, legal, economic, challenges they have experienced; and cultural, as well as political marginalisation; and the role of international organisations in violent conFlict compounds discrimination.1 supporting this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Conciliation Resources
    conciliation resources Strategic Plan 2009-2011 Preparing the Ground for Peace Contents Global context 3 Key challenges for Conciliation Resources 4 About Conciliation Resources as an organization 5 Our vision 5 Our Mission 5 Our approach 5 The shared understanding that guides our work 6 Making strategic choices for the next three years (2009-2011) 7 The strategic planning process 7 Purpose of this plan 7 Resourcing implications 7 Putting the strategy into practice 8 Performance management implications 8 Structure of the objectives diagram 8 Our Three-year Strategy 9 2 Conciliation Resources Students debating at CRÕs Security Analysis School, Sierra Leone. © Rosalind Hanson-Alp/ Conciliation Resources Global context We live in a world of conflicts, heavily and international governance systems are failing to offer effective responses for prevention and resolution. The armed and unequally violent. Where human and institutional resources as well as the necessary you are born strongly influences your political commitment to prevent, resolve and transform opportunities and vulnerabilities. conflicts are in short supply in stark contrast to government investments in military security. There are at least 60 ongoing conflicts globally with The good news is that the number of armed conflicts is 28 suffering an intensity of violence of 100 or more battle- reportedly in decline, and while civilian deaths continue related deaths. In Iraq there have been an estimated one to be proportionally higher than combatant deaths in most million civilian casualties since 2003. More staggering, contemporary conflicts, total war deaths are lower than there have been an estimated 5.4 million deaths in the ever before.
    [Show full text]
  • Legitimacy and Peace Processes from Coercion to Consent ISSUE 25 Accord 25 ISSUE an International Review of Peace Initiatives
    Accord Logo using multiply on 25 layers 2014 Accord ISSUE Logo drawn as Editors seperate elements with overlaps an international review of peace initiatives coloured seperately Alexander Ramsbotham and Achim Wennmann 2014 Legitimacy and peace processes From coercion to consent Legitimacy and peace processes From coercion to consent ISSUE 25 25 Accord ISSUE an international review of peace initiatives Legitimacy and peace processes From coercion to consent April 2014 // Editors Alexander Ramsbotham and Achim Wennmann Accord // ISSUE 25 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Accord’s strength and value relies on the Burghley Yard, 106 Burghley Road expertise, experience and perspectives of the London, NW5 1AL range people who contribute to Accord projects www.c-r.org in a variety of ways. We would like to give special thanks to: Aden Telephone +44 (0)207 359 7728 Abdi, Ali Chahine, Catherine Barnes, Ciaran Fax +44 (0)207 359 4081 O’Toole, Ed Garcia, Elizabeth Picard, Judith Email [email protected] Large, Lisa Schirch, Nerea Bilbatua and Teresa Whitfield. UK charity registration number 1055436 In addition to all our authors, we also extend grateful thanks to the many other expert Editors contributors to this Accord publication: Alexander Ramsbotham and Achim Wennmann Abdulrazag Elaradi, Andrew Tomlinson, Antonia Executive Director Does, Asanga Welikala, Babu Rahman, Catherine
    [Show full text]