›‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‹•–‘’‹ ™ƒ•’”‘’–‡†„›ƒ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š

ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‹ʹͲͲ͵ǦʹͲͲͶǤ–Š‡

ˆ‹”•–†ƒ›‘ˆ›”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡•‹†‡ ›ǡƒ”„ƒ”ƒ‘Žƒ‹ǡ—”ƒ–‘”ǡ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ•‡†‡™Šƒ– ‡™ƒ„‘—–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ “—‹ Ž›Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–

‡‡••‡‡ǯ•˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†„”‘™ƒ† ”‡ƒǦ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”

‹–‡”‹‘”ˆ‹‹•Š‡•‹–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•™‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ†–Šƒ––Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡

” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘˜‡”•‡‡•ƒƒ” Š‹˜‡• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰

”‡ ‘”†•Ǥ ‘”•–ƒ”–‹‰‡†‘™–Š‹•’ƒ–Šƒ†‰‡‡”‘—•Ž›•Šƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹””‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ

‘™‡ƒ‡‘”‘—•†‡„––‘ƒ”„ƒ”ƒ‘Žƒ‹ǡŠǤǤƒ†Š‡”•–ƒˆˆǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›

‡›ƒ††”‹ƒ ‹‡Ž†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒŽŽ‡ǡ–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹•–‘”‹ƒǡ™ƒ•‡“—ƒŽŽ›

‰‡‡”‘—•™‹–ŠŠ‹•–‹‡ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•Ǥ ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ‘ƒŽ†

‡‘ƒ†–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒ

‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ”–Š‹•–‘”‹ƒǤ

›”‡–—”–‘‡‡••‡‡ǡ  ‘–ƒ –‡†ƒ‡š’‡”–‹„‘–Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

ƒ†‡‡••‡‡Š‹•–‘”›ǡ”Ǥƒ””‘ŽŽƒ‡•–ǡ™Š‘‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‡ƒ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”

”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ––Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘” ‹•–‘”‹ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡

–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǤŠ‘•‡ˆ‡™‘–Š•’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”›

”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‘’‡‡†–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”‡–‘„‡‰‹’—”•—‹‰–Š‡–‘’‹ ‹‡ƒ”‡•–Ǥ‹–Š

i

•—’’‘”–ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡”–•‘‹••‹‘ǡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ

”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰”ƒ–ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‡–‘ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹‡‡••‡‡”‡’‘•‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ”Ǥƒ›‡

‘‘”‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǣ”Ǥ‡ƒ˜‹•Ǥ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡ ”Ǥǡ ‹•

‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣƒ†‘’Ž‘˜‹ Šǡ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†

’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†˜‹ ‡ƒ†‘”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–™Š‡ †‡ ‹†‡†–‘’—”•—‡–Š‡–‘’‹ ‹–Š‡

ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘›†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‹”ǡ”Ǥƒ””‘ŽŽ

ƒ‡•–ǡƒ’‹‘‡‡”‹‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‡‡”‰‡ ‡ƒ•ƒƒ –‹˜‡‡š—•‘ˆ—„Ž‹ 

‹•–‘”›ƒ†ƒ‡–‘”™Š‘Šƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ–

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ› ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ”Ǥ‡•–Šƒ••Šƒ’‡†–Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‡˜‡”›•–ƒ‰‡

„›Š‹•‰‡–Ž‡‰—‹†ƒ ‡ƒ†‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡

ŠǤǤ”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›–Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘” ‹•–‘”‹ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹††Ž‡

‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™‹–Š‹–•ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹Žƒ”

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡”‡ƒƒ†–Š‡‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••‡ƒ Š‹‰™‹–Š”‹ƒ”›

‘—” ‡•ǡŠƒ•„”‘ƒ†‡‡†›Š‘”‹œ‘•ƒ†„”‘—‰Š–‡‹–‘ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Šƒ

”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡š–”‡‡Ž›–ƒŽ‡–‡†‰”‘—’‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ –Š‡

‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‹•–‘”›ƒ–‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–› „‡‡ˆ‹––‡†ˆ”‘

–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ‹•’‹”‹‰ƒ†‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ • Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”Ǥ‡„‡ ƒ‘ƒ”†ǡ

”Ǥ‘„‡”– —–ǡ”Ǥ›ƒ›™ƒ”†ǡƒ†›†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡ǣ”Ǥƒ”›Ǥ

‘ˆˆ• Š™‡ŽŽ‡ǡ”ǤǤ”‡†‡ƒ”–‹ǡƒ†”Ǥ—•ƒ›‡”•ǦŠ‹”Ǥ‘–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǡ 

‘ˆˆ‡”›•‹ ‡”‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ–‹•‹‰Š–•ǡˆ‘”

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‡š’ƒ†‹‰› ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ‘–‹—‡†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•

ƒ––‡’––‘‘˜‡–Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘‹–‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”Ǥ

—”‹‰–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘ ‡••ǡ›“—‡”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡–™‹–Š‰‡‡”‘—•

ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•ǡƒ” Š‹˜‹•–•ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”‹ƒ•ǡƒ†—•‡—’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•

™Š‘‘˜‡”•‡‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ–ǣ–Š‡Ž‘—–‘—–›” Š‹˜‡•Ǣ ”ƒ Ǥ

 Ž—‰—•‡—ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Ǣ ‘Š Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹„”ƒ”›ǡ–Ǥ

ƒ—Žǡ‹‡•‘–ƒǢ‘š‘—–›” Š‹˜‡•Ǣ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ Ž—‰

‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǣƒ”›Žƒ† ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›Ǣ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ

‘‹••‹‘Ǣ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡” Š‹˜‡•Ǣ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒŽ‡”‹„”ƒ”›ƒ† –‡”Ǧ‹„”ƒ”›‘ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǣ—•‡—‘ˆƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”›Ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–Ǣ‡™Ǧ‘” ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›Ǣ

‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›Ƭ” Š‹˜‡•Ǣ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡—•‡—Ǣ‡‡••‡‡

‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘Ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†’‡ ‹ƒŽ

‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•Ǣƒ†ƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ†ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ

ƒ’—•Žƒ‹‰Ǥ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‘ˆˆ‡”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Šƒ•–‘”Ǥ‘ƒŽ†—”ƒ™•‹ǡ

–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‡••‡‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†

‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǣ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‘›‡”Ž›ƒ†‡–‡”‡‹•œ‹‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǣ”Ǥ‘

‘Žƒƒ†ƒ†ƒƒ™‹–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‡‘• ‹‡ ‡• Žƒ„ƒ–Ǣ ”‡‰

ƒ” Šǡ ‹„”ƒ”‹ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǣƒ”Žƒ”‘ ǡ—•ƒ

‘”†‘ǡƒ”‹Ž› —‰Š‡•ǡƒ›‡‘‘”‡ǡƒ—• ”‹’–•‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡

‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǣ–‡˜‡‘‰‡”•ƒ†Žƒ—†‡––‡–ƒ‰‡”ǡ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ

‘‹••‹‘Ǣ‡Ž‹ƒǤƒŽ‡”ǡƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹„”ƒ”‹‡•Ǣƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ iii

ƒ‡Žƒ ‘––ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǢ‡‹‘””ƒŽ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‡‹– Š‹‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǢŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ•–‡˜‡‘–Šƒƒ†ƒŽŽ›‹’ƒ––‹‘ŽŠ‡—•ǡ‘š‘—–›

—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǣ‡›‘Ž†•‘„‡”–•ƒ†ƒ”ƒ

‹‡Ž‹ǡ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘Ǣƒ–‹“—ƒ”‹ƒ„‘‘†‡ƒŽ‡”

‡‘”‰‡‡„„ƒ† ƒ™‹•‘—–› ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‡”›”‹ ‡ǡ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

‡‡••‡‡Ǣƒ” Š‹˜‹•–‹Ž‡‡ ‘”ƒ ǡ ‘Š Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹„”ƒ”›Ǣƒ†”Ǥ

‡ˆˆ‡”•‘Šƒ’ƒǡ‹”‡ –‘”ǡ ”ƒ Ǥ Ž—‰—•‡—ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡Ǥ“—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”–Š ‘‹‰Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š†‡‡’

‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘Šƒ† ‡ˆˆ”ƒ‹‰ǡ

‘‹ ƒ ƒ™‡–ǡ— › —’ǡƒ—Ž ƒ‡•ǡ‘Œƒ ‘‡•ǡ‘ †ƒ•ǡ ƒ ‡‡Ž›ǡ

‹„ƒ””ƒ—†‡”•ǡ ‡ƒ‡•–ƒŽǡ†”‡™‹ˆ”‡›ǡ‘ƒ†ƒ”›Š‹–‡Ǥ

Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†‹Ž‹ˆ‡‹•†—‡‹Žƒ”‰‡‡ƒ•—”‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•‹‰Š–

ƒ†‰—‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ›’ƒ”‡–•ƒ™”‡ ‡ Ǥƒ†ƒ”‰ƒ”‡–†‡”•‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ȅ”‘Ž‡

‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ —”‹‘•‹–›Ȅ™Š‘ƒ†‡›‡†— ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‹”’”‹‘”‹–›ǤŠ‡

•‡ŽˆŽ‡••ƒ†—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰•—’’‘”–‘ˆ›Š—•„ƒ†ǡ†”‡™ƒˆ–‡Žǡ™Š‘Šƒ••Šƒ”‡†

›‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‡–ǡŠƒ•ƒ†‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ



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Š‡•— ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹•†—‡–‘ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ„‡–”ƒ ‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•‘ˆ

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ†Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘™ƒ–‡†

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ–‘”‡’”‡•‡–”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ•–”‡‰–Šƒ†

‹ ‘””—’–‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡Œƒ‹ƒ–”‘„‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”

™‹–Š‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡•‹‰Žƒ†ƒ† ”ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡

‡™ƒ–‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†–Š‡Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰‘—‡–•‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ–‹“—‹–›Ȃ„‘–Š‹

•–›Ž‡ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›ƒƒ–‡—”• ‹‡–‹•–•™‡”‡ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‡†„›‡”‹ ƒǯ•

ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰›“—‹ Ž›‡˜‘Ž˜‡†ˆ”‘’—”‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‹“—‹”›–‘

”‡•‘—” ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡‡‡••‡‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡†‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‡›•

™‹–Šƒ˜‹‡™–‘‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡

„‡‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‡‡••‡‡Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz„”ƒ†Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡‘˜‡”ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š”‡‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•ǣŠ‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡

ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ†‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•ǤŠ‹Ž‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ –‘”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†

v

‹–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǯ•”‹•‡ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘†‹”‡ –‡†™Š‡”‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ†Š‘™‹–™ƒ•’”‘‘–‡†Ǥ

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡ ƒ‡™‹†‡Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡„›”ƒ‹Žƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡‘‡–ƒ•

‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ƒ‡‹–‘˜‘‰—‡Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Šǡ„›–Š‹•–‹‡ǡ

‹–™ƒ•—†‡”•–‘‘†„›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•–‘„‡ƒ•‡‹Ǧ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ‹– ‘–‹—‡•

–‘„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡–‘–Š‹•†ƒ›ǤŠ‡’‘’—Žƒ” ‘Ž‘”‡†•–‘‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ•‹–‡”‹‘”

†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡™—”„ƒ ‘””‹†‘”• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ›

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͲͲ•ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”’”‡•–‹‰‡‡š–‡”‹‘”

‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ǤŠ‡•–‡ƒ†›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰

„‘‘–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‹†—•–”›™‡ŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘™ƒ‡„›

–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡’”‡••‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ™ƒ˜‡‘ˆ‡™‡ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•”‡˜‹˜‡†

†‡ƒ†„”‹‡ˆŽ›ǡ‘Ž›‘‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‹”•—”˜‹˜‡•–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‡––Š‡

‘‰‘‹‰’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘” Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡‹’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ™Š‘•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

’”‘‰”ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰ŠǦ ”—•Š‹‰–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†•ƒ†

‘Ǧƒ„•‘”„‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡•ǡ ‘–‹—‡•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‹–‡”‹––‡–†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ 

vi

 



‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰‡‡••‡‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ”–‹–Š‡

‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ ™ƒ•‹ˆ‘”‡†„›ƒ‡™‘”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ”–

‘•‡”˜ƒ–‘”–Šƒ––Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘‡‡••‡‡Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz™ƒ•ƒ‹•‘‡”Ǥ

–Š”ƒŽŽ‡†„›Šƒ˜‹‰Œ—•–Ž‡ƒ”‡†Š‘™’”‘‹‡–Ž›–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Ž•–‘‡ˆ‹‰—”‡†‹

–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•ǡ ™”‘–‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‘ˆˆƒ•ƒ

„ƒ Šƒ†‡†’—–Ǧ†‘™Ǥ  ‘–‹—‡†–‘ƒƒ••ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†’—”•—‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘

ƒ‹†—•–”›–Šƒ–™ƒ•‘ ‡‘‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•’”‘—†‡•– ƒŽŽ‹‰ ƒ”†•Ǥ

—”‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹†‡ › ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—„Ž‹  ‹•–‘”›’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹††Ž‡

‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–› •’‡––‹‡™‹–Š”Ǥ‘ƒŽ†—”ƒ™•‹ƒ†Š‹•

‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‹–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘ˆ”‘––Š‡‡‡†Ž‹‰

”‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Šƒ†•‘”ƒŽ‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•’”‹‘”Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹•‘–ƒ–”—‡ƒ”„Ž‡ȋ‘–ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›

‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡†•–‘‡ȌǤŠ‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘’”‘’‘•‡•–Šƒ––Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž

Dzƒ”„Ž‡ǡdz•–‹ŽŽ‹ ‘‘—•ƒ‰‡ƒ•ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘Ž‘”•ƒ†‰”ƒ†‡•‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡–‘Žƒ„‡Ž

–Š‡•–‘‡Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz‹•‘‡–Šƒ–Š—ƒ• ‘–‹—‡–‘ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡”‡—•–„‡

•‘‡”‡™ƒ”†‹‹–Ǥ

Š‘ˆ‹”•– ƒŽŽ‡†‹–ƒ”„Ž‡ǫŠ‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘•–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡—•‡

‘ˆ•— Šƒ’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•Žƒ„‡Žˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—ŽŽ‹‡•–‘‡‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǫƒ•

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡—–‘Ž†”‹ Š‡•–Šƒ–

vii

ƒ™ƒ‹–‡†–Š‘•‡™Š‘‡š’Ž‘”‡†–Š‡ˆ”‘–‹‡”™‡•–ǡ‘”ƒ•ƒ˜‹•‹„Ž‡•›„‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡

ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ„‹–‹‘—•‡‡••‡ƒ•ǫ

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ‰‡†ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ

‡–—”›‡‡••‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡‹–™ƒ•‡ƒ•‹Ž›‘„–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ

†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ‹–”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†‹–•‡Žˆƒ•

ƒ†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡Ǧˆ”‡‡‹–‡”‹‘”ˆ‹‹•Š–Šƒ–„‡ ƒ‡’‘’—Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‹˜‹ 

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡•ǤŠ‡‹†—•–”› ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ„‘”ƒ†‡™

–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡’”‘‹•‹‰ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡•’”‘’–‡†

‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡•ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘ ‘‹ ‹†‡†™‹–Š”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡š’ƒ•‹‘

™‹–Š‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡ ƒ‡ƒŠ‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‘‘†‹–›Ǥ –•‡š’‘•—”‡‹’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ‘—–”›

•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ††‡†•–ƒ–—•–‘‡‡••‡‡ǯ•

‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡‹–‹•‘–‡–‹”‡Ž› Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†‡˜‡”„‡‡ˆ—ŽŽ›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†•‘‡

’”‘‹‡–‹‡–‡‡–Šƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›–™‡–‹‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‡˜‡”†‹†ƒ‡

–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘”‡ƒ‹•ǣ†‹†‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•†‘™’Žƒ›–Š‡

†‹•–‹ –‹‘‘”™‡”‡–Š‡›–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡‹–ǫ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡Ž‹‡Ž›

‘’‡ŽŽ‡†„›‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘”‡•‹•– Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡

†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‘ ‡Ǧ’”‘‹‡–‹†—•–”›‹•‘™‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ǡ

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ‘—–”›–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡

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”‡ƒ‹‹ ‘•‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹˜‹ ’”‹†‡Ǥ†–Š‡•–‘‡ ‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡

ƒŽŽ‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„›ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•ƒˆ‹”•–Ǧ Žƒ••

†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ž‹‡Šƒ”†‡••ǡ

‹•‘Ž—„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‹’‡”˜‹‘—•‡••–‘Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰’”‡••—”‡ǡ‹– ‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡–Š‡

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹˜‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘

‡†—”‡†ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”—•‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•™‡ƒ”Ǧ”‡•‹•–ƒ–ǡ‹–

‘‡•‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”•ǡ‹–‹•‘Ǧ‘†‘”ƒ†•–ƒ‹”‡•‹•–ƒ–ǡƒ†‹––ƒ‡•ƒˆ‹‡

ƒ††—”ƒ„Ž‡’‘Ž‹•ŠǤƒ”„Ž‡‘”‘–ǡ–Š‡–”‹‡†ƒ†–”—‡•–‘‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Šƒ˜‡

‡ƒ”‡†ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–’Žƒ ‡‹‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ



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 ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ  ˜‹‹

 ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ š‹‹

 ǣ

Ǥ  ǣ     ǥǥǥǥǥ ͳ

 ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǣ‘ ‹ƒŽ‘•–”— –‹‘ǫǥǥǥǤǤ  ͳ͹  ‡”›‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žƒ–‹˜‡‘”’Š›”›ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ  ͳͺ  ‡‡••‡‡ǣ‡ƒ†‡”‹–Š‡ ‹‡Ž†ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ  ʹͷ  Ǥ   ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͵ͷ

Ǥ   ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͻͳ

 ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘•ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͻͷ   ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ ‡†‡”ƒŽ  —‹Ž†‹‰‘•–”— –‹‘ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͲͳ   ƒ”„Ž‡˜•Ǥ ”ƒ‹–‡‹–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰”‘Œ‡ –• ͳͲ͹   ‡ŽŽǦƒ‹†ǡ”—‡ƒ†”—•–›ǣƒ”„Ž‡‘•–”— –‹‘  ˆ‘”—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͳͳͳ   Š‡ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǣ ƒ•Š‹‘ƒ„Ž‡  –‡”‹‘”–‘‡ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͳʹ͵   ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ• ”‘’‘Ž‹•ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͳ͵͵   ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡‘””‹†‘”•‘ˆ‘™‡”ǣŠ‡  ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͶͷ

x

  Ǥ    ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͷ͹

 ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”Ž›ƒ”„Ž‡‡ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳ͸Ͳ   †—•–”›‹–‡„‡ŽŽ—‡‡••‡‡ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͳͺ͸   Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ‹Ž ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹‡‡••‡‡ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͻͶ   Š‡ ‘‹‹‰‘ˆ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† †—•–”›ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ʹͳ͹   ‘•–‹˜‹Žƒ” ”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡  †—•–”›ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ʹʹͶ 

Ǥ   ǣ     ʹͷʹ       ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͵͵Ͷ  

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    ‹‰—”‡•  ͳǤ ƒ ‘„‡ ǡGeological and Mineralogical Account of the Mining Districts in the State of Georgia—western part of N. Carolina and in East Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ʹǦ͵ ͳͲ  ʹǤ Ǥ”‘‘•–ǡGeological Map of the State of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ͻ  ͳͶ  ͵Ǥ Ǥ”‘‘•–ǡͳͺ͵ͻǡSection of the State of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ͻ ͳͶ  ͶǤ ƒ•‡› ‘—•‡ǡ‘”™ƒ‘†ǡ‘š‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳ͹ͻ͹  ʹͲ  ͷǤ ǤǤ‡ƒǡPlan of the City of KnoxvilleǡTennessee, ͳͺͷͷ   ʹͺ  ͸Ǥ ƒ•ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†ǤGeological Map of the State of Tennessee Prepared with Reference to the Development of the Mineral & Agricultural Resources of the Stateǡͳͺͷͷ ͵͹  ͹Ǥ ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†ǡGeological Map of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͸ͻ Ͷͷ  ͺǤ ”–Š—”‡‹–ŠǡEconomic Geology: Tennessee-North Carolina, Knoxville SheetǡͳͺͻͷͷͶ  ͻǤ‘‰‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡͳͻͳͳ͸͵  ͳͲǤ Šƒ”Ž‡• ‘”†‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǤMarble Belt of Knoxville and VicinityǡͳͻʹͶ ͸ͺ  ͳͳǤ Šƒ”Ž‡• ‘”†‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǤMarble Belt of Friendsville and VicinityǡͳͻʹͶ ͸ͻ

ͳʹǤ Dzƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‡‡••‡‡ǡdz‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡–ͳͳ͹

ͳ͵Ǥ Dz ”‘ ƒ™‹•‘—–›‡‡••‡‡ǡdz‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡ǡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡–ͳͳͺ  ͳͶǤ Dz‡‡••‡‡ǣŠ‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹‘ –—•–„‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ǡdz‡‘”‹ƒŽ •–‘‡ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡–ͳͳͺ  ͳͷǤ ”Žƒ†‘Ǥ‘‡ǡEast Tennessee North of Loudonǡͳͺ͸Ͷ  ʹͲͺ  ͳ͸Ǥ Žˆ”‡†Ǥ—ŽŽ‡––ǡ—•–‘ ‘—•‡ǡ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͺ͹ͳǦ͹ͶʹͶʹ

xii

ͳ͹Ǥ Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‘˜‡”Žƒ›ƒ’•Š‘™‹‰”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ  Ž‘—–ǡƒ†•—””‘—†‹‰ ‘—–‹‡•     ʹ͸ͳ  ͳͺǤ ƒ””ƒ† ‘Žƒǡ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͻ͵͵ ͵ʹʹ  ͳͻǤ ‘Š—••‡ŽŽ‘’‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡͳͻͶͳ   ͵ʹͻ  ʹͲǤ ‡‡••‡‡‹ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘—–ƒ‹‡‹‰••‡„Ž‡†‘‹–‡ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡ ‹” ƒͳͻͶͲ͵͵Ͳ  ʹͳǤ ‡”‹ƒŽ‹‡™ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡ‡•–—‹Ž†‹‰ ȋ ‘Š—••‡ŽŽ‘’‡ȌǡͳͻͶͳƒ†ƒ•–—‹Ž†‹‰ȋ ǤǤ‡‹Ȍǡͳͻ͹ͺ ͵͵ͳ   





xiii

ͳ        ǣ      

–‹•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•‰”ƒ›ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•‹–‹•ƒ”‡††‹•Š„”‘™ǡƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•™Š‹–‡Ǥ ‡•‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹–ǡ’‘••‡••‹‰‡‹–Š‡”ƒ‰”ƒ›‹•Š‘””‡††‹•Š„”‘™ ‘Ž‘—”ǡƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹– ‹• ”‘••‡†„›‡˜‡”›”‘ƒ†ǡ’ƒ••‹‰–‘–Š‡•‘—–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ –• ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ•‘‡˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǣ™Š‹–‡˜‡‹•’‡‡–”ƒ–‡‹–ǡƒ† ™‹†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‹‡˜‡”›†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡–Š‡”ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹–Šƒ•ƒ–‡š–—”‡ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›ˆ‹‡ƒ†ˆ‹”–‘„‡™”‘—‰Š––‘ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ǡ‹•›‡––‘„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†Ǥ ‘–Š‡‡›‡‘ˆƒ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•Ǥ Ȅ‡˜‡”‡†Ž‹ƒ•‘”‡Ž‹—•ȋͳͺͳͻȌͳ

 ”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‘–Š‡”‘ƒ†ˆ”‘‘•–‘–‘‡™

”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ‘–‘”‹•–•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‹ƒ•‘”‡Ž‹—•ǯ•ͳͺͳͺ”‘—–‡–‘†ƒ›‹‰Š–„ƒ”‡Ž›‘–‹ ‡

–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡™ƒŽŽ•”‹•‹‰—’‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡Š‹‰Š™ƒ›Ǥ‹‡‘–Š‡”•

™Š‘˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„ƒ  ‘—–”›‘ˆ”‡ ‡–Ž›ˆ‘”‡†•–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡‡‡••‡‡ǡ

–Š‡‡˜‡”‡†‘”‡Ž‹—•™ƒ•ƒ•–—†‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‹–‡–‘‡š’Ž‘”‹‰

–Š‡™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•–Šƒ–Žƒ›„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹ƒ•Š‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†„›•–ƒ‰‡ ‘ƒ Šˆ”‘

‹”‰‹‹ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‹’”‡••‡†„›–Š‡•–‘‡‘—– ”‘’’‹‰•

–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ƒ†„‡†Ǥ ™‘†‡”‹‰Š‘™–Š‹••–‘‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‘‡†

™Š‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘‹ƒ‰‹‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ™‡ƒŽ–Š‹ƒ”„Ž‡‹

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

 1 Elias Cornelius, “On the Geology, Minerology, Scenery and Curiosities of Parts of Virginia, Tennessee, and the Alabama and Mississippi Territories, &c. with Miscellaneous Remarks, in a letter to the Editor,” American Journal of Science 1, no. 3 (1819): 214.

ʹ Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”ǡ ǤǤŽ‹ˆˆ‘”†–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†ˆ”‘‡š‹‰–‘ǡ‡–— ›–‘–Š‡‡™

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘„›™ƒ›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‹”‰‹‹ƒǤ ‡ƒŽ•‘‘–‡†

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•—„‡”Žƒ†‘—–ƒ‹•ǡƒ•Š‡

–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†‘˜‡”Ž‹ Š‘—–ƒ‹ǡŽ‹ˆˆ‘”†‘–‡†•ƒ†•–‘‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡–Š‡”‡ǡ

‘‡–‹‰–Šƒ–ƒDz’‡”•‘ˆ”‘‡™Ǧ‘”dz™ƒ•“—ƒ””›‹‰‹ŽŽ•–‘‡•–Š‡”‡Dzƒ•

‰‘‘†ƒ•ƒ›’”‘ —”‡†‹‘—”–Žƒ–‹  ‹–‹‡•Ǥdz ‡‡–‡”‡†–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›ƒ†

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‹––‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ǡƒ•Š‹•”‘—–‡ ”‘••‡†–Š‡•–ƒ‰‡”‘ƒ†ǡ

Ž‹ˆˆ‘”†‘„•‡”˜‡†Dzƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•Š—‡•ǥ‘ˆƒŽ‹‰Š–”‡† ‘Ž‘—”Ǥdzʹ

–‡”‡•–‹‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‰‡‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ•‘– ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥʹ

ƒ›ͳͺͳͶǡ‡‡••‡‡‘‰”‡••ƒƒ†ˆ‘”‡” ‘˜‡”‘” ‘Š‡˜‹‡”ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›

–‘‘ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡–‘•Š‘™–‘ ‹‘˜ƒ‹†”‡‹ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡–™‘’”‹ƒ”›• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ ƒ”˜‡”•–Š‡™‘”‹‰ƒ––Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ ‡

™”‘–‡‹Š‹•†‹ƒ”›ǣDz‡––‘–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž–‘•‡‡”Ǥ†”‡‹ƒ –ƒŽ‹ƒ™‘”‡”‹

ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‘•ƒ›•‹‡‹•˜‡”›ˆ‹‡ƒ†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡Ǥdz͵

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡•‹†‡– ‘Š Ǥƒ‹•—„‹––‡†–™‘’ƒ’‡”•–‘–Š‡American

Journal of Science‹ͳͺͳͻǤͶ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†‹‡”ƒŽ•ˆ‘—†‹•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”‹”‰‹‹ƒ

 2 [J.D. Clifford], The Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine, a Monthly Publication, Devoted to Literature and Science 2, no. 6 (1820): 323.

3Cora Bales Sevier and Nancy S. Madden. Sevier Family History (Washington, D.C.: Kaufmann Printing Co., 1961), 21; Diary Entry by John Sevier, 2 May 1814, Sevier Letters and Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS.

4John H. Kain, “Remarks on the Minerology and Geology of the Northwestern* part of the State of Virginia, and the Eastern part of the State of Tennessee” American Journal of Science I, no. 1 (1818):60-67; John H. Kain, “An Account of Several Ancient Mounds, and of Two Caves, in East Tennessee,” American Journal of Science 1, no. 4 ͵ ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡””‡Žƒ–‡†Š‹•‘™‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘—†•ƒ†

ƒ˜‡•‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š”‘ƒ†‹˜‡”•Ǥƒ‹ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†

‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ͳͺͳ͸ǡ”‡–—”‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡–‘–ƒ‡—’–Š‡

’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Š‹•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘™Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‘—†

–Š‡”‡Ǥͷ

ƒ‹ǯ•’ƒ’‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ Ž—”‡ǯ•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’•–‘‹ Ž—†‡‡‡••‡‡ǡ‘„•‡”˜‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡Dz–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽdz

Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ•–‘Dz‘”–Š™‡•–‡”dz‹”‰‹‹ƒǤ͸

Ž–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡‘—– ”‘’’‹‰•ǡƒ‹ƒ†‡‘

‡–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†Š‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡Š‡•ƒ™‹–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ†

 (1819): 428-430. Kain is describing what is now the northeastern portion of West Virginia and southwestern portion of Virginia in this paper.

5 James X. Corgan, Geology in Antebellum Tennessee: Bulletin 85 (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 2002), 57; Kain’s second contribution to the Journal is the earliest published documentation of Tennessee archaeology. In it, he speculated that the paintings he had seen in East Tennessee caves were created by Cherokee Indians. Bobby Braly and Shannon Koerner, “A History of Archaeology in Tennessee, Chapter II,” http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/research/TennesseeArchaeology/index.html [accessed 24 April 2011]

6 Maclure published geological maps of the continental United States in 1809, 1811, 1817, and 1818. Geological historian James X. Corgan does not believe he ever came to Tennessee, while geologist L.C. Glenn, who wrote a history of Tennessee’s geologists in 1912, believed he might have visited East Tennessee. Nonetheless, Maclure’s classification system, which drew on that of eighteenth century German scientist A. G. Werner, influenced those who created early geologic maps of Tennessee.The oldest to youngest classification: primary or primitive (crystalline rocks) to transitional (tilted sedimentary rocks) to secondary (flat-lying sedimentary rocks) to tertiary (compacted sediments) can be seen in Troost’s maps as well as in Safford’s 1855 map. Corgan, op. cit., 21-23; L.C. Glenn, “The Growth of Our Knowledge of Tennessee Geology,” Resources of Tennessee 2, no. 5 (1912): 169.

Ͷ ”‹˜‡”„ƒ„Ž—ˆˆ•ƒ•Dz‹–‡”•’‡”•‡†™‹–Š˜‡‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡† ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‹‡ǡ

‘”‡‘”Ž‡••’‡”ˆ‡ –ǡƒ†‘ˆƒ’—”‡„—–‘’ƒ“—‡™Š‹–‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–Š‹•

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ‘–•‘ƒ„—†ƒ–ǡ‹•–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š‹•™Š‹–‡ƒ†”‡†ǡŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡™Š‹–‡ƒ†”‡†

•’‘–•‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹‰Ž‡†Ǥdz͹

ͳͺʹ͵ǡ —†‰‡ ‘Š ƒ›™‘‘†ǡ™Š‘ ƒŽŽ‡†Š‹•‡ŽˆDzŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡”

‘—–”›ǡdz’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ†‘™‡”•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ǣ

‹š‹Ž‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‘–Š‡Žƒ†•‘ˆ —†‰‡‘™‡ŽŽ‹•ƒƒ„—†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆˆ‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘Ž‘”•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‹ŽŽ–™‘ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ‹Ž‡•‡ƒ•–‘ˆ ‘”–Šˆ”‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‘ŽŽ› ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹–‡ǡ‰”‡›ǡƒ† •‘‡–‹‡•”‡†ǤŽ•‘‘–Š‡”‘ƒ†‡‹‰Š–‹Ž‡•™‡•–‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŽ•‘‘–Š‡ ‘”–Š‘ˆ‡ƒǯ•–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‹Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘’‘ˆŽ‹ Š‘—–ƒ‹ǤŽ•‘„‡–™‡‡ ”Ǥƒ‹ǯ•ƒ†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡Š‡”‡‹•™Š‹–‡ǤŽ•‘‘–Š‡•‘—–Š•‹†‡‘ˆ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‘–Š‡”‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ˆ”‘‡˜‹‡”˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŽ•‘„‡–™‡‡ ƒ’„‡ŽŽǯ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”Ǥ‡”‡†‹–Šǯ•ǤŽ•‘„‡–™‡‡Ž‘—–•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ† ‘‡•„‘”‘—‰ŠǤ‘—–Šˆ”‘Ž‘—–•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‘–Š‡•‘—–Š•‹†‡‘ˆ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ†–™‘ ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘‹–ǡ‹•”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŽ•‘Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‹ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘‘—–›Ǥ˜‡‹ ‘ˆ‰”‡›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡‡š–‡†•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‘”–Š•‹†‡‘ˆŽ‹ Š ‘—–ƒ‹ˆ‘”ˆ‹ˆ–›‹Ž‡•ǡƒ‰”‡ƒ–’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‹–˜‡”›ˆ‹‡ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‡‹‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡„”‡ƒ†–ŠǤͺ

Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›—•‡†„› ƒ›™‘‘†‹ ‘’‹Ž‹‰Š‹•Natural and Aboriginal

History of Tennessee ȋͳͺʹ͵Ȍ™ƒ•Ž‹‡Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡

†‡†— –‹˜‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡†„›ƒ‹Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡ͳͺʹͺ†‹• ‘˜‡”›‘ˆ‰‘Ž†‹

‡‘”‰‹ƒ’”‘’–‡†–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›–‘ƒ’’‘‹–ƒ

•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ„—–ƒ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†„›–Š‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰ƒ ‘—–•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡  7 Kain, “Remarks on the Minerology,” 61-62.

8 John Haywood, The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823; reprint Kingsport: F.M. Hill-Books, 1973), 12-13. Could the Cain referred to be related to John H. Kain?

ͷ •—•’‡ –‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡†‹‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡’ƒ”Žƒ›‡†‹–‘

™‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥͻ— Š‡ƒ”Ž›‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‹

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘ˆ ‡”ƒ”†”‘‘•–ǡƒ‡‹‡–ƒ–—”ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–™Š‘Šƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡†‹ͳͺʹ͹ǡ

”‡•—Ž–‡†‹‡‡••‡‡ǯ•„‡‹‰‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–•–ƒ–‡•–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ

•—”˜‡›ǤͳͲ

”‘‘•–ǯ•˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•‘†‘—„–ƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†„›Š‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŠ‹Ž‹’

‹†•Ž‡›ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›’”‘‹‡–—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥͳͳ”‘‘•–Šƒ†„‡‡

ƒ’’‘‹–‡†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ Š‡‹•–”›ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›ǡƒ†‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺʹͺǤͳʹ›ͳͺ͵͹ǡ–Š‡ —””‹ —Ž—‹ Ž—†‡†‘–‘Ž›–Š‘•‡ ‘—”•‡•ǡ„—–

ƒŽ•‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡŠ‹•–‘”›ǡˆ‹‡ƒ”–•ǡ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ǡƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ

 9 Gerard Troost, “Address Delivered Before the Legislature of Tennessee, at Nashville,” Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences 4, no. 4 (1831): 491-507. Troost’s introductory paragraph mentions that many of the people he encountered while traveling through the state thought he was searching for gold.

10James X. Corgan, “Geology,” in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Carroll Van West, ed. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998).

11 John F. Woolverton, “Philip Lindsley and the Cause of Education in the Old Southwest,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 19, no. 1 (1960), 12. Lindsley, who had left the presidency of Princeton University in 1824 to come to Nashville, aspired to create there a preeminent institution of higher learning that would rival the best European universities. On the university board were prominent statesmen Felix Grundy, William Carroll, George W. Campbell, Andrew Jackson, and John Bell, as well as State Librarian Return J. Meigs. Lindsley’s ambition was not only to hire fine professors, but also to equip the school with libraries of books and curious objects as well as practical learning environments such as botanical gardens, and astronomical and chemistry laboratories.

12 Glenn, 175.

͸ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ •Ǥͳ͵”‘‘•–ǯ•ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†’‡”ƒ‡–•–ƒ–—•‹

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘ƒ‡‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‹”•– ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‡›ǡ™Š‹ Š

‘—–Žƒ•–‡†‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”Ž›‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǤͳͶ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǯ•ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡‰ƒ‹ͳͺʹ͵ǡ™ƒ•

ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†–™‘›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”Ǥͳͷ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ†ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ƒŽ•‘—†‡”–‘‘

•—”˜‡›•ǡ‹ͳͺʹͷƒ†ͳͺ͵Ͳǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥͳ͸Žƒ„ƒƒƒ†‡–— › ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘

‰‡‘Ž‘‰›’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ––Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘

ƒ••‹•––Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‹’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥͳ͹‡‡••‡‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•

—•–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–‰ƒ‹ˆ”‘–Š‡•—”˜‡›™‘”Ǣ‘‘–Š‡”‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ

•—”˜‡›™ƒ••—•–ƒ‹‡†ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ˆ‹”•–•—”˜‡›ǡ™Š‹ Š‡š–‡†‡†‡ƒ”Ž›

–™‡–››‡ƒ”•Ǥͳͺ

Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡„‡‰ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹”‹‰‘ˆ”‘‘•–ƒ•

–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹”•– ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‘‡ ‡„‡”

 13 Ibid., 19-20.

14 Charles W. Wilson, Jr., State Geological Surveys and State Geologists of Tennessee: A History of the Development of the Division of Geology, Department of Conservation. [Bulletin 81] (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 1981), 3.

15 James X. Corgan and Michael Gibson, “Geological Exploration in Tennessee: Gerard Troost’s Travels in 1834,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (1995), 148.

16 Wilson, 3.

17 Albert E. Cowdrey, This Land, This South: an Environmental History, rev. ed. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), 99.

18 Wilson, 3.

͹ ʹͳǡͳͺ͵ͳǤͳͻƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ ‘ŽŽƒ†ǡ”‘‘•–Šƒ†‘˜‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡„›™ƒ›‘ˆ‡™

ƒ”‘›ǡ †‹ƒƒǡˆ”‘Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤŠƒ– ‹–›™ƒ•–Š‹• ‘—–”›ǯ•ƒŒ‘” ‡–‡”‘ˆ

Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡ǡ”‘‘•–Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ

‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›ƒ––Š‡—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›ǡƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ

‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ†ƒˆ‘—†‹‰‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‡›‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡•ǤʹͲ ‡„”‘—‰Š–

–™‡–›Ǧ•‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”–‘Š‹•‡™’‘•–‹

‡‡••‡‡ǡŠƒ˜‹‰•‡”˜‡†ƒ•‡‡’‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘›ƒŽƒ„‹‡–‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•‹–Š‡

‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ƒ†™‘”‡†‹–Š‡—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›‹ƒ”‹•„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‹‰–‘

–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥʹͳ

’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ƒ–Š‹•‘™„‡Š‡•–ǡ”‘‘•–Šƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‘ –‘„‡”ͳͻǡͳͺ͵ͳ–‘‡š–‘Ž–Š‡˜‹”–—‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‡šŠ‘”–‹‰

‡„‡”•–‘Š‡Ž’ƒ†˜ƒ ‡–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡„›ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹–•”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ

•‹‰ˆŽ‘™‡”›ǡ’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡’”‘•‡ǡŠ‡†‡ Žƒ‹‡†ǣ

Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–•‘ˆ‘—”„‘—†Ž‡••”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ”‡†ƒ‹Ž›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‡ƒ•‡Ž‡•• •–”‡ƒ•‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡†‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǣƒ†’‘’—Ž‘—•–‘™•ƒ”‡•’”‹‰‹‰—’ǡŽ‹‡ƒ ‡šŠƒŽƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘‹Žǡ Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡™‹‰™ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ˜ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‹–‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡Š‘™Ž‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡™‹Ž†„‡ƒ•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡„—•›Š—‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥʹʹ

 19 Ibid., 2.

20 Gerard Troost, “Address,” 491; Wilson, 1.

21 Corgan, Geology in Antebellum Tennessee, 141.

22 Troost, “Address,” 492.

ͺ ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‘˜‡”„Ž‘™’”‘•‡ƒ† ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•–•‡–‹‡–•ǡ”‘‘•–ǯ•™‘”†•

‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ•‘—†’Ž‡ƒˆ‘”Œ—†‹ ‹‘—••–‡™ƒ”†•Š‹’Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ƒŠ‡ƒ†Ž‘‰

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•”—”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡŠ‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†•ƒ‰‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡ƒ„‘—–

‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡ ƒ—–‹‘‡†–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•–‘™‡‹‰Š‘’–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ– Š

”‘’•–‘–Š‡„‡•–—•‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†ǡ–‘ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‘•–˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡••‘–Šƒ–‹‡•ƒ†“—ƒ””‹‡•™‘—Ž†‘–„‡

•’‘‹Ž‡†„›‡ƒ”Ž›‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ–‘—”‰‡–Šƒ– ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ–•ˆ‘”’”‘ ‡••‹‰„‡‡ƒ”

ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‘—–Ž‡–•ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–‘ƒ˜‘‹†ƒƒ••‹‰Žƒ”‰‡

™‘”‹‰ Žƒ••’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ›‘‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡–›’‡‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥʹ͵

‡„ƒ•‡†–Š‡•‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘Š‹•‘™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ„‘–Š‹—”‘’‡ƒ†‹–Š‡

‡ƒ•–‡”‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡Šƒ†”‡•‹†‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‹‰–‘Dz›’”‡•‡–ǡƒ† 

Š‘’‡ǡ’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ„‘†‡ǤdzʹͶ

–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ††”‡••ǡ”‘‘•–”‡’‘”–‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†˜‹•‹–‡†

‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ„—–Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘—†–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†‘—–ƒ‹•”‹ Š

‹‹”‘‘”‡ƒ† ‘ƒŽǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‘’‹‡†™ƒ•ˆƒ”‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”–Šƒ

‰‘Ž†ǡƒ†‡ƒ”‡‘—‰Š–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”–Šƒ–ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›

ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥʹͷ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡ ‘—–”›•‹†‡‘ˆ—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ•”‹ Š‹œ‹ 

 23 Troost, 504, 494-497.

24 Ibid., 492.

25 Ibid., 499-500.

ͻ ‘”‡ǡƒ††‹‰–Šƒ–Dz‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹•ˆ‘—†ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•‡˜‡”›‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆƒ•ƒ›˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‘–•—’‡”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡•– –ƒŽ‹ƒǤdzʹ͸

”‘‘•–™ƒ••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡Ǣ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡†ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ 

•—”˜‡›Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‹”•––™‘”‡’‘”–•ǣ–Š‡ƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‹ͳͺ͵ͳǡƒ†

ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ††”‡••‰‹˜‡‹ͳͺ͵͵ǡ™ƒ•‹••—‡†ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥʹ͹Š‡ͳͺ͵ͳ

”‡’‘”–‹ Ž—†‡††”ƒ™‹‰•ƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•ƒƒ’Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ‡•Ǥ‘”‰ƒ

Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡•‡™‡”‡‘–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘

Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‡ ‡†‡–ˆ‘”Ž‡‰–Š›‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥʹͺ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡”‡’‘”–

•‡‡‡†’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›•‹ ‡”‘‘•–Šƒ†‘–›‡–„‡‡Š‹”‡†ǡ‘”ƒ›„‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡

™ƒ–‡†–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ–‹˜‡‹†—•–”›–‹‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‘— ‹‰‡‡••‡‡ǯ•”‹ Š

ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡Ǥ†ƒ—–‡†ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ‰‡””‘‘•–ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡”

’Žƒ ‡•–‘’—„Ž‹•ŠŠ‹•”‡’‘”–•Ǥʹͻ

‡ˆˆ‡”•‘‘—–›”‡•‹†‡– ƒ ‘„‡ ǡƒˆ‘”‡” Ž‡”‹–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ǡ

™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹ͳͺʹͻǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ

 26 Ibid., 498.

27 James X. Corgan and Michael A. Gibson, “Geological Exploration …”, 148.

28Corgan, Geology in Antebellum Tennessee, 49.

29 Troost’s 1831 address was published in Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences 4 (1831): 491-507. An abstract of what was to be his tenth and final report was published the year before his death in the American Journal of Science and Arts 2, no. 8 (1849): 419-420.

ͳͲ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘‰‘Ž†‹‹‰‹–Š‡American Journal of Science and Arts‹ͳͺ͵͵ǡ™‹–Šƒ

ƒ’ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ͵Ͳ



‹‰—”‡ͳǤ ƒ ‘„‡ ǡGeological and Mineralogical Account of the Mining Districts in the State of Georgia—western part of N. Carolina and in East Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ʹǦ͵Ǥ ‘—”–‡•›‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ   ‡ ”‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ•— Š‘”‘”‡‰‘Ž†–‘„‡Šƒ†‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡

Žƒ†•‹ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ•‘–”‹„ƒŽŽƒ†•ƒ††‡• ”‹„‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽDz‘—‡–•dz–Šƒ–”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†

–Š‡‹‰‡—‹–›ƒ†‹‹‰’”‘™‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ‡”‹ ƒ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡

”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘•’‘‡”‡•’‡ –ˆ—ŽŽ›‘ˆ”‘ˆ‡••‘””‘‘•–ǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‰‹˜‡

 30 Jacob Peck, “Geological and Mineralogical Account of the Mining Districts in the State of Georgia—western part of North Carolina and of East Tennessee, with a map,” American Journal of Science and Arts 23 (1833): 1-10. This corrected proof of Peck’s map (figure 1) is held in the manuscript collections of the Tennessee State Library and Archives.

ͳͳ ”‘‘•–˜ƒ”‹‘—••ƒ’Ž‡• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹”‡ ‡–‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ –Š‡

ˆ‹ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡƒˆ–‡”†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡˜‡‹•‘ˆ“—ƒ”–œ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‰‘Ž†‹

–Š‡‘ ‘ȋ•‹ Ȍ”‡‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡŠ‡‡–‹‘‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ǣ

 ‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ—”‹ˆ‡”‘—•”‡‰‹‘•ǡ™‡”‡ƒ Š–Š‡Š‹––‡ƒ™‡‡ȋ•‹ Ȍ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǢŠ‡”‡”‘‘ˆ‹‰•Žƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•—’‡”‹‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ›„‡–”ƒ ‡†ˆ‘” ˆ‹ˆ–›‹Ž‡•Ǥƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ›ƒ†˜‡”›„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡–”ƒ ‡† ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡•–”ƒ–ƒǡ™Š‹ Šǡƒ•™‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—”‡š —”•‹‘•ǡ Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”Ž‘•––Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡‡š––Š‡‰”ƒ›™ƒ ‡•Žƒ–‡ǡƒ† ™‹–Š‹––Š‡”‡†•ƒ†•–‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǢŽ‡ƒ†ǡ‹ƒŽ‹‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž™‹–Š–Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡƒ›„‡–”ƒ ‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ‘—–›‹–‘–Š‡ ‹‰Š™ƒ••ƒȋ•‹ Ȍ†‹•–”‹ –Ǥ͵ͳ    Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‹•‘—–Š‡”‹‡”ƒŽ• ‘‹ ‹†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡†ƒ™‘ˆƒ‡™ƒ‰‡‘ˆ

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Postǡ‹ͳͺ͵͵ǡƒƒ—–Š‘”ˆ‘”‡•ƒ™ƒ

ˆ—–—”‡‹™Š‹ Š•–‡ƒ’‘™‡” ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•™‘—Ž†„”‹†‰‡Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡•

ƒ†ƒ –ƒ•ƒ„‘‘–‘–”ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡Dz™‡•–‡”dz•–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ‘›‘—•ƒ—–Š‘”“—‘–‡†

ƒ”Ǥ Ž‹–ǡ™Š‘‡š–‘ŽŽ‡†–Š‡˜‹”–—‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǣ

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ”‡”‹ Šǡ„‡›‘†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ ƒ†ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–ƒ’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†‹•ˆ‹”•–”ƒ–‡Ǥ ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡–Š‡•‘‹Ž ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ— ‘‘’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ†‹••‘Ž˜‡† Ž‹‡ǥ‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž™Š‹–‡ǡ‰”ƒ›ǡƒ†”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹‡šŠƒ—•–‹„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‘ˆ‰›’•—ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡•–“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ„‘—†‹ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹’‘•‹–‹‘•ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡–‘„‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘–Š‡„‘ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡”•Ǥ—””‹ŽŽ•–‘‡•ƒ”‡“—ƒ””‹‡†ˆ”‘•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ† ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ‡‘”–™‘‹‡•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‘”‡†ǡƒ†‹”‘‘”‡ ‹•‘™Š‡”‡ȋ•‹ Ȍ‘”‡ƒ„—†ƒ–Ǥ͵ʹ  

 31 Ibid., 10.

32 [Mr. Flint], “Tennessee,” Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post 13, no. 611 (1833): 3. ͳʹ ͳͺ͵ͷǡ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†”‘‘•–ǯ•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†–Š‹”†

”‡’‘”–ǡ™Š‹ Šˆ‘ —•‡†‘ ‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡ‹”‘‘”‡ǡƒ†‹”‘ˆ—”ƒ ‡•Ǥ͵͵ˆ‘—”–Š”‡’‘”–

†‹˜‹†‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹–‘•—„†‹˜‹•‹‘•ƒ†Ž‹•–‡†–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‘ •‘ˆ‡ƒ ŠǤ

Š‹•‘ˆ–‡Ǧ ‹–‡†”‡’‘”–ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‹ –‘„‡”ͳͺ͵͹ǡƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡

‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ—ŽŽǦˆŽ‡†‰‡†ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹‡‡••‡‡Ǥ ’”ƒ‹•‹‰

–Š‡ƒ›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ”‘‘•–’‘‹–‡†‘—–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‡ –‹‘

‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ•‘‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹™ƒ••‡‡‹˜‡”ǣ

„‡‰Ž‡ƒ˜‡–‘ƒ™ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡–‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ – ‘–ƒ‹••‘‡ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ Šƒ˜‡•‡‡–Š‡”‡”‡ ‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡™Š‹ Š•—”’ƒ••‡• ƒ›–Šƒ– ‘™Ǥƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ›„‡ˆ‘—†–Š‡”‡‘ˆ‡†Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž› ‘Ž‘”•Ǥ Šƒ˜‡•‡‡–Š‡‘ˆ—‹ˆ‘”„Žƒ  ‘Ž‘”Ǥ ‡‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹‘—–ƒ‹‘—•†‹•–”‹ –•ǡ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–™ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”ƒ› „‡ˆ‘—†–‘•ƒ™ƒ†’‘Ž‹•Š–Š‡Ǥ†‹•–”‹ –™Š‹ Š‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‘™ —’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡—‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ›„›–Š‡•‡‡ƒ• „‡ ‘‡–Š‡ƒ„‘†‡‘ˆƒ‹†—•–”‹‘—•ǡˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‹‰ƒ†—‡”‘—• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ͵Ͷ    –Š‹• ”‡’‘”–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ ‘˜‡”‡† •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™‡•–‡” ‘”–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ ”‘‘•–

ˆ‘ —•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘–Š‡ ‘‡‡†‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™Š‡”‡Š‡†‡• ”‹„‡†

‘—–ƒ‹• ‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‰ Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ›™ƒ ‡ ƒ† Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ  ˆ –Š‡

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡŠ‡•–ƒ–‡†ǣDz— Š‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”‹•ˆ‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ•‘‡‰”ƒ›ǡ•‘‡†ƒ”‰”ƒ›

™‹–ŠŽ‹‰Š– ‘Ž‘”‡†˜‡‹•ǡ‡– Ǥdz͵ͷ



33 Glenn, 178-179.

34 Gerard Troost, Fourth Geological Report to the Twenty-Second General Assembly of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: S. Nye and Co., 1837), 31.

35 Ibid, 32. ͳ͵  •Š‘”–‘”†‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒˆ‹ˆ–Š”‡’‘”–ȋͳͺ͵ͻȌǡ™‹–Šƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽˆ‘ —•‘

‹”‘‹‘ ‡‘—–›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†–Š‡

ˆ‹ˆ–Š”‡’‘”–Ǥ͵͸Š‹• ‘Ž‘”Ǧ ‘†‡†ƒ’Šƒ•–™‘•‡ –‹‘•ǣ‘‡•Š‘™•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‹˜‹†‡†

‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ž‘”‡†œ‘‡•ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ȋˆ‹‰—”‡͵Ȍ•Š‘™•ƒ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ǡ

™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘Ž‘”‡†œ‘‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘•ƒ•ƒ‡›–‘–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ †‹˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ͵͹

Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡‹”‘‘•–ǯ••‹š–Š”‡’‘”–ȋͳͺͶͳȌ‡’Ž‘›‡†–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•

—””‡–Ž›‹—•‡‹—”‘’‡Ǥ ‹–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡•–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘‰”ƒ›™ƒ ‡‹–‘

•‡ –‹‘•Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ„”‹ƒƒ†‹Ž—”‹ƒǤ͵ͺ



36 Corgan has suggested that Matthew Rhea’s 1832 map of Tennessee, which actually credits Dr. Troost, should be considered the first geological map of Tennessee, followed by Jacob Peck’s map issued the following year. Clearly both men were influenced and informed by the work of Troost. Wilson believes that Troost’s 1839 map actually accompanied the sixth report, which was issued in 1841. Wilson, 2. L.C. Glenn, in his history of Tennessee geological work, does not elaborate much on the fourth report, but states that Troost’s map accompanied the fifth report. Glenn, 178. The Tennessee State Library and Archives has catalogued the map as having accompanied the fifth report. Corgan’s detailed bibliography of Troost’s publications also lists the map attached to the fifth report, which was delivered to the Legislature in 1839. Corgan, Geology in Antebellum Tennessee, 98-99.

37 Geological Map of the State of Tennessee by G. Troost, Geologist of the State, P. S. Duval, Lith. Phila. 1839. Tennessee State Library and Archives.

38 Wilson, 2.

ͳͶ



‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ Ǥ ”‘‘•–ǡ Geological Map of the State of Tennesseeǡ ͳͺ͵ͻǤ ‘—”–‡•› ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ   



‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ Ǥ”‘‘•–ǡͳͺ͵ͻǡSection of the State of TennesseeǤ‘—”–‡•›‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ  

™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ”‘ˆ‡••‘””‘‘•– ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–

’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹‘†‘‹ͳͺͶʹ„›ƒ‰Ž‹•Šƒ™Š‘Šƒ†•‡––Ž‡†‹–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‘—–Š‘ˆƒ”›˜‹ŽŽ‡‹Ž‘—–‘—–›Ǥ ƒ‡• ”ƒ›‹–Šǯ•’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–ǡDz”‹‡ˆ ͳͷ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽǡƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡‡˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ

‡”‹ ƒǡdz”‡ˆ‡””‡†”‡ƒ†‡”•†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘”‘‘•–ǯ•Dz ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡdz

’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š”‡’‘”–Ǥ‘‰–Š‡ƒ••‡–•™‹–Š™Š‹ Š‹–ŠŠ‘’‡†–‘

‘˜‹ ‡‹‹‰”ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‹‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡŠ‡‹ Ž—†‡†ǣDzƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–„‡ƒ—–›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡–›dz‘–‹‰–Šƒ–Dzƒ

‡š–‡•‹˜‡•‡–‘ˆ™‘”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ ‡–Ž› ‘‡ ‡†‡ƒ”‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‹ ƒ™‹•

‘—–›Ǥdz͵ͻ‹–Šǯ•’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–‹ Ž—†‡†ƒƒ’ǡDzMap of East Tennessee Forming the

Eastern Portion of Tennessee, One of the United States of Americaǡdz™Š‹ Š•Š‘™‡†‘

•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ›‹†‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†DzŽ‹‡•–‘‡dz

‡ƒ”–Š‡–‘™‘ˆŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡ„‡–™‡‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

‘”‡–Šƒ–‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ•— ‡••‘”–‘”‘‘•–ƒ•–ƒ–‡

‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†‹Š‹•ˆ‹”•–„‹‡‹ƒŽ”‡’‘”–ȋͳͺͷͷȌ–Šƒ–Š‹•’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”Šƒ†„‡‡

–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘ ƒŽŽƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ„—–ƒ††‡†–Š‹• ƒ˜‡ƒ–ǣ

–‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”•‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”‡‡–‹–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ ”‡†‹– ‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰’‘‹–‡†‘—––‘–Š‡‘ –‘”–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡” ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ˆ•‘ǡ™‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘„‡’—–‹’‘••‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –•ǡ‹ ‘”†‡”–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ›„‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•–‹–Š‡ Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹‡‡••‡‡ǤͶͲ

 39 J. Gray Smith, A Brief Historical and Descriptive Review of East Tennessee,United States of America (London: J. Leath, 1842), 20. The map included with this pamphlet is entitled Map of East Tennessee Forming the Eastern Portion of Tennessee, One of the United States of America (London: J.R. Jobbins, Lithographer, 3 Warwick Court, Holborn, n.d.).

40 James A. Safford, Geological Reconnoissance of the State of Tennessee, being the author’s First Biennial Report presented to the thirty-first general assembly of Tennessee, December 1855 (Nashville: G.C. Torbett & Co., 1856),107.

ͳ͸ ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ǡ‘‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‡”‡‡”‰‡†ǡƒ•ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡Š‹•–‘”›

‡˜‡” Šƒ‰‡†ƒ†–Š‹•˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǯ•Dz†‹• ‘˜‡”›dz ‘–‹—‡†–‘„‡“—‘–‡†

„›Š‹••— ‡••‘”•™‡ŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ǤͶͳ

 ›–Š‡‹†Ǧ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†‰ƒ‹‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡

‘–‘”‹‡–›Ǥ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ††‘ƒ–‡†–™‘„Ž‘ •‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”—•‡ƒ•Dz‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡•dz‹•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ

™Š‹ Š™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ—†‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤͶʹŠ‡–™‘„Ž‘ •‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†

„‡‡•‡––‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–Šƒ†ƒ––”ƒ –‡†–Š‡‘–‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‹

Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘Žǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†•‘‘”‡•—Ž–‹ ‘–”ƒ –•ˆ‘”

‹–•—•‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™™‹‰•ǤͶ͵‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•

„‡‹‰‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ



 41 Charles H. Gordon, “The Marbles of Tennessee” [Extract (D) from Bulletin No. 2, ‘Preliminary Papers on the Mineral Resources of Tennessee’] (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 1911); “History, Occurrence and Distribution of the Marbles of East Tennessee,” Marble Deposits of East Tennessee [Bulletin 28] (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 1924).

42 The monument was originally proposed by the Washington National Monument Society, a group of private citizens who hoped to accomplish what they saw the federal government as having failed to do: erect a permanent place at which to honor the first president. After the Civil War, the United States Government completed the monument and took over its ownership.

43 Advertisements for marble to be used in the exterior portions of the U.S. Capitol Extensions appeared in 1851; notices soliciting bids for interior marble were first published in 1853.

ͳ͹ Tennessee Marble: A Social Construction?

–• ‰”‘™‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –Šƒ–

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‘‡–Š‹‰‘ˆƒˆ‹ –‹‘Ǥ •–”‹ –‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ –‡”•ǡ–Š‡

˜‹˜‹†Ž› ‘Ž‘”‡†”‘ ‘–‡†„›‡ƒ”Ž›˜‹•‹–‘”•‹•‹ˆƒ –†‡•‡Ž› ‘’ƒ –‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ

’‹‰‡–‡† „› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†Ǧ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ

• ‹‡–‹•–•ǡƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”•™‡”‡‘–›‡–ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡† ˜‡”•—• ‘Ǧ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡†

•–‘‡ǤͶͶ

˜‡ –‘†ƒ›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ† •–‘‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‘”• ‰‘ –‘ ‰”‡ƒ–’ƒ‹•–‘

ƒ‡–Šƒ–†‹•–‹ –‹‘ǡƒ†•‘‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ƒ†„—‹Ž†‡”•ƒ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ–

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ› ‘– „‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡

†‹•–‹ –‹‘ ‹• ‘•–Ž› ‹‰‘”‡†Ǥ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘–‹—‡• –‘ „‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ• ƒ

’”‡‹— †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „› ƒ” Š‹–‡ –• ƒ† „—‹Ž†‡”•ǡ ƒ† •–‘‡

‘–”ƒ –‘”•ƒ††‡ƒŽ‡”• ‘–‹—‡–‘”‡–ƒ‹–Š‡Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–•’‘•‹–‹˜‡

ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž› ‘Ž‘”‡† •–‘‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ –‘’Ǧ”ƒ‡† Š‘‹ ‡ ˆ‘” †‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ‹–‡”‹‘”•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆǦ™Š‹–‡ ȋ’‹Ȍ ‡‡••‡‡ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ •–‘‡

‘ˆ–‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡š–‡”‹‘”—•‡Ǥ—‡–‘‹–••—’‡”‹‘”

†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ ƒ† •–ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ƒ† –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Šǡ

 44 Metamorphism is a term of geology, which is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition (1992) as: “the process by which rocks are altered in composition, texture, or internal structure by extreme heat, pressure, and the introduction of new chemical substances.” ͳͺ ‡‡••‡‡Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz‹•‘ˆ–‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ –—ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡‘”–‘‰”ƒ‹–‡„›ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•

ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”•Ǥ

Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•‡Œ‘›‡†•— ŠƒŽ‘‰ƒ††‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†Š‹•–‘”›ƒ†–Šƒ–‹–‹••–‹ŽŽ

ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡–‘†ƒ›’”‘’–•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡ǡƒ†‹™Šƒ– ‘–‡š–•ǡ –Š‡

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹•–‹ –‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡Ǥ ‘™— Šǡ‹ˆƒ–ƒŽŽǡ†‹†‘”†‘‡•‹–ƒ––‡”ǫ‘ƒ‹†

‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡ǣ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡–‡”ƒ”„Ž‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†

–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”‡‡••‡‡ǯ••‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ–—•ǡ ™‹ŽŽ„”‹‡ˆŽ›‘—–Ž‹‡–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡—•ƒ‰‡ƒ†•—ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰™‹–Š‹

–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ



A Very Beautiful Native Porphyry

Š‡–Š‡” Š‘•‡ ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘”ǡ ˆ‘” †—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‘” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘„˜‹‘—•

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹•†‘ —‡–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹—•‡„›ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š‡Žƒ–‡

‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǤͶͷˆ‹‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•–Š‡ˆƒ –‹–™ƒ•

‡’Ž‘›‡† ƒ• ƒ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ȋ‡š–‡”‹‘”Ȍ „—‹Ž†‹‰ •–‘‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ͳ͹ͻ͹ †™‡ŽŽ‹‰ •–‹ŽŽ

•–ƒ†‹‰ ‹ ‡‡••‡‡ ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ ͶȌǤ ‘” Š‹• –™‘ •–‘”› ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡ Š‘‡ ‡ƒ”

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ”ƒ ‹• Ž‡šƒ†‡” ƒ•‡›Ȅ‘” Š‘ƒ• ‘’‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ – Š‡ Šƒ†

„”‘—‰Š–—’ˆ”‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒȄ Š‘•‡„Ž‘ •‘ˆ”‘—‰ŠŠ‡™†ƒ”’‹

ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š‡›•–‘‡•ƒ† ‘—”•‡•‘ˆ„Ž—‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǤŠ‡•‡•–‘‡•ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ˆ‘—†  45Stuart W. Maher and Joe P. Walters, “The Marble Industry of Tennessee,” State of Tennessee Department of Conservation and Commerce, Division of Geology, Information Circular No. 9 (Nashville: 1960), 1.

ͳͻ „‡††‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ™‡”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‹ ‘—– ”‘’’‹‰• ‡ƒ”„› ‹ –Š‡ „ƒ• ‘ˆ

‘ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š”‘ƒ†‹˜‡”•Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š ‘’‡‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘

Šƒ˜‡†‡•‹‰‡†‘–Š‡”Š‘—•‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡Š‡Ž‹˜‡†‘–Š‡ƒ•‡›’Žƒ ‡ǡ‘‡

‘–Š‡”‘™‡šƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

ƒ•‡›ǡƒ•—”˜‡›‘”ǡŠƒ† ‘‡†‘™ˆ”‘‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ‹ͳ͹ͺ͵™‹–Š ƒ‡•

Š‹–‡ȋ–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ȍ–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‡•‡––Ž‡†

ˆ‹”•–‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹––Ž‡‹‡•–‘‡”‡‡‡ƒ” ”‡‡‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ “—‹”‹‰Žƒ†

Š‘Ž†‹‰•‘ˆƒ„‘—–ʹͲͲͲƒ ”‡•ǡŠ‡‘˜‡†Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›ˆ—”–Š‡”•‘—–Šǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–

–Šƒ–™ƒ•–‘„‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡™ƒ•–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•Ž‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—’‡”‹‘”‘—”–ˆ‘”

–Š‡‘—–Š™‡•–‡””‹–‘”›—†‡”‹ŽŽ‹ƒŽ‘—–ǤͶ͸”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ‡†™ƒ‘†ǡ‘™

‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•‡› ‘—•‡ǡ–Š‹•Šƒ†•‘‡•–”— –—”‡‹•‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‰‹•–‡”‘ˆ

‹•–‘”‹ Žƒ ‡•Ǥ—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›ǡ‹–‹•–Š‡‘Ž›‘™‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ”„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ

ƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŽ‹‡•–‘‡™ƒ•—•‡†‹–™‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ‡‘—•‡šƒ’Ž‡•„—‹Ž–„›•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›

’”‘‹‡–•‡––Ž‡”•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”‹‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ǤŠ‡•‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›

‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ† ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ •–‘‡ †™‡ŽŽ‹‰•ǡ „‘–Š Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ —‡” ‘—–›ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒ‡•

‹ Š‡•–‡”ǯ•”ƒ‰ˆ‘–ƒ†ƒ‹‡Ž‹–Šǯ•‘ ƒ•–Ž‡Ǥ



 46 Charles H. Faulkner, “An Early Scotch-Irish Family: The Ramsey House Archaeological Project,” The Journal of East Tennessee History, 77 supp. (2006), 59-60.

 ʹͲ

 ‹‰—”‡ͶǤƒ•‡› ‘—•‡ǡ‘”™ƒ‘†ǡͳ͹ͻ͹ǡ‘š‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡Ǥ



• ƒ †‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”‹‘” •–‘‡ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˆ‹‰—”‡† ‘” Dz˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†dz

ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‹”•– „‡ ƒ‡ ‘™ ˆ‘” ‹–• —•‡ ‹ ’”‘‹‡– ’—„Ž‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†Ǧ

‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”•–ƒ‹”•ǡ ‘Ž—•ǡ ƒ† ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ

–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ• ‡Ž‡‰ƒ– ”‡‡ ‡˜‹˜ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡ ‡‡••‡‡ –ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ȋͳͺͶͷǦͳͺͷͻȌ

‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •Šƒ†‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‘š ‘—–› –‘ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ––”ƒ –‡† –Š‡ ‘–‹ ‡‘ˆ ”‡†‡”‹  ƒ™ Ž•–‡† ‘ ƒ Œ‘—”‡› –Š”‘—‰Š

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡„›”‹˜‡”‹ͳͺͷͶǤ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡•–”— –—”‡ƒ•Dz„—‹Ž–‘ˆ•‘‘–ŠǦ —–„Ž—‡

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ„‘–Š™‹–Š‹ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–dz‘–‹‰ǡDz‘”ƒ‡–‹‰‹–• Šƒ„‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘Ž—•

‘ˆƒ˜‡”›„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘”’Š›”›ǡˆ‹‡™Š‹–‡‰”ƒ‹•‹ƒ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡‰”‘—†ǤdzͶ͹

 47 Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey Through Texas: Or, a Saddle-trip on the ʹͳ Š‡ „”‘™‹•ŠǦ”‡† •–‘‡ —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ –ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰”ƒ†

•–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘Ž—• ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰•ǡ ‘–ƒ‹• ˜‡”› ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘••‹Ž

ˆ‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™Š‹–‡’ƒ––‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‹•ˆ‹”•–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡’‘”–

ȋͳͺͷͷȌǡƒˆˆ‘”† ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‹••–‘‡Dz˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•ƒ”„Ž‡dzǣ

Š‹•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†par excellence–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹•ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•ƒ† ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•”‘ Ǥ –Šƒ•ǡ‹‹–•’‘Ž‹•Š‡† ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ „”‹‰Š–‰”‘—†‘ˆ„”‘™‹•Š”‡† ‘Ž‘”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘”‡‘”Ž‡••ˆ”‡‡Ž›‘––Ž‡† ™‹–Š™Š‹–‡ƒ†‰”ƒ›ˆŽ‡‡ › Ž‘—†•ƒ†•’‘–•Ǥ –Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ–Š‡•‡ Ž‘—†• ƒ† •’‘–• ƒ”‡ †‹•–‹ – ƒ† ™‡ŽŽ †‡ˆ‹‡†ǡ •Š‘™‹‰ǡ ƒ– –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—• ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ „”‘™‹•ŠǦ”‡† ‘Ž‘” ‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—† ˜ƒ”‹‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ– •‘‡ ’‘‹–• ƒ †ƒ”‡” •Šƒ†‡ –Šƒ ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ‡ ’”‡ˆ‡” –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š–‡” ‰”‘—†Ǥ –Š‡” •‡ ‘†ƒ”› “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ‘ˆ–‡ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ Šƒ˜‡‘–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǦ†‡ˆ‹‡† Ž‘—†•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•’‘”–‹‘••Š‘™• –‘‘†‹•–‹ –Ž›–Š‡‹”‘”‰ƒ‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ‘‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹‰Š–’”‡ˆ‡”–‘•‡‡–Š‡ Žƒ––‡” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǤͶͺ  Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹†—•–”› ’”‘•’‡”‡† ƒ† ‰”‡™ ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽŽ›

–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• –‡” ‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡š–‡†‡† ˆ”‘ ͳͺͷͶ –‘ –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡

‡–—”›Ǥ—”‹‰Š‹•–‡—”‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ “—‹”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ƒ™‹•

‘—–›ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡‘ˆˆ‘—”‰”ƒ†•–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡™‹‰•„‡‹‰ƒ††‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ†

‡ƒ–‡ǤͶͻ ‡”Šƒ’• ‹– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ‹

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†’ƒ––‡”‹‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡•

ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‡†–‘‹ –‘”‹ƒ–ƒ•–‡ǡ„—–‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡•’ƒ™‡†ƒ„‘‘‹‰‹†—•–”›‹

 Southwestern Frontier (New York: Dix, Edwards & Company, 1857), 35-36.

48 Safford, 105.

49 This reddish-brown, highly fossilized marble, of a color referred to as “cedar” by the industry today, was obtained from a quarry just south of Rogersville for use in three of the four highly visible grand staircases leading to the House and Senate chambers. The fourth staircase is white Italian marble.

ʹʹ –Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǥ–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•‘ˆ‘šƒ†Ž‘—– ‘—–‹‡•†”‘˜‡

ƒ”‡–‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‡‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›™Š‘Šƒ†ˆ‹”•–

‘‡–‘”‘‘•–ǯ•ƒ––‡–‹‘‹–Š‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ•Ǥ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•‹–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†

‡˜‹”‘•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ›ͳͺͷͶǡ

–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘ƒŽ–‘ǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǡ–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ–‘—†‘ȋ–Š‡‘™ƒ•

Žƒ‹”ǯ• ‡””›Ȍ™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›–”ƒ ‡†„›–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ† ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥ’‘

‘’Ž‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† „”‹†‰‡ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‡” ƒ–‘—†‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‡

ˆ”‘ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ –‘ ƒŽ–‘ǡ ‘‡ –‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒ –‘ –Š‡ –Žƒ–‹  ‘ƒ•– ’‘”–•ǡ

™ƒ• ‘’‡‡† –‘ ‰”‡ƒ– ˆƒˆƒ”‡ ‹ —‡ ͳͺͷͷǤ  ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ Ž‹‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒ™‡”‡—†‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†

”‹•–‘ŽǤ Š‡ –Š‡› Œ‘‹‡† ‡ƒ” ”‡‡‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‹ ͳͺͷͺǡ ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ ™ƒ• ƒ– Žƒ•–

‘‡ –‡†„›”ƒ‹Žǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡ–‘’‘‹–•‘”–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡Ƭ 

ƒ† –Š‡ Ƭǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰ƒ—‰‡ ”ƒ‹Ž•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† –Š‡ ‘•– †‹”‡ –

”‘—–‡ •‘—–Š ˆ‘” ƒ”‰‘ ȋ„‘–Š ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ‰‘‘†•Ȍ ‘˜‹‰ ‹ „‘–Š

†‹”‡ –‹‘•Ǥ  ‘” –Š‡ Š‡ƒ˜› ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† Š‡”‡–‘ˆ‘”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† „‡‹‰ Šƒ—Ž‡† –‘

™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›• ƒ† „‘ƒ–‡† †‘™•–”‡ƒ –‘ ”ƒ‹Ž ‘” ”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡‡ƒ––”‡‡†‘—•ƒ”‡–‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ

›–Š‡–—”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–—”›ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘—†‹

ƒŒ‘” ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Dz‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‘””‹†‘”Ǥdz ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡” ƒ†

Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‘Š–‹Ž‰‘‡Šƒ•–”ƒ ‡†Š‘™–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ˆ‘”‰‡†ƒ‡™—”„ƒ

‡–™‘”‘ˆ˜‹•‹„Ž‡’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡•ƒ‘‰–Š‡ ‹–‹‡• ‘‡ –‡†„›”ƒ‹ŽǤ ƒ› ‹–‹‡• ʹ͵ ™‡Ž ‘‡† ‡™ „—•‹‡••ǡ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• –‘ ’”‘ˆ‹– ˆ”‘ƒ ‡••–‘”ƒ‹Ž

–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡƒ†„—‹Ž–‹’”‡••‹˜‡‡†‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ”ƒ‹ŽǦ”‹†‹‰’—„Ž‹ ǤŠ‡›‡Œ‘›‡†ƒ

”‹•‡‹•–ƒ–—•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǤͷͲ

Š‡–Š‡•‡†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘‡†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡

”‡ƒ– ‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒŽŽǦ„—–Ǧ†‡ˆ— – ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹†—•–”› ™ƒ• ”‡˜‹˜‡†„›‘”†‡”•‘ˆ

†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ƒ†–Š‡‡™ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

’‘•– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• ˆ‘” ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ™Š‘•‡ ‹–‡”‹‘” ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ƒ†

‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”™ƒ••‘—” ‡†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”› ™ƒ• ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž›Ǧ‡†‘™‡† „› †”‡™ ‡ŽŽ‘ ƒ† Š‹• ‹––•„—”‰ŠǦ

„ƒ•‡† ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”‡ –‡††—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†™‡”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ

”‡•‹†‡– ”ƒŽ‹‘‘•‡˜‡Ž–ǯ•‡™‡ƒŽǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†‘–‘Ž›–‘„‘‘•––Š‡

Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘› „› ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” •‹ŽŽ‡† ™‘”‡”• ƒ†‘–Š‡Œ‘„

–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘”ƒ‹•‡‘”ƒŽ‡„› ‘–”‹„—–‹‰Šƒ†•‘‡Ž›†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ

„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥͷͳ

 50 John R. Stilgoe, Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene (Yale University Press, 1983), 15. Stilgoe, geographer and professor of landscape architecture, has argued that railroads transformed the nation between 1880 and 1930, making visible the physical progress of cities along the route and prompting aspirations to greatness among those with direct service. He called particular attention to the image of handsome terminals at the end of the rail lines. Once impressive destinations in themselves, by the time this book was written they largely ignored by the car-driving public.

51 Carroll Van West, Tennessee’s New Deal Landscape: A Guidebook (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001), 5, 15.

ʹͶ Š‡ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ †‹† ‘– ‡† ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͶͲ•Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š

‘Ž›ƒŠƒ†ˆ—Ž‘ˆ“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ”‡‘’‡–‘†ƒ›ȋƒŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›Ȍǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡ Š‘•‡ˆ‘”Š‹‰ŠŽ›

˜‹•‹„Ž‡’—„Ž‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”‹–•‡†—”‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ•ƒ’”‡•–‹‰‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–Š‡Ž‘‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ—•‡‹’”‘‹‡–’—„Ž‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ  

•‡Ž‡ –‡†Ž‹•–‘ˆ‘–ƒ„Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡ǣ‡š–‡”‹‘”ǡ

ƒ•– —‹Ž†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”› ‘ˆ ”– ȋ ǤǤ ‡‹ ƒ† ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ

ͳͻ͹͸ȌǢ ‡š–‡”‹‘”ǡ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ —•‡— ‘ˆ ”– ȋ†™ƒ”† ƒ””ƒ„‡‡ ƒ”‡•ǡ ” Š‹–‡ –ǡ

ͳͻͻͲȌǢ ‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ ǤǤ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹•‹–‘”ǯ• ‡–‡” ȋŽƒ ƒ–ƒǡ ” Š‹–‡ –ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǢ ƒ†

„‘–Š‡š–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ ‘™ƒ”† Ǥƒ‡”ǡ ”Ǥ‡–‡”ˆ‘”—„Ž‹ ‘Ž‹ ›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›

‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ȋ ƒ”–› ‘Ž•ƒ’’Ž‡ ƒ”–›ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ

  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‹––‡– †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” •— Š

‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ›˜‹•‹„Ž‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ–”‡†–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ

‘’‘•‹–‡•–‘‡ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ƒ”„Ž‡†—•–‹š‡†™‹–Š ‘ ”‡–‡Ǥ’”‘‹‡–”‡ ‡–

‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”˜‡‡‡”ˆ‹‹•Š‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”›‡–‡”

ȋƒ”„‡”  —””›ǡ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ — Š ƒ ‘ƒ–‹‰ ’”‘˜‹†‡• –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ

„—‹Ž†‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ†Œ‘‹• Žˆ”‡† —ŽŽ‡––ǯ• ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ —•–‘ ‘—•‡ ƒ† ‘•– ˆˆ‹ ‡

ȋͳͺ͹ʹȌǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘™•–”— –—”‡•–‘—•‡•ƒ™„Ž‘ •‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•

†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡Ǥͷʹ

 52 Waste marble was apparently being burned for lime by the 1910s. Since lime is also a prime ingredient in popular building materials such as cement, it is possible that as historical demand for the more expensive marble slowed from time to time, some of the stone was repurposed into cheaper materials.

ʹͷ —––Š‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ‘•‡–‹ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ›‘–’”‘˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽ‹

–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”Ǥ‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘” ‘–‹—‹‰–‘†‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ–Š‹‰‹‰Š–‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡

ˆƒ ––Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹–

ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‡š ‡Ž•‘˜‡”–Š‡’—”‡™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‹ƒ›”‡•’‡ –•Ǥ – ƒ™‹–Š•–ƒ†ƒ

‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡™‹–Š‘—– ”ƒ ‹‰ǡ‹–‹•†‡•‡Ž›‰”ƒ‹‡†ǡ‹–ƒ„•‘”„•˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡

™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†‹–‹••–ƒ‹ƒ†‘†‘””‡•‹•–ƒ–Ǥ‡•‹†‡•™Š‹ Šǡ‹– ‘‡•‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ

‘Ž‘”•ƒ†’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ƒ„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™Š‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡƒ†Šƒ•’”‘˜‡‘”‡

”‡•‹•–ƒ––‘™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–Šƒ•ƒ†•–‘‡ǡ‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡƒ†ƒ›Ž‹‡•–‘‡•Ǥͷ͵



Tennessee: A Leader in the Field

‹˜‡ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‘–‹—‹‰ •–”‘‰ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǯ• ’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—• „—‹Ž†‹‰ •–‘‡ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ‘

–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹‰‹–ƒ”„Ž‡ǫ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹••–‹ŽŽ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘„›–Šƒ–ƒ‡

‹•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‹–‹•‘™ ‘•‹†‡”‡†„›‘•––‘„‡‘–Š‹‰

‘”‡–Šƒƒ•—’‡”‹‘”Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǯ•‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒŽ‘‘„ƒ ™‹–Š

’”‹†‡—’‘–Š‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ Ǥ

—”†—‡ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†–ƒ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Š‹”† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‹ͳͻͳʹǡ ƒŽŽ‡†‡‡••‡‡

DzƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡdzŠ‡ƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

 53 According to results of two different tests reported by geologist C.H. Gordon in 1911, four Tennessee marbles from the Knoxville area had 13,000-17,000 pounds per cubic inch of crushing power; three others withstood 300,000 pounds pressure. Gordon, 1911, 21-22.

ʹ͸ ‹’”‡••‹˜‡”‘•–‡”‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ—”†—‡ǯ• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡

’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”ǡ ‡‘”‰‡•ŠŽ‡›ǡŠƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒŠ‘•–‘ˆ‡™‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ

„—ŽŽ‡–‹•ǡ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‡”ƒ‘ˆ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ—”†—‡ǯ•

‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‹••—‡ƒ•ƒ•’‡‡ Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ–ƒ”‡ ‡–‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡

‘—–Š‡”‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ• ‘–‹—‹‰

–‘ –‘—– –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰› ™‹–Š • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‹

‡‡••‡‡ǤͷͶ

‡‰‹‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‡„‡ŽŽ— ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ™Š‡ ˆ‡™ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡• ‹

–Š‡‘—–Š’Žƒ ‡†ƒ•— Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–Š‡ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 

‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ• –Š‡› †‹† ‘ ƒ Dz Žƒ••‹ ƒŽdz ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ–

‡‡••‡‡ƒ•’‹”‡†–‘ƒ‘”‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘‹–•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

‘–Š–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›’”‘˜‹†‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–‹•–”— –‹‘‹–Š‡‘—–Š‹‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† ‘„‹‡†‹–™‹–Šˆ‹‡Ž†–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ –Š‡

ͳͺͶͲ•ǡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‡”ƒ”† ”‘‘•– „‡‰ƒ –‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ

•‘‹Ž•™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†„‡ ƒ‡ ‘Ǧ‡†‹–‘”‘ˆƒ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘

ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ‡‰”‹ —Ž–—”‹•–Ǥdzͷͷ

Š‡ —””‹ —Ž— ’Žƒ‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ƒ–

‡™ƒ‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•’—”’‘•‡Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡†–‘”‹˜ƒŽ–Š‡ˆ‹‡•–‘”–Š‡” ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ

‘ˆˆ‡”‡† „‘–Š Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  •–—†‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ

 54 A.H. Purdue, The Resources of Tennessee, II (Nashville: State of Tennessee Geological Survey, 1912), 220.

55Corgan, “Geology in Antebellum Tennessee,”50.

ʹ͹ ‘‡” ‡ǡƒ†‹‹‰Ǥͷ͸Š‡ Žƒ••‡•ƒ––Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›ȋˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͺ͸Ͳ„—–‘–

‘’‡‡† ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ”Ȍ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ ‡† ‹ ͳͺ͸ͷǡ –Š‡ • Š‘‘Žǯ• • ‹‡ ‡

ƒ† ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ —””‹ —Žƒ ™‡”‡ „‘Ž•–‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ —Ž–›

‡„‡”•–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‡•–‘‹–Ǥ •–”— –‘”• ”ƒ ‹•Š‘—’ƒ††—†‹”„›‹–Šǡ

„‘–Š ‡•– ‘‹– ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹ ‡Ǧ

Šƒ ‡ŽŽ‘”ǡ ‘•‹ƒŠ ‘”‰ƒ•ǡ™Š‘•‡ —”‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•ǡ™ƒ•Š‹•‡Žˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”

Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡ ‘”†ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡ǡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ™ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†–‘

’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ •‘—† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘—–Š‡” ‡Ǥ

‘”‰ƒ•ǡ ™Š‘ Ž‡ˆ– ‡™ƒ‡‡ –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ Žƒ„ƒƒ ƒ ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ

”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ•–”‘‰ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ‘—”•‡•‹ Š‡‹•–”›ǡ’Š›•‹ •ǡƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥͷ͹ 

–‹•‹”‘‹ –Šƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‰”‡™–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”

‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ‡Žƒ–‡–‘‹–•’—”•—‹–Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͺͶͲ•ƒ†

ͳͺͷͲ•–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ˆ‡™’”‡ ‡†‡–•ƒ–™Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ˆ‘”

–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ‰‹‡‡”Ž„‡”–Ǥ‡ƒǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ–

‡•–‘‹–ƒ†™Š‘Š‡Ž’‡†Žƒ›‘—––Š‡‘†‡”•–”‡‡–•‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡”‡‹

–Š‡ͳͺͶͲ•Ǥ‡ƒǯ•ͳͺͷͷƒ’ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͷȌ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘•Š‘™–Š‡‡™”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•

 56 Dan R. Frost Thinking Confederates: Academia and the Idea of Progress in the New South (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000), 20.

57 Ibid., 82.

 ʹͺ ‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ



‹‰—”‡ͷǤǤǤ‡ƒǡPlan of the City of KnoxvilleǡTennessee, ͳͺͷͷǤ‘—”–‡•›‘š ‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ   ƒ‡•Ǥ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡ™Š‘‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ ‘—”•‡‹‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›ǡ™ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‹‡

ƒ™ƒ›–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –ˆ‹‡Ž†•’‡ ‹‡•‹–Š‡‹†ͳͺͷͲ•Ǥͷͺ—–ǡ†—”‹‰ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Ž

ƒ”ǡ—‹˜‡”•‹–›–”—•–‡‡Ǧ–—”‡†Ǧ’”‡•‹†‡–Š‘ƒ• —‡•ǡƒ•–ƒ— Š‹‘‹•–ǡ

‘–‹—‡†–‘†‡ˆ‡†ƒ —””‹ —Ž—„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽƒ”–•‘†‡Ž‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ  58 James Riley Montgomery, Stanley J. Folmsbee, and Lee Seifert Greene, To Foster Knowledge: A History of the University of Tennessee, 1794-1970. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 54, 60.

ʹͻ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡•‹•–‡†–Š‡’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–”—•–‡‡Ž‹˜‡”‡””›‡’Ž‡ǡ‘‡

‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‘•–’”‘‹‡–‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†‹ͳͺ͸͹–‘„‡‡‡••‡‡ǯ•Žƒ†Ǧ‰”ƒ–‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†

ˆ‘”—†‡”–Š‡‘””‹ŽŽ –ǡ‡’Ž‡‰‘–Š‹•™‹•Šˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ —””‹ —Ž—Ǥͷͻ

‡’Ž‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ‹–”›‹‰–‘”‡ ”—‹– ‘ŠǤ ”›†‡ǡ–Š‡‘—–Š

ƒ”‘Ž‹‹ƒ™Š‘Šƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ•‡™ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ —””‹ —Ž—

‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺ͸Ͳ•ǡ–‘ƒ••—‡–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡—’‘

—‡•ǯ•†‡’ƒ”–—”‡Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘Ž—”‡ ”›†‡„ƒ –‘‡‡••‡‡ǡ‡’Ž‡ǯ•

ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰‘”‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†

‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ž‹‡•™‡”‡ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥƒ„‡›ǡ™Š‘

ƒ””‹˜‡†‹ͳͺͺ͹Ǥƒ„‡›ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ Š‡‹•–”›ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›ǡƒ†

‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ– ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•‹‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ†‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡŠƒ††‹”‡ –‡†‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǯ•

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–•–ƒ–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‹‰–‘‡‡••‡‡Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒƒǤ ”‘•–

Šƒ••‹‰Ž‡†Š‹‘—–ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‡„‡”‘ˆƒ’‘•–Ǧ„‡ŽŽ—‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–

”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‘”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡

™ƒ”Ǧ”ƒ˜ƒ‰‡†•‘—–Š‡”‡ ‘‘›Ǥ͸Ͳƒ„‡›™ƒ• ‘ ‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘—–Š™ƒ•–‘‘

†‡’‡†‡–‘• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡š’‡”–‹•‡‹’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†

†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Dzǥ‹•–‹–—–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǥ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‹•–ǡ–Š‡‹‹‰‡‰‹‡‡”ƒ†‡–ƒŽŽ—”‰‹•–ǡ–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”ǡƒ†  59 Ibid., 74.

60 Frost, 110.

͵Ͳ –Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”‘ˆ‘—” ‘—–”›Ǥdz͸ͳƒ„‡›”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†–Š‡—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡

’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›‹–‘–Š‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‡ Šƒ‹ ”–•ƒ†

 ‹‡ ‡•ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘—”•‡•‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ‹˜‹Ž‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ

Š‡‹•–”›ǡƒ†‹‹‰‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ™‹–ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‹„‡”ƒŽƒ”–•

‘—”•‡•ƒ••—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡†„‘–Š’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ 

˜‹•‹‘–‘Š‹•‡™Š‘‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥͳͺͻ͸ƒ’‡–‹–Ž‡†Dz”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ’

‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǥdzŽ‹•–•Šƒ”Ž‡•Ǥƒ„‡›ǡ ”Ǥƒ•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ

‡š’‡”‹‡–•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͸ʹ

Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡” ‡‡••‡ƒ• •—„• ”‹„‡† –‘ –Š‘•‡ •ƒ‡

„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‹ –Š‡ †‡ ƒ†‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ„‡›ǯ• ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǤ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘•‡’Š — ‡”

‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡†‹–‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Union and American‡™•’ƒ’‡”ǡ™Š‘

™ƒ• ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• —”‡ƒ— ‘ˆ

‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ „—”‡ƒ—ǯ• ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ͳͺ͹ͳǡ ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ •’‡––™‘›‡ƒ”•

‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•–‹„‡”ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽŽƒ†•Ǥ͸͵ ‡ƒŽ•‘™‘”‡† Ž‘•‡Ž›™‹–Š–ƒ–‡

 61 Montgomery, Folmsbee, Greene, 139.

62 “A Preliminary Agricultural Map of Tennessee: Based on the Distribution of Geological Formations Compiled From the Most Recent Data Under the Auspices of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station” (Baltimore: A. Hoen, 1896), Tennessee State Library and Archives, catalogued as Map 538. This map is the first Tennessee map to reflect the presence of the United States Geological Survey in East Tennessee, acknowledging the Survey’s geological contributions for that section of the state, while still relying on Safford for the geology of Middle Tennessee.

63 Connie Lester, “Joseph Buckner Killebrew,” in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Carroll Van West, ed. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998), 502.

͵ͳ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ™Š‘•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘•—Ž–‹‰ Š‡‹•––‘–Š‡„—”‡ƒ—†—”‹‰ƒ

’‡”‹‘†‘ˆŠ‹ƒ–—•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›Ǥ͸Ͷ

Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›

‹ –Š‡ ͳͺͻͲ• Š‡Ž’‡† •™ƒ› –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ˆ”‘ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‘

Dz ‘‘‹  ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥdz͸ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ‘•ǡ ™Š‘ ‘˜‡”•ƒ™ ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” ‘ ‡–ƒŽŽ‹  ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡ

‘–‡† ‹ ‹–”‘†— –‘”› ”‡ƒ”• ˆ‘” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͳͻͲ͵ –Šƒ––Š‡–‡”

Dz ‘‘‹  ‡‘Ž‘‰›dz ™‘—Ž† Š‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” ™Šƒ–Šƒ† ˆ‘”‡”Ž› „‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†

‹‹‰ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤ ƒ›‡•ǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ••—”˜‡›ǡ

Šƒ† „‡‡ ‹ ‡‡••‡‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† ™”‹––‡ ”‡’‘”–• ‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‹”‘

”‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ†‡™ƒ‡‡‹–Š‡ͳͺͻͲ•Ǥ Š‹•‹–”‘†— –‹‘–‘–Š‡

ͳͻͲ͵ ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡† „‘–Š ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ† ‘”–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ ˆ‹‡Ž† ”‡’‘”–•ǡ

ƒ›‡•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǣDzŠ‡’ƒ’‡”•‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ”‡•— Š‘Ž›ƒ•Šƒ˜‡†‹”‡ – ‡ ‘‘‹ 

„‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒŽŽ“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ’—”‡Ž›• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‹–‡”‡•–„‡‹‰‡š Ž—†‡†Ǥdz͸͸

‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•™Š‘•— ‡‡†‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ ‘–‹—‡†‹–Š‡

•ƒ‡˜‡‹ǡ‹–‡–‘’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ 

„‡––‡”‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡ ƒ‡ˆ”‘‹†—•–”›ǡ‘–Š‡”•ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒǤ

 64 L.C. Glenn, “The Growth of Our Knowledge of Tennessee Geology,” Resources of Tennessee II, no. 5 (Nashville: The Geological Survey of Tennessee, 1912, 197. According to Glenn, no survey was maintained by the state from 1870-1880 and reports concerning mineral resources were issued during this period by the Bureau of Agriculture.

65 United States Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Contributions to Economic Geology, 24 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903), 16.

66 Ibid., 9.

͵ʹ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹‡‡••‡‡Šƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†„‘–Š

• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•ǡˆ”‘–Š‹•’‘‹–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‘”‡

’”‘‘— ‡†‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Ǥ

Š‹•‹‰Š–„‡‘‡”‡ƒ•‘™Š›–Š‡–‡”ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡ǡƒ†‹••–‹ŽŽǡ—•‡†–‘

†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ•–‘‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘†ƒ›ǯ•

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ‹‰Š– ’ƒ”•‡ ‡‡••‡‡ Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz ‹–‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ†

†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•–‘‡ǡ•— Š†‹•–‹ –‹‘•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›Ž‘•–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ

‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–Šƒ•ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘‘‘––Š‡‹••—‡„›”ƒ‹•‹‰

–Š‡’‘‹––Šƒ––Š‡™‘”†ƒ”„Ž‡‹•‘––‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ –‡”Ǥ‡–”‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ›‡

‘™‡ŽŽǡƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ–”‘‘Ž›ǡƒ‡• Ž‡ƒ”‘Š‹•™‡„•‹–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘

ƒ”„Ž‡‹•‘–ƒ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ •–‘‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡†‘‡•‘– ‘•‹†‡” ‹– ƒ –”—‡

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ͸͹Ž–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š‘™‡ŽŽ‘‘–Š‡”ƒ––‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”„”›‘œ‘ƒˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘›‡”Ž› ‘ —”•–Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹•‘–‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ 

ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ˆ‘”ƒDz–”—‡dzƒ”„Ž‡‹•™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– ‹– Šƒ•

—†‡”‰‘‡‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹•Ǥ͸ͺ–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘—”ƒ™•‹ǡ‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†‡–‡”

 67http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/powell/613webpage/NYCbuilding /TennesseeMarble/TennesseeMarble.htm [accessed 19 July 2010].

68 Michael A. Gibson and Don Byerly, Lessons From Limestone (Knoxville: Southeastern Section, Geological Society of America, 2006), 23; email correspondence with the author, November 2009.

͵͵ ‡‹•‹ǡ Š‹‡ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‹–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ

ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ”‘–Š‡‹••—‡Ǥ͸ͻ

‡––‡•–• ‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ ‘–‡–‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡–‘‘–Š‡”–›’‡•

‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™‹––‘ƒ– Š‘”‡š ‡‡†‡˜‡”›‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ†

•‘Ž—„‹Ž‹–› ‹ •–‘‡• Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ  ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz ’‘••‡••‡• „‘–Š

Š‹‰Š‡”†‡•‹–›ƒ†Ž‡••’‘”‘•‹–›–Šƒ–Š‡„‡†•‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡•—””‘—†‹‰‹–ǤŠ‡”‡

ƒ”‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Šƒ– ‹– ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ —†‡”‰‘‡ ‹–‡•‡

’”‡••—”‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒ Šƒ‹Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘”‹œ‡†–Šƒ–

”‡Ǧ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡„›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡ƒ•ǣ‹ˆ‘––Š”‘—‰Š

‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹•ˆ”‘Š‡ƒ–ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ǡƒ†Ȁ‘”–Š‡

”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆˆ‘••‹Žƒ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™‹–Š ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡ȋƒƒƒ”„Ž‡ȌǤ

ƒ–Š‡——•—ƒŽǡ‡˜‡—‹“—‡ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›

‡‹–Š‡” Š‡‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡• ‘” –Š‡ ‹–‡•‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ™‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ

•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›Žƒ›‡”•ǫ •‹–”‡‘–‡Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–ƒˆ‡™„‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•

–Š‘•‡™Š‡”‡‹–‹•ˆ‘—†‹ Ž‘•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž†‡””‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒ Šƒ‹‡ƒ”

–Š‡„‘”†‡”‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‡”‡‹–‘ —”•ƒ–‰”‡ƒ–‡•–†‡’–Šǡƒ•‹–Š‡

•„—”›•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘š‘—–›ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‘ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š”‘ƒ†

‹˜‡”•ǡƒ –—ƒŽŽ›did—†‡”‰‘•‘‡–›’‡‘ˆ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•

‘ —””‹‰‹•ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡”„‡†•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ‘”ƒ–‹‘†‹†‘–ǫ

 Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  ”‡’‘”–• ‹‰Š– ›‹‡Ž† Ž—‡• –‘ –Š‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –Š‘—‰Š–‘–Š‡‹••—‡ǤŠƒ–‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰  69 Dr. Ron Zurawski and Dr. Peter Lemiszki, personal interviews with the author, 2009. ͵Ͷ ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǫ‹†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘

Šƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǫŠ‡™ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•‘– ƒ Dz–”—‡dz

ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘–‡†ǫ • ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡“—ƒŽȄ–Šƒ–

•‘‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‹†—†‡”‰‘ˆ—ŽŽ‘”’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹•ǫ” ‘—Ž† ‡š–”‡‡

’”‡••—”‡ǡˆ”‘„‡‹‰ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆƒ•‡ƒ„‡†‰”‘™‹‰‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡†‡•‡™‹–Š

†‡ ‘’‘•‹‰ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—• ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒ ‘—– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǯ• ——•—ƒŽ†‡•‹–›ƒ†

†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǫ •–Š‡”‡ƒ›’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ– ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ–Š‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡Ȍ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‘ —””‡† –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ• ‘Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– Š‡ƒ– ƒ†

’”‡••—”‡ǫ

Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘–ƒ‹• ƒ †‡–‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ –Š”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡

‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˜‡”•—• Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ƒ‘‰ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•

‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǧ’”‘‹‡–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ‘–‹—‡†–‘‡†‘”•‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š

–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡˜•ǤŽ‹‡•–‘‡™ƒ•’”‡––›™‡ŽŽ Žƒ”‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‹”•–“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ„‘–Š„›‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡ ‡š’‡”–• ™Š‘

‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡”‡ƒ‹‡†•‘‡™Š‘•ƒ™‹–

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥ  ͵ͷ          

 Š‹• Fourth Report to the Tennessee State Legislature ȋͳͺ͵͹Ȍǡ ”Ǥ ‡”ƒ”†

”‘‘•–ǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘ˆ Š‡‹•–”›ǡ ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›ǡ ƒ† ‰‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹• ˆ‘—† ‹

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–Š‡†‹†‘–•–ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ǡ‹

‡••‡ ‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ ƒ”ˆ”‘‹–ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ†‡ƒ’‘‹–‘ˆ–‘—–‹‰–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•

•‘‡–Š‹‰ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ”ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ™‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘”–Š‡

”‡‰‹‘ǯ•‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡŠ‡Šƒ††‘‡–Š‹••‘™‡ŽŽǡ‹Š‹•ƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

‡‡”ƒŽ ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ ͳͺ͵ͳǡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š• ’”‹‘” –‘ Š‹• ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ƒ•

–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ‹–•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–”‘‘•–ǡŽ‹‡ƒ›ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‡’—”’‘•‡

‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š™ƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

ƒ‡•Ǥ‘”‰ƒƒ†‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ ‹„•‘‹’Ž›ƒ•— Š‹–Š‡‹”†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ”‘‘•–ǯ•

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ••‡„Ž›ǡ ™Š‹ Š „‡ ƒ‡ ‘”‡ ‘–‡–‹‘—• ƒ• –Š‡

Žƒ––‡”ǯ•‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‰”‡™Ǥͳ

”‘‘•–ǯ• •— ‡••‘”ǡ ƒ‡• ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‹ ͳͺͷͶǡ ™ƒ• Šƒ”‰‡† ™‹–Š

—†‡”–ƒ‹‰ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• •‡ ‘† ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •—”˜‡›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• –‘ „‡ƒ‘”‡

‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ   ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‘ǡ

ƒˆˆ‘”†‡ƒ”‡†ƒƒ•–‡”ǯ•†‡‰”‡‡ˆ”‘Š‹‘‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ͳͺͶ͸Ǥ ‡•’‡––™‘›‡ƒ”•

 1 James X. Corgan and Michael A. Gibson, “Geological Exploration in East Tennessee: Gerard Troost’s Travels in 1834,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1995), 141.

 ͵͸ ‹ ‡Œƒ‹ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǯ• Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ– ƒŽ‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‹‰ –‘ ‡„ƒ‘ǡ

‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹ͳͺͶͺ–‘–‡ƒ Š Š‡‹•–”›ǡƒ–—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›ǡƒ†‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–—„‡”Žƒ†

‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥʹ ‹•‡–‘”ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǡƒ Š‡‹•–ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–• ‹‡ ‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–ƒŽ‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ Šƒ† ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ American Journal of Science.‘‘ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‹

‡‡••‡‡ǡƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘•„‡‰ƒ–‘ƒ––”ƒ –•— Š‘–‹ ‡–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•

ƒ‘„˜‹‘—• Š‘‹ ‡ƒ•–Š‡‡š–•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒˆ–‡””‘‘•–ǯ•†‡ƒ–Š‹ͳͺͷͲǤ

 ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ˆ‹”•– ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡’‘”–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ

••‡„Ž›‹ͳͺͷͷƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͺͷ͸ǡŠ‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡

™ƒ•ǣDz‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘”ƒ‡–•‘ˆ‘—”‘™‘„Ž‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ•‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡•‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ–ƒ•Š‹‰–‘dzƒ†–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•’Ž‡ƒ•‡†–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’‘‹–‘—–‘”‡

Dz˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡„‡†•ǡ‘–Š‹–Š‡”–‘‘–‹ ‡†Ǥdz͵ —”–Š‡”ǡŠ‡”‡’‘”–‡†ǣDzŠ‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡•

‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣǮƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡† ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•Ǣ ”ƒ›‹•Š Š‹–‡

‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•Ǣ ƒ‰‡•‹ƒǢ Žƒ Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ ‹ƒ ƒ† ‘‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‡ ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǤǯdzͶ

Š‹Ž‡ Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ

Ž‹‡•–‘‡•†‹• —••‡†‹‘–Š‡”•‡ –‹‘•ǡŠ‹•†‡• ”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‘‡ƒ†ƒ›„‡„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ

†–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‘—†–Š‡‘”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‘••‹Ž‹œ‡†‘‡–‘„‡ƒ•—’‡”‹‘”•–‘‡ǣ

 2 Charles W. Wilson, Jr., State Geological Surveys and State Geologists of Tennessee: A History of the Development of the Division of Geology (Bulletin 81) (Nashville: Tennessee State Division of Geology, Department of Conservation, 1981), 8.

3 J.M. Safford, A Geological Reconnoissance of the State of Tennessee, 1856, being the author’s First Biennial Report presented to the 31st General Assembly of Tennessee, December 1855 (Nashville: G.C. Torbett & Co., 1856), 103.

4 Ibid., 104.

 ͵͹ ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘†‹•–‹ –˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ‡‹•ƒ ƒ”‰‹ŽŽƒ ‡‘—•Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡŽ‹––Ž‡ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•ǡ‘ˆ†—ŽŽǡ‰”ƒ›ǡ„”‘™‹•ŠǦ”‡†ǡƒ† •‘‡–‹‡•‰”‡‡‹•Š ‘Ž‘”•ǡƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹—†‡ˆ‹‡†„ƒ†‡† Ž‘—†•Ǥ –”‡ ‡‹˜‡• ƒ•‘‘–Šǡ‰‘‘†’‘Ž‹•ŠǤ— Šƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ•„‡‡“—ƒ””‹‡†ƒ†™‘”‡†–‘•‘‡ ‡š–‡–‹‘ƒ‡ǡ‡‹‰•ǡ‡– Ǥ –™ƒ•—•‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–ǦŠ‘—•‡‹‹‰•–‘ǤŠ‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†ƒ •—’‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹•–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š‹••‡‡‹–Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‘ˆ ‹ǡ‘šǡƒ† ƒ™‹•ǤŠ‹•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†par excellence–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•ƒ† ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•”‘ Ǥ –Šƒ•ǡ‹‹–•’‘Ž‹•Š‡† ‘†‹–‹‘ǡƒ„”‹‰Š–‰”‘—†‘ˆ„”‘™‹•Š”‡† ‘Ž‘”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• ˆ”‡‡Ž›‘––Ž‡†™‹–Š™Š‹–‡ƒ†‰”ƒ›ˆŽ‡‡ › Ž‘—†•ƒ†•’‘–•Ǥͷ 

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’ȋˆ‹‰—”‡͸Ȍǡ™Š‹ Šƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ˆ‹”•–”‡’‘”–Šƒ•ƒ”„Ž‡

“—ƒ””‹‡• ƒ”‡† ‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ •–”ƒ–ƒ Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ǡ ǡ  Ǥ



‹‰—”‡ ͸Ǥ ƒ•Ǥ Ǥ ƒˆˆ‘”†Ǥ Geological Map of the State of Tennessee Prepared with Reference to the Development of the Mineral & Agricultural Resources of the Stateǡ ͳͺͷͷǤ‘—”–‡•›‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ 

 5 Ibid.,105.

 ͵ͺ Š‡•‡•–”ƒ–ƒ”—–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‘—–‹‡•‘ˆŽ‘—–ǡ ”ƒ‹‰‡”ǡ ƒ™‹•ǡ

‘šƒ† ‹Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ • Š‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’”ƒ‡† –Š‡•–”ƒ–ƒˆ”‘

‘Ž†‡•––‘›‘—‰‡•–ǡ‹”‘—‰ŠŽ›’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž„ƒ†•ˆ”‘‡ƒ•––‘™‡•–ǣ Ǧ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ 

ƒ†‡‹Ǧ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ Ǣ Ǧ ƒ„”‹ƒǡ”‹ƒ”› ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•‘”ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹ ‡”ƒǢ

‘™‡”‹Ž—”‹ƒǡ”‹ƒ”› ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•‘”ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹ ‡”ƒǢ ’’‡”‹Ž—”‹ƒǦ‡˜‘‹ƒǡ

”‹ƒ”› ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•‘”ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹ ‡”ƒǢ Ǧƒ”„‘‹ˆ‡”‘—•ǡ”‹ƒ”› ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•‘”

ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹ ‡”ƒǢ ”‡–ƒ ‡‘—•ǡ‡ ‘†ƒ”›‡”ƒǢ ‡”–‹ƒ”›‡”ƒǢ Ǧ ‘•–Ǧ‡”–‹ƒ”›

‡”ƒǤ ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ••‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹•–”ƒ–ƒ ǡƒ

ƒ–‡‰‘”›•—„–‹–Ž‡†Dzƒ‰‡•‹ƒ‹‡•–‘‡ƒ†ŠƒŽ‡Ǥdz –Š‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”‡ƒ–‘

–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‘š‘—–›ǡ‹–‹•‘–‡–‹”‡Ž› Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡”‡•–”ƒ–ƒ ‡†•ƒ†

•–”ƒ–ƒǡDz‡–”ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡ƒ†ŠƒŽ‡ǡdz„‡‰‹•Ǥ–”ƒ–ƒ ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡š––‘‘‡

ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ†‘ —”‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž„ƒ†•”‘—‰ŠŽ›•‘—–Š–‘‘”–Šǡˆ”‘„‘”†‡”–‘„‘”†‡”‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡Ǥ ƒˆˆ‘”† ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹ ‡•– ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ‹ ‡–‘ ‘—–›ǡ

™Š‡”‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ •–”ƒ–ƒ  ǡ Dz ”ƒ› ‹‡•–‘‡ ƒ† ›‡•–‘‡ǡdz ‡ƒ” –Š‡

‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‡”Ǥ  ‡”› ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–ƒ ƒˆˆ‘”† Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ•  ƒ†  ‘’”‹•‡

™Šƒ– ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• –‘†ƒ› ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ƒ• ’’‡” ƒ„”‹ƒ –‘ ’’‡” ”†‹˜‹ ‹ƒǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘ —””‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‘™‡” ”†‹˜‹ ‹ƒ ƒ† ‹††Ž‡ ”†‘˜‹ ‹ƒ ’Šƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹•

™Šƒ– ‹• ‘™ –‘†ƒ› ƒ• –Š‡ Dz ‘Ž•–‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡdz ƒ †‡•‡Ž› ‘’ƒ – Ž‹‡•–‘‡

‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ ‘ƒ”•‡Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒŽ ‹–‡™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”‘”Ž‡••‡”ƒ‘—–•‘ˆˆ‘••‹Ž•

ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ•™Š‹–‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•ǡŽƒ„‡Ž‡†‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’•ƒ•OhoǤ͸‘†ƒ›ǯ•

 6Martin S. Kohl and Peter K. Lemiszki “Stratigraphic Columns and Geologic Cross Section for the Camelot Quadrangle” Tennessee Division of Geology USGS STATEMAP Project (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Environment and  ͵ͻ • ‹‡–‹•–• ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š ƒˆˆ‘”† –Šƒ– ‹‡”ƒŽ• •— Š ƒ• Š‡ƒ–‹–‡ ƒ”‡

”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡††‹•Š„”‘™ ‘Ž‘”‘ˆƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–‘‡•Ǥ͹

 ‹†ƒˆˆ‘”†’—„Ž‹ Ž›ƒ‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ †‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǫ ‡•–ƒ–‡† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†‘”‰ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”

‘ˆˆ‘••‹Ž•ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–• ‘’‘•‹–‹‘™ƒ•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•ǡƒ• ‹• Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ ‡

’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒŽ•‘—†‡”•–‘‘†–Šƒ–•‘‡•‘”–‘ˆ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž†

Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† –‘ ‘ —” –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Žǡ †—”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’‘Ž‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ǡ

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ‹–‘ ƒ –”—‡ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ —– Š‡ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†ǡ ƒ• ‘–Š‡” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡

• ‹‡–‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†•‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡†‘‡ǡ–Šƒ–•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹• ‘”

’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹• Šƒ† ‘ —””‡†ǡ ˆ”‘ Š‡ƒ– ‘” ’”‡••—”‡ ‘” „‘–ŠǤ ‘”‡ –Šƒ

Ž‹‡Ž›ǡƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ†‘–Š‡”‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‘ˆŠ‹•†ƒ›–‘‘ˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡†‡•‡ƒ†

†—”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†–‘ƒ‰Žƒ••›•Š‹‡ǡ™‡”‡

ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‹ˆ‘–‹‡”ƒŽ ‘–‡–ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ

Ž‹‡•–‘‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›‘ —””‡†Ǥ

 ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†™”‹–‹‰•†‘‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘ ‘–ƒ‹•’‡ —Žƒ–‹‘‘™Š‡–Š‡”

‘” ™Š‡ •–”— –—”ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‘ —””‡†ǡ ‘” ™Š‡–Š‡” Š‡ Šƒ†

 Conservation, Division of Geology, 2003). Interim geologic maps of Tennessee also basically concurred with Safford, refining the picture to show the Holston formation occurring only within bands of the designation Ochl, which USGS Geologist Arthur Keith referred to as Chickamauga limestone in 1895 and which was for many decades called the Chickamauga Group of Limestone. R.C.Miller and S.W. Maher, Generalized Geologic Map of Knox County With Mineral Resources, Mineral Industries, and Caves: Bulletin 70 (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 1973) map bound in report.

7 Michael A. Gibson and Don Byerly, Lessons from Limestone (Knoxville: Geological Society of America, 2006), 21, 48, 68.

 ͶͲ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ –Š”‘—‰Šƒ Š‡‹ ƒŽ

’”‘ ‡••”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŠ‡ƒ–‘”’”‡••—”‡Ǥ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–•‘–Š‡ƒ––‡”

ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†—’‹•‘”–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ –‹‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡

„‡‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‘•‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹  Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ‡• Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ

‘–‡†•ǣDzƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ƒ’‹•ƒ•‘†‡”ƒ•‹– ‘—Ž†„‡‹ͳͺͷ͸dz„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ•

›‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‘”‰ƒ•—‰‰‡•–•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‘”† ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›

‡™–Šƒ–ǡ„›‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ„”‹ƒƒ†‹Ž—”‹ƒ

’Šƒ•‡•ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‹‰–Š‡–‡”•DzƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹ dzƒ†Dz”‹ƒ”› ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•dz ƒ•

‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–•ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• „‡‹‰ ’—”’‘•‡Ž› ˜ƒ‰—‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡”‘ •

‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡†Ǥͺ

 ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ”‘‘•–Šƒ†‡–‘”‡†ƒ›‘—‰‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ‡†

‹ Šƒ”†—””‡›ǡ™Š‘Žƒ–‡”–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ–ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ’‘”‘‘•–ǯ•†‡ƒ–Šǡ

—””‡›ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†‡ƒ”‡†ƒǤǤǡ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘•–ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š

ƒ ‘„‡ ƒ† ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†Ǥͻ  ƒ ͳͺͷ͹ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡–‹–Ž‡† A Sketch of the

Geology of Tennessee, —””‡› ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ”‘‘•– ƒ• Š‹• ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š Š‹•

‘™’—’‹Ž•Ǥ—””‡›ǯ••—ƒ”›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›•–ƒ–‡†ǣDz–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•„‡Ž‘‰–‘

–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•‡”‹‡•ǡƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ’—”‹–›ǤdzͳͲ ‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†

 8 Corgan, Antebellum History, 39.

9 Ibid., 53.

10 Richard O. Currey, A Sketch of the Geology of Tennessee (Knoxville: Kinsloe & Rice, 1857), 19. Coincidentally, one of the publishers of Currey’s booklet was Charles A. Rice, for whom an Orville Rice, who was apparently a backer or co-signer, would later be assigned debts and assets related to Charles Rice’s publications and book-binding establishment. I do not know whether the Orville Rice cited in the Knox County court  Ͷͳ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•‹ƒ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ• Š‹‰ŠŽ› •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” „—‹Ž†‹‰

„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• Šƒ”†‡•• ƒ† ‘’ƒ – ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ƒ‡† „‘–Š –Š‡ Dz™Š‹–‡

˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡dzˆ‘—†Œ—•–‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡Dz”‡††‹•Š˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡dz

ƒ•‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰‡•‹ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡Ǥͳͳ—””‡›ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†”‘‘•–‘Š‹•

ͳͺ͵ͺ˜‹•‹––‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‘ƒ“—ƒ””›‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‹

–Š‡ ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ™‡”‡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ •–”ƒ–— •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡• –Š‡›

‘–ƒ‹‡†™‡”‡Dz‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥdzͳʹ—””‡›ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•ƒ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡

™Š‡Š‹•„‘‘™ƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ–ƒ –ˆ—ŽŽ›•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹–Š‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‘—Ž†•‘‘„‘‘•––Šƒ–Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–›ǯ•ƒ”‡–’”‡•‡ ‡Ȅƒ

‘†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’‘••‡••‡†–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰•‘ˆƒˆ—ŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†

‹†—•–”›Ǥͳ͵

 transaction of 10 September 1858 was the father, brother, or some other relative. Hawkins County Census records for 1860 show an Orville Rice as a 67-year-old farmer owning $62,500 in real estate, and with a personal estate valued at $121,544.

11 Ibid., 22-23.

12 James Sloan, the Nashville stonemason who had received the contract to furnish the brown variegated marble to be used in the interior of the Tennessee State Capitol, either leased or caused the opening of a quarry in Knoxville circa 1852. The quarries of Hawkins County were furnishing variegated marble of the same general appearance for interior work on the United States Capitol Extensions about this same time.

13 Currey, 24. I have been unable to determine exactly when the Rogersville spur off of the East Tennessee & Virginia line was completed across the Holton River, although the mainline railroad was completed in 1858. The Rogersville & Jefferson line was chartered that same year to build the spur from Bull’s Gap to Rogersville. Hawkins County Historian Henry Price believes that the line may have been completed to just south of the Holston River but that the railroad bridge connecting the line to the city of Rogersville was not completed until sometime after the Civil War. The name Rogersville Junction, instead of Bulls Gap, and the spur line are both shown on a Civil War-era map.  Ͷʹ  —””‡›™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž‘•‡–‘— Š™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•Ǥ ‡”‡’‘”–‡†

–Šƒ–”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǤǤ‹ ‡•‘ǡ‘ˆŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡŠƒ†Ž‡ƒ•‡†–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘’‡”–‹‡•

‡ƒ”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ“—ƒ””›‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ–‡Ž• ƒ†

‘—‡–• ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ǤͳͶ—””‡›ƒŽ•‘‡–‹‘‡†

Šƒ˜‹‰ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›ƒ•ƒƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡––‘Š‹• „‘‘Ǥͳͷ ‡

Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹„ƒ†•‘ˆ’’‡”‹Ž—”‹ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘

•—‰‰‡•––Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡†•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ••–”‡– Š‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ”–‡”

‘—–›‹—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡–‘ ƒ‹Ž–‘‘—–›ƒ––Š‡•‘—–Š‡”„‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‹• ‘ Ž—•‹‘ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›”‡•‘ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡› ˆ‹‡Ž†

• ‹‡–‹•–”–Š—”Ǥ‡‹–Šǡƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡‡••‡‡Ǧ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Š‡‡–dz

ȋƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ǤǤǡ ͳͺͻͷȌ ™Š‡ Š‡ ƒ‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ •–”ƒ–— ‹ Ž—†‹‰

 East Tennessee, North of Loudon, 1864, Capt. O(rlando) E. Poe and W.L.B. Jenney,U.S.A, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

ͳͶ‹ ‡•‘ǡ™Š‘Šƒ† ‘‡–‘–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹ͳͺͷͷƒ––Š‡„‡Š‡•–‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‹”‰‹‹ƒ‹‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡŠƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡’‘”–”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘Žƒ†‘™‡†„›–Šƒ– ‘’ƒ›‹‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺͷͷǡƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ͳͺͷ͸ ”‡’‘”–‹‰‘Š‹•‘™‹ ‡•‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†‹ ‹‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†‹‡‡••‡‡–Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ‘’‹‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—† ‹–Š‡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ‡‡†••Š‘™‹‰ ‹ ‡•‘ǯ•Žƒ†ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ––‡” ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‘š‘—–›” Š‹˜‡•ǡ ǡ˜Ǥʹǡʹ͹͸Ǧʹ͹͹ ƒ‡•Ǥ‡Ž ‡”–‘‘–”‘˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‹ ‹•‘ȋ•‹ Ȍͳ ‡„”—ƒ”› ͳͺͷ͸Ǣǡ˜Ǥʹǡ ‘Š”‹Ž‡–‘‘–”‘˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‹ ‹•‘ȋ•‹ Ȍͻ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷ͸Ǥ Š‹Ž‡‘ ‘’ƒ›ƒ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡•‡†‡‡†•ǡǤǤ‹ ‡•‘ǡǤǤǡ ‘ŠǤ ‹Žˆ‘”†ǡƒ† ‡‘”‰‡Ǥ ƒœ™‡ŽŽ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹ ‡•‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†‹ ‹‹‰ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘’ƒ›„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘ʹͳ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷ͸Ǥ

15 Corgan reproduced this map in Antebellum History of Tennessee Geology, 41. He stated that Currey’s map, which was published before Safford’s 1856 map, was one of the first to use modern geologic language in Tennessee.

 Ͷ͵ –Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡–Š‡DzŠ‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒ‹‡•–‘‡Ǥdzͳ͸Š‹•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ‡†

–‘‹†–Š‡‡™Ž›Ǧ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†‹˜‹Žƒ”„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†’ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‡ǡ™‘—Ž†

Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‘”‡† –Š‡ •–”ƒ–ƒ –‘ ƒ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ ‹‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ǡ

‘”–Š™‡•– ‡‘”‰‹ƒ„‘”†‡”Ǥ

 —””‡›ǯ• ”‡’‘”– ‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‡ †‘–ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹–

‘–ƒ‹•ǡˆ‘”–Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›•‘—” ‡’”‡ ‡†‡•‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•ˆ‹”•– ‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”›Ǥ ‡‘–‡†–Šƒ–

ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ™Š‘•‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‘’ƒ›™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†‡–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡ

™ƒ• Dzˆ”‡‹‰Š–‹‰dz ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹ ”‘—‰Š „Ž‘ • –‘ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ ”Ǥ  Š‹†–ǡ ƒ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ Dzƒ–Ž‡•ǡ •Žƒ„•ǡ ƒ† ‘—‡–•dz Šƒ† ™‘ ƒ ’”‹œ‡ ƒ– ƒ

‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•’‘•‘”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥͳ͹

 ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”—””‡›ǯ•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†Ž‘•–Š‹•

’‘•–Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†™ƒ•ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‡†Š‹‰Ǥ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡•„‡‰ƒ–‘•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡

‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›‹Žƒ–‡ͳͺͷͲ•ǡ–Š‡’‘•–‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–™ƒ•ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•

™Š‘ •ƒ™ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ Dzƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›dzȄ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ•

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‘†‹–‹‡•Ȅƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ˆ—†‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ

ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•”‡’‘”–•–‘„‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘–Š‡‡˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥͳͺ‹˜‹Žƒ”ƒ’•‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‘”’•‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”•ǡ ”‡†‹–ƒˆˆ‘”†Ǥͳͻ‘†‘—„––Š‡

 16 Corgan, 26.

17 Ibid., 27.

18 Ibid., 56.

 ͳͻ”Žƒ†‘Ǥ‘‡ǡEast Tennessee North of Loudon, 1864. ”‡’ƒ”‡†—†‡”–Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ’–ǤǤǤ‘‡ǡ‘”’‘ˆ‰•ƬŠ‹‡ˆ‹Ž‹˜‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹Ǥ ”‘  ͶͶ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”• ™Š‘ „‡‰ƒ ƒ””‹˜‹‰ ‹ ͳͺ͸ʹ ˆ‘—† Š‹• ”‡ ‡–Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ’•

—•‡ˆ—ŽǤˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”ǡŠ‡™ƒ•”‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„‘–Š–‘–Š‡’‘•–‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†–‘

Š‹•’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Š‹’ƒ–—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǤʹͲ

 •–Š‡•‡ ‘†’Šƒ•‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ƒ”‡‡”‰‘–—†‡”™ƒ›ǡƒˆˆ‘”†”‡–—”‡†

–‘Š‹•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ›ͳͺ͸ͻǡ‹Š‹• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Geology of Tennesseeǡ™Š‹ Š

™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒƒ’ǡƒˆˆ‘”†™ƒ•ƒ„‹–‘”‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡

Ž‹–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥʹͳ ƒ•‡ –‹‘Š‡ƒ†‡†DzŠ‡‡†ƒ† ”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡ǡdzŠ‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘‡Žƒ”‰‡Ȅ‹ˆ„”‘‡‹’Žƒ ‡•Ȅ„‡Ž–‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǣDzŠ‹•„‡†‹•‘‡

‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ– ‹–‡”‡•– ‘ ƒ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰

’—”’‘•‡•ǡ‹– ƒ•—’’Ž›ǥ–Š‡„‡†‹•ǡ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡƒ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡† ”‹‘‹†ƒŽƒ† ‘”ƒŽŽ‹‡

Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥdzʹʹ ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‡† ™ƒ• Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ –Šƒ– ‹– ‘–ƒ‹‡† ˆ‘••‹Ž• ‘ˆ

„‘–Šƒ‹ƒŽƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒŽ‘”‹‰‹ǡƒ†–Šƒ–˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘—†™‹–Š‹–Š‡

„‡† ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǦǦ„—– ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹• —†‡” –Š‡ Š‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ͳͺ͸ͻ ƒ’

ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ ͹Ȍ ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™‡† ƒ ‘”‡ •‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡† ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ –Šƒ

–Šƒ–‘ˆͳͺͷͷǤ

 †ƒ–ƒˆ—”‹•Š‡†„›ƒ’–ǤǤǤ‘‡ƒ†”‘ˆ‡••‘” ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†ǤǤ ‡‹•ƒ”ǡ‹–ŠǤ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ

20 Safford was also hired to teach chemistry in the medical department of the University of Nashville in 1873, and then at Vanderbilt University when the medical schools were combined in 1874. He worked in that capacity from 1874-1894, assuming the post of Dean, Department of Pharmacy for several years beginning in 1885. Wilson, 8.  ʹͳ ƒ‡•Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†ǡGeology of Tennessee ȋƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤǤ‡” ‡”ǡ”‹–‡”–‘ –Š‡–ƒ–‡ǡͳͺ͸ͻȌǤ ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†ǡGeological Map of Tennessee,‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”› ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ

22 Ibid., 236.  Ͷͷ



‹‰—”‡͹Ǥ ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†ǡGeological Map of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͸ͻǤ‘—”–‡•›‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ  Dzƒ”„Ž‡dzƒ•ƒŽƒ„‡Ž™ƒ•‘™Š‡”‡–‘„‡ˆ‘—†ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹™Š‹ Š‹–Šƒ† „‡‡

’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘–‡† ™‡”‡ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ• ‘™‡” ‹Ž—”‹ƒǤ  –Š‡ ”‡’‘”–ǯ• ™”‹––‡ –‡š–ǡ

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒˆˆ‘”† ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• ‹ˆ ‹– ™‡”‡ ƒ •‹‰—Žƒ” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǣDzƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ

— Š–Š‡•ƒ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ Š”‘ƒ† ‹˜‡”ǥ ‘”

ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ǡ•‘ˆƒ”ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡‘•–†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‹•

ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǥdzʹ͵ ƒŽƒ–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡’‘”–ǡ‹ƒ Šƒ’–‡”‡–‹–Ž‡†Dzƒ”„Ž‡ǡdz

ƒˆˆ‘”†„‡‰ƒǣ

”‡ƒ–‹–‡”‡•–ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‹•ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Ǥ – ‹• ‘™ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž—• ƒ† „ƒŽ—•–”ƒ†‡• ™Š‹ Šǡ ™‹–Š‹ǡ ƒ†‘” –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘”ƒ‡–•‘ˆ‘—”‘™‘„Ž‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ•‹–‹• ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‹ƒ— Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡‰”‡‡ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ– ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ 



23Ibid., 237.

 Ͷ͸ ‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡŠ‡ƒ††‡†–Š‹•ˆ‘‘–‘–‡ǣDzƒ”„Ž‡ƒ›„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡ƒ

†—”ƒ„Ž‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ’—”‡‘”‹’—”‡ǡ•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡‘ˆƒ‰‘‘†’‘Ž‹•Šǡƒ†’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒ

’Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡™Š‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǤdzʹͶ

 ƒˆˆ‘”†™ƒ•–ƒ‹‰–Š‡„”‘ƒ†˜‹‡™Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡Šƒ† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†‹–

ƒ•Ž‹‡•–‘‡‘–Š‡ƒ’ǡŠ‡™ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹–Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡™‘—Ž†

‘–‹—‡–‘„‡ƒ ‡’–‡†„›‹–•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽDz„”ƒ†Ǥdz›•Š‘™‹‰‘ƒ”„Ž‡per se‘Š‹•

ƒ’ǡŠ‡Šƒ††‘‡Š‹•• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †—–›Ǣ„›‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Dzƒ›„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†dzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŠ‡

Š‘’‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›ƒ›

Šƒ‰‡‹–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ••—‡†”‡ƒ†‡”•™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡Š‹••–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ• ˆƒ –

™‹–Š‘—–“—‡•–‹‘‹‰who‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ••— ŠǤ

ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ”ƒˆ–‡† •–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ •ƒ –‹‘‡† Œ—•– ƒ ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡” „›

‘•‡’Š — ‡” ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‡™ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ‘ˆ ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ

‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‡™‘—–Š„‘‘•–‡”‹•ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ–ƒ‘‡–™Š‡–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›

™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‹‹–•‹ˆƒ ›ƒ†ƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‡”ƒ ‘ˆ ’Š‡‘‡ƒŽ

‰”‘™–Š –Šƒ– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ ”‘‘•–ǯ• ˆ‘‘–•–‡’•ǡ ƒˆˆ‘”† Šƒ† ’—”•—‡† ƒ

‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹˜‡ –Š‹• ˆƒ – ƒ† Š‹• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” „—•‹‡••Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›’ƒ–Š‹‡•ǡƒˆˆ‘”†ˆ‘—†Š‹•‡Žˆ‹’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–ƒ‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǯ•’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ ‘˜‡”›ǤŠ‡•‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡Ž› Šƒ˜‡

‘’‡ŽŽ‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†–‘•‘ˆ–Ǧ’‡†ƒŽƒ›”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Š‡Šƒ”„‘”‡†ƒ„‘—– ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‘–Š‡”–›’‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‡’”‘†— ‡†”‡’‘”–•‹–Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ƒ†

ͳͺͺͲ•‹ ‘Œ— –‹‘™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡ™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡Dz„—•‹‡••dz‘ˆ

 24 Ibid., 506.

 Ͷ͹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘” ’‘•–Ǧ„‡ŽŽ— ”‡ ‘˜‡”›Ǥʹͷ ‘ „‘Ž•–‡” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† •–ƒ–—•ǡ

‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡ™Š‘™‘”‡† Ž‘•‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƬ–Ǥ‘—‹•”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ

’”‘‘–‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ ”—‹–‡–‘ˆ

•‹ŽŽ‡†ˆƒ”Žƒ„‘”ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›—”‘’‡ƒ‹‹‰”ƒ–•Ǥ

‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™’—„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ„‘‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–™‘

‡‘”‘—•˜‘Ž—‡•‹••—‡†‹ͳͺ͹Ͷƒ•The Resources of TennesseeǤŠ‡„‘‘

†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹‡˜‡”›ƒ•’‡ –ǣ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ ”‘’•”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǡ

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡƒ†Žƒ„‘””‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ”‹‹‰™‹–Š‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ

‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ‘—–›Ǧ„›Ǧ ‘—–›–”‡ƒ–‡–•‡–ƒ Ž‡ƒ”

•‹‰ƒŽ–Šƒ–’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹–‡†’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥʹ͸Šƒ’–‡” ‘ˆ

–Š‡ˆ‹”•–˜‘Ž—‡ǡ‡–‹–Ž‡†Dz–Š‡”‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡdz„‡‰ƒ™‹–Šƒ”„Ž‡ǡ Žƒ‹‹‰–Šƒ–

‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†„‡ ‘‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ˆƒ‘—•ˆ‘”‹–•Dz˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡

ƒ†ˆ‹‡’‘Ž‹•Š‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǤdzŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”•–‘—–‡†–Š‡ƒ›˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•–‘„‡ˆ‘—†

ƒ ”‘••‡‡••‡‡ƒ† ‘–‹—‡†–‘†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•Dzƒ›Ž‹‡•–‘‡–Šƒ––ƒ‡•ƒ

‰‘‘†’‘Ž‹•ŠǤdzʹ͹‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•Žƒ–‡”ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‡–‹‘‡†–Š‡ˆƒ –

–Šƒ–™Š‡Ž‡ˆ–—’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡—•‡†‹–Š‡Œ—•–Ǧ ‘’Ž‡–‡†

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ —•–‘Š‘—•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹‰Š–„‡‹•–ƒ‡ˆ‘”Dz‘”†‹ƒ”›Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†

 25 Sam B. Smith, “Joseph Buckner Killebrew and the New South Movement in Tennessee” (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1962).

26 J.B. Killebrew, Introduction to the Resources of Tennessee II: Prepared under the Direction of the Tennessee Bureau of Agriculture (Nashville: Tavel, Eastman & Howell, 1874).

27 Ibid., 253.

 Ͷͺ — ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǤDzʹͺŠ‹Ž‡‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹„Ž‡–‘‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ‘™Š‡”‡‡Ž•‡†‹†‹–•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–

”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ“—ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•Ž‹––Ž‡

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™ƒ•

”‡Žƒ›‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰“—‘–‡ˆ”‘ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ˆ‹”•–”‡’‘”–ǤŠ‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™”‹––‡–‘„‡ƒ”‘—––Š‡ƒ••‡”–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆƒ›˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘—Ž†„‡

ˆ‘—†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ— Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‡–™ƒ•ƒ‡ †‘–ƒŽǡ•‡‡‹‰Ž›†‡•‹‰‡†–‘

‹’”‡••”‡ƒ†‡”•™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ ‡–’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǡ‘•–Ž›ƒ”‘—†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

 ͳͺ͹͸ǡƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”‡†ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›–‡š–„‘‘ˆ‘”

‡‡••‡‡• Š‘‘Ž Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ ‹–ǡƒˆˆ‘”†‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‘Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ„—–

‘™ƒ••‹‰‡†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆ–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǣDzŠ‹•ȋ–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡Ȍƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒ‰”ƒ—Žƒ”ƒ† ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ„—–ƒ›

Ž‹‡•–‘‡–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ƒ‰‘‘†’‘Ž‹•Šƒ†™‹ŽŽŽ‘‘™‡ŽŽƒˆ–‡”‹–‹•’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ‹•

–‡”‡†ƒƒ”„Ž‡Ǥƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–‡”Ǥdzʹͻ

–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘–‡ŽŽˆ”‘™Šƒ–Š‡™”‘–‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒˆˆ‘”†„‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒ†‹• ”‡–‡–›’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† ‹–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡

ˆ”‘‹–•‘”†‹ƒ”›•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡”‹–‡†ƒ—‹“—‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡”Š‡

’—”’‘•‡Ž›‹–‡†‡†–‘•‹”––Š‡‹••—‡„›•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ›Ž‹‡•–‘‡

–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹•Š‡†–‘ƒ•‘‘–Šƒ†‰Žƒ••›•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥƒ•–Š‡”‡†‘—„–‹ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•‹†ƒ•

 28 Ibid., 254.

ʹͻ ƒ‡•Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ† ǤǤ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡThe Elementary Geology of Tennessee: Being Also An Introduction to Geology in General, Designed For the Schools of Tennessee. ȋƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ˜‡Žǡƒ•–ƒƒ† ‘™‡ŽŽǡͳͺ͹͸ȌǣʹͲʹǦʹͲ͵Ǥ   Ͷͻ –‘–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǫ‡ƒ›‡˜‡”‘™ǡˆ‘”

„›–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆŠ‹•ͳͺ͸ͻ”‡’‘”––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ••— Šƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‘†‹–› ˆ‘”

‡‡••‡‡–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ˆ‡Ž–‹–„‡•––‘•‹”––Š‡‹••—‡ƒ•— Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‘ˆƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡ‘–Š‡”•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘–‹—‡†–‘

”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ƒ”„Ž‡ ™‹–Š —„”‹†Ž‡† ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡š– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ

†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ  ͳͺͺͺǡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ† ‹‹‰ ‡‰‹‡‡” ƒ‹Ž‡› ‹ŽŽ‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ

‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ ‡†‘”•‡‡––Šƒ–ƒ†‡‘‡–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ͵Ͳ ‡™”‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡

”‹ ŠŽ› ‘Ž‘”‡†”‡†ƒ†„”‘™ƒ”„Ž‡•‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ ™‡”‡ ‘”‡

˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‡”’‹•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Dz”‡†„‡Ž–Ǥdz

”‹–‹‰‹–Š‡School of Mines Quarterlyǡ‹ŽŽ‹•„ƒ•‡†Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†Š‹•

‘™ƒ’ǡ‘ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” ‘†— –‡†‹–Š‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ͳͺ͸ͻ

”‡’‘”–ǤŠ‡›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™ƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ŽŽ‹•™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡

’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›Ǥ ‹• ‘ ‡”• ‹ ͳͺͺͺ

•‡‡˜‡”›— Š–‹‡†–‘‡ ‘‘‹ •Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡŠ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹˜‡•–‘”•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘—•‡

‘”‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ ‹‹‰ ‘—Ž† ’”‘ˆ‹– ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ‹ ƒ™‹• ‘—–›ǡ

‹’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‹–Šƒ–•‡ –‹‘™‡”‡‘–ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›‘†‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•–Š‘•‡‹

‘–Š‡”•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ͵ͳ

 30 Willis, who had trained in engineering at Columbia University, would later become Chief Geologist for the United States Geological Survey and Professor of Geology at Stanford University.

͵ͳƒ‹Ž‡›‹ŽŽ‹•ǡDzŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡdzSchool of Mines Quarterlyǡ ȋͳͺͺͺȌǣͳʹͲǤ

 ͷͲ Š‹•ͳͺͻʹƒ—ƒŽ”‡’‘”–ǡ–Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘ˆ”ƒ•ƒ•ǡ ‘ŠǤ”ƒ‡”ǡ

“—‘–‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›„—–„ƒ•‡†Š‹•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘Š‹•‘™

ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”Ǥ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•Š‡•ƒ™ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡

•—‡” ‘ˆ ͳͺͻͲ ƒ† •‡‡‡† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •Šƒ”‡†‰‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ

‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰•–ƒ–‡•‡‡••‡‡ƒ†”ƒ•ƒ•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹••—ƒ”›‘ˆƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•

ͳͺ͸ͻ Geology of Tennesseeǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡†ƒ†‰”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡„‡†•

‹–‡”Žƒ›‡”‡†™‹–Š•ŠƒŽ‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡‹–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ‡”ƒ‡”†‡• ”‹„‡†

ƒ•ƒfossiliferous marbleƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ•ƒcoralline marbleȄ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡ǡŠ‡

‹’Ž‹‡†ǡ†‹•–‹ –ˆ”‘•ŠƒŽ‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ͵ʹ

”‘—† –Š‹• •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ™ƒ• „‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ ‘†‡”

’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† ƒ––ƒ‹‡† Žƒ† ‰”ƒ– ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡

•–ƒ–—• ‹ ͳͺ͸ͻǡ Šƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† †‡’ƒ”–‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ǡ ƒ†

‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•–—†‹‡•ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆŠ‡Ž’‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡”‡ ‘˜‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡”ƒ˜ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ™ƒ”Ǥ

‹˜‹Ž ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ™ƒ• ‹•–‹–—–‡† ƒ• ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ •–—†› „›ͳͺ͹͹Ǥ 

‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘™ƒ•‘˜‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘Ž‡

’”‘˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰‡–Ž‡‡ ‹˜‹Ž ‡‰‹‡‡”• –”ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• Ž‹‡ ‡•– ‘‹– –‘

‡„”ƒ ‡ ‹‹‰ ƒ† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ™‘”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘‡ –‡† ‹– –‘ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”• ƒ†

‘’ƒ›‡ǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ—‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘—”•‡•ˆ‘•–‡”‡†ƒƒ ƒ†‡‹ ™‹‰‘ˆ

–Š‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž‹–‡ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ‡‰‹‡‡”• ™Š‘

‘—Ž† ‘˜‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ”‡ƒŽ ‘” ‹–‘ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡

 32 John C. Branner, “Annual Report of 1890,” IV (Little Rock: Office of the Geological Survey of Arkansas,1892), 187.

 ͷͳ ™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‹•™‘”‡†–‘–Š‡†‡–”‹‡–‘ˆ„‘‘–•–”ƒ’•ƒ•’‹”ƒ–•ǡ™Š‘‹‰Š–’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›

Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† „› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‹‰‡—‹–› ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ  › ͳͺͺ͹ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡ Šƒ† ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ • Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ –Šƒ– “—‹ Ž› „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ•

„”ƒ‹–”—•–ˆ‘”ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ͵͵

•–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‰”‡™ƒ†‘”‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—•„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•™‡”‡

’”‘’‘•‡†ǡ‡™•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡–Š‘†•™‡”‡‡‡†‡†Ǥ

Š‹•Žƒ’’‡†‘˜‡”‹–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡–Š‡ˆŽ‡†‰Ž‹‰‰‹‡‡”‹‰

‘ ‹‡–›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡„‡‰ƒ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹–•‘™Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹ͳͺͻͶǡ‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•™ƒ•Dz‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ—‹Ž†‹‰–‘‡dz„›Šƒ”Ž‡• ‡””‹•Ǥ

‡””‹• ”‡’‘”–‡† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ –‡•–• ȋ ”—•Š‹‰ •–”‡‰–Šǡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ǡ ˆ‹”‡

”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹  ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡Ȍ –Šƒ– Šƒ† „‡‡

’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›ˆ‘”‡””‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ—‡ŽǤ ƒŽŽ‹‡ǡ••‹•–ƒ––ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ˆ‘”

‡‘”‰‹ƒǤ ƒŽŽ‹‡’”‘‘— ‡†–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•–Š”‡‡•Ž‹†‡•ƒ’Ž‡••Š‘™‡†‘•‹‰‘ˆ

ˆ‘••‹Ž•ǡ‘Ž›’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›ˆ‘”‡† ”›•–ƒŽ•ǡ‹–‡”Ž‘ ‡†ǡ™‹–Š‘˜ƒ ƒ–•’ƒ ‡•„‡–™‡‡

–Š‡Ǥ͵ͶŠƒ––Š‹••—‰‰‡•–•‹•–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡•‘‡•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™‡”‡ ‘’‘•‡†

‘ˆ‹š‡† ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ†‘Ǧ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘–Š‡”•‡ –‹‘• ‹‰Š– ‹ ˆƒ – „‡

™Š‘ŽŽ› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ǥ

‡””‹•ǡ™Š‘™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡†‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”‹‰—’‘ ‹–•

”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ͳͻͳʹǡ ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–

 33 David F. Noble, America By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 168.

34 Charles Ferris, “Tennessee Marble as a Building Stone,” The University of Tennessee Scientific Magazine I (1894): 22.

 ͷʹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‘”–‘‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ ‹•‘’‹‹‘™ƒ•

„‘Ž•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ –•–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ†„‡‡•Š‘™–‘ƒ„•‘”„Ž‡••™ƒ–‡” ƒ† „—” ƒ–

Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‘”‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡•‹’Ž‡

”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ–ǡ—Ž‹‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ —–‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ‹– ‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž› „‡ •ƒ™ ‹–‘ –Š‹

˜‡‡‡”•Š‡‡–•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†–‘ ‘˜‡” Š‡ƒ’‡”•–‘‡‘”„”‹ Ǥ͵ͷ ‡””‹••Š‘™‡†

Š‹•„‹ƒ•ƒ•ƒ„‘‘•–‡”‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡“—ƒ””‹‡•„›’”‘‘— ‹‰–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡

‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ’‘‘” Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•Šƒ”†–‘‘„–ƒ‹‹„Ž‘ 

ˆ‘”™‹–Š‘—–ˆŽƒ™•ǡ‹–™ƒ•‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†‘–™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡Ž›ǡ

ƒ†‹–™ƒ••—„Œ‡ ––‘Dz†”‹‡•Ǥdz͵͸  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡŠ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡’‹ƒ†‰”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡•

‘ˆ‘š‘—–›ƒ•ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘ˆŽƒ™•ǡƒŽ•‘‘–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡DzŽ‘ƒ†‡†‘

ƒ”•dzŠƒ††”‘’’‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ‘”‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ͵͹—‘–‹‰ƒ’”‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡

”‡ƒ†› –‘ –”ƒ•’‘”– ˆ”‘ ‘š ‘—–› ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‡””‹•ǯ• ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ‹‰

ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›“—ƒ””‹‡•™ƒ•‘–ƒ•‡ƒ•‹Ž›

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡•‹ ‡‹–•–‹ŽŽŠƒ†–‘„‡Šƒ—Ž‡†–‘–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥ

 ͳͺͻ͸ ƒ’ ‹••—‡† „› –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ š’‡”‹‡– –ƒ–‹‘ǡ

™Š‹ Š ‘„‹‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ••—”˜‡›‘ˆ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ǡǤ Ǥ ‡‡ǯ••—”˜‡›‘ˆ‡•–

‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†”‡ ‡–™‘”„›–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ—†‡”

–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‡™’”‡•‹†‡–ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ„‡›ǡ†‹†‘–

 35 Ibid., 28.

36 Ibid., 27. Killebrew and Safford defined the undesirable “dries” as “porous spongelike cavities.” Introduction to the Resources of Tennessee, 254.

37 Ibid.

 ͷ͵ •’‡ ‹ˆ› ƒ› ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‘

’”‡˜‹‘—•ƒ’•™‡”‡‘™ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ„”‹ƒȋ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹Ž—”‹ƒȌ

’‡”‹‘†Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ Žƒ„‡Ž‡† Dz‘š ‘Ž‘‹–‡dz ȋƒ‰‡•‹— Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ȍǡ Dz‘š ŠƒŽ‡dz

ȋƒ”‰‹ŽŽƒ ‡‘—• ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—• Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ȍǡ ƒ† DzŠ‹ŽŠ‘™‡‡ǡdz ƒ† Dz‘š ƒ†•–‘‡Ǥdz ›

’ƒ”•‹‰ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǦŽƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹–‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ•–‘‡ǡ•— Šƒ•

ƒ‰‡•‹— Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ƒ”‰‹ŽŽƒ ‡‘—• ȋ•ŠƒŽ›Ȍ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ƒ† •ƒ†•–‘‡ǡ ‡‡••‡‡

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ––‡’–‹‰ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ Žƒ•• ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡

ƒ”‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ †—”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǦŽ‹‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ  ‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’™‡”‡

—’†ƒ–‡†„›‡™ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‡›ǡ™Š‘•‡• ‹‡–‹•–•Šƒ††‡ ‹†‡†

–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡•–”ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡‘Ž†‡”–Šƒ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› –Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ͵ͺ—–

ƒ›‡™‹•‹‰Š–••—‰‰‡•–‡†„›–Š‹•ƒ’™‡”‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘„• —”‡†„› –Š‡ ƒŽ‘•–

‘ —””‡– ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›ǯ•ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘Ž‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ͳͺͻͷKnoxville Folioǡ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡National Atlasǡ–Š‡ ƒ’’‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –

–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡Ǧ‹—–‡“—ƒ†”ƒ‰Ž‡ƒ’•‘ˆ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‡†

ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ –‡š– „›   ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ”–Š—” ‡‹–ŠǤ͵ͻ‡‹–Šǯ•ˆ‹”•–Š‡ƒ†‹‰—†‡”

Dz‹‡”ƒŽ ‡•‘—” ‡•dz ‹• Dzƒ”„Ž‡ǡdz ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ •–ƒ–‡†ǣ Dzƒ”„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‰”‡ƒ–

“—ƒ–‹–› ‹ –Š‡ Š‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘ —””‡ ‡•Ǥdz  Š‡

ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ƒ’ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͺȌ•Š‘™‡†–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘DzŠ‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡdz‹

Ž‹‰Š–’‹™‹–Š–Š‡•›„‘ŽSc. —””‹‰™‹–Š‹‹–ƒ† ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡†ƒ””‡†ǡ

 38 Glenn, 208.

39 Texas A & M University’s digital map portal contains a complete set of U.S. G.S. folios http://repository.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/3016 [accessed 24 August 2010].  ͷͶ ™ƒ• Dz ‘Ž•–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡdz Žƒ„‡Ž‡† OhǤ Š‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡” †‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ†

„‡‡—•‡†Ǥ



‹‰—”‡ͺǤǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ǤǤ‘™‡ŽŽǡ‹”‡ –‘”Ǣƒ‹Ž‡›‹ŽŽ‹•ǡ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǧ ‹Ǧ Šƒ”‰‡Ǣ ‡‘Ž‘‰›„›”–Š—”‡‹–Šȋ•—”˜‡›‡†ͳͺͺͻǡͳͺͻͲǡͳͺͻͳȌǡEconomic Geology: Tennessee-North Carolina, Knoxville SheetǡͳͺͻͷǤ  ‡‹–Š’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡Š‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡‹ –Š‡

‹Ž—”‹ƒ•–”ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†„›ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ•Dz‘™‡”‹Ž—”‹ƒdz

‹ͳͺ͸ͻǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‹†‹‰•‹‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ȁ’ƒŽ‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹•–Šƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ  ͷͷ ƒŽ ‘––ǯ•ͳͺͻͳ —ŽŽ‡–‹ǡ–Š‡Š‹ŽŠ‘™‡‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ•‘—–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

™ƒ• †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ• ƒ„”‹ƒ ‹ ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡‹–Šǯ• Š‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ‘˜‡”‡† ƒ

‡š–‡†‡† ƒ”‡ƒ •–”‡– Š‹‰ †‘™ –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• •‘—–Š‡” „‘”†‡” ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‰ ™‹–Š

‘–Š‡” ‘™ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ ™‡•–‡” ‘”–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ ƒ† ‘”–Š‡” ‡‘”‰‹ƒȄ‹–•

ƒ‡ ƒ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ• —””‡› Šƒ† †‘‡ •‘‡ ˆ‘”–› ›‡ƒ”• ’”‹‘”ǡ ‡‹–Š ƒ†

‘–Š‡”•ƒ– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡”‡†ƒ‰‘‘†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡‡‹–Š‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡŠ‡†‹†

‘– •–ƒ–‡ ‹– ƒ• •— ŠǤ •–‡ƒ†ǡ Š‡ †‡• ”‹„‡†ǡ ƒ† ƒ’’‡†ǡ †‹•–‹ – ƒ”„Ž‡ „‡†• ƒ†

ƒ”„Ž‡„‡Ž–•Ǥ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡•–‹ŽŽ†‘–Š‹•ǡ—•‹‰‡‹–Šǯ•

Dz ‘Ž•–‘dz †‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹– ‹• ‘™ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ

‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ— Š‘ˆ‡‹–Šǯ•”‡’‘”–™ƒ•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ •‘ˆ‹‹‰ƒ†

–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰–Š‡•–‘‡ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ ˆ‹‡Ž†‘–‡•ǡŠ‡•–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š

ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘—†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‡ƒ”„›”‡‰‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧƒ”‡ƒ‹†—•–”›ǯ•

‹’”‡••‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™ƒ• †—‡ ‹ Žƒ”‰‡ ’ƒ”– –‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǤͶͲ

ƒ› ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  ”‡’‘”–• ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ƒ† ‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› –™‡–‹‡–Š

‡–—”›ǡ ‹–‡† ǤǤ ‡””‹ŽŽǯ• Stones for Building and Decorationǡ ˆ‹”•– ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹

ͳͺͻͳƒ†”‡˜‹•‡†‹ͳͺͻ͹ǡƒ•ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡”‡•‘—” ‡‘‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–

‡‘”‰‡‡”‹•‡””‹ŽŽȋͳͺͷͶǦͳͻʹͻȌ•–—†‹‡†‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹‡ƒ†

ƒ– ‘Š• ‘’‹• ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‡ „‡‰ƒ ™‘”‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

 40 Arthur Keith, Tennessee-North Carolina, Knoxville Sheet (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1895), 5-6.

 ͷ͸ —•‡—ȋ‘™–Š‡‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘Ȍ‹ͳͺͺͳƒ•ƒƒ••‹•–ƒ– —”ƒ–‘”Ǥˆ–‡”

‡ƒ”‹‰ Š‹• Š ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‹‡ǡ Š‡ „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ —”ƒ–‘”‘ˆ

‰‡‘Ž‘‰› ˆ‘” –Š‡ —•‡— ‹ ͳͺͻ͹Ǥ ‡””‹ŽŽǯ• Stones ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” ƒ

Šƒ†„‘‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —•‡— ƒ†–Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”ǡ›‡–

Ž‡•• ‘’Ž‡–‡ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ —•‡— ȋ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›Ȍ ‹ ‡™

‘”ǤͶͳ ‡ ‹–‡†ƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒDz ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒ†‘––‘‘–‡ Š‹ ƒŽdz„‘‘‘–Š‡

•—„Œ‡ –ƒ†‘–‡†–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†•–‘‡•ˆ‘—†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†

‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†–Š‡„‘‘‹–‘Ž‹•–‹‰•„›•–ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•›”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤͶʹ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š‡””‹ŽŽ†‹• —••‡†ƒ”„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒ•‹ˆ‹–™‡”‡ƒ†‹•–‹ ––›’‡‘ˆ

•–‘‡ǡ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•„‘‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ”„Ž‡—†‡”Dz‹‡•–‘‡•ƒ†

‘Ž‘‹–‡•ǡdz ƒ†‡ ‹– Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ƒ”„Ž‡• ™‡”‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ ‡ „‡‰ƒ –Š‡

•‡ –‹‘™‹–Šƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘

ƒ•‡‘”‘—•Ž›˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡‹‡˜‡”›”‡•’‡ –ȋDz ‘Ž‘”ǡ–‡š–—”‡ǡ•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ†‘”‹‰‹dzȌ„—–

‘‡ǣ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ ‘–‡– —•– „‡ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ǤͶ͵ ‡””‹ŽŽ

”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–Dz†‘Ž‘‹–‡dzŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ•ƒ’—”‡™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

 41 In order to house the Centennial exhibits presented to the U.S. Government at the Philadelphia exposition, the U.S. Congress appropriated funds in 1879 for the building of a National Museum under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. A collection of American stones collected by the U.S. Census bureau was one of the first sections to be organized for the new museum. “The Science of Stones,” The Washington Post, 30 April 1881, p. 1.

42 George P. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1891), iii-iv.

43 Ibid., 78.

 ͷ͹ ‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͶͷǤ͸ͷ’‡” ‡– ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ‰‡•‹ƒǡƒ‹‰‹–Šƒ”†‡”ƒ†Ž‡••

‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹••‘Ž˜‡†–Šƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†ǣ

Š‡”‡‹•‘‡••‡–‹ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡‘”†‘Ž‘‹–‡ƒ†™Šƒ–‹• ’‘’—Žƒ”Ž› ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ „—– ˆ‘” ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –”‡ƒ–‡†Š‡”‡‹–™‘’ƒ”–•ǥ–Š‹• Žƒ••‘ˆ”‘ •ƒ•ƒ”‡’—–—’‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–ƒ• ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ ƒ†ǥ”‘ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ „—– —ˆ‹– ˆ‘” ˆ‹‡”‰”ƒ†‡•‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ™‘”ƒ†‘™’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›ƒ••‹’Ž›Ž‹‡•–‘‡•ǤͶͶ  ‡””‹ŽŽƒ†‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Ž‹‡•–‘‡•–”ƒ–ƒ‘ —”‹ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‡”ƒǡ

„—––Šƒ––Š‘•‡•–‘‡•‘•–‘ˆ–‡—•‡†ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ —”‹–Š‡ƒ„”‹ƒǡ‹Ž—”‹ƒǡ

‡˜‘‹ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ”„‘‹ˆ‡”‘—• Žƒ›‡”•ǤͶͷ †‡” –Š‡ Š‡ƒ†‹‰ Dzƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹‡•–‘‡

ƒ†‘Ž‘‹–‡ǡdz‡””‹ŽŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†‘Ž›crystalline limestoneȋDzƒ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ǡ‰”ƒ—Žƒ”

ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•dzȌ ƒ• ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ‘‡–‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡† ™Š‹–‡

˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•—•‡†ˆ‘”•–ƒ–—ƒ”›ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†sacchroidalǡŽ‘‘‡†Ž‹‡Ž‘ƒˆ•—‰ƒ”ǡˆ”‘™Š‹ Š‘‡

‹‰Š– ‹ˆ‡” –Šƒ– ‹– ™ƒ• •ƒŽŽǦ‰”ƒ‹‡† ƒ† ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ™‘”‡†ǤͶ͸†‡”fossilferous

limestoneǡ™Š‹ Š‡””‹ŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ†‡—’’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘ˆDzˆ‘••‹Ž”‡ƒ‹•‘ˆƒ”‹‡

ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡdzŠ‡’Žƒ ‡†Dzƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žƒ”„Ž‡•ǥƒ•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡†

ƒ†™Š‹–‡˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥdz‡””‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡

‘–ƒ‹‡† ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒŽ ‹–‡ƒ•”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž•ǤͶ͹ ˆ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒŽ ‹–‡is

Dz–”—‡dzƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™‘—Ž†‘––Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹–Šƒ†”‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž• ‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡•”‡†‡”–Š‘•‡•–‘‡•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–ǡƒ”„Ž‡ǫ

 44 Ibid., 83.

45 Ibid., 79.

46 Ibid., 80.

47 Ibid., 81.

 ͷͺ Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ǡ‡””‹ŽŽƒ†‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•–‘‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‡

‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘„‡Dzƒ ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‘—•ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ•–‡”

‡‡••‡‡dz ‹ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǯ• Š‹–ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘—–›ǡ –Šƒ– Dz ‘Ž‘”‡† ƒ”„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ˆ‹‡ “—ƒŽ‹–›

‡“—ƒŽ‹‰ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡† ƒ”„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡dz Šƒ† „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡†Ž› •‡‡ ‹

‹••‘—”‹ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ Dz ”‡ Š ‰”ƒ›dz ˆ‘••‹Ž‹œ‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ —’•–ƒ–‡‡™‘”™ƒ•

„‡‹‰—•‡†ƒŽ‘•–ƒ•— Šƒ•‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”™‘”•— Š

ƒ•ƒ–‡Ž•ƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡–‘’•ǤͶͺ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ ‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡ •‡ –‹‘ ‘ ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡”‡’”‹–‡†ƒ ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡‘šƒ†Ž‘—–‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡

ƒ”‡ƒȋ’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’‹‰‘ˆ”–Š—”‡‹–Šƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ȍ–Šƒ–

Šƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹Stoneƒ‰ƒœ‹‡‹‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺͻʹǤ‡””‹ŽŽǡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡

‘ˆƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•™‘”ǡ ‹–‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•‘–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡†•ǡ‘ ‡

‘–‹—‘—•ǡŠƒ†‡”‘†‡†‹–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ††‹• ”‡–‡†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ—–‡””‹ŽŽ•‡‡‡†–‘

„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ǡƒ•ƒˆˆ‘”†‡˜‡”ƒ†‡ Ž‡ƒ”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡„‡†•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†„‡‡ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡

Š‡ƒ–ƒ†’”‡••—”‡–Šƒ– ƒ—•‡†ˆ‘Ž†‹‰‹–Š‡’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Šƒ–

•ƒ‡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ’”‘†— ‡† –Š‡ Dz ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ •–”— –—”‡ ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ

‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ •–‘‡ ƒ••—‡† –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ‹–•

—•‡ˆ‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”ǤdzͶͻ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‡””‹ŽŽŠƒ† Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•

ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡŠ‹• ‘ Ž—•‹‘•Ȅ–Šƒ–‹–†‹†‹ˆƒ –Šƒ˜‡ƒ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡•–”— –—”‡ƒ†–Šƒ–

‹– Šƒ† —†‡”‰‘‡ •‘‡ •‘”– ‘ˆ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹  –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȅ™‡”‡ ‡‘—‰Š –‘

‡•—”‡‹–•ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡Ǥ

 48 Ibid, 91, 95, 99.

49 Ibid., 103.

 ͷͻ ‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” ƒˆˆ‘”† ”‡–‹”‡† ‹ ͳͺͻͻǡ –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ••‡„Ž›

‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ Š‹”† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›Ǥ ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• •— ‡••‘”ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ Šƒ†

‡ƒ”‡†ƒŠ‹‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ„›–Š‹•–‹‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡–‡”‘ˆ

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–—†›ǡ —†‡” –Š‡ –—–‡Žƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ǤǤ ”ƒ‡”ǡ ˆ‘”‡” •–ƒ–‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‘ˆ

”ƒ•ƒ•ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† ™”‹––‡ ƒ„‘—– ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹ ͳͺͻʹǤ  ”ƒ‡” ™ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ

ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ˆ”‘Š‹•‘™™‘”‹ ‡‡••‡‡

†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”‘ˆͳͺͻͲǢ•ŠŽ‡›Šƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†Š‹‘ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”‹”ƒ•ƒ•

ˆ”‘ͳͺͻͳ–‘ͳͺͻ͵Ǥ‡˜‡‘”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆƒ –‘”‹•ŠŽ‡›ǯ•‘‹ƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–•ŠŽ‡›Šƒ†™‘”‡†™‹–Šƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ•ǤǤ Ž‡

•—”˜‡›‹‰‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”•‘ˆͳͻͲͳ–‘ͳͻͲ͵ǤͷͲ

†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘˜‹‰ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ ƒ† ‘ƒŽƒ†

‹”‘•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••— Šƒ•’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ Žƒ›ǡƒ†œ‹ ǡ

™‡”‡‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ‡‡••‡‡Šƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ†–Š‡ Š‹”† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ

—”˜‡› ™ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‘ ‡‡••‡‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ  • ™‡ŽŽǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•

™‡”‡ ‹ ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• Ž‡ǡ ƒ– ƒ†‡”„‹Ž–ǡ

ƒ†Šƒ”Ž‡• Ǥ ‘”†‘ǡ™Š‘Šƒ† ‘‡–‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ‹ ͳͻͲ͸ǡ

ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‡† –‘ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ –‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ƒ ‘†‡” ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •—”˜‡› –Šƒ–

™‘—Ž†‹’”‘˜‡—’‘–Š‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›™‘”‘ˆ”‘‘•–ƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”ƒ

‡™•—”˜‡›™ƒ•–Šƒ–†‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‡• ”‹’–‹‘•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•

‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡•‘—” ‡•™‘—Ž†„‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†—•–”‹‡•™‹•Š‹‰–‘‘˜‡‹–‘–Š‡

 50 Wilson, 10.

 ͸Ͳ •–ƒ–‡Ǥͷͳ Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ –ƒ–‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ —†‡” ‘˜‡”‘” ƒŽ ‘Ž Ǥ ƒ––‡”•‘ǡ

’ƒ••‡†ƒƒ – ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Š‹”† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‹ƒ›ͳͻͲͻǤŠ‡„‹ŽŽ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†

–Šƒ– ˆ—†‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ̈́ͳͷǡͲͲͲ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡›‡ƒ”•ͳͻͳͲƒ†

ͳͻͳͳǤŠ‡•—”˜‡›™ƒ•–‘„‡ǣ

ͳǤ ƒ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ǡ ™‹–Š ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‹”‡ ‘‘‹ ’”‘†— –• ʹǤ ƒ •–—†› ‘ˆǥ–Š‡ •‘‹Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ǡ ™‹–Š ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ”‘’• ͵Ǥ ƒ•–—†›‘ˆ”‘ƒ†Ǧƒ‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ͶǤ ƒ•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡—†‡”‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡• ͷǤ ƒ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ •–”‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ’‘™‡”•ǥ™‹–Š ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ˆ‘” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• ͸Ǥ ƒ•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡•™ƒ’ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘–‹ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†•ǡ™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ –Š‡‹””‡ Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡• ͹Ǥ ƒ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ ™‹–Š ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” „‡ƒ”‹‰—’‘‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ’—”•—‹–• ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥͷʹ  ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‡Ž‡ –‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•™‡”‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ

–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ „—– ‘– Œ—•– ˆ‘” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ •ƒŽ‡ ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ „›

‘—–•‹†‡ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ —•‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™Š‡”‡˜‡” ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘

•ƒ˜‡‘‡›ƒ†„‘‘•––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡™‘”‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•

•Š‘™‡†ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘„ƒŽƒ ‡–Š‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ȋƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•

™‹–Š•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡‡ƒ”–‡”Ǥ

 51 Ibid., 7.

52 Public Acts of Tennessee, 1909, Chapter 549, Senate Bill 330:2008-2012, provided for the appointment of a state geologist, permitted cooperation with federal and state bureaus, and provided for publication and collection of exhibits of natural resources. A state geological commission was also appointed, which was to be composed of the governor, the commissioner of agriculture, the state mine inspector, and the presidents of the University of Tennessee, Vanderbilt University, and the University of the South.

 ͸ͳ –‹•–‡’–‹‰–‘”‡ƒ†‹–‘–Š‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ —””‡– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡›‘—‰•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡

’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ Žƒ†•Ǥ‡––Š‡—„‡”‘‡‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡

•—”˜‡› ™ƒ• ƒ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ‰‡‘Ž‘‰› Dz™‹–Š ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ǥ‡ ‘‘‹ 

’”‘†— –•ǡdz™Š‹ Š ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‹’Ž‹‡•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‡

–Šƒ– †‡ƒŽ– ™‹–Š ˆ‘”‡•–”› ƒ† ™ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ Ž‹‡† –Š‡ –‡”•

‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Dzˆ‘”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•dzȄ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡–™‘

™‡”‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ’ƒ”–‡”• ˆ‘” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡••ǡ Œ—•– ƒ•–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›•

„‡‡‹• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ

‡‰‹‹‰‹ͳͻͳͲǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡—’–‘•ŠŽ‡›ǡƒ”‹•‹‰•–ƒ”‹–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ–‘

ƒ””›‘—––Š‡™‹•Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ†„‡‡”‡ ”—‹–‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡• ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡› ƒ• •‘‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† ˆ—†• „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”

‡‡••‡‡ǯ• Š‹”† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›Ǥͷ͵†‡”•ŠŽ‡›ǯ•ƒ‡‰‹•ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–

‹’‘”–ƒ–• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ™‘”‘‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†Ǥ ‹•Dz –”‘†— –‹‘dz–‘

–Š‡‡™˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆThe Resources of Tennesseeǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•„‡‹‰”‡˜‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒ•‡”‹ƒŽ

„—ŽŽ‡–‹ǡ™ƒ••—„–‹–Ž‡†ǣA Brief Summary for the Homeseeker, Investor, Business Man,

Farmer and OthersǤ –•–‹–Ž‡‰‹˜‡•‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ•ŠŽ‡›ǯ••ƒ”–ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ

‡‹–‡†‡†–‘’”‡•‡––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘Dz™‹†‡Ǧƒ™ƒ‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•ǡ‹‡”•ǡ

ƒ† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–• ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘—–”›dz ™Š‘ Š‡ Š‘’‡† ™‘—Ž† ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ‘—–Š ƒ

 53 Wilson, 10.

 ͸ʹ ‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›–‘–Š‡ƒƒƒƒƒŽǤͷͶ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›‹•–Šƒ–‡˜‡‹Š‹••Š‘”–

‹–”‘†— –‘”› ‡••ƒ› •ŠŽ‡› ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ ’”‘‹‡– Ž‹•–‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Š‡

Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•DzŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•—‹–‡†dzˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”—•‡ǡ˜ƒ”›‹‰‹ ‘Ž‘” ˆ”‘ Dz ”‡ƒǡ

›‡ŽŽ‘™ǡ„”‘™ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ƒ†”‡†ǡ–‘’‹‘”„Ž—‡‹‡†Ž‡••˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡdzƒ†‘ˆDzŠ‹‰Š

Š‡‹ ƒŽ ’—”‹–› ƒ† Š‹‰Š ”—•Š‹‰ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† Š‹‰Š ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ ‘ˆ

™ƒ–‡”ǤdzͷͷŽ–Š‘—‰Š•ŠŽ‡›’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›‘™ˆ‘”

‹–‡”‹‘”—•‡ǡŠ‹•ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ‹–••–”‡‰–Šƒ††‡•‹–›•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–Š‡‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘

Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†‹–•˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”‡š–‡”‹‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ–Š‡–‹–Ž‡’ƒ‰‡ǡƒ•–›Ž‹œ‡†Ž‘‰‘

•Š‘™•ƒ–”ƒ‹ ‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•–‘‡–—‡Žǡ™‹–Šƒ ”‘••‡†’‹ ƒ†™‡†‰‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡

†‡””‹ •ƒ†„Ž‘ •ǡƒ†ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‡›Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ —––Š”‘—‰Š„›–Š‡„‡†•‘ˆƒ”‹˜‡”Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š‹–•–‹–Ž‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡„—ŽŽ‡–‹‹••–ƒ–‡™‹†‡ǡ–Š‹•’‹ –—”‡ ‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡

‘•–”—‡†–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–ƒ†‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡”‡’‘”–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†

†—”‹‰•ŠŽ‡›ǯ•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‘‰‘ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͻȌǤDzŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡ǡdz„›Šƒ”Ž‡• Ǥ ‘”†‘ǡ™ƒ•ƒ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ •–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ

ˆ‹‡Ž† •—”˜‡› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”› –Šƒ– Šƒ† ‰”‘™ —’ ƒ”‘—† ‹–Ǥ —„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͳͻͳͳǡ

‘”†‘ǯ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š™ƒ•‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‹–‡†‡†–‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•—”˜‡›

†‘ —‡–Ǣ‹–™ƒ••—„–‹–Ž‡†Dzš–”ƒ –ȋȌˆ”‘—ŽŽ‡–‹‘ǤʹǮ”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›ƒ’‡”•‘

–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Ǥǯdz

 54 George H. Ashley, The Resources of Tennessee [Bulletin 13] (Nashville: Tennessee State Geological Survey, 1911), 33.

55 Ibid., 35.

 ͸͵ 



























‹‰—”‡ͻǤ‘‰‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡͳͻͳͳ   Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒˆˆ‘”†Šƒ†Ž‘‰ƒ‰‘ƒ• ”‹„‡†–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡–‘

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ ‘”†‘ ‘™ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– Dz–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ –”ƒ†‡•dz ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡

‡‡••‡‡•–‘‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ͳͻͳͳǡŠ‡™”‘–‡ǣDz –Š‡–”ƒ†‡–Š‡–‡”ƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†

–‘ƒ› ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•”‘  ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰ƒ‰‘‘†’‘Ž‹•Šǡƒ†™Š‹ Š ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”

‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ ™‘”ǡ ‘” Š‹‰ŠǦ‰”ƒ†‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥdzͷ͸  ‡ ’”‘ ‡‡†‡† –‘ †‡ˆ‹‡–›’‡• ‘ˆ

 56 Charles H. Gordon, “The Marbles of Tennessee,” Extract [D], Bulletin II, Preliminary Papers on the Mineral Resources of Tennessee (Nashville: Tennessee  ͸Ͷ •–‘‡ ‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› Dz ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡• ‘”

†‘Ž‘‹–‡•ǡdz ƒ††‹‰ǡ DzŽ‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘–Š‡” †‡’‘•‹–•ǡ •— Š ƒ• „”‡ ‹ƒ•ǡ ‘‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ†

‡˜‡ •‡”’‡–‹‡•ǡ ƒ› ˆ—”‹•Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥdz ‡

‘ Ž—†‡†ǣDz„—–ǡ•–”‹ –Ž›•’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥ–”—‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹• ƒ ‰”ƒ—Žƒ” ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ”›•–ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡ ‘” †‘Ž‘‹–‡ǡ Š‹‡ˆŽ› –Š‡

ˆ‘”‡”ǤDzͷ͹Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǡ†‹†‘––‘— Š‘–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ

™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ Dz–”—‡ ƒ”„Ž‡dz Šƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡† •–‘‡Ǥ ‘”†‘ǡ ™Š‘

ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‘˜‹ ‡†–Šƒ– ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡›–‘–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ†‡• ”‹„‡†

–Š‡Dz Ž‘•‡Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡•–”ƒ–ƒ•dzƒ‹‰—’–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”†‹†Š‡•‡‡

‘ ‡”‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‘••‹Ž•‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǣDz –Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

–Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž•‹•”‡ƒ†‹Ž›•‡‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™Š‘ŽŽ›”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†Ǥdzͷͺ

‹‡ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ‡‹–Šǡƒ†‡””‹ŽŽǡ ‘”†‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘˜‹ ‡† –Šƒ–

”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘™ƒ•’”‘‘ˆ‡‘—‰Š‘ˆDz–”—‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdz”ǡ™ƒ–‹‰–‘ Šƒ’‹‘

‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ Š‡ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡ ‘– –‘ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ  ͳͻͳͳǡ –Š‡

 Division of Geology, 1911), 5. Gordon’s reference to the building industry is probably also a nod to the popularity of craftsman-style architecture (with its diverse revival styles and combinations of rustic, often local, materials) in America’s new suburban neighborhoods. An early example of rustic craftsman construction is Glen Craig, a circa 1888 rustic Knoxville summer cottage built of rough blocks of Tennessee marble for John J. Craig III, owner of one of the most prominent marble films in the region. His Knoxville residence, Craiglen, modeled on an Italian town house, was designed in 1926 by architect Charles Barber to showcase interior Tennessee marble.

57 Gordon repeated this wording in a later and much more extensive report entitled “History, Occurrence and Distribution of the Marbles of East Tennessee,” in Marble Deposits of East Tennessee, Bulletin XXVIII (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 1924), 26.

58Ibid., 11.

 ͸ͷ ‹†—•–”›™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‹‹–•ƒ• ‡†ƒ ›ǤŠ‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‘‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•

ˆ‘”ͳͻͲͺŽ‹•–‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ•–Š‹”†ȋ„‡Š‹†–Š‡’—”‡™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆ‡”‘–ƒ†

‡‘”‰‹ƒȌ‹–‘–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡’”‘†— ‡†ǡ™‹–Š‡‡••‡‡ Ž‘•‡„‡Š‹†‡”‘–‹

’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ”‘—‰Š‹–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡Ǥ

•ŠŽ‡›”‡•‹‰‡†‹ƒ” Šͳͻͳʹ–‘”‡–—”–‘–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǤŠ‡

‡‡••‡‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ••‡„Ž›ǡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ’Ž‡ƒ•‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘‰”‡•• —†‡” Š‹• –‡—”‡ǡ

‘–‹—‡† –Š‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‡† ƒ• •— ‡••‘” Ǥ Ǥ —”†—‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” –ƒ–‡

‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‘ˆ ”ƒ•ƒ• ƒ† ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ”ƒ•ƒ•ǡ —”†—‡ Šƒ†

™‘”‡†™‹–Š•ŠŽ‡›‘–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›Ǥ—”†—‡ǡ‘–‹‰–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰‡‡†

ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Dz ‘ƒŽǡ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ǡ‹”‘ǡ Žƒ›ǡ•Žƒ–‡ǡ •‘‹Žǡ ƒ”„Ž‡dz

‘–‹—‡†–‘ ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‡‡••‡‡•—”˜‡›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘•ŠŽ‡›ǯ•’ŽƒǤͷͻ ͳͻͳʹǡ

—”†—‡ ‘–‹—‡†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆThe Resources of Tennesseeƒ•ƒ‘–ŠŽ›Dz†‡˜‘–‡†

–‘–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz

Š‡ƒ›ͳͻͳʹ‹••—‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒŠ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹‡‡••‡‡„›ǤǤ

Ž‡Ǥ͸Ͳ —”†—‡ǯ• ‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡† ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ͸ͳ Š‡ ‹••—‡ ƒŽ•‘

ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƒ”„Ž‡–ƒ„Ž‡––Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡

ͳͻͳʹ ‘—–Š‡” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‘‰”‡•• ‹ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ  ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ”‡ƒ”• ˆ‘” –Šƒ–

 59 Wilson, 15.

60 L.C. Glenn, “The Growth of Our Knowledge of Tennessee Geology,” in The Resources of Tennessee, II (Nashville: State of Tennessee State Geological Survey, 1912), 167-219.

61 A.H. Purdue, The Resources of Tennessee, II (Nashville: State of Tennessee State Geological Survey, 1912), 220.

 ͸͸ ‡‡–‹‰ǡ —”†—‡ ƒŽŽ—†‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‰”‡••ǣ Dz†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ†

‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Šdz‹–Š‡‘—–Šǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–•‹ ‡Dz–Š‡–™‘ƒ‹

•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ”‡–Š‡•‘‹Ž‘‘‡Šƒ†ƒ†–Š‡‹‡•ƒ†“—ƒ””‹‡•‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”dz

‹– •‡‡‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡› ’”‡•‡– –Š‹• Dz•Žƒ„ ‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘‘—”“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥdz͸ʹ

Ǥ Ǥ—”†—‡Šƒ˜‹‰†‹‡†‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ‹Ž„—” Ǥ‡Ž•‘™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–‘–Š‡’‘•–

‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–†—”‹‰‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ‡Ž•‘ǡƒ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ†‡”„‹Ž–

‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠƒ†„‡‡‡’Ž‘›‡†‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•

„‡ˆ‘”‡‡ƒ”‹‰ƒƒ•–‡”ǯ•†‡‰”‡‡ˆ”‘–ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–‘†‡”

‡‡••‡ƒ•Š‡Ž†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹Š‹‰Š‡•–‡‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡

ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‡Ž•‘ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†–‹‡•–‘‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‡Šƒ†™‘”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡƒ†–Ǥ‘—‹•ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›ˆ”‘ͳͻͳͶǦͳ͸ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘’ƒ›—–‹ŽŠ‡

ƒ••—‡†–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‹ͳͻͳͺǤ͸͵—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡Ž•‘ǯ•

–‡—”‡ǡ–Š‡—”˜‡›ǯ•ˆ‘ —•™ƒ•†‹˜‡”–‡†–‘™ƒ”‹–‡”‡•–•‹ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡ „ƒŽŽ Žƒ›ǡ

’›”‹–‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ‡‡••‡‡™‘”‡”•‹‹‡•ƒ†‡–ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–•

™‡”‡‡š —•‡†ˆ”‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•‡”˜‹ ‡•‘–Šƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘™‘—Ž†‘–„‡‹–‡””—’–‡†Ǥ͸Ͷ

 62 Ibid., 166.

63 Wilson, 22. As David F. Noble has written about the field of engineering, the links between university departments and industry were relatively fluid in the early part of the twentieth century, and the State of Tennessee was obviously no exception in seeking up-and-coming geology professionals who understood the practical application of knowledge. David F. Noble, America By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 40-44.

64 Wilson, 18-19.

 ͸͹ ‘’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡™‡”‡‹••—‡††—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›™ƒ•‹ƒŠ‹ƒ–—•™‹–Š†‘‡•–‹  ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–ƒ•–ƒ†•–‹ŽŽƒ†ˆ‡™‹ˆ

ƒ›Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•—†‡”™ƒ›Ǥ

 ͳͻʹ͵ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ••‡„Ž› ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ

„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ › ‘ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ Š‡ Š‹”† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡› ™ƒ• ‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡

‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‘˜‡† ‹–‘–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‡ Ž‡ˆ–

‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹ ͳͻʹͷǡ ‡Ž•‘ ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡† –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ

„—ŽŽ‡–‹• —„‡”‡† ʹͲ –‘ ͵͸Ǥ  Bulletin 28ǡ ‡–‹–Ž‡† DzŠ‡ ƒ”„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ǡdz

‘„‹‡†ƒ—’†ƒ–‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ ‘”†‘ǯ••–—†›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‹–Šƒ”‡’‘”–

„›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ‡Ž•‘ƒŽ‡–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡†‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘

ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡƒ†ƒ–Š‹”†•‡ –‹‘ǡ‘ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””›‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǡ„›‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– Ž‹˜‡”

‘™Ž‡•Ǥ Š‹• ˜‘Ž—‡ ”‡ƒ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– ‘’Ž‡–‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡

‹†—•–”›Ǥ  Ž—†‡†‹Bulletin 28™‡”‡–™‘ƒ’•‘ˆƒ –‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›“—ƒ””‹‡•ǣ

Dz‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ† ‹ ‹‹–›ǡdz ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” †‘‡ ˆ”‘ ͳͻͳͻ –‘ ͳͻʹͳǢ ƒ†

Dz ”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‹ ‹‹–›ǡdzƒ’’‡†‹ͳͻʹͳǤŠ‡•‡ƒ’•ȋˆ‹‰—”‡•ͳͲƒ†ͳͳȌƒ”‡

‡š–”‡‡Ž›˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›•Š‘™ƒ‡•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ—„‡” ‘ˆ

“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ͸ͷ

 65 Chapter IV of this dissertation contains a map created by overlaying these maps using Geographic Information System (GIS) software to show the location of these quarries in relation to both historical and contemporary transportation infrastructure.

 ͸ͺ



‹‰—”‡ͳͲǤŠƒ”Ž‡• ‘”†‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǤMarble Belt of Knoxville and VicinityǡͳͻʹͶǤ 

‘”†‘ǯ• ͳͻʹͶ ”‡’‘”– ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ͳͻͳͳǡ ™‹–Š

ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‡–ƒ‹Ž „ƒ•‡† ‘ ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” –Šƒ– ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

’”‡•‡– “—ƒ””› ‘™‡”• ‹ ƒ™‹•ǡ ‘šǡ ƒ† Ž‘—– ‘—–‹‡•Ǥ ‹• †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ

•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡™Š‘•‡‘ —””‡ ‡‹•‘–‡†‘ƒ’•‘ˆ“—ƒ””›Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•

‹• ›‡– –Š‡ ‘•– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ •‹‰Ž‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡

‹†—•–”› ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ͸͸ › ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ‘”†‘ ’”ƒ‹•‡† ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ͳͺ͸ͻ ”‡’‘”– ƒ•

Dz‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ •‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›dzƒ†”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›

 66 In 1960 Stuart Maher and Joe P. Walters, using Gordon’s list of quarry locations, re-surveyed them and updated the list in Tennessee Division of Geology Information Circular 9.

 ͸ͻ ™‘”†‘‡‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͺͻͲ•ƒ•ƒ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–‹

ƒ’’‹‰Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–™‘ƒ’•‹ Ž—†‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹•”‡’‘”–ǡ™Š‹ Š

™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ– ƒ Ž‘•‡ –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ‘–‘—” ‘ˆ –™‡–› ˆ‡‡–ǡ ™‡”‡ ’”‘†— ‡† ‹

”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Dz ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒdz„› –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡

‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ‹’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›Ǥ͸͹







‹‰—”‡ͳͳǤŠƒ”Ž‡• ‘”†‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǤMarble Belt of Friendsville and VicinityǡͳͻʹͶǤ



Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‘”†‘•–ƒ–‡† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹„‘–Š”‡’‘”–•–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ

‡‹–Š‡” ‹ ͳͻͳͳ ‘” ‹ ͳͻʹͶ †‹† Š‡ ƒ‡ ƒ› ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ 

Šƒ‰‡ ƒ•–Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  –Šƒ– †‡–‡”‹‡• ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– ƒ •–‘‡™ƒ•

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ  „‘–Š ”‡’‘”–•ǡ Š‡ ™”‘–‡ –Šƒ– ™Šƒ– ƒ†‡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡• Dz•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”—•‡ƒ•

ƒ”„Ž‡•dz™ƒ•–Š‡Dz”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•dz–Š‡›Šƒ†—†‡”‰‘‡Ǥ

 67 Gordon, 1924, 33.

 ͹Ͳ Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡†•‘‡–›’‡‘ˆ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•ǡ„—–Š‡†‹†‘– Žƒ”‹ˆ›ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ ‘•–

Ž‹‡•–‘‡•ǡŠ‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–‘–Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡

•‡ƒǤ͸ͺ –Š‡ͳͻʹͶ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘”†‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†ǡ†‡• ”‹„‹‰‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ•

„‡‹‰ ‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ Dz ‘‹—–‡†dz •‡ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹• •‡Ž‡–‘• –Šƒ– Šƒ† —†‡”‰‘‡

’”‡••—”‡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ”‡Ǧ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ͸ͻ Š‹• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‹’Ž‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡•

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ȅƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡™Šƒ–Ȅ‹’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ

Š‡ •‡ ‘† ’ƒ’‡” ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻʹͶ Bulletinƒ†‡ƒ‡˜‡‘”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ

‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǧƒ”„Ž‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ –•ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ–Š‡’”‘‹‡–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ

Š‘ƒ•‡Ž•‘ƒŽ‡ǡŠƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡††‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡”‡’‘”–•‘–Š‡‰”ƒ‹–‡•‘ˆƒ‹‡ƒ†

‡”‘– ‹ ͳͻͲ͹ ƒ† ͳͻͲͺǤ ƒŽ‡ǡ ™Š‘•‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž›

ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”‹ ‡”ƒ›ƒ†Ž‡ –—”‡•‘‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–ƒ„”‹†‰‡ƒ† ƒ”˜ƒ”†ǡŽ‡ƒ”‡†

‘ –Š‡ Œ‘„ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›ǡ ™Š‡”‡ Š‡ ™‘”‡† ‘”‡ –Šƒ ˆ‘—”

†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ ͳͺͻʹŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘ ‘’‹Ž‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–”‡‰‹‘

ˆ”‘ Š‹• Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”• ‹ ‹––•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•Ǥ ‡ „ƒŽƒ ‡†–Š‹•™‘”™‹–Š

–‡ƒ Š‹‰”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ–‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ŽŽ‡‰‡—–‹ŽͳͻͲͳǤ˜‡”–Š‡•’ƒ‘ˆŠ‹• ƒ”‡‡”ǡ

ƒŽ‡ƒ—–Š‘”‡†‘”‡–Šƒ–™‡–›”‡’‘”–•ƒ†„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡de facto ‡š’‡”–‘

‘‡” ‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡Ǥ͹Ͳ ‹••‡‹ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘‡”‘–ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‡–‹–Ž‡†DzŠ‡

‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ”„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡•–‡” ‡”‘–dz ȋͳͻͳʹȌǡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† „‘–Š –Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ

 68 Gordon, 1911, 5; Gordon, 1924, 26.

69 Gordon, 1924, 26.

70 Reinhard A. Wobus, “T.Nelson Dale: Diminutive Giant in Northeastern Geology,” in Williams College Geology Newsletter II (Williamstown: Williams College, 1993), unpaginated.

 ͹ͳ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  –‡•–‹‰ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› ‘–Š‡”• ƒ† ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ƒŽ‡ǯ• ‘™ •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡—†‡”–Š‡‹ ”‘• ‘’‡Ǥ ‘”‡‡••‡‡ǯ•Bulletin 28 ȋͳͻʹͶȌǡ ƒŽ‡ǯ•

Dz‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† †ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡•dz ‹–‡† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ǤǤ ǤǤ

Bulletin 521 ȋŠ‹• ‡”‘– •–—†›Ȍ —‡”‘—• –‹‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‹– ‘–ƒ‹‡† ƒ› ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘–‡–ƒ†•–”— –—”‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡’‘”–ǡƒŽ‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†—•‡†ƒ•ˆ‡™–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ–‡”•

ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ†™‘”‡†™‹–Š•ƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ

“—ƒ””‹‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• —•‡ˆ—Ž ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ

’—„Ž‹ Ǥ͹ͳ ‡ Šƒ† †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—–•‡– ƒ• ƒ ”‘  ‘•‹•–‹‰ ƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ

”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡ ‘” †‘Ž‘‹–‡ǡ ‘” „‘–ŠǤ͹ʹ ‡ ‹–‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ –Š‡

ˆƒ‘—•™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡ǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡƒ†‘Ž‘‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡™‹–Šƒ Š‡‹ ƒŽ

‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡“—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–• ƒŽ ‹— ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡•‹— ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ȋ–Š‡

•ƒ‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘š ‘Ž‘‹–‡ǡ ‘” Dzƒ‰‡•‹— Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡdz

†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ„‡›ǯ• ͳͺͻ͸ ƒ’ȌǤ͹͵ ƒŽ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ– Š‹• ‹ ”‘• ‘’‡

‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•Ž‹ ‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•‘ˆ

ƒŽ ‹–‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ȋƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” •–‘‡• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ •‹‹Žƒ” ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹—

ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡Ȍ Šƒ† Œ‘‹‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘” Dz–™‹‡†Ǥdz  ‡– ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‹•

„‡ Šƒ”ǡƒŽ‡•‡‡‡†–‘ƒ‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‡š ‡’–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹‰”ƒ—Žƒ”Ž‹‡•–‘‡•

 71 T. Nelson Dale, The Commercial Marbles of Western Vermont: Bulletin 521, United States Geological Survey (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), 10.

72 Ibid., 12.

73 Ibid., 13.

 ͹ʹ ™Š‘•‡ ”›•–ƒŽ• ’‘Žƒ”‹œ‡† Ž‹‰Š– „—– †‹† ‘– •Š‘™ –Š‡ Œ‘‹‡† ”›•–ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ ‡

•—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ Dz’ƒ”–Ǧ™ƒ›dz ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘‘ˆ ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡

’‘Ž‹•Š‹‰Ȅ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘”†‹ƒ”›Ž‹‡•–‘‡™‘—Ž†‘–’‘Ž‹•Š–‘ƒ•Š‹‡ǡ •–‘‡• –Šƒ–

‘–ƒ‹‡† ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•™‘—Ž†‡šŠ‹„‹–ƒ•’ƒ”Ž‹‰„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡Ǥ͹Ͷ ƒŽ‡ǯ• Dz’ƒ”–Ǧ

™ƒ›dzƒ”„Ž‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹–‡†‡†–‘ƒ’’Ž›–‘‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

ƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡†‹†‘–•–ƒ–‡‹–ƒ••— ŠǤ ‡Šƒ†”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡†‹”‡ –Ž›‹

–Š‡ͳͻͳʹ‡”‘––—†›ǣ

 ‘‡ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•Ž‹‡•–‘‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘ƒ   ”—•–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–‰”‡ƒ–‡‘—‰Š–‘†‡•–”‘›–Š‡‘—–Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‘••‹Ž•   ƒ”‡›‡– ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǥ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡   „‡ ‘‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ••—‡–Š‡’‡” ‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‹†™ƒ–‡”•  †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—••Š‡ŽŽ•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ†–Š‡”‡†‡’‘•‹–‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‡  –Š—•–ƒ‡—’ƒ• ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒŽ ‹–‡ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••Šƒ•–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ǥ‹   ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ”‹‘‹†‘”•Š‡ŽŽƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥ͹ͷ  ‡– ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ Š‘™ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹‰Š– ‘ —” ‹Ž‹‡•–‘‡

–Šƒ–Šƒ†‘–—†‡”‰‘‡‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ’”‡••—”‡‘”Š‡ƒ–ǡŠ‡•–‹ŽŽ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

•–‘‡•Dzƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡ǤdzŠ‡‡”‘–•–—†›‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Šƒ–ƒŽ‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ ‘–‡–‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ†‹• —••‹‰

Š‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ‡˜‡–•ǣ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽǡ‘”‰ƒ‹ ǡƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽǡ’”‘†— ‡†–Š‡

ƒ„—†ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”‹•–‘‡•ƒ ‡’–‡†ƒ• ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥ͹͸

 74 Ibid., 11-12.

75 Ibid., 22.

76 Ibid., 44-45.

 ͹͵ ƒŽ‡ǯ• ‡‡••‡‡ ”‡’‘”– ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” ‘†— –‡† ‹ ͳͻͳͶǡ •‘‘

ƒˆ–‡” Š‹• ™‘” ‹ ‡”‘–Ǥ   ‡‡••‡‡ǡ Š‡ –‘‘ ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹  •‡ –‹‘• ƒ† ƒŽ•‘

ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ ‘–‡–‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•

™‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†„›Ž‹˜‡”‘™Ž‡•ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‹‡•ǡ™Š‘

ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† ƒŽ‡ ‹ ͳͻͳͶǤ ‘™Ž‡•ǯ• ’ƒ’‡” ‘ “—ƒ””›‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•

‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ• –Š‡ –Š‹”† ƒ† ˆ‹ƒŽ •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Bulletin 28ǡ ‘–ƒ‹‡† ƒ†˜‹ ‡ ‘ Š‘™ –‘

”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  •–”— –—”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘” ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ —•‘—†‡•• –Šƒ–

‘—Ž† ƒ—•‡’”‘„Ž‡•‹ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—•‡‘”†—”‹‰–Š‡“—ƒ””›‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰› Bulletin 36ǡ DzŠ‡ ƒŽŽ‡› ‘ˆ ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ǡdz

’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻʹͷǡ™ƒ•ƒ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘„›ƒ”ŽǤƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰†‡ ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ Š‘‘Ž

‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘Ǥšƒ‹‹‰–Š‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹–Š

”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ•‡™”‘–‡

’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ•ƒ’”‘’‘‡–‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ‡

™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ’”‘–‘Ǧ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹•–Ǥ   ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† ƒ†

”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”ˆƒ”ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—•‡ǡŠ‡ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ˜‘”‡†•‡––‹‰ƒ•‹†‡ –Š‡ Ž‹––Ž‡Ǧ

—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‘—–ƒ‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘„‘”†‡”‹‰–Š‡‡‡••‡‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›ƒ•’—„Ž‹ Žƒ†Ǥ͹͹

ƒ•‡ǯ• •Š‘”– •‡ –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹†—•–”› ƒ‡† ‡‡••‡‡ Dz–Š‡ •‡ ‘†

‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‹‘‹ͳͻʹͶǡ‡”‘–”ƒ‹‰ˆ‹”•–

ƒ† ‡‘”‰‹ƒ–Š‹”†Ǥdz ‹•ˆ‹‰—”‡•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ—ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‹‰„—”‡ƒ—•‹

 77 Earl C. Case, “The Valley of East Tennessee: The Adjustment of Industry to Natural Environment” State of Tennessee, Department of Education, Division of Geology, Bulletin 36 (Nashville: Williams, 1925), 12. A significant inclusion in the report is a bound-in map of the proposed Great Smoky Mountains National Park, dated 1925, which appears between pages 24 and 25.

 ͹Ͷ ‡ƒ Š•–ƒ–‡ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡ƒŽ•‘”ƒ‡†•‡ ‘†–‘‡”‘–‹†‘ŽŽƒ”•’ƒ‹†

ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ͹ͺ

‘•–‘ˆƒ•‡ǯ•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡†–Š‡

’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”„Ž‡„‡†•†‹”‡ –Ž›•‘—–Š‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ•Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡

„‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ •ƒ– ƒ– ƒ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ”‡ƒ Šƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ  ‘”†‡” ˆ‘”“—ƒ””‹‡•–‘„‡

’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡›—•–„‡‡ƒ”ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ•‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ•‡”˜‡†„›„‘–Š–Š‡‘—–Š‡”

ƒ†Ƭ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡŠƒ†ƒ†‹•–‹ –ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”‘–Š‡”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ͹ͻ

ƒ•‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‹‘‡† ‡‡– ƒ• ƒ ’”‘†— – ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘—Ž††‡”‹˜‡

‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•‹ ‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™ƒ•’”‘†— ‹‰Ž‡•• ‡‡––Šƒ‹–™ƒ•

‘•—‹‰ǤͺͲ ‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›†‹†‘–•‡‡–Š‡‹Š‡”‡– ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ž‹‡•–‘‡

ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹ƒ”‡ƒ•„‡‹‰“—ƒ””‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ†–Š‡ ƒ’–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•

Žƒ–‡ ǡƒ—ƒ––”‹„—–‡†’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆƒŽ‹‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–

–Š‡’Žƒ–™ƒ•„—”‹‰™ƒ•–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‹‰

„—”‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ‹‡„›–Š‹•–‹‡Ǥ

ƒͳͻ͵Ͳ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ•–‡”ǯ•–Š‡•‹•‡–‹–Ž‡†Dz ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ–

•„—”›ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ǡdz ƒ‡• Ǥ ƒŽŽ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ• –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Žƒ”‰‡•–

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Šƒ–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡‹™”‹–‹‰

™ƒ•–‘—’†ƒ–‡–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘”†‘ǯ•Bulletin 28 ˆ”‘ͳͻʹͶ.

’ƒ’‡”–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‹ͳͻ͵ͳǡ„ƒ•‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™‘”ǡ†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡

 78 Ibid., 72.

79 Ibid., 75-76.

80 Ibid., 78-79.

 ͹ͷ •„—”› ‹•–”‹ – ȋ‡ƒ” –Š‡ Dz ‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”dzȌ ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›

—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ™Š‡ ‘”†‘ †‹† Š‹• ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”Ǥͺͳ ‹• ͳͻ͵Ͳ –Š‡•‹• Šƒ† ˆ‘ —•‡†

’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‘–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰ƒ””‘™„‡Ž–Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡

‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‘—–Š‡” DzŽ‹„dz ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥͺʹ  –Š‡ –Š‡•‹•ǡ

ƒŽŽ•†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡—’ˆ”‘–ǣDz ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›–Š‡–‡”ȋƒ”„Ž‡Ȍ‹•

’”‘’‡”Ž›”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ƒ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•”‘ ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•Ž‘•–‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒŽ

Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ† „‡ ‘‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ „› ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•Ǥdz —”–Š‡”ǡ Š‡ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– Œ—•–

„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡™‹ŽŽDz–ƒ‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•Šdz†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ‹–‹•ƒƒ”„Ž‡ǡˆ‘”Dz–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡

ƒ”„Ž‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‘–ǥƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽƒ†›‡–ƒ”‡‘–ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdzͺ͵

‘”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡŠ‡“—‘–‡† ”ƒǤ ‘›–ǡ‡†‹–‘”‘ˆStoneƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǣ

•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǥ‘”ǥƒ ’—”‡ †‘Ž‘‹–‡Ǥ ‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ ’—”’‘•‡•ǥŠ‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ‘•– ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ‹ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǥƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ„—–‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”‹•‘–ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„› ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ™”‹–‡”•ǤͺͶ  ƒŽŽ•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘Ž‹‡•–‘‡

ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•ƒ•„‡‹‰–Š‡‘Ž›‘‡• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹‹‰

Dzƒ˜‡”›Š‹‰Š’‘Ž‹•ŠǤdzŠ‹Ž‡Š‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ–Ž‹‡•–‘‡• ƒƒ†‘ˆ–‡†‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•  81 Forks of the River describes the area around the confluence of the French Broad and Holston Rivers just above Knoxville, which is now considered to have been one of the earliest areas of marble extraction in Knox County.

82 James G. Walls, “The Holston Marble at Asbury, Tennessee,” Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science VIII (1933): 124.

83 James G. Walls, “Holston Marble at Asbury, Tennessee” (master’s thesis, University of Tennessee, 1930), 1.

84 Ibid., 1-2. Frank W. Hoyt, Stone (December 1923): 695.

 ͹͸ ƒ”„Ž‡•ˆ‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’—”’‘•‡•ǡŠ‡ƒ†‡‹–ƒ’‘‹––‘•–ƒ–‡‘—–”‹‰Š–ǣDzƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒ

‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥdzͺͷ

‰”‡‡‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹•’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒŽŽ•™ƒ•

‘˜‹ ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡„‡†•‹™Š‹ Šƒ”„Ž‡•‘ —”Šƒ†ˆ‘”‡”Ž› „‡‡

†‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‘–Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆƒ•‡ƒǤ ‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‹•‘ —””‡ ‡Dz‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ–‹‡

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒŽŽ”†‘˜‹ ‹ƒǤdz ‡–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–†—”‹‰–Š‡Dz‘—–ƒ‹„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ

‰”‡ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ƒ†‡‘”‘—•’”‡••—”‡•™‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†dzǥƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘‡

‹–Š‡•„—”›•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘š‘—–›Šƒ†ƒ••—‡†ƒ•‡‹ǦˆŽ—‹†•–ƒ–‡ƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡

’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡™‡”‡”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ƒ†”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†ǤƒŽŽ•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘‡

ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”“—ƒ””‹‡•™ƒ•‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǣDz –‹•–Š‡‘’‹‹‘‘ˆ

–Š‡ ™”‹–‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•

™ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡‘—‰Š–‘”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡–Š‹•‘‡„‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–• Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘

™Š‹Ž‡‹–™ƒ•‘–‰”‡ƒ–‡‘—‰Š–‘‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”•†—‡–‘–Š‡‹” Š‡‹ ƒŽ

ƒ‡Ǧ—’™Š‹ Š‹••Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǤDzͺ͸ ‡†‹†‘–‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘™Šƒ––Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡

™ƒ•Ǥ Ž‹‡ ‡””‹ŽŽǡ Š‡ †‹† ‘– •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– –Š‡ •„—”› ƒ”„Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‘ Ž‘‰‡”

ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ ”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’•ƒŽŽ•™ƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ƒ

‘† –‘ ƒŽ‡ǯ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Dz–™‹‡†dz ”›•–ƒŽ• „› ‘‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ –Šƒ–

‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ†•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž‹ˆ‡”‘—•ƒ”„Ž‡•™‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•–Ž‹‡Ž›

–‘ ”ƒ „‡ ƒ—•‡Dz–Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž• ”‘••‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ǥdzͺ͹

 85 Ibid., 2.

86 Ibid., 5.

87 Ibid., 7.  ͹͹ ‡‰‹‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†Ǧͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡ –Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒŽŽ‡›—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†‹–•

‘™ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† —‡”‘—• ”‡’‘”–• ‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ™‹–Š‹ ‹–•

Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ǡ‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡••–—†›‹‰–Š‘•‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–’”‘’‘•‡†–‘ˆŽ‘‘†ǤŠ‹Ž‡

–Š‡ ‡™Ž› ƒ””‹˜‡† ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘ †‘—„– ™‡Ž ‘‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‘ˆ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ‹ ‡‡••‡‡ǡ –Š‡  ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǯ Dzˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ

‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡdz ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ Žˆ”‡† ‘™†”‡›ǡ Dz™ƒ• ƒ†

”‡ƒ‹‡† ‡ ‘‘‹ Ǥdzͺͺ Bulletin 1ǡ ˆ”‘ ͳͻ͵Ͷǡ ƒ ”‡’‘”– „›  ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– †™‹ Ǥ

 ‡Žǡ™ƒ•‡–‹–Ž‡†Dz‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

ƒŽŽ‡›‡‰‹‘Ǥdz‘”–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‘—”ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ”‘ ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ ‡Ž

”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒ Šƒ‹„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘

–Š‡”‡Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ‡”ƒȋ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ȌǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›•–‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‹• Žƒ••™‡”‡

‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ†‰‡‹••ȋƒ„ƒ†‡†•–‘‡‘ˆ•‹‹Žƒ” ‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ȍǡ ‡Žǡ’‡”Šƒ’•”‡ˆ‡””‹‰

–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”™‘”‘ˆǤǤƒŽ ‘––ƒ†”–Š—”‡‹–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ

ƒ†‡ ƒ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ˆŽƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ǡ

ˆ‹†‹‰–Š‡”‡DzŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡†•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘ •ǡ™Š‹ Š‘™ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•„‡†•

‘ˆ•Žƒ–‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ‘‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–œ‹–‡Ǥdzͺͻ

Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ǯ•Bulletin 6Dz–”— –—”ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

ƒŽŽ‡›‡‰‹‘dzȋͳͻ͵͹Ȍ•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ†„‡‡™”‹––‡–‘‡‡––‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡



88Cowdrey, 153.

89 Edwin C. Eckel, Engineering Resources and Mineral Resources of the Tennessee Valley Authority Region: General Engineering and Geology Division [Bulletin 1] (Knoxville: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1934), 3-5.

 ͹ͺ ’—„Ž‹  †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ limestone‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡”‡’‘”–ǡ

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡–‹‘‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆmarble–‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ǡ‘–‹‰–Šƒ–‹

ͳͻ͵ͷ‘˜‡”ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡’”‘†— ‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡

”‡‰‹‘‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡƒ†‡‡••‡‡ǤͻͲŠ‹•„—ŽŽ‡–‹‹ Ž—†‡†

ƒ•‡ –‹‘–‹–Ž‡†Dz ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǡdz‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ǡ”‡•–Ǥ’ƒ‹ǡ ”Ǥǡ‘„‡”–Ǥ

ƒ—”‡ ‡ǡƒ†‹ Š‘Žƒ•Ǥ‘•‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†‹–Dz ‘ƒ”•‡Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡dzƒ†Dz‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡’—”‡•– ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤdzŠ‡›•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‘–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

ƒ–”—‡‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ††‹‰Dzƒ†‹– ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ›ˆ‘••‹Ž•ǡdz ’‡”Šƒ’•

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‘••‹Ž•’”‘˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘‡™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ǡ

ƒ†‘–•‘—†‡‘—‰Šǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‡‘—‰Š–‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ˆ”‘„‡‹‰

ˆŽ‘‘†‡†Ǥͻͳ

ͳͻ͵͸ǡ—†‡”–Š‡ƒ‡‰‹•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒŽ–‡”‘†ǡ–Š‡‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ

‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ”‡˜‹˜‡† –Š‡

•‡”‹ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Resources of TennesseeǤ‡‘ˆ‹–•ˆ‹”•–‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ’”‹–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹†

‘ˆ–Š‡‘”•”‘‰”‡••†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™ƒ•Dz—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡dz „› ‡†ƒŽŽ Ǥ ‘”Ǥ  ›’‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ› ‡’”‡••‹‘Ǧ‡”ƒ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”

–Šƒ”‡’‘”–‹‰‡™”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ••— Šǡ

‹– ƒ „‡ •ƒ‹† –‘ ”‡’”‡•‡– ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ  ƒ

 90 Ernest L. Spain, Jr., Robert A. Laurence, and Nicholas A. Rose, “Building and Crushed Stone of the T.V.A. Region” in Structural Materials of the Tennessee Valley Authority Region: Division of Geology [Bulletin 6] (Knoxville: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1937), 6.

91 Ibid., 7.

 ͹ͻ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ••‡•‘ˆ”‘ •”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹‡‡••‡‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†

—†‡”Dz‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ‘ •dzǣDzǥ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•–”— –—”ƒŽ

†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•ȋ•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›

”‘ •Ȍ‹–‘’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡™”‘ –›’‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡ȋ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ȌǤ‹ ‡ ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡‹•–Š‡‘Ž›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘‹–‡•‡ ”—•–ƒŽ

‘˜‡‡–•ǡ–Š‡‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ ”‘ •ƒ”‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤdzͻʹ†‡”–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ 

–‹‡–ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‹•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ„”‹ƒ ‡”ƒǡ ™Š‹Ž‡

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‹ ‡”ƒ• ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ„”‹ƒ –‘ ”†‘˜‹ ‹ƒ –‘ ‹Ž—”‹ƒ –‘

‡˜‘‹ƒ –‘ ‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒǤͻ͵ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”†‘˜‹ ‹ƒ‹ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡ Ž‹•–‡† –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Š‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒ ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘™‡””†‘˜‹ ‹ƒ‡”ƒǡƒ††‡• ”‹„‡†‹–ƒ•Dz‘•–Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ǥdzƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•—ƒ”›ǡ

—†‡” –Š‡ Š‡ƒ†‹‰ Dzƒ”„Ž‡ǡdz ”‡†‹–‡† ’”‡˜‹‘—• ™‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ „› ƒˆˆ‘”†

ȋͳͺ͸ͻȌǡ•ŠŽ‡›ȋͳͻͳͲȌǡƒ† ‘”†‘ȋͳͻͳͳǡͳͻʹͶȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡’‘”–‘–‡†ƒ•Šƒ”’

†‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‹ ‡‡••‡‡Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰ ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ ’‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͷǤͺ

‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•‹ͳͻʹͻǡ‘—–’—–™ƒ••–ƒ‰ƒ–ǡƒ–‘‡–‡–Š‘ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ‘—–ǡ‹ͳͻ͵ͶǤͻͶ

ƒˆ—”–Š‡”‡ˆˆ‘”––‘„‘‘•––Š‡‡ ‘‘›†—”‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‰‡”‹‰›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ –Š‡

”‡ƒ– ‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•–‘–Š‡

„—ŽŽ‡–‹• ƒ• ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ Dzƒ”‡–• ‹” —Žƒ”dz ’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–•Ǥ ‘†ǯ• •–ƒ–‡† ‹••‹‘ ™ƒ•

 92 Kendall E. Born, “A Summary of the Mineral Resources of Tennessee,” in Resources of Tennessee [2nd Series] (Nashville: State of Tennessee Department of Education, Division of Geology, 1936), 11.

93 Ibid., 17

94 Ibid., 72.

 ͺͲ Dz’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǢdzŠ‡•ƒ™–Š‡•‡

•Ž‹ „”‘ Š—”‡• ƒ• ƒ•™‡”‹‰ ‹“—‹”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘•—‡”• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ’”‡•‡– ƒ†

’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǤͻͷŠ‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†‹

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡ‘‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Dz’—”‡”

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥdz Circular 3: Limestoneǡ ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ

’”‘†— –•‘ˆ‘š‘—–›Ǥͻ͸Markets Circular 11: Preliminary Directory of Mineral and

Chemical Industries in Tennessee Šƒ†ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž‹•–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹™Š‹ Š™ƒ•

”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•’”‘†— ‡†‹–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‡”‡Dz™‘”Ž†ˆƒ‘—•ƒ•ƒ

‹–‡”‹‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽdzƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡‘—–’—–‘ˆ“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ†‹ŽŽ•ˆ‘”ͳͻ͵ͻ™ƒ•

–Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•Ǥ  Š‡ ’ƒ’ŠŽ‡– ‹ Ž—†‡† †‹”‡ –‘”› Ž‹•–‹‰• ˆ‘” •‹š

‘’ƒ‹‡•‹‘š‘—–›ƒ†–™‘‹Ž‘—–‘—–›ǣ‘‡‹‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‘‡‹

”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ•–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘‡‹‰Š–ƒ••—‡

–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”“—ƒ””‹‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‡‘”–Šƒ––Š‡‹” ‘—–’—– ™ƒ•

‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡ ‘‘›Ǥͻ͹

†›‡–ǡ ƒ‡• ”ƒ›ƒŽŽ•ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ǯ•†‡‰”‡‡ˆ”‘ –Š‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ†•‡”˜‡†‘–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ˆƒ —Ž–›–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ƒ†

ͳͻͶͲ•ǡ™”‘–‡ƒͳͻͶ͸†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡™Š‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǧƒ‡†Dz‘ŽŽ›ƒ”†‡dzƒ”„Ž‡

 95 Walter Pond “Forward” (sic) in Markets Circular 3: Limestone (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Geology, 1937), 2.

96 Ibid., 8-9.

97 George I. Whitlatch, Markets Circular 11: Preliminary Directory of Mineral and Chemical Industries in Tennessee (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Geology, 1941), 26.

 ͺͳ ‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›Ǥͻͺ•Šƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ†‡‹–ŠǡŠ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡†•‘ˆ

—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ƒ™‹•‘—–›–‘Šƒ˜‡‘ ‡„‡‡ ‘–‹‰—‘—•™‹–Š–Š‘•‡‹

ƒ† ƒ”‘—† ‘š ‘—–›ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡† Dz‘ŽŽ› ƒ”†‡dz ‹ –Š‡

‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǤͻͻƒŽŽ•ǯ•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘™ƒ•–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•ƒ‡

–›’‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡Ǧ‘”Ǧ”—•–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†•–‘‡‘ —””‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡Ž‡‰–Š

‘ˆ ‘Ž•–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ •–”ƒ–—ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‘Ž› ‹ –Š‡ Dz‡š–”‡‹–‹‡•ǡdz ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‘—–‡”

‡†‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ’‹ ƒ† ‰”ƒ› ƒ”„Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡

DzŠ‡ƒ”–dz‘ˆ–Š‡•–”ƒ–—ǣ–Š‡†‡‡’‡”ƒ†™‹†‡”’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡†•ǤͳͲͲ Š‹•

†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ•ǡƒ•‹Š‹•ƒ•–‡”ǯ•–Š‡•‹•ǡ†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•Dzƒ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡†

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǥƒ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ”‘  ‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡ǡdz –Š‹• –‹‡ ƒ††‹‰ Dz‘”

‘”‡”ƒ”‡Ž›†‘Ž‘‹–‡Ǥdz ‡‘™”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ• Dzƒ

”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”‡†ƒ‹Ž›„›–Š‡ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

–Š‡ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•”‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ•— Š‘”‰ƒ‹••ƒ•„”›‘œ‘ƒ•ǡ„”ƒ Š‹‘’‘†•ǡƒ† ”‹‘‹†•Ǥdz

‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—••‡†‹‡–•‹–‘DzŠ‹‰ŠŽ› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡

Ž‹‡•–‘‡dz–Š”‘—‰Šƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘’ƒ –‡†™‡‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›

 98 Walls connected the use of the name Dolly Varden, which was used in the 1870s to describe a type of multi-colored blouse as well as a colorful spotted trout, to a brightly-dressed character in Charles Dickens’s novel Barnaby Rudge.

99 In an interesting aside, Walls added a page to his text that referred to a recent paper by Chilton Prouty, who was, perhaps, a relative of his thesis advisor, Dr. W.F. Prouty of the University of North Carolina. Prouty had written a recent article that suggested renaming the “Holston Marble” “Farragut Limestone” in order to call attention to the ongoing prominence of the industry at Farragut, Tennessee. James Gray Walls, “The Dolly Varden Phase of the Holston Marble,” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1946), addendum, 13a.

100 Ibid., 28.

 ͺʹ ƒŽ ‹–‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ™ƒ–‡” ’‡” ‘Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ –‹Ž–‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‘  ƒ•• †—”‹‰ ‘—–ƒ‹

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ‘ Ž—†‹‰ǣDz–Š‡”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡•‡‡•ǥ‘––‘„‡

–Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•ǡ „—–†—‡–‘

”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒŽ ‹–‡ ‹ ƒ ƒ‘”’Š‘—• •Š‡ŽŽ ƒ••

”‡•‡„Ž‹‰ ‘“—‹ƒǤdzͳͲͳ —”–Š‡”ǡ ƒŽŽ• –Š‡‘”‹œ‡† –Šƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ› ƒ”†‡

Žƒ ‡† –Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ„‡††‹‰ ‘‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’‹ ƒ† ‰”ƒ› ƒ”„Ž‡• ƒ† ‹– ƒŽ•‘

‘–ƒ‹‡†‘”‡‹”‘‘š‹†‡ǡ‹–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡† Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡•Š‘”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹Žƒ†•‡ƒ

–Šƒ‹–Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ —””‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹Ž–‡†„‘––‘ǤͳͲʹ

Š‡ͳͻͶͺƒ•–‡”ǯ•–Š‡•‹•‘ˆ ƒ‹ǦŠ—ƒ‡‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰›‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ

–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹ƒ†

ƒ”‘—†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‡‰„‡‰ƒ™‹–ŠŠ‹•‘™†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǣDz–”‹ –Ž›•’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ

–Š‡–”—‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹•ƒŽ‹‡•–‘‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•—†‡”‰‘‡”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤdzͳͲ͵ ‡

”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡†ƒŽŽǯ•”‡ ‡–†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•’‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

•‡•‡ǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–‹–„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘–Š‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡•ƒ†‹–™ƒ•‘ˆ‹††Ž‡

”†‘˜‹ ‹ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘—•‡†–Š‡–‡”Dz•—„ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ǡdzƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‹˜‡–‹‰ƒ–‡”

–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡Dz’ƒ”–Ǧ™ƒ›dzƒ”„Ž‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›Ǥ‡Ž•‘ƒŽ‡ǡ‘™ Žƒ‹‹‰–Šƒ–

–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹‡†„‘–Š ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ†•—„ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ‹

 101 Ibid., 14-15.

102 Ibid., 43-44.

103 Hai-Chuan Teng “Marble Deposits and the Marble Industry of the Knoxville Area” (master’s thesis, University of Tennessee, 1948), 1.

 ͺ͵ ™Š‹ Šˆ‘••‹Žˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ȋ ”‹‘‹†•ƒ†„”›‘œ‘ƒ•ȌŠƒ†„‡‡‡ Ž‘•‡†ƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š

Dz•‡ ‘†ƒ”› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ƒŽ ‹–‡ǤdzͳͲͶ

‹‡ ‘–Š‡” ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹ǡ ‡‰ †‡• ”‹„‡† –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ

Ž‹‡•–‘‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ƒ• ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•†‡’‘•‹–•‘ƒ•‡ƒ„‡††”‹ˆ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰„›

—””‡–•ǡ‹‰‘”‹‰ƒŽŽǯ•”‡ ‡–‡š ‡’–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Dz‘ŽŽ›ƒ”†‡dzƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ‘”‡†

‡ƒ” –Š‡ •Š‘”‡•Ǥ ‡‰ǯ• Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ Šƒ† —†‡”‰‘‡

Dz†‹ƒ‰‡‡–‹ dz ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ ȋƒ –‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‹‰ –‘ Šƒ‰‡• ƒ—•‡† „› Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘” ‘–Š‡”

•—”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ȍ ƒ† „‡‡ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹Ǧ

„—‹Ž†‹‰ ’‡”‹‘†ǤͳͲͷ ‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ Š‡ Šƒ† †—„„‡† Dz•—„ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ǡdz ‡‰

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒŽ‡ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‹•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–™ƒ–‡”’‡” ‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‘—•

Žƒ›‡”•Šƒ†„‡‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”†‡’‘•‹–‹‰ ƒŽ ‹–‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†‹–•‡Žˆ „‡ ‘‡

”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š•‘‡•‘”–‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ –‹‘ǤͳͲ͸

ͳͻͷ͵ǡ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡŒ‘‹–Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ

—”˜‡›ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‡™‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‘Š‘†‰‡”•‘ˆ

–Š‡ ǡ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›

ƒ†ǡ™”‘–‡–Š‡–‡š–Ǥ‘†‰‡”•’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ—•‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘†‰‡”•

”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ•–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ††‡†–‘‹–™Šƒ–Šƒ†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›

„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‡ŽŽ‹ ‘•ƒ†•–‘‡Ǥ•Šƒ†‡‹–ŠǡŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ‘”ƒ–‹‘

 104 Ibid., 2, 60.

105 Ibid., 62.

106 Ibid., 88; Dale, The Commercial Marbles of Western Vermont, 22.

 ͺͶ ȋ—•‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›„‘ŽOhȌ™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ–‘™Š‹ Š

Š‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–Š‡‡™•›„‘ŽOchǤ›‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‡ŽŽ‹ ‘ƒ†•–‘‡‹–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘

‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘†‰‡”•’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–— Š‘ˆ–Š‡DzǮ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǯ‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡ǡdz

™Š‹ Š Š‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ Dz ‘ƒ”•‡Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡dz ™ƒ• ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ƒ†•ƒ†•–‘‡ȋ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‹–‡ȌǤƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ˆ”‘

Š‹• ‘ Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•–”‹’‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ”‘••

„‡††‹‰ǡ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›•ƒ††‡’‘•‹–•ƒ†‡‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ˜‡”›ˆ‹‡

ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ ”‹‘‹†•ƒ†„”›‘œ‘ƒ•ǤͳͲ͹

‘‡ƒ”•ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ‹ƒͳͻͷͺƒ•–‡”ǯ•–Š‡•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›

ƒ† ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ƒ”‡ƒƒ†–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‹Ž‡Š‡

•—ƒ”‹œ‡†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ˆ”‘‘Ž†‡”•‘—” ‡•Ž‹‡ ‘”†‘ǡ Š‡

ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›™”‘–‡Š‹•‘™•‡ –‹‘‘–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–ƒ•

ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ ͻͻǤͷ ’‡” ‡– ƒŽ ‹— ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ ȋƒ͵Ȍ „—– ˜ƒ”›‹‰ •‘‡™Šƒ– ‹

Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡– †‡’‡†‹‰ —’‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ‹‡”ƒŽ• ˆ‘—† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǤͳͲͺ†Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’”‘ ‡••„›™Š‹ Š‹–Šƒ†

„‡‡ˆ‘”‡†ǣ

ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ Šƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‡† —†‡” Š‡ƒ– ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ǡƒ‹†‡†„›’‡” ‘Žƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”•ǡ–‘–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ

 107 John Rodgers, Geologic Map of East Tennessee with Explanatory Text [Bulletin 58, II] (Nashville: State of Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Geology, 1953, reprinted 1993), 69-70.

108 Joe Parks Walters, “The Marble Industry of the Knoxville Area” (master’s thesis, University of Tennessee: 1958), 14.

 ͺͷ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡† —†‡” ’”‡••—”‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ‡• ƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽƒ••—‡ƒ•‡‹Ǧ’Žƒ•–‹  ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡„›’‡”‹––‹‰ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‹— ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡Ǥ – •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– –Šƒ– ‘•– ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ Šƒ• ‘– „‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‘••‹Ž”‡ƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ˆ‘—†‹‹–ǡ–Š‡‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹• ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™Š‡”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ˜‡”›†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›Ǯƒ”„Ž‡ǯ‹ƒ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•‡•‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰ ƒ„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žˆ‹‹•Š‘”’‘Ž‹•Šƒ†Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡„—›‹‰’—„Ž‹ ǤͳͲͻ   ‹•™‘”†•”‡ ƒŽŽ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›–™‡–‹‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›„‘‘•–‡”‹•‘ˆ ‘”†‘ƒ†„‘–Š

‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”› ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–• ‹ ‡‡••‡‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ–‡”•

Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‰”ƒ•’‡†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”–‹‡–‹••—‡•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘–‹—‡†–‘ƒŽŽ‘™–Šƒ–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–

•‘‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡‹‰Š–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ •–‘‡ǣDzŠ‡‘—–ƒ‹

„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆˆ‘Ž†‹‰ǡˆƒ—Ž–‹‰ǡƒ†—’Ž‹ˆ– ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†–Š‡

•‘ˆ– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ƒ—•‡† –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› Š‡ƒ– ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdz–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡƒŽ–‡”•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒŽŽ•ǯ•ͳͻ͵͵ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹–Š‡Journal of the

Tennessee Academy of Science ˆ‘” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ –Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•

‹‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹ “—ƒŽ‹–›ǤͳͳͲ

Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰› ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ —’†ƒ–‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡

‹†—•–”› ‹ ͳͻ͸ͲǤ  —–Š‘”• –—ƒ”– Ǥ ƒŠ‡”ǡ ”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹˜‹•‹‘ǯ•

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ ‘™ ƒ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹•– ™‹–Š ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•

†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘‹••‹‘ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ˜‹•‹–‡†

ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Ž‹•–‡†‹ ‘”†‘ǯ•ͳͻʹͶ•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‹•†‘ —‡–ǡ

 109 Ibid., 15.

110 Ibid., 16-17.

 ͺ͸ ™Š‹ Š ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† ‘Ž†‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ •‡‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‘ ‡”‡† ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡

‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›–‡’‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ

‘”Ž†ƒ” ‘—–ŠǤ –”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ”„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ǡ‘Ž›‡–‹‘‹‰Ž‹‡•–‘‡‹

–Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ™ƒ•–‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǣ  Dz  ͳͻͷ͹ ’”‘†— ‡”• •‘Ž† ͳ͹ǡͻͲͷ –‘•‘ˆ ”—•Š‡†‘”

„”‘‡ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‘‡ • ”ƒ’ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹• •‘Ž† ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Ž‹‡ǥ‡ “—‹ Ž‹‡

‘’ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‡•‘™ƒ•–‡’—” Šƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ƒƒ”„Ž‡‹ŽŽǡ•—’’Ž‡‡–‡†„›ƒ”„Ž‡

“—ƒ””‹‡†„›–Š‡Ž‹‡ ‘’ƒ›‹–•‡ŽˆǤdzͳͳͳ

 ͳͻ͸Ͳǡ ƒŠ‡” ƒ† ƒŽ–‡”• ˆ‘—† •‡˜‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‘—”–‡‡

“—ƒ””‹‡•‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ„—–ƒ†‡‘‡–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”‡”ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ǤŠ‡›”‡ ƒ’’‡†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǡ„ƒ•‡†

‘•–Ž› ‘ ‘”†‘ǯ• ͳͻʹͶ ”‡–‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ͳͺ͸ͻ ”‡’‘”–ǡ ƒ††‹‰ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‡™

Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡‹” ‹•‡”–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘”

“—ƒ””‹‡• „ƒ•‡† —’‘  Ǧ ͹Ǥͷ ‹—–‡ “—ƒ†”ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ’•Ǥͳͳʹ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡›

‘–‹—‡†–‘”‡Ž›‘ ‘”†‘ǯ•ƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•†ƒ–‡†ƒ†•‘‡™Šƒ–‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡Š‹•–‘”›

‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Dz’Š›•‹‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽdz•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

™Š‹ Š”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡–‘Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š ”—•Š‹‰ƒ†–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†Ž‘™”ƒ–‡•

‘ˆƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ǡ ƒ‡ˆ”‘Ǥ‡Ž•‘ƒŽ‡ǯ•ͳͻʹͶ•–—†›Ǥͳͳ͵

 111 Stuart W. Maher and Joe P. Walters, The Marble Industry of Tennessee: Tennessee Division of Geology [Information Circular 9] (Nashville: State of Tennessee Department of Conservation and Commerce, 1960), 21.

112 Ibid., 1-5.

113 Ibid., 21. Even a relatively recent article by Robin C. Hale entitled “The Effects of Weathering on the Holston Marble” cited tests reported or conducted by Gordon, Dale, and Bowles (Bulletin 28, 1924) and G.P. Merrill (1897) as authority for  ͺ͹ ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ˆŽƒ‰‰‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡‹‰

›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹–•‡Žˆ ‘–‹—‡†–‘”‡ƒ Š‡™Š‹‰Š•ǤƒŠ‡”ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”•”‡’‘”–‡†

•–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ˆ‘” ͳͻͷ͹ –Šƒ– •Š‘™‡† ‡‡••‡‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ƒ”„Ž‡

’”‘†— –‹‘ǤͳͳͶDzƒ”„Ž‡‡•‘—” ‡ƒ’ǣ‘™”‡ƒ•‘ˆ ‘‘‹  ’‘”–ƒ ‡ǡdz

™Š‹ Š™ƒ•’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒŠ‡”–‘„‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǯ•

Information Circular 9 ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ• †ƒ” