Traditional Logic II
Martin Cothran Instructor
Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
1 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
What is Reduction?
Reduction of a syllogism is the process of changing a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th Figure syllogism into a syllogism of the 1st Figure
2 Two Reasons to Reduce Syllogisms:
First Figure syllogisms are more straightforward than syllogisms in other figures Reducing syllogisms to the First Figure will help you understand syllogisms better
Two Reasons to Reduce Syllogisms:
First Figure syllogisms are more straightforward than syllogisms in other figures Reducing syllogisms to the First Figure will help you understand syllogisms better
3 Two Reasons to Reduce Syllogisms:
First Figure syllogisms are more straightforward than syllogisms in other figures Reducing syllogisms to the First Figure will help you understand syllogisms better
Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
4 Two Methods for Reducing Syllogisms
Direct Reduction Indirect Reduction
Two Methods for Reducing Syllogisms
Direct Reduction Indirect Reduction
5 Two Methods for Reducing Syllogisms
Direct Reduction Indirect Reduction
Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
6 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
7 What the Consonants Mean
The first consonant in each name indicates the syllogism in the 1st Figure to which it reduces
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
8 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
9 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
10 An Example
All chickensPd are birdsMu No horseSd is a birdMd No horseSd is a chickenPd
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
11 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
12 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
An Example
cAm: All chickensPd are birdsMu Est: No horseSd is a birdMd rEs: No horseSd is a chickenPd
13 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
An Example
cEl: No birdMd is a horsePd Ar: All chickensSd are birdsMu Ent: No chickenSd is a horsePd
14 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
15 Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
16 Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
17 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
Reducing a CESARE
cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
18 Reducing a CESARE
prae-prae (2nd Figure) cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
Reducing a CESARE
prae-prae (2nd Figure) cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
19 Reducing a CESARE
prae-prae (2nd Figure) cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
Reducing a CESARE
prae-prae (2nd Figure) cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
20 Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
21 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
Review of Conversion
Simple Conversion Obversion Contraposition
22 Review of Conversion
Simple Conversion Obversion Contraposition
Simple Conversion
Switch the subject and the predicate
23 Simple Conversion
No robins are sparrows
Simple Conversion
No sparrows are robins
24 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
Simple Conversion of CESARE
cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
25 Simple Conversion of CESARE
cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
Simple Conversion of CESARE
cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
26 Simple Conversion of CESARE
prae-prae (2nd Figure) cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
Simple Conversion of CESARE
cEs: No mammalMd is a fishPd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
27 Resulting in a CELARENT
sub-prae (1st Figure) cEl: No mammalMd is a fishPd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu Ent: No whaleSd is a fishPd
Resulting in a CELARENT
sub-prae (1st Figure) cEl: No mammalMd is a fishPd Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu Ent: No whaleSd is a fishPd
28 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
29 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
Review of Partial Conversion
Partial conversion is accomplished by interchanging the subject and predicate of an A statement and changing its quantity
30 Partial Conversion
All robins are birds
Partial Conversion
All birds are robins
31 Partial Conversion
Some birds are robins
Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
32 Reducing a DARAPTI
sub-sub (3rd Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All turkeysMd are birdsSu I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
Reducing a DARAPTI
sub-sub (3rd Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All turkeysMd are birdsSu I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
33 Reducing a DARAPTI
sub-sub (3rd Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All turkeysMd are birdsSu I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
Reducing a DARAPTI
sub-sub (3rd Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All turkeysMd are birdsSu I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
34 Reducing a DARAPTI
sub-sub (3rd Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All turkeysMd are birdsSu I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
Reducing a DARAPTI
dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All birdsSu are turkeysMd tI: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
35 Reducing a DARAPTI
dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: All birdsSu are turkeysMd I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
Reducing a DARAPTI
dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu Apt: Some birdsSu are turkeysMd I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
36 Reduction to DARII
sub-prae (1st Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu I: Some birdsSu are turkeysMd I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
Reduction to DARII
sub-prae (1st Figure) dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu I: Some birdsSu are turkeysMd I: Some birdsSu are irritablePu
37 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
How to Reduce Using Multiple Steps
What if there is more than one reduction operation indicated by a syllogism name?
