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Map 32 Carthago Compiled by R.B. Hitchner, 1997 Introduction Map 32 Carthago Map 33 Theveste-Hadrumetum These two maps cover most of modern Tunisia and the extreme east of Algeria. From 200 B.C. at the latest, control of this area was divided between Punic Carthage (mainly northern and eastern Tunisia), and the kingdom of Numidia (western Tunisia and eastern Algeria). The Roman province of Africa, established in 146 B.C., corresponded more or less to the territory held by Carthage prior to its destruction in that year. The Fossa Regia marked the boundary between the province and the kingdom of Numidia. The latter was annexed in 46 B.C. as the province of Africa Nova. In 40 B.C. the two provinces were united. Security in the united province of Africa Proconsularis was maintained by a single legion, initially under the governor’s authority. Around A.D. 40, however, control of both this force and essentially the former territory of Numidia including the steppe was transferred to the legionary legate. Then around A.D. 200 that area became the new province of Numidia. A century later, under Diocletian, a further subdivision occurred with the formation of the new province of Byzacena to the south of Africa Proconsularis. The area covered by Map 32 was densely settled in antiquity, particularly during the Roman period. Earlier, for the Hellenistic period, both literary and archaeological evidence reveals a countryside dominated by nucleated settlements ranging in size from villages to full-scale towns. The growth of agricultural estates comprising isolated farms centered on a villa or estate center (including a large number of imperial estates), is a phenomenon of the Roman period, though its antecedents are already evident in Hellenistic times. Northern Proconsularis is noteworthy for its large number of towns and villages; these survived well into Late Antiquity. Map 33 comprises the eastern coastal plain known today as the Sahel, together with interior steppes of central and southern Tunisia and eastern Algeria. In the Hellenistic period, the Sahel was dominated by small towns inhabited by the Libyphoenices, a mixed African-Phoenician population. The interior, by contrast, was largely devoid of towns, and was controlled by tribes practicing a mixture of pastoralism and light agriculture. The only urban or semi-urban centers in the interior during the Hellenistic period were in the Atlas Dorsal (notably Mactaris) and in the oases of the southern steppe (notably Capsa). There do appear, however, to have been a number of hillforts scattered throughout the high steppe area. The Roman period saw considerable growth in agriculture, first along the coast and then into the steppe. Garum (fish relish) production also became an important element in the economy of the Sahel from the second century A.D. The military conquests of the first century A.D. opened the steppe to agricultural development, but it was the spread of olive cultivation in particular that accounts for the remarkable growth in rural and urban settlement in the region from the late first century A.D. through the fourth and even later. In addition to the olive, there is also archaeological evidence for considerable estate-centered stockraising, cereal culture, and even some wine production. The Late Antique period witnessed some contraction in rural settlement, as well as the fortification of towns, particularly after the Byzantine reconquest in the sixth century. The large number of identifiable urban sites on these maps is a reflection of the thousands of inscriptions published since the late nineteenth century, together with the relatively full record of towns and other settlements found in the itineraries and ecclesiastical sources. In recent years, this information has been supplemented not only by many new inscriptions, but also by new letters and sermons of Augustine. Definitive editions have appeared, too, of the North African section of Pliny’s NH (Desanges 1980), and of the Acts of the Council of Carthage in 411 (Lancel 1991). 494 MAP 32 CARTHAGO Despite the high level of preservation of both urban and rural sites, our knowledge of the archaeological landscape here remains uneven, and the maps inevitably reflect this. AAT, although still an invaluable cartographic tool, is not of the same quality as its counterpart AAA, and unfortunately it never achieved completion. ACRT adds new information derived from aerial photographs, but mostly limits itself to the area already covered by AAT. The results of recent excavation and field survey now contribute significantly to our understanding of settlement densities, chronologies and typologies throughout northern and central Tunisia. In addition, a new series of archaeological maps at 1:50,000 by the Tunisian Institut National du Patrimoine and Ministère de la Culture is now under way. It means to incorporate not only recent research, but also new data yielded by surveys made specifically for it. Recent research on coastal change in Tunisia has permitted an improved understanding of the ancient coastline covered by the two maps. Over the last 2,500 years the sea-level along the coast has risen approximately 20-30 inches, and more than 3 feet in the northern Gulf of Gabès (Map 33 F4). This has resulted in the submersion of a number of archaeological sites along the coast. Over the last three millenia, some 188 square miles of alluvial deposits have formed at the mouth of the Oued Medjerda (ancient Bagrada fl.), leaving ancient Utica some seven and a half miles inland. Moreover the Medjerda has changed course at least nine times since antiquity. Directory All place names are in Tunisia unless otherwise noted Abbreviations AAA S. Gsell, Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie, Algiers and Paris, 1911 AAT I E. Babelon, R. Cagnat and S. Reinach, Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie (1:50,000), Paris, 1892-1913 AAT II R. Cagnat and A. Merlin, Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie (1:100,000), Paris, 1914-32 ACRT A. Caillemer and R. Chevallier, Atlas des centuriations romaines de Tunisie,Paris,1959 ILAf R. Cagnat, A. Merlin and L. Chatelain (eds.), Inscriptions Latines d’Afrique (Tripolitaine, Tunisie, Maroc),Paris,1923 ILAlg S. Gsell (ed.), Inscriptions latines de l'Algérie, 2 vols., Paris and Algiers, 1922, 1957 ILT A. Merlin (ed.), Inscriptions latines de la Tunisie,Paris,1944 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B4 (...)rdensium R Henchir-el-Gonai ALG AAA 19.84 E4 (...)sinsensium RL Henchir-Maouli AAT II, 25.137; Ferchiou 1977a, 11 E4 Abbi(…) R? near Ferme Romans AAT II, 25.137, 142; Ferchiou 1982, 15-20 E4 Abbir Cella(e) HRL Henchir-en-Naâm AAT I, 35.6 F4 Abbir Maius R Henchir-el-Krendeg AAT I, 35.130; Beschaouch 1974 (el-Khandag) E3 Abitina(e) HRL Chouhoud el-Batin AAT I, 27.16; Beschaouch 1976; Lancel 1991, 1296-97 E4 Abthugni RL Henchir-es-Souar AAT I, 42.52; Birley 1987; § Abthungi Lancel 1991, 1297-98 B3 Ad Aquas RL Henchir-Hammam-Ali-Da AAT I, 31.5; Lancel 1991, 1349-50 § Cataquas? L oua F3 Ad Aquas R Bordj-Sebbalat AAT I, 21.9 B4 Ad Arvalla? ALG See Map 33 E3 Ad Atticille? RL Sidi-Amara AAT I, 27.193 F3 Ad Decimum? RL Sidi-Fathallah AAT I, 20.73 F3 Ad Gall(inaci)um? R? Sebbala / Cebala Ben AAT I, 13.37 Ammar / Gabrejelli F3 Ad Mercurium? R Bou Rekba AAT I, 20.40 G3 Ad Mercurium? R Beled-Djedeida AAT I, 29.149 A4 Ad Molas? RL Sidi Brahim ALG AAA 18.417 MAP 32 CARTHAGO 495 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F3 Ad Pertusa RL el Harairia AAT I, 20.43 G2 Aegimoeroe Inss. HRL Iles de Zembra AAT I, 8; Desanges 1980, 445-46 E3 Afri HR EncBerb 2 C1 Africum Mare See Map 1 D4 Agbia RL Ain Hedja AAT I, 33.190; EncBerb 2 F4 Aggersel? HRL Sidi-Abd-er-Rahmane-el- AAT I, 43.168 Garci D4 Ain-Golea R? AAT I, 33.61 E3 Ain-Guerchba RL AAT I, 19.24-25; Peyras 1991, 127-29 E3 Ain-el-Blate R? AAT I, 11.131; Peyras 1991, 64-66 D3 Ain-el-Djemala R AAT I, 33.37 B4 Ain-el-Djenane RL? ALG AAA 10.93 F4 Ain-el-Hamera R? AAT I, 43.114 B3 Ain-el-Hofra R? ALG AAA 10.24 E3 Ain-el-Kheraib R? AAT I, 11.116; Peyras 1991, 68-69 C3 Ain-el-Metouia R? AAT I, 31.75 E4 Ain-es-Sif See Map 33 H3 Ain-Harouri HR AAT I, 16.54 D3 Ain-Kradkrada R? AAT I, 26.1 D4 Ain Moungas R AAT I, 33.34 D4 Ain Ouassel R AAT I, 33.112 E4 Ain-Rchine R Ferchiou 1980 C4 Ain-Taleb R AAT I, Le Kef.75 E3 Ain-Terguellache HRL AAT I, 12.130; Peyras 1991, 92-96 D4 Ain-Teserat R? AAT II, 30.22 E3 *Alma H?R Henchir-el-Krima AAT I, 34.16; Beschaouch 1974a, 221-23 E4 Apisa Maius R?L Tarf-ech-Chena AAT I, 34.111 Apollinis Pr. = Pulchri Pr. C4 Aptuc(c)a HRL Henchir-Oudeka or AAT I, 32.41; Beschaouch 1974b, 193; Henchir-Semmech Lancel 1991, 1307-1308 D4 Aquae? R? Ain-Younès AAT I, 33.73; EncBerb 6 C4 Aquae Aptuccensium R Hammam-Biadha AAT I, 32.38; Beschaouch 1974b, 193 G3 Aquae Carpitanae RL Hammam Korbous CIL 8.24106; AAT I, 14.7; EncBerb 12 Carpis Aquae Persianae = *Naro Hammam-Lif AAT I, 21.5 D3 Aquae Traianae? R? Hammam Seiala AAT I, 8.2; EncBerb 6 G2 Aquilaria? HR? el-Guerria AAT I, 8.2-3 E4 Aradi R? Henchir-Bou-Arada AAT I, 34.99 C2 Argoub-el-Bania R? AAT I, 10.1 C3 Armasela fl.
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    S.No Governorate Cities 1 l'Ariana Ariana 2 l'Ariana Ettadhamen-Mnihla 3 l'Ariana Kalâat el-Andalous 4 l'Ariana Raoued 5 l'Ariana Sidi Thabet 6 l'Ariana La Soukra 7 Béja Béja 8 Béja El Maâgoula 9 Béja Goubellat 10 Béja Medjez el-Bab 11 Béja Nefza 12 Béja Téboursouk 13 Béja Testour 14 Béja Zahret Mediou 15 Ben Arous Ben Arous 16 Ben Arous Bou Mhel el-Bassatine 17 Ben Arous El Mourouj 18 Ben Arous Ezzahra 19 Ben Arous Hammam Chott 20 Ben Arous Hammam Lif 21 Ben Arous Khalidia 22 Ben Arous Mégrine 23 Ben Arous Mohamedia-Fouchana 24 Ben Arous Mornag 25 Ben Arous Radès 26 Bizerte Aousja 27 Bizerte Bizerte 28 Bizerte El Alia 29 Bizerte Ghar El Melh 30 Bizerte Mateur 31 Bizerte Menzel Bourguiba 32 Bizerte Menzel Jemil 33 Bizerte Menzel Abderrahmane 34 Bizerte Metline 35 Bizerte Raf Raf 36 Bizerte Ras Jebel 37 Bizerte Sejenane 38 Bizerte Tinja 39 Bizerte Saounin 40 Bizerte Cap Zebib 41 Bizerte Beni Ata 42 Gabès Chenini Nahal 43 Gabès El Hamma 44 Gabès Gabès 45 Gabès Ghannouch 46 Gabès Mareth www.downloadexcelfiles.com 47 Gabès Matmata 48 Gabès Métouia 49 Gabès Nouvelle Matmata 50 Gabès Oudhref 51 Gabès Zarat 52 Gafsa El Guettar 53 Gafsa El Ksar 54 Gafsa Gafsa 55 Gafsa Mdhila 56 Gafsa Métlaoui 57 Gafsa Moularès 58 Gafsa Redeyef 59 Gafsa Sened 60 Jendouba Aïn Draham 61 Jendouba Beni M'Tir 62 Jendouba Bou Salem 63 Jendouba Fernana 64 Jendouba Ghardimaou 65 Jendouba Jendouba 66 Jendouba Oued Melliz 67 Jendouba Tabarka 68 Kairouan Aïn Djeloula 69 Kairouan Alaâ 70 Kairouan Bou Hajla 71 Kairouan Chebika 72 Kairouan Echrarda 73 Kairouan Oueslatia 74 Kairouan
  • Lucan's Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulf

    Lucan's Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulf

    Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Catherine Connors, Chair Alain Gowing Stephen Hinds Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Classics © Copyright 2014 Laura Zientek University of Washington Abstract Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Catherine Connors Department of Classics This dissertation is an analysis of the role of landscape and the natural world in Lucan’s Bellum Civile. I investigate digressions and excurses on mountains, rivers, and certain myths associated aetiologically with the land, and demonstrate how Stoic physics and cosmology – in particular the concepts of cosmic (dis)order, collapse, and conflagration – play a role in the way Lucan writes about the landscape in the context of a civil war poem. Building on previous analyses of the Bellum Civile that provide background on its literary context (Ahl, 1976), on Lucan’s poetic technique (Masters, 1992), and on landscape in Roman literature (Spencer, 2010), I approach Lucan’s depiction of the natural world by focusing on the mutual effect of humanity and landscape on each other. Thus, hardships posed by the land against characters like Caesar and Cato, gloomy and threatening atmospheres, and dangerous or unusual weather phenomena all have places in my study. I also explore how Lucan’s landscapes engage with the tropes of the locus amoenus or horridus (Schiesaro, 2006) and elements of the sublime (Day, 2013).