Report of SCUFN-30
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How Was Kango (Sino-Japanese Words) Treated in the Early Days of Broadcasting
How was Kango (Sino-Japanese Words) Treated in the Early Days of Broadcasting: − Exploring the Records of NHK Broadcasting Language Committee − Takehiro SHIODA (Summary) This report discusses how kango, or Sino-Japanese words, was used in broadcasting mainly during the period from the commencement of broadcasting in Japan to the start of the Pacific War, focusing on “issues on usage” and “issues on reading.” (1) Earlier days prior to the launch of the Broadcasting Language Committee Radio broadcast started in 1925, and the Broadcasting Language Committee was established nine years later. However, a movement advocating the use of easy-to-understanding words in broadcasting existed before the launch of the Committee. (2) 1934 to 1936 The Committee worked on the standardization of the use of homonyms (words identical in sound and words similar in sound) as much as possible. The Committee also tried to standardize the pronunciation of each kango which had multiple reading variants. (3) 1937 In the wake of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, a large number of personal and place names of China became mentioned in broadcasts. Among them there were some names which listeners could not easily associate with corresponding kanji (Chinese characters) only by phonetic information. Besides, as one kanji usually has multiple pronunciations in the Japanese language, Chinese personal and place names as well as Buddhist terms were often read in different ways. The Committee started organizing the pronunciations of such terms. (4) 1938 Priorities in dealing with kango idioms with different pronunciations had been rather “commonly- used-pronunciation-oriented,” but a sign of “dictionary-pronunciation-oriented” moves loomed around that time. -
Toponymic Culture of China's Ethnic Minorities' Languages
E/CONF.94/CRP.24 7 June 2002 English only Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 9 (c) of the provisional agenda* National standardization: treatment of names in multilingual areas Toponymic culture of China’s ethnic minorities’ languages Submitted by China** * E/CONF.94/1. ** Prepared by Wang Jitong, General-Director, China Institute of Toponymy. 02-41902 (E) *0241902* E/CONF.94/CRP.24 Toponymic Culture of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ Languages Geographical names are fossil of history and culture. Many important meanings are contained in the geographical names of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ languages. I. The number and distribution of China’s Ethnic Minorities There are 55 minorities in China have been determined now. 53 of them have their own languages, which belong to 5 language families, but the Hui and the Man use Chinese (Han language). There are 29 nationalities’ languages belong to Sino-Tibetan family, including Zang, Menba, Zhuang, Bouyei, Dai, Dong, Mulam, Shui, Maonan, Li, Yi, Lisu, Naxi, Hani, Lahu, Jino, Bai, Jingpo, Derung, Qiang, Primi, Lhoba, Nu, Aching, Miao, Yao, She, Tujia and Gelao. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and center of Southern China. There are 17 minority nationalities’ languages belong to Altaic family, including Uygul, Kazak, Uzbek, Salar, Tatar, Yugur, Kirgiz, Mongol, Tu, Dongxiang, Baoan, Daur, Xibe, Hezhen, Oroqin, Ewenki and Chaoxian. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and east of Northern China. There are 3 minority nationalities’ languages belong to South- Asian family, including Va, Benglong and Blang. These nationalities distribute mainly in Southwest China’s Yunnan Province. -
Symboliek Van De Yijing in Inwendige Alchemie 9
Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2008-2009 De Symboliek van de Yijing 易經 in Inwendige Alchemie Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit der Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Master in de Oosterse Talen Promotor: en Culturen door Prof. dr. Bart Dessein Lander Platteeuw Inhoudsopgave Inhoudsopgave 1 Woord vooraf 4 Inleiding 5 Hoofdstuk één: Een overzicht van de symboliek van de Yijing in inwendige alchemie 9 1 Inwendige alchemie 10 1.1 Definiëring en situering ten opzichte van uitwendige alchemie 10 1.2 Historische achtergrond 15 A Ontstaan 15 B Groeiperiode 17 C Bloeiperiode 18 1.3 Inwendige alchemie in de Quanzhen-school 20 A Ontstaan en institutionalisering van de Quanzhen-school 20 B De alchemistische traditie in de Quanzhen-school 22 2 De symboliek in inwendige alchemie 24 2.1 De verschillende symbolensystemen in inwendige alchemie 24 A Overzicht van de verschillende symbolensystemen 24 B Doel van de verschillende symbolensystemen 27 2.2 De Yijing 28 2.3 Symbolen en getallen 32 A Symbolen 32 B Getallen 33 C Verband tussen symbolen en getallen 35 2.4 De belangrijkste principes in inwendige alchemie 38 A Omkering 38 B Lichaam en functie 39 1 2.5 Voorstelling van het alchemistische proces door de 42 Yijing -symboliek A Macrokosmos 42 B Microkosmos 44 2.6 Concrete toepassingen van de Yijing -symboliek 46 A De drie fasen 46 B De vuurfasen 50 C Relativiteit van de symboliek 53 Hoofdstuk twee: De symboliek van de Yijing in de Taigu ji van Hao Datong 61 1 Diagrammen en grafische voorstelling in inwendige alchemie -
