DOCSLIB.ORG

Legions and the Duchy of Warsaw

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Legions and the Duchy of Warsaw Legions and the Duchy of Warsaw Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Legions and the Duchy of Warsaw Bale of Marengo Source: Louis-François Lejeune, Bataille de Marengo, domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn where the most important battles of the Polish Legions in Italy took place; to indicate the location of the Duchy of Warsaw on the map; to describe the system and territory of the Duchy of Warsaw, its achievements and failures. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu On January 9, 1797, at the initiative of Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, Polish Legions were founded in Italy. Already after several months, the number of legionnaires has grown to over 8,000. Initially, the legions fought with the Austrian army in Italy and then all over Europe (including Switzerland, the Netherlands and Bavaria), and after the conclusion of the peace in Luneville in 1801, some of them were sent to San Domingo. Out of 6,000 soldiers only a few hundred returned to Europe after a few years. In total, 20,000 people were killed of the 35,000 who passed through the legionary ranks. The Duchy of Warsaw was created under the French‐Russian peace treaty signed in Tilsit Source: January Suchodolski, Wjazd gen. Jana Henryka in July 1807. Poles recovered 1/7 of the former Dąbrowskiego do Rzymu, domena publiczna. territory of the Republic. Two years later, after the well‐fought battle of Raszyn (19 April 1809) under Prince Józef Poniatowski, and the defeat of Austria by Napoleon in the next war, the boundaries of the Duchy of Warsaw expanded significantly. The Duchy was a constitutional monarchy connected in the personal union with Saxony. It was dependent on France and also constituted its military and economic base. The failure of Napoleon's campaign against Russia resulted in its eradication in 1815. Exercise 1 On which front were these bales fought? Drag the items to the right places. Bale of Trebbia, Bale of Hohenlinden, Bale of Marengo, Bale of Mantua on the Italian front on the German front Exercise 2 Listen to the recording. Characterize the differences regarding the service of Poles in the paroned armies and in the Dąbrowski Legions. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie lektorskie Aer the Poles came under the foreign rule, the duty of military service became extremely onerous. It was not yet universal, only peasants and the poorer urban populaon were subject to it. In Russia, Prussia and Austria, the so-called conngent system was in force at the me. In each province, censuses were made annually and the province received an appropriate conngent of recruits on their basis. Young boys who fell vicms to conscripon (referred to in the Russian Banner of the 1st Legion of the Polish Legions in paron as „branka”, and in the remaining Italy parons as „asenterunek” - „Assenerung” in Source: Maciej Szczepańczyk, licencja: CC BY 3.0, [online], German) were taken into the army for lifelong dostępny w internecie: hp://commons.wikimedia.org. service. In Prussia, the front-line service lasted 20 years, in Austria from 12 to 14 years, while in Russia a period of 25 years was obligatory. Therefore, the conscripon to the army was tantamount to detachment from families for almost the enre life, it oen meant permanent loss of a farm which was taken over by someone else, it was combined with the inability to establish a family. Aer years of service, meritorious veterans most oen lived out their days as beggars. Before this happened, the service itself in foreign countries, among strangers, under incomprehensible command at the beginning, was a sequence of suffering and punishment. Flogging, meted out with a knout, also known as „przepędzanie przez rózgi” (chasing through rods), was infamous among them. The soldiers of the Polish Legions, formed alongside Napoleon Bonaparte, were formally cizens of Lombardy, but they had the right to return to the Vistula, which was guaranteed by a contract, at the end of their war service. The legionnaire uniforms referred to the Polish uniforms, the military commands were also expressed in their nave language. However, the banner of Polish Legions did not have Polish symbols. Its colors referred to the three colors of revoluonary France. It bore an inscripon in Italian: „All free men are brothers”. General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski introduced the French command method in the Polish Legions and ensured their democrac character. Privates were allowed to be promoted based on merit, regardless of their social background. The internal judicature rejected the corporal punishment, popular in Source: Bronisław Gembarzewski, Piechota Księstwa many armies of that me. Dąbrowski Warszawskiego, domena publiczna. encouraged