38 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
39 The Mnemonic Verse
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
Example of a syllogism requiring multiple step reduction
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
40 Example of a syllogism requiring multiple step reduction
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Example of a syllogism requiring multiple step reduction
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
41 Example of a syllogism requiring multiple step reduction
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
How to Reduce Using Multiple Steps
Perform the reduction operations in the order in which they are indicated by the syllogism name
42 Reducing a DISAMIS
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Reducing a DISAMIS
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
43 Reducing a DISAMIS
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Reducing a DISAMIS
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
44 Reducing a DISAMIS
dIs: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Reducing a DISAMIS
dIs: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
45 Reducing a DISAMIS
dIs: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Reducing a DISAMIS
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsSu Im: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
46 Reducing a DISAMIS
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsSu I: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Reducing a DISAMIS
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsSu I: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
47 Reducing a DISAMIS
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsSu I: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu Is: Some animalsSu are extinctPu
Reducing to a DARII
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsPu I: Some extinct thingsSu are birdsMu I: Some extinct thingsSu are animalsPu
48 Reducing to a DARII
sub-prae (1st Figure) dAr: All birdsMd are animalsPu I: Some extinct thingsSu are birdsMu I: Some extinct thingsSu are animalsPu
Reducing to a DARII
sub-prae (1st Figure) dAr: All birdsMd are animalsPu I: Some extinct thingsSu are birdsMu I: Some extinct thingsSu are animalsPu
49 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
Review
Two Methods of Reduction
Four Operations of Reduction
Reduction Involving a Single Step
Reduction Involving Multiple Steps
50 Review
Two Methods of Reduction
Four Operations of Reduction
Reduction Involving a Single Step
Reduction Involving Multiple Steps
Review
Two Methods of Reduction
Four Operations of Reduction
Reduction Involving a Single Step
Reduction Involving Multiple Steps
51 Review
Two Methods of Reduction
Four Operations of Reduction
Reduction Involving a Single Step
Reduction Involving Multiple Steps
Review
Two Methods of Reduction
Four Operations of Reduction
Reduction Involving a Single Step
Reduction Involving Multiple Steps
52 Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction? Two Methods of Reduction How to Use the Mnemonic Verse Four Operations for Reduction Review of Conversion Reduction Involving Conversion Review of Partial Conversion Reduction Using Partial Conversion Reduction Involving Multiple Steps Review Sample Exercises
Exercise 4
Why would logicians want to transform syllogisms in the other three figures to syllogisms in the First Figure?
53 Exercise 4
Why would logicians want to transform syllogisms in the other three figures to syllogisms in the First Figure?
First Figure syllogisms are more straightforward than syllogisms in other figures. In addition, the process of reducing syllogisms helps you to understand syllogisms better.
Exercise 15
To which syllogism in the First Figure does FESTINO reduce?
54 Exercise 15
To which syllogism in the First Figure does FESTINO reduce?
FESTINO reduces to FERIO.
Exercise 19
Explain what the consonants S, P, M and C indicate when they are found after the initial letters in the syllogism names?
55 Exercise 19
Explain what the consonants S, P, M and C indicate when they are found after the initial letters in the syllogism names?
These letters indicate which procedure must be used to change the proposition indicated by the preceding vowel.
Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
Some saints are philosophers All philosophers are men Some men are saints
56 Exercise 22
What figure is the syllogism in?
Some saints are philosophers All philosophers are men Some men are saints
Prae-prae (4th Figure)
Exercise 22
What mood is the syllogism in?
I: Some saints are philosophers A: All philosophers are men I: Some men are saints
The IAI mood
57 Exercise 22
What mood is the syllogism in?
dIm: Some saints are philosophers Ar: All philosophers are men Is: Some men are saints
The IAI mood
Exercise 22
Which consonant (or consonants) tells you how to reduce to the First Figure? dIm: Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Ar: All philosophersMd are menSu Is: Some menSu are saintsPu
58 Exercise 22
Which consonant (or consonants) tells you how to reduce to the First Figure?
dIm:Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Ar: All philosophersMd are menSu Is:Some menSu are saintsPu
Exercise 22 Rules for Reduction
S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the proposition signified by the preceding vowel M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make the minor premise the major, and the major the minor C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect method of reduction through (rather than to) BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
59 Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
dIm:Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Ar: All philosophersMd are menSu Is:Some menSu are saintsPu
Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
dIm: Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Ar: All philosophersMd are menSu Is: Some menSu are saintsPu
60 Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menSu I: Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Is: Some menSu are saintsPu
Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menSu I: Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Is:Some menSu are saintsPu
61 Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menSu I: Some saintsPu are philosophersMu Is:Some menSu are saintsPu
Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated: Write the syllogism after it has been reduced to the First Figure:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menPu I: Some saintsSu are philosophersMu I: Some saintsSu are menPu
62 Exercise 22
Write the syllogism after it has been reduced to the First Figure:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menPu I: Some saintsSu are philosophersMu I: Some saintsSu are menPu
Exercise 22
What mood is the syllogism now in (give the name)
dAr: All philosophersMd are menPu I: Some saintsSu are philosophersMu I: Some saintsSu are menPu
The syllogism is now a DARII
63 Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the First Figure by following the procedures indicated:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menPu I: Some saintsSu are philosophersMu I: Some saintsSu are menPu
Traditional Logic II
Martin Cothran Instructor
64