Language Identification for Person Names Based on Statistical Information
Proceedings of PACLIC 19, the 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Language, Information and Computation. Language Identification for Person Names Based on Statistical Information Shiho Nobesawa Ikuo Tahara Department of Information Sciences Department of Information Sciences Tokyo University of Science Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba, 278-8510, Japan Chiba, 278-8510, Japan [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Language identification has been an interesting and fascinating issue in natural language processing for decades, and there have been many researches on it. However, most of the researches are for documents, and though the possibility of high accuracy for shorter strings of characters, language identification for words or phrases has not been discussed much. In this paper we propose a statistical method of language identification for phrases, and show the empirical results for person names of 9 languages (12 areas). Our simple method based on n-gram and phrase length obtained more than 90% of accuracy for Japanese, Korean and Russian, and fair results for other languages except English. This result indicated the possibility of language identification for person names based on statistics, which is useful in multi-language person name detection and also let us expect the possibility of language identification for phrases with simple statistics-based methods. 1. Introduction The technology of language identification has become more important with the growth of the WWW. As Grefenstette reported in their paper (Grefenstette 2000) non-English languages are growing in recent years on the WWW, and the need for automatic language identification for both documents and phrases are increasing. -
T H E a Rt a N D a Rc H a E O L O Gy O F a N C I E Nt C H I
china cover_correct2pgs 7/23/04 2:15 PM Page 1 T h e A r t a n d A rc h a e o l o g y o f A n c i e nt C h i n a A T E A C H E R ’ S G U I D E The Art and Archaeology of Ancient China A T E A C H ER’S GUI DE PROJECT DIRECTOR Carson Herrington WRITER Elizabeth Benskin PROJECT ASSISTANT Kristina Giasi EDITOR Gail Spilsbury DESIGNER Kimberly Glyder ILLUSTRATOR Ranjani Venkatesh CALLIGRAPHER John Wang TEACHER CONSULTANTS Toni Conklin, Bancroft Elementary School, Washington, D.C. Ann R. Erickson, Art Resource Teacher and Curriculum Developer, Fairfax County Public Schools, Virginia Krista Forsgren, Director, Windows on Asia, Atlanta, Georgia Christina Hanawalt, Art Teacher, Westfield High School, Fairfax County Public Schools, Virginia The maps on pages 4, 7, 10, 12, 16, and 18 are courtesy of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. The map on page 106 is courtesy of Maps.com. Special thanks go to Jan Stuart and Joseph Chang, associate curators of Chinese art at the Freer and Sackler galleries, and to Paul Jett, the museum’s head of Conservation and Scientific Research, for their advice and assistance. Thanks also go to Michael Wilpers, Performing Arts Programmer, and to Christine Lee and Larry Hyman for their suggestions and contributions. This publication was made possible by a grant from the Freeman Foundation. The CD-ROM included with this publication was created in collaboration with Fairfax County Public Schools. It was made possible, in part, with in- kind support from Kaidan Inc. -
1 Background
The Influences of Phenology on the Order of 24 Solar Terms in Ancient China XIN Jia-dai, CHEN Yi-wen, QU An-jing (Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China) Abstract The 24 solar terms is an important part of the traditional Chinese calendar system. However, when studying the existing historical literature which contains the 24 solar terms, we find that, as dynasty altered, its name and order changed. Scholars commenced discussing the reasons of these changes from the Eastern Han 東漢 dynasty (A.D. 25—220), but it has still not been solved. In this paper, by analyzing the viewpoints of ancient scholars on this topic, we try to find out the reasons why they didn’t break through. Based on these reasons, then we discriminate the editions of Yizhoushu·Shixunjie (逸周書·時訓解) and Huainanzi·Tianwenxun (淮南子·天文訓), the relations of Waking from hibernation (Qizhe 啓蟄) and Excited insects (Jingzhe 驚蟄), as well as tease out the evolution process of the names and orders of “Rainwater (Yushui 雨水) and Excited Insects”, “Grain rains (Guyu 榖雨) and Pure and bright (Qingming 清明)” recorded in the literature of the 24 solar terms. From the above we can come to the conclusion that the 24 solar terms has been changed four times in ancient China, and reveal that the order of solar terms is related to phenology, but it is not completely determined by the order of corresponding to phenology. Keywords the order of 24 solar terms, Waking from hibernation, Excited insects, phenology When studying the ancient Chinese calendars, we find that the names and orders of 24 solar terms recorded in the existing calendars were not uniform. -
