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Paix Sans Frontières Building Peace Across Borders ISSUE ISSUE 22 Accord 22 Accord edited by an international review of peace initiatives Alexander Ramsbotham Paix sans frontières and I William Zartman 2011 building peace across borders ISSUE Paix sans frontières Armed confl ict does not respect political or territorial 22 22 boundaries. It forms part of wider, regional confl ict systems. building peace But there is a policy gap across borders and in borderlands 2011 where statehood and diplomacy can struggle to reach, across borders as confl ict response strategies still focus on the nation state as the central unit of analysis and intervention. This twenty-second publication in Conciliation Resources’ Accord series addresses this gap. It looks at how peacebuilding strategies and capacity can ‘think outside the state’: beyond the state, through regional engagement, and below it, through cross-border community or trade networks. building peace across borders across peace building “In many of today’s wars, violence is driven in part by cross- border regional confl ict dynamics. And, as this important new publication from Conciliation Resources makes clear, failure to take the regional dimension of civil wars into account increases the risk that peacebuilding strategies will fail. What is needed, in addition to the statebuilding policies that are now de rigeur in post-confl ict environments, are strategies that address cross- border confl ict dynamics with the relevant regional states and cross-border communal engagement.” Andrew Mack, Director of the Human Security Report Project (HSRP) at Simon Fraser University and a faculty member of the university’s School for International Studies. Conciliation Resources is an international non-governmental organisation that works in fragile and confl ict-affected states to prevent violence, promote justice and transform confl ict into opportunities for development. Our programmes are based on the belief that sustainable political settlements and peace processes are most effective when locally supported solutions are complemented by international support. CR’s Accord projects aim to inform and strengthen peace processes, providing a unique resource on confl ict and peacebuilding. The full text of all issues in the Accord series can be found on the CR website: www.c-r.org ISBN 978-1-905805-16-7 published by 9 781905 805167 CON0156_accord_issue22_cover_FINAL.indd 1 07/01/2011 09:10 ISSUE 22 Accord January 2011 an international review of peace initiatives Paix sans frontières building peace across borders issue editors ALEXANDER RAMSBOTHAM AND I WILLIAM ZARTMAN Acknowledgements Editors Alexander Ramsbotham and I William Zartman Executive Director Andy Carl Accord Series Editor Alexander Ramsbotham Research and Publications Officer Elizabeth Drew Policy Analyst Sophie Haspeslagh Adviser on Peace Processes Kristian Herbolzheimer Programme Assistant Felix Colchester Conciliation Resources would like to give special thanks for editorial and project advice and assistance provided by Davin Bremner, David Newton, Cynthia Petrigh, Oliver Walton and Tom Woodhouse. In addition we extend grateful thanks to our authors, peer reviewers, photographers and all those who have contributed to the conception and production of this publication: Kennedy Mkutu Agade, Uta Allers, Jeremy Astill-Brown, Robert Barclay, Catherine Barnes, Alejandro Bendana, Philippe le Billon, Mark Bradbury, Sarah Bradford, Camilla Campisi, Eddy Canfor-Dumas, Sarah Clarke, Mariama Conteh, Devon Curtis, Peter Dixon, Mary Dobbing, Teresa Dumasy, Gorka Elejabarrieta, Deborah Fisher, Sofia Goinhas, Jonathan Goodhand, Aaron Griffiths, Canan Gunduz, Lucian Harriman, Sally Healy, Lyndall Herman, Xabier Itcaina, George Joffe, Chris Johnson, Todd Landman, Judith Large, James Latigo, Helen Lewis, Rachel Lyn Okun, Andrew Mack, Cathal McCall, Clem McCartney, Guus Meijer, Salome Meyer, Gary Milante, Celia McKeon, David Newton, Michelle Parlevliet, Margo Picken, Martin Pratt, Norbert Ropers, Kwesi Sansculotte-Greenidge, Mary Hope Schwoebel, Christopher Selbach, Chandra Sriram, Abdel Rahman Sultan, Jerome Tabiana, Andrew Tomlinson, Aubrey Wade, Martina Weitsch, Achim Wennmann, Teresa Whitlfield, Matt Whitticase and Catherine Woollard. The publication was made possible thanks to financial support from the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Published by Conciliation Resources 173 Upper Street London N1 1RG Telephone +44 (0)20 7359 7728 | Fax +44 (0)20 7359 4081 | Email [email protected] Website www.c-r.org Designed and typeset by soapbox, www.soapboxcommunications.co.uk © Conciliation Resources 2011 Permission is granted for reproduction and use of these materials for educational purposes. Please acknowledge your source when using the materials and notify Conciliation Resources. UK charity registration number 1055436 