Hearty Welcome to HRH King Albert II and delegates from India and Belgium Ethics, Equity and Energy

Dr. Baldev Raj, FTWAS, FNAE, FNA, FNASc. FASc. Distinguished Scientist & Director Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Joint Indo-Belgium Seminar on “Nuclear Research towards Sustainable Development” Chennai, November 11, 2008 Global Imbalances

Consumption Per Capita - 2007 : Tonnes Oil Equivalent

Scarce Soil Fertility

World needs to agree and implement (with time frame) adequate and robust processes for equity before it becomes root cause of destruction of this beautiful and unique planet.

Paradigm shift needed in thinking and approach with 360 degree and Global perspective

Equity Education & health care Equal opportunity Energy Environment Sustainability Ethics Global warming Bio-diversity

Eco System Wealth generation & Management

Energy, water, health, land, food are to be considered in a comprehensive and interlinked fashion for sustainable options with better quality of life to all the citizens of the Planet. “A DEVELOPED CIVILISATION” Philosophy Eastern philosophy – Western philosophy

Buddhist – Chinese – Greek – Hellenistic – Ancient Hindu – Indian – Jain - Persian

Medieval Christian – Early Islamic – Islamic – Jewish – History Judeo-Islamic Modern Empiricism - Rationalism

Comtemporary Analytic - Continental

Basic topics – Topic list – Philosophies – Glossary – Movements - Lists more

Source: Eastern vs. Western Philosophy Website Action – Education – Economics – Environment – Geography – Philosophy Information – Healthcare – History – Human nature – Humor – Language – Law – Literature – Mathematics – Mind – Music – of Being – Philosophy – Physics – Politics – Psychology – Religion – Science – Social science – Technology - War

Aristotelianism – Averroism – Avicennism – Critical Theory – Cynicism – Deconstructionism – Deontology – dialectical Materialism – Dualism – Epicureanism – Epiphenomenalism – Existentialism – Functionalism – Hedonism – Hegelianism – Hermeneutics – Humanism – Idealism – Kantianism – Liberalism – Schools Logical positivism – Marxism – Materialism – Monism – Naturalism – Neoplatonism – New Philosophers – Nihilism – Ordinary language – Particularism – Peripatetic – Phenomenology – Platonism – Positivism - Postmodernism – Poststructuralism – Pragmatism - Presocratic – Realism Relativism – Scholasticism – Skepticism – Stoicism – Structuralism – Thomism – Utilitarianism – Virtue ethics

Source: Eastern vs. Western Philosophy Website The period of composition of some important ancient Indian texts

Courtesey: “A History of Ancient and Medieval India” Chapter 1 Understanding Literacy and Archaeological Sources by Upinder Singh, pp. 12-57 Western Philosophers Emphasized virtue ethics. In epistemology, Socrates 470 – 399 BC understood dialectic to be central to the pursuit of truth Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Plato 427 – 347 BC Advocated polity governed by philosophers. Euclid 325 – 265 BC Founder of Euclidean Geometry

A polymath whose works ranged across all Aristotle 384 – 322 BC Philosophical fields

Niccolo Machiavelli 1469 – 1527 CE. Political realism Hugo Grotius 1583 – 1645 CE Natural law theorist

Pierre de Fermat 1601 – 1665 Probability theorist

Blaise Pascal 1623 – 1662 CE Physicist, scientist. Noted for Pascal’s wager

Gottfried Leibniz 1646 – 1716 Co – inventor of the calculus

G.E. Moore 1873 – 1958 Common sense theorist, ethical non-naturalist

Carl Jung 1875 – 1961 Founded analytical psychology

Jacques Maritain 1882 – 1973 Human rights theorist We should examine and analyse the robust heritage wheels of the east and chariots of the west without bias. The success lies in combining the best of the east with the west and discovering a paradigm shift and a balance which would enable successes for individuals and steadily increase elements of better quality of life to all the citizens of this planet.

“Abundance of virtues is satisfying and evacuation of egos is bliss”

Baldev Raj Availability of Cost - Fuel Resources - Capital - Energy Technology - Energy production

Nuclear Fussion Nuclear Geothermal Fission

Choice of Energy System Ocean Wind Energy (Country Specific)

Fossil Fuel Solar Hydro Biomass

Sustainability Plant Capacity Factor - Public Acceptance -Techno-political -Environmental Quirin Schiermeierr et al., Nature 454, 14 Effects & safety considerations August 2008, p.816-823 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) By Region, up to 2030 Mtoe Region/ Popu- Energy TPES Elec. Country/ lation prod. (Mtoe) cons. Economy (million) (Mtoe) (TWh) World 6536 11796 11740 17377 OECD 1178 3842 5537 9872 Middle East 189 1529 523 599 Former USSR 284 1610 1017 1274 Non-OECD Europe 54 64 108 171 China 1319 1749 1897 2716 Asia* 2120 1187 1330 1414 Latin America 455 704 531 808 Africa 937 1110 614 522 By Fuel, up to 2030 Mtoe Mtoe: Million tons oil equivalent

RS: Reference Scenario (based on current policies)

APS: Alternative Policy Scenario (with reduced CO 2 emissions)

•Asia excludes China

Source: IEA Key World Energy Statistics – 2008 Net Analysis Current electricity generation is about 2 TW

World electricity requirement would x2 by 2050 and x3 by 2100

Enough clean electricity in the world but needs short term (realistic ) and long term (ambitious but with adequate resources) strategy. Needs allocations and sustained commitment.
Hydro Electric Power : Cheap and Mature technology with substantial environmental costs

Nuclear Fission: Major constraint will be politico-social acceptability, but has potential for large scale deployment. Fast Breeders with closed fuel cycle can supply complete electricity demand for a few centuries

Nuclear energy is not a good option to be deployed in all countries

Fusion is a breakthrough technology

Biomass: The only possible carbon-negative system. But increasing opposition likely with increases in cultivation of energy crops in preference to agricultural crops

Based on: Quirin Schiermeierr et al ., Nature 454,14 August 2008, p.816-823 Net Analysis … contd..

Wind: A wind power capacity of terrawatt is likely, but at select locations in the globe

Geothermal: Unlikely to be a major energy resource based on present day technology

Cost is a consideration of distributed energy resources for societal, education and healthcare applications

Solar: One of the most promising carbon free technology for future. But energy storage options should develop for effective utilisation of solar power

Ocean Energy: Not a major energy resource presently

Based on: Quirin Schiermeierr et al ., Nature 454,14 August 2008, p.816-823 Energy and climate change are closely interlinked. Energy related emissions account for a significant portion of green house gas emissions & it is impossible to deal with climate change without affecting energy systems. It is equally true that whatever is done to energy sector will have an impact on climate change !

Energy is recognized as one of the key indices of socio- economic development of a nation. Strategies for energy availability, accessibility and acceptability thus decide sustainable growth. ‘De-carbonising’ energy systems ( especially electricity production) assumes a prime role in this scenario and the major options available are nuclear, cleaner fossil fuels and renewables Materials research is central to any energy and environment friendly technology. Various material related issues come into play and alter profoundly the choice of materials and the design of engineering components. Use of new and improved materials opens up the possibility of newer, efficient, cost effective energy generation which is benign to environment. A multidisciplinary R&D efforts in materials research is essential to achieve this goal.

The best energy options for sustainable development – for meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their needs- lies in allowing all energy supply options to compete, improve and contribute on a level playing ground directly on the basis of cost-effectiveness, environmental protection and safety -IAEA/P1/A72E 2000 Current Indian Energy Resources (Ref : A Strategy for growth of Electrical Energy in India, DAE, 2004; Coal data from Report of the Expert Committee on Road map for Coal Sector Reforms)

Strategies for Long Term Energy Security Theosophical Society, Chennai

Kanchipuram Mamallapuram

Kalpakkam

Auroville F B T R Pondicherry

Science,Science, art Art, and Literature philosophy and Philosophy belong belong to the to thewhole whole wor worlld,d, and beforeand them before vanish them vanish the thebarriers barriers ofof nationalit nationality.y With your thoughts, good deeds and hard work, you can realize many of your dreams and make this world more livable and full - beautiful, blissful, peaceful .