Common English and Chinese Names for Tiger Beetles of China
J. Ent. Res. Soc., 12(1): 71-92, 2010 ISSN:1302-0250 Common English and Chinese Names for Tiger Beetles of China Xiao-Qiang WU1 Gary SHOOK2 1Specimen Museum, Southwest Forestry College, BaiLong Si, Kunming, Yunnan 650224 CHINA, e-mail: [email protected] 2 6 Ratchamanka Soi 8, Chiang Mai 50200, THAILAND, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Common English and Chinese names are assigned to all known species and subspecies of tiger beetles in China. Rules for providing those names were adopted by the authors based on previous experience of others and from the literature. English common names were generally developed based on the scientific name. Chinese common names were adopted from those extant in the literature, where practical. Otherwise rules developed by the authors were used. Key words: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelidae, checklist, Chinese, English INTRODUCTION As China continues rapid advancement in consolidating and cataloging its flora and fauna, a consistent and reputable naming of China tiger beetles in both English and Chinese is deemed necessary. As more knowledge is gained on Chinese cicindelids it is requisite to have consistent common names for use in journal articles and books to be written in either English or Chinese. Common names also may be of more interest to the layperson interested in natural history, museums for their public displays, journalists, and authors of educational books. A consolidated list of Chinese tiger beetles was recently published (Shook and Wiesner, 2006). Shook and Wu (2006) and Wu and Shook (2007) have subsequently added to that list, providing an extended list of Greek and Latin names of Chinese cicindelids. -
People's Republic of China 中 华 人 民 共 和 国 Zhōnghuá Rénmín
China 1 China People's Republic of China 中 华 人 民 共 和 国 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Anthem: "March of the Volunteers" 《 义 勇 军 进 行 曲 》 (Pinyin: Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ) Area controlled by the People's Republic of China is in dark green. Claimed but uncontrolled regions are in light green. Capital Beijing (Peking) 39°55′N 116°23′E [1][2] Largest city Shanghai [3] Official languages Standard Chinese Recognised regional languages Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, Zhuang, and various others Official written language Vernacular Chinese [3] Official script Simplified Chinese [4] Ethnic groups 91.51% Han; 55 recognised minorities Demonym Chinese Government Presidential republic, single-party state[note 1] - CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping - President Hu Jintao - Premier Wen Jiabao China 2 - Congress Chairman Wu Bangguo - Conference Chairman Jia Qinglin Legislature National People's Congress Establishment - Unification of China under the Qin Dynasty 221 BC - Republic established 1 January 1912 - People's Republic proclaimed 1 October 1949 Area 2 [note 2] - Total 9,706,961 km (3rd/4th) 3,747,879 sq mi - Water (%) 2.8 Population [4] - 2011 estimate 1,347,350,000 (1st) [5] - 2010 census 1,339,724,852 (1st) - Density 139.6/km2 (81st) 363.3/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate [6] - Total $11.299 trillion (2nd) [6] - Per capita $8,382 (91st) GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate [6] - Total $7.298 trillion (2nd) [6] - Per capita $5,413 (90th) [7] Gini (2009) 48 HDI [8] (2011) 0.663 (medium) (101th) Currency Renminbi (yuan) (¥) (CNY) Time zone China Standard Time (UTC+8) Date formats yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy年m月d日 (CE; CE-1949) Drives on the right, except for Hong Kong & Macau Calling code +86 ISO 3166 code CN Internet TLD [9] .cn .中 國 .中 国 [10][11] 1. -
Equinox - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Equinox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Equinox From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Equinox (disambiguation). UTC Date and Time of Solstice and Equinox Equinox Solstice Equinox Solstice year Mar June Sept Dec day time day time day time day time 2002 20 19:16 21 13:24 23 04:55 22 01:14 2003 21 01:00 21 19:10 23 10:47 22 07:04 2004 20 06:49 21 00:57 22 16:30 21 12:42 2005 20 12:33 21 06:46 22 22:23 21 18:35 2006 20 18:26 21 12:26 23 04:03 22 00:22 2007 21 00:07 21 18:06 23 09:51 22 06:08 Illumination of the Earth by the Sun on 2008 20 05:48 20 23:59 22 15:44 21 12:04 the day of equinox, (ignoring twilight). 2009 20 11:44 21 05:45 22 21:18 21 17:47 2010 20 17:32 21 11:28 23 03:09 21 23:38 2011 20 23:21 21 17:16 23 09:04 22 05:30 2012 20 05:14 20 23:09 22 14:49 21 11:11 2013 20 11:02 21 05:04 22 20:44 21 17:11 2014 20 16:57 21 10:51 23 02:29 21 23:03 The Earth in its orbit around the Sun causes the Sun to appear on the celestial sphere moving over the ecliptic (red), which is tilted on the equator (blue). -