the legionnaires, many of whom were illiterate, to learn mathemacs, history, geography and foreign languages. A few years later, aer the creaon of the Duchy of Warsaw, the first substute of an independent Polish state, the obligatory military service in the ranks of his army concerned recruits aged 21-27 and lasted for 6 years. Exercise 3 Napoleon's return from Elba Source: Charles de Steuben, Retour de Napoleon d' Isle d'Elbe, domena publiczna. Task 1 Compare both maps and then do the exercise. Parons of Poland Source: Krysan Chariza i zespół. Exercise 4 Compare the map of the Republic of Poland during the parons with the map of the Duchy of Warsaw dang from 1807. Select the names of the territories of the Republic of Poland which did not belong to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807. Podolia Podlachia Livonia Lesser Poland Volhynia Greater Poland Mazovia Exercise 5 Connect the following sentences into pairs. a two-year occupaon of the country by Russian troops and the eradicaon of the Duchy of Warsaw., was subordinate to the Emperor of the French., civil marriages and divorces., abolished personal serfdom of peasants, declared the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland., the Duchy of Warsaw significantly expanded its territory. The Constuon of the Duchy of Warsaw The General Confederaon Aer the successful war with Austria in 1809 The failure of Napoleon's campaign against Russia resulted in The Napoleonic Code introduced The foreign policy of the Duchy of Warsaw Keywords Duchy of Warsaw, Napoleon, Polish Legions, Jan Henryk Dąbrowski Glossary conngent system Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: contingent system system kontyngentowy – system poboru rekruta. Napoleon's constuon Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Napoleon's constitution konstytucja Napoleona – konstytucja nadana przez Cesarza Francuzów Księstwu Warszawskiemu w lipcu 1807 roku. December decree Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: December decree dekret grudniowy – dekret w sprawie chłopów, nadający im wolność osobistą, ale pozbawiający ich własności ziemi. Nadany przez władze Księstwa Warszawskiego jako rozwiniecie postanowień konstytucji. Lesson plan (Polish) Temat: Legiony i Księstwo Warszawskie Adresat Uczniowie klasy VI szkoły podstawowej Podstawa programowa XVIII. Epoka napoleońska. Uczeń: 2. opisuje okoliczności utworzenia Legionów Polskich oraz omawia ich historię; 3. opisuje powstanie Księstwa Warszawskiego, jego ustrój i terytorium; 4. przedstawia stosunek Napoleona do sprawy polskiej oraz postawę Polaków wobec Napoleona. Ogólny cel kształcenia Poznasz i opiszesz okoliczności utworzenia i historię Legionów Polskich, oraz okoliczności powołania Księstwa warszawskiego, jego ustrój i terytorium Kompetencje kluczowe porozumiewanie się w językach obcych; kompetencje informatyczne; umiejętność uczenia się. Kryteria sukcesu Uczeń nauczy się: gdzie miały miejsce najważniejsze walki Legionów Polskich we Włoszech; wskazywać na mapie położenie Księstwa Warszawskiego; opisywać ustrój i terytorium Księstwa Warszawskiego, jego osiągnięcia i porażki. Metody/techniki kształcenia podające pogadanka. aktywizujące dyskusja. programowane z użyciem komputera; z użyciem e‐podręcznika. praktyczne ćwiczeń przedmiotowych. Formy pracy praca indywidualna; praca w parach; praca w grupach; praca całego zespołu klasowego. Środki dydaktyczne e‐podręcznik; zeszyt i kredki lub pisaki; tablica interaktywna, tablety/komputery. Przebieg lekcji Przed lekcją 1. Nauczyciel prosi o przeczytanie rozdziału Użyteczni Polacy i wykonanie Ćwiczenia 2 z epodręcznika, oraz rozdziału Jak przekreślono rozbiory. Uczniowie przygotowują w domu zbiór ilustracji, związanych z umundurowaniem i uzbrojeniem Legionów Dąbrowskiego (zasoby epodręcznika, inne z Internetu, albumy, książki). Zabierają je na lekcję. Faza wstępna 1. Nauczyciel rozmawia z uczniami o powodach, dla których utworzono Legiony Polskie we Włoszech, na podstawie materiału przygotowanego przed lekcją. Uczniowie sprawdzają swoje rozwiązania. Następnie nauczyciel prezentuje uczniom na mapie zawartej w e‐podręczniku skrótowo działania Legionów Polskich we Włoszech (metoda podająca). Uczniowie wykonują na tabletach/komputerach **Ćwiczenie 1. **Nauczyciel upewnia się, że ćwiczenie zostało poprawnie wykonane i udziela informacji zwrotnej. 2. Nauczyciel podaje temat oraz wyjaśnia, na czym będzie polegała lekcja i jakie kryteria sukcesu powinni osiągnąć uczniowie. Faza realizacyjna 1. Nauczyciel dzieli uczniów na dwie grupy. Celem pracy będzie zebranie informacji na temat sytuacji polskich żołnierzy w armiach zaborczych i w Legionach Polskich we Włoszech. Każda z grup wykonuje Ćwiczenie 2 i wynotowuje na arkuszu podstawowe informacje, tworząc mapę myśli. Grupa 1 – Polacy w armiach zaborczych. Grupa 2
Recommended publications
  • INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E

    INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E

    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), ix. 2. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), 3. 3. An exception to the Franco-centric bibliography in English prior to the last decade is Owen Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms (New York, 1965). Connelly discusses the developments in five satellite kingdoms: Italy, Naples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spain. Two other important works that appeared before 1990, which explore the internal developments in two countries during the Napoleonic period, are Gabriel Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain (New York, 1965) and Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813 (London, 1977). 4. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991), 8–13. 5. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 102–5; Broers, Europe under Napoleon, passim. 1 THE FORMATION OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE 1. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 105. 2. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (New York, 1994), 43. 3. Ellis, “The Nature,” 104–5. 4. On the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and international relations, see Tim Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996); David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon: the Mind and Method of History’s Greatest Soldier (London, 1966); Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military 212 Notes 213 Campaigns (Wilmington, DE, 1987); J.
  • Henryk Siemiradzki and the International Artistic Milieu

    Henryk Siemiradzki and the International Artistic Milieu

    ACCADEMIA POL ACCA DELLE SCIENZE DELLE SCIENZE POL ACCA ACCADEMIA BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA E CENTRO BIBLIOTECA ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA CONFERENZE 145 HENRYK SIEMIRADZKI AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARTISTIC MILIEU FRANCESCO TOMMASINI, L’ITALIA E LA RINASCITA E LA RINASCITA L’ITALIA TOMMASINI, FRANCESCO IN ROME DELLA INDIPENDENTE POLONIA A CURA DI MARIA NITKA AGNIESZKA KLUCZEWSKA-WÓJCIK CONFERENZE 145 ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA ISSN 0239-8605 ROMA 2020 ISBN 978-83-956575-5-9 CONFERENZE 145 HENRYK SIEMIRADZKI AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARTISTIC MILIEU IN ROME ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA CONFERENZE 145 HENRYK SIEMIRADZKI AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARTISTIC MILIEU IN ROME A CURA DI MARIA NITKA AGNIESZKA KLUCZEWSKA-WÓJCIK. ROMA 2020 Pubblicato da AccademiaPolacca delle Scienze Bibliotecae Centro di Studi aRoma vicolo Doria, 2 (Palazzo Doria) 00187 Roma tel. +39 066792170 e-mail: [email protected] www.rzym.pan.pl Il convegno ideato dal Polish Institute of World Art Studies (Polski Instytut Studiów nad Sztuką Świata) nell’ambito del programma del Ministero della Scienza e dell’Istruzione Superiore della Repubblica di Polonia (Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education) “Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” (National Programme for the Develop- ment of Humanities) - “Henryk Siemiradzki: Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings” (“Tradition 1 a”, no. 0504/ nprh4/h1a/83/2015). Il convegno è stato organizzato con il supporto ed il contributo del National Institute of Polish Cultural Heritage POLONIKA (Narodowy Instytut Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kul- turowego za Granicą POLONIKA). Redazione: Maria Nitka, Agnieszka Kluczewska-Wójcik Recensione: Prof.
  • Writers of the Time of National Partition on the Jasna Góra Pilgrimage Route

    Writers of the Time of National Partition on the Jasna Góra Pilgrimage Route

    PEREGRINUS CRACOVIENSIS Zeszyt 3, 1996 ISBN 83−904441−5−1 / ISSN 1425−1922 Franciszek Ziejka Writers of the time of national Partition on the Jasna Góra pilgrimage route 1. At the feet of Saint Mary n January 4, 1842 Adam Mickiewicz, lecturing at the College de France described Jasna Góra as: “a famous place, known to all Slavs as the O destination of their pilgrimages, similar to Casa Santa of Loretto.”1 . Facts confirm the accuracy of these words. For more than six centuries now, one has observed a continuous flow of pilgrims on all roads leading to Częstochowa. The faithful from all over Poland as well as many other countries hurry there. Among them one can see the sick and the poor, children and students, miners and scholars, farmers and politicians. For centuries Poles, Czechs, Moravians, Slovaks, Hungarians, Croatians, Lithuanians and Russians have hastened there to meet at the foot of Saint Mary’s throne. The pilgrimages of Polish kings to Jasna Góra was one of the most beautiful Polish traditions dating back to the very first years of the Icon of the Mother of God’s presence in Częstochowa (it was probably brought here in 1382). Although we lack any written records directly confirming the visits of King Władysław Jagiełło (Ladislaus Jagiello) to Jasna Góra, historians believe that he made several pilgrimages to Częstochowa2 . It is worth mentioning that Jagiełło was not only the re−founder of the monastery at Jasna Góra (1393), but also a ruler who, in the year 1430, after learning of the raid on Jasna Góra and the destruction of the Holy Icon was ready to declare war on the Czechs, as Hussites were initially suspected of the attack.
  • Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black

    Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black

    Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J. L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A. W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71694-6 hardcover ISBN 978-0-333-69336-0 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.
  • A Reassessment of the British and Allied Economic, Industrial And

    A Reassessment of the British and Allied Economic, Industrial And

    A Reassessment of the British and Allied Economic and Military Mobilization in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792-1815) By Ioannis-Dionysios Salavrakos The Wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era lasted from 1792 to 1815. During this period, seven Anti-French Coalitions were formed ; France managed to get the better of the first five of them. The First Coalition was formed between Austria and Prussia (26 June 1792) and was reinforced by the entry of Britain (January 1793) and Spain (March 1793). Minor participants were Tuscany, Naples, Holland and Russia. In February 1795, Tuscany left and was followed by Prussia (April); Holland (May), Spain (August). In 1796, two other Italian States (Piedmont and Sardinia) bowed out. In October 1797, Austria was forced to abandon the alliance : the First Coalition collapsed. The Second Coalition, between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Naples and the Ottoman Empire (22 June 1799), was terminated on March 25, 1802. A Third Coalition, which comprised Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and some small German principalities (April 1805), collapsed by December the same year. The Fourth Coalition, between Great Britain, Austria and Russia, came in October 1806 but was soon aborted (February 1807). The Fifth Coalition, established between Britain, Austria, Spain and Portugal (April 9th, 1809) suffered the same fate when, on October 14, 1809, Vienna surrendered to the French – although the Iberian Peninsula front remained active. Thus until 1810 France had faced five coalitions with immense success. The tide began to turn with the French campaign against Russia (June 1812), which precipitated the Sixth Coalition, formed by Russia and Britain, and soon joined by Spain, Portugal, Austria, Prussia, Sweden and other small German States.
  • The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century

    The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century

    JBRART Of 9AN DIEGO OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY EDITED BY SIR AUGUSTUS OAKES, CB. LATELY OF THE FOREIGN OFFICE AND R. B. MOWAT, M.A. FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY SIR H. ERLE RICHARDS K. C.S.I., K.C., B.C.L., M.A. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE AWD CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E.C. 4 LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW LEIPZIG NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPETOWN BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS SHANGHAI HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY Impression of 1930 First edition, 1918 Printed in Great Britain INTRODUCTION IT is now generally accepted that the substantial basis on which International Law rests is the usage and practice of nations. And this makes it of the first importance that the facts from which that usage and practice are to be deduced should be correctly appre- ciated, and in particular that the great treaties which have regulated the status and territorial rights of nations should be studied from the point of view of history and international law. It is the object of this book to present materials for that study in an accessible form. The scope of the book is limited, and wisely limited, to treaties between the nations of Europe, and to treaties between those nations from 1815 onwards. To include all treaties affecting all nations would require volumes nor is it for the many ; necessary, purpose of obtaining a sufficient insight into the history and usage of European States on such matters as those to which these treaties relate, to go further back than the settlement which resulted from the Napoleonic wars.
  • Alexander Grab: Conscription and Desertion in France and Italy Under

    Alexander Grab: Conscription and Desertion in France and Italy Under

    Alexander Grab: Conscription and Desertion in France and Italy under Napoleon Schriftenreihe Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom Band 127 (2013) Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Historischen Institut Rom Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat der Creative- Commons-Lizenz Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) unterliegt. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Den Text der Lizenz erreichen Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode ALEX A NDER GR A B Conscription and Desertion in France and Italy under Napoleon It is by now a commonplace that Napoleon depended on the human and fiscal resources of Europe in his drive for imperial expansion and domination. The French emperor would have been unable to expand and maintain his empire without the money and troops that occupied Europe supplied him. A key to his ability to tap into the human resources of his European satellites was an annual and effective conscription system. In September 1798 the French gov- ernment introduced a yearly conscription program and quickly extended it to the Belgian départements and the Cisalpine Republic.1 Prior to the Revolution, armies largely consisted of volunteers and mercenaries. While some form of draft had existed in parts of pre-Revolutionary Europe – France had an ob- ligatory militia system to supplement the regular army – Napoleon increased it to unprecedented levels and extended it to states that previously had not experienced it.
  • Main Features

    Main Features

    WEEKLY MAGAZINE PUBUSHED BY THE POLISH REVIEW PUBLISHING CO., with the assistance of the POLISH GOVERNMENT INFORMATION CENTER STANISLAW L CENTKIEWICZ, Editor —745 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 22, N. Y. • ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOUR DOLLARS • SINGLE COPY TEN CENTS MAIN FEATURES Polish Under­ ground Battles Germans in Silesian Forest The Story of Wilno Polish Philately in America Polish War Stamps Lwow— Always Faithful Six Centuries of Warsaw's Glorious Past Poles Take Ancona Polish Under­ ground Army Participated in the Battle of Wilno VOL IV. No. 29 AUGUST 9. 1944 Squadron Leader W. Kołaczkowski by Eric Kennington. Shown at the "Britain at War" Exhibition at the Amer­ ican British Art Center, New York City. "Grant us a sense of power, Lord Grant us a living Poland, pray. Polish Minister of Interior Broadcasts to Poland Make manifest the promised Word In our unhappy land today.” —Stanislaw Wyspiański (1869-1907) Minister Wladyslaw Banaczyk broadcasting to Poland on July 27 said in part: "In the present situation the Polish Government is forced to disclose, despite the danger of betrayal and of German Polish Underground Battles Germans InSilesianForest reprisals, that in the Polish Underground there are functioning the Guerrilla warfare in Poland has never for a moment ceased trained for man-hunting come to wipe out our formidable Deputy-Premier of the Polish Government and three Ministers: throughout the five years of German oppression. Partisan detachment. They set up machine-gun nests at every cross­ Wlakowicz, Traugutt and Polski. groups dot the countryside, and are particularly numerous in ing of forest paths. So tight is their net that no one could the wilder, wooded regions of Poland.
  • Application of Link Integrity Techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web

    Application of Link Integrity Techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web

    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Department of Electronics and Computer Science A mini-thesis submitted for transfer from MPhil to PhD Supervisor: Prof. Wendy Hall and Dr Les Carr Examiner: Dr Nick Gibbins Application of Link Integrity techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web by Rob Vesse February 10, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE A mini-thesis submitted for transfer from MPhil to PhD by Rob Vesse As the Web of Linked Data expands it will become increasingly important to preserve data and links such that the data remains available and usable. In this work I present a method for locating linked data to preserve which functions even when the URI the user wishes to preserve does not resolve (i.e. is broken/not RDF) and an application for monitoring and preserving the data. This work is based upon the principle of adapting ideas from hypermedia link integrity in order to apply them to the Semantic Web. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hypothesis . .2 1.2 Report Overview . .8 2 Literature Review 9 2.1 Problems in Link Integrity . .9 2.1.1 The `Dangling-Link' Problem . .9 2.1.2 The Editing Problem . 10 2.1.3 URI Identity & Meaning . 10 2.1.4 The Coreference Problem . 11 2.2 Hypermedia . 11 2.2.1 Early Hypermedia . 11 2.2.1.1 Halasz's 7 Issues . 12 2.2.2 Open Hypermedia . 14 2.2.2.1 Dexter Model . 14 2.2.3 The World Wide Web .
  • In Time, Napoleon's Battlefield Successes Forced the Rulers Of

    In Time, Napoleon's Battlefield Successes Forced the Rulers Of

    In time, Napoleon’s battlefield successes forced the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia to sign peace treaties. These successes also enabled him to build the largest European empire since that of the Romans. France’s only major enemy left unde- feated was the great naval power, Britain. The Battle of Trafalgar In his drive for a European empire, Napoleon lost only one major battle, the Battle of Trafalgar (truh•FAL•guhr). This naval defeat, how- ever, was more important than all of his victories on land. The battle took place in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain. The British commander, Horatio Nelson, was as brilliant in warfare at sea as Napoleon was in warfare on land. In a bold maneuver, he split the larger French fleet, capturing many ships. (See the map inset on the opposite page.) The destruction of the French fleet had two major results. First, it ensured the supremacy of the British navy for the next 100 years. Second, it forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain. He had to look for another way to control his powerful enemy across the English Channel. Eventually, Napoleon’s extrava- gant efforts to crush Britain would lead to his own undoing. The French Empire During the first decade of the 1800s, Napoleon’s victories had given him mastery over most of Europe. By 1812, the only areas of Europe free from Napoleon’s control were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire. In addition to the lands of the French Empire, Napoleon also controlled numerous supposedly independent countries.
  • The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Vol. III

    The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Vol. III

    The Life Of Napoleon Bonaparte. Vol. III. By William Milligan Sloane LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE CHAPTER I. WAR WITH RUSSIA: PULTUSK. Poland and the Poles — The Seat of War — Change in the Character of Napoleon's Army — The Battle of Pultusk — Discontent in the Grand Army — Homesickness of the French — Napoleon's Generals — His Measures of Reorganization — Weakness of the Russians — The Ability of Bennigsen — Failure of the Russian Manœuvers — Napoleon in Warsaw. 1806-07. The key to Napoleon's dealings with Poland is to be found in his strategy; his political policy never passed beyond the first tentative stages, for he never conquered either Russia or Poland. The struggle upon which he was next to enter was a contest, not for Russian abasement but for Russian friendship in the interest of his far-reaching continental system. Poland was simply one of his weapons against the Czar. Austria was steadily arming; Francis received the quieting assurance that his share in the partition was to be undisturbed. In the general and proper sorrow which has been felt for the extinction of Polish nationality by three vulture neighbors, the terrible indictment of general worthlessness which was justly brought against her organization and administration is at most times and by most people utterly forgotten. A people has exactly the nationality, government, and administration which expresses its quality and secures its deserts. The Poles were either dull and sluggish boors or haughty and elegant, pleasure- loving nobles. Napoleon and his officers delighted in the life of Warsaw, but he never appears to have respected the Poles either as a whole or in their wrangling cliques; no doubt he occasionally faced the possibility of a redeemed Poland, but in general the suggestion of such a consummation served his purpose and he went no further.
  • Elżbieta Jeżewska Malarstwo Historyczne W Zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego W Kielcach : (Wydarzenia Do II Wojny Światowej)

    Elżbieta Jeżewska Malarstwo Historyczne W Zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego W Kielcach : (Wydarzenia Do II Wojny Światowej)

    Elżbieta Jeżewska Malarstwo historyczne w zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego w Kielcach : (wydarzenia do II wojny światowej) Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Kielcach 23, 69-109 2007 Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Kielcach Tom 23, Kielce 2007 ELŻBIETA JEŻEWSKA MALARSTWO HISTORYCZNE W ZBIORACH MUZEUM NARODOWEGO W KIELCACH (WYDARZENIA DO II WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ) W wystroju siedziby Muzeum Narodowego w Kielcach - w pałacu biskupim - znajdują się m.in. obrazy z krakowskiego warsztatu Tomasza Dolabelli: sceny z wojen polsko-szwedzkich i polsko-moskiewskich, z lat ok. 1611-1635 oraz pol­ skiego sądu nad arianami z 1638 r., z alegorycznymi uzupełnieniami, wykonane w technice olejnej na płótnie i wmontowane w stropy ramowe w apartamencie se­ natorskim. Sceny te są mocnym punktem odniesień do naszych dziejów z okresu panowania Wazów. W zbiorach muzeum są XIX-wieczne kopie olejne niektórych z tych malowideł, zrealizowane w czasie ich restauracji prowadzonej przez arty­ stę malarza Aleksandra Rycerskiego w latach 1860-1862. Ponadto w muzeum jest grupa muzealiów, w tym około 100 obrazów, które zaliczamy do malarstwa historycznego oraz historyczno-rodzajowego i te przed­ stawimy dołączając ich indeks na końcu artykułu. Ukazują one sceny oddają­ ce ważne fakty z dziejów Polski i promują postacie historyczne, odzwierciedlają też stosunki Polski z krajami i narodami ościennymi oraz europejskimi. Ponadto kilka obrazów - z czasów młodopolskiego symbolizmu (XIX/XX) - odnosi się do pradziejów. W muzeum znajdują się także rysunki i grafiki (Dział Rycin) oraz prace plastyków na temat współczesnych nam wydarzeń politycznych, np. stanu wojennego na przełomie 1981/1982 i oficjalnych wizyt w ojczyźnie Papieża Jana Pawła II, w tym w Kielcach w 1991 r. - w tutejszym muzeum (Dział Sztuki Współ­ czesnej).