ISSN 1365-0742 | ISBN 978-1-905805-16-7 Cover photo: Travellers crossing the border into Liberia at Gendema, Sierra Leone © Aubrey Wade 2 | Accord | ISSUE 22 Contents Acronyms 4 Introduction 5 Section 1: Thinking outside the state 10 Boundaries in war and peace 11 Mapping conflicts across borders 16 A systems approach to peacebuilding 17 Cross-border conflict and international law 20 Section 2: Building peace beyond the state 25 Section introduction 26 The EU and the transformation of the Irish border 31 The EU and the Basque conflict 35 The EU and the ‘Darfurisation’ of eastern Chad 39 Congo, Rwanda and the National Congress for the Defence of the People 43 Informal regional diplomacy: the Esquipulas Process 47 Section 3: Building peace below the state: cross-border community relations 50 Section introduction 51 Regional community peacebuilding and the LRA conflict 54 Civil society peacebuilding on Colombia’s borders 59 Aceh refugees and conflict transformation 63 Security governance in the Mano River borderlands 67 Communicating across borders in the South Caucasus 71 All for Peace Radio in the Middle East 74 Section 4: Building peace below the state: cross-border trade and natural resources 76 Section introduction 77 Trading for peace in Kashmir 81 Trade, development and peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes 85 West African blood diamonds recognise no borders 90 Cross-border water cooperation and peacebuilding in the Middle East 93 Why the Maghreb matters 96 Section 5: Conclusion 100 Conclusion: promoting ‘trickle-up’ 101 Key Texts 105 Further Reading 106 building peace across borders | 3 Acronyms ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data IMAM Aceh Society of Malaysia ADF-NALU Allied Democratic Forces and the National Army IRA Irish Republican Army for the Liberation of Uganda JEM Justice and Equality Movement AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir KPCS Kimberley Process Certification Scheme APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation LoC Line of Control APP Aceh Peace Programme LRA Lord’s Resistance Army ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy AU African Union MEP Member of the European Parliament BAC Basque Autonomous Community MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala BBC British Broadcasting Corporation MINURCAT United Nations Mission in Central African Republic CAF Andean Development Corporation and Chad CAFTA-DR Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade MONUC United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Agreement Republic of Congo CAR Central African Republic MONUSCO United Nations Organisation Stabilisation Mission CEWARN Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism in the Democratic Republic of Congo CEWERU Conflict Early Warning and Response Unit MRU Mano River Union CNDP The National Congress for the Defence of the People NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation COMESA Common Market for East and Southern Africa NGO Non-Governmental Organisation CONDECA Central American Defence Council NIAC Non-International Armed Conflict CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement NRA National Revenue Authority CPPF Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum OAS Organisation of American States CR Conciliation Resources OAU Organisation of African Unity CSBM Confidence- and Security-Building Mechanism ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador DOM Military Operations Zone imposed on Aceh PaJK Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir DRC Democratic Republic of Congo PEACE The European Union’s special funding programme EEC European Economic Community for peace and reconciliation EGTC European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation PNV Basque Nationalist Party ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, the Basque nationalist RCD Congolese Rally for Democracy movement REPUSM Universiti Sains Malaysia’s Research and Education EU European Union for Peace EUFOR European Union peacekeeping force to Chad and RUF Revolutionary United Front Central African Republic RWDBP Regional Water Data Banks Project FARC The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia SADR Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic FARDC The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo SEACSN Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network FDI Foreign Direct Investment TAWR Total Actual Renewable Water Resources FDLR Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda UMA Arab Maghreb Union FSLN Sandinista National Liberation Front UN United Nations FTA Free Trade Agreement UNDP United Nations Development Programme GAFTA Greater Arab Free Trade Area UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural GAM Free Aceh Movement Organisation GBD Bi-national
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