Download Them for Free; to find Them, Enter the Stock Code
mathematics Article Statistics and Practice on the Trend’s Reversal and Turning Points of Chinese Stock Indices Based on Gann’s Time Theory and Solar Terms Effect Tianbao Zhou 1 , Xinghao Li 2 and Peng Wang 1,* 1 College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] 2 School of Information Science & Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Despite the future price of individual stocks has long been proved to be unpredictable and irregular according to the EMH, the turning points (or the reversal) of the stock indices trend still remain the rules to follow. Therefore, this study mainly aimed to provide investors with new strategies in buying ETFs of the indices, which not only avoided the instability of individual stocks, but were also able to get a high profit within weeks. Famous theories like Gann theory and the Elliott wave theory suggest that as part of the nature, market regulations and economic activities of human beings shall conform to the laws of nature and the operation of the universe. They further refined only the rules related to specific timepoints and the time cycle rather than the traditional analysis of the complex economic and social factors, which is, to some extent, similar to what the Chinese traditional culture proposes: that every impact on and change in the human society is always attributable to changes in the nature. The study found that the turns of the stock indices trend were inevitable at Citation: Zhou, T.; Li, X.; Wang, P. -
Chinese-Mandarin
CHINESE-MANDARIN River boats on the River Li, against the Xingping oldtown footbridge, with the Karst Mountains in the distance, Guangxi Province Flickr/Bernd Thaller DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 2018 About Rapport Predeployment language familiarization is target language training in a cultural context, with the goal of improving mission effectiveness. It introduces service members to the basic phrases and vocabulary needed for everyday military tasks such as meet & greet (establishing rapport), commands, and questioning. Content is tailored to support deploying units of military police, civil affairs, and engineers. In 6–8 hours of self-paced training, Rapport familiarizes learners with conversational phrases and cultural traditions, as well as the geography and ethnic groups of the region. Learners hear the target language as it is spoken by a native speaker through 75–85 commonly encountered exchanges. Learners test their knowledge using assessment questions; Army personnel record their progress using ALMS and ATTRS. • Rapport is available online at the DLIFLC Rapport website http://rapport.dliflc.edu • Rapport is also available at AKO, DKO, NKO, and Joint Language University • Standalone hard copies of Rapport training, in CD format, are available for order through the DLIFLC Language Materials Distribution System (LMDS) http://www.dliflc.edu/resources/lmds/ DLIFLC 2 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER CULTURAL ORIENTATION | Chinese-Mandarin About Rapport ............................................................................................................. -
Renren Chinese 人人中文 2008年12月12日
RENREN CHINESE 人人中文 2008年12月12日 RENREN CHINESE 人人中文 A MONTHLY JOURNAL FOR CHINESE LEARNERS The Fun Facts About Chinese Language Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉语/漢語, Hànyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) can be considered a language or lan- guage family.[3] Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino- Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the world’s popula- tion, or over one billion people, speak some form of Chinese as their native language. The identification of the varieties of Chinese as "languages" or "dialects" is controversial.[4] Spoken Chinese is distinguished by its high level of internal diver- sity, though all spoken varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. There are between six and twelve main regional groups of Chinese (depending on classification scheme), of which the most spoken, 好好学习 by far, is Mandarin (about 850 million), followed by Wu (90 mil- 天天想上 lion), Min (70 million) and Cantonese (70 million). Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, though some, like Xiang and the Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms and some degree of intelligibility. Chinese is classified as a macrolanguage with 13 sub-languages in ISO 639-3, though the identification of the varieties of Chinese as multiple "languages" or as "dialects" of a single language is a contentious issue. Inside this issue: The standardized form of spoken Chinese is Standard Mandarin (Putonghua ), based on the Beijing dialect, which is part of a larger What’s in a 中文 character 2 group of North-Eastern and South-Western dialects, often taken as a separate language, this language can be referred to as 官话 Riddle Alone 2 Guānhuà or 北方话 Běifānghuà in Chinese.