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Examination of Mineral Dust Variability and Linkages to Climate and Land-Cover/Land-Use Change Over Asian Drylands Copyright© 2 EXAMINATION OF MINERAL DUST VARIABILITY AND LINKAGES TO CLIMATE AND LAND-COVER/LAND-USE CHANGE OVER ASIAN DRYLANDS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Xin Xi In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology ay 2014 COPYRIG(T) 2014 BY XIN XI EXAMINATION OF MINERAL DUST VARIABILITY AND LINKAGES TO CLIMATE AND LAND-COVER/LAND-USE CHANGE OVER ASIAN DRYLANDS Appro,ed by- Dr. Irina N. So/oli/0 Ad,isor Dr. 2udith A. Curry School of Earth 1 Atmospheric Sciences School of Earth 1 Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. ichael (. Bergin Dr. 3iatchesla, Tatars/ii School of Ci,il 1 En,ironmental School of Earth 1 Atmospheric Sciences Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth 1 Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Rodney 2. 4eber School of Earth 1 Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Date Appro,ed To My Grandparen s ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not be possible without the guidance and support from my ad,isor0 Dr. Irina N. So/oli/. It has been a rewarding e6perience to wor/ with Dr. So/oli/0 whose e6pertise0 guidance and patience pa,ed a path for me to be an independent researcher. She taught me the ,alue of hard wor/ through her diligence and perse,erance. She is an e6ample to me as a scientist and educator. I would li/e to than/ Dr. Bergin0 Dr. Curry0 Dr. Tatars/ii and Dr. 4eber for ta/ing the time to ser,e on the thesis committee. Than/s to the group alumni0 colleagues and friends in Dr. So/oli/7s group0 in particular0 Dr. Darmeno,a and Dr. Darmeno,0 whose wor/ has benefited my thesis study. Finally0 I would li/e to e6press my deepest gratitude to my family for their support0 lo,e and sacrifice. Confucius said- 84hile your parents are ali,e0 it is better not to tra,el far away9. Yet0 going to college and graduate school brought me thousands of miles away from home. I am in a great debt to my grandparents and parents which I will ne,er be able to repay. I want to than/ the lo,e of my life0 my wife Shan0 for bearing with me through the difficult times. (er lo,e and encouragement ha,e gi,en me the strength to complete this thesis. i, TABLE OF CONTENTS AC:NO4LEDGE ENTS.......................................................................................................... i, LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... ,iii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................ 6 SU ARY................................................................................................................................. 6i, C(APTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 O3ER3IE4 ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 RESEARC( QUESTIONS AND T(ESIS STRUCTURE ................................. 10 C(APTER 2 SEASONAL DYNA ICS OF T(RES(OLD FRICTION 3ELOCITY AND DUST E ISSION ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 14 2.2 DATA AND ET(ODOLOGY .......................................................................... 19 2.2.1 odel Configurations .............................................................................. 19 2.2.2 Data ........................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Computation of Threshold Friction 3elocity .......................................... 22 2.2.4 Computation of Dust Flu6es .................................................................... 25 2.3 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Incorporation of 3egetation Phenology into Threshold Friction 3elocity34 2.3.2 Seasonality of Threshold Friction 3elocity............................................. 3A 2.3.3 Analysis of Surface 4inds ....................................................................... 43 2.3.4 Seasonality of Dust Emission .................................................................. 45 2.3.5 Comparison with Dust Obser,ations ...................................................... 53 2.4 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 5A , C(APTER 3 INTERANNUAL 3ARIABILITY OF DUST AEROSOL AND LIN:AGE TO CLI ATE AND LAND-CO3ERCLAND-USE C(ANGE ............................................... D4 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. D4 3.2 DATA AND ET(ODOLOGY .......................................................................... D9 3.2.1 LCLUC Data............................................................................................. E0 3.2.2 Satellite Aerosol Products ........................................................................ E0 3.2.3 Ground Obser,ations ............................................................................... E3 3.2.4 Climate Indices ......................................................................................... E3 3.2.5 Drought Indices ........................................................................................ E3 3.3 INCORPORATION OF LAND USE DYNA ICS IN T(E DUST ODEL .. E5 3.3.1 Land Use Dynamics in Agriculture and 4ater Body ............................. E5 3.3.2 odification of Dominant Land Co,er and Soil Te6ture ...................... EA 3.4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... A1 3.4.1 Comparison of Dust Emission with Obser,ations ................................. A1 3.4.2 Lin/ages between Interannual 3ariability of Dust and Climate ............ AA 3.4.3 Detection of Dust Trend ........................................................................... 9E 3.4.4 Assessment of the Anthropogenic Fraction of Dust ............................. 102 3.5 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 10E C(APTER 4 I PACT OF ASIAN DUST ON P(OTOSYNT(ETICALLY ACTI3E RADIATION AND SURFACE RADIATI3E BALANCE.................................................... 111 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 111 4.2 DATA AND ET(ODOLOGY ........................................................................ 115 4.2.1 Selection of ineralogical Composition and Particle SiFe Distributions Representati,e of Asian Dust .......................................................................... 11D 4.2.2 Reconstruction of Spectral Surface Albedo .......................................... 123 ,i 4.3 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 124 4.3.1 E6amination of Asian Dust Optical Characteristics ............................. 124 4.3.2 Impact of Dust on Total and Diffuse PAR ............................................ 12E 4.3.3 Impact of Dust on Surface Radiati,e Balance ...................................... 132 4.3.4 Impact of Dust on 3egetation Light Use Efficiency ............................ 133 4.4 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 139 C(APTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECO ENDATIONS .......................................... 143 5.1 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 143 5.2 RECO ENDATIONS FOR FUTURE 4OR:............................................. 149 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 153 3ITA ........................................................................................................................................... 1E3 ,ii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 List of data used in Chapter 2. 21 Table 2.2 Descriptions of dustGrelated synoptic weather obser,ations. 23 Table 2.3 The soil te6ture types in Central Asia and associated soil mass siFe 2E distribution parameters0 including tri-modal log-normal parameters (mass fraction n0 mass median diameter D IJmK0 geometric standard de,iation LM0 smooth aeolian roughness length F0s0 and clay content. Table 2.4 Soil and land characteristics of dust source subregions in Central 31 Asia. Table 2.5 Dry-sie,ed soil mass siFe distribution for the dust source subregions 32 in Central Asia0 including bi-modal log-normal parameters (mass fraction n0 mass median diameter D IJmK0 geometric standard de,iation LM0 smooth aeolian roughness length (F0sM0 and clay content. Table 2.D E6amples of simplified dust schemes. 33 Table 2.E odel e6periments of dust emission simulations. 33 Table 2.A Land co,er types and the associated roughness density (NBM and 3D geometric height (hBM of non-,egetation roughness elements0 and monthly geometric height of ,egetation elements (h3M. Table 2.9 onthly dust emissions from different dust source types. 4A Table 2.10 onthly dust emissions from Aral/um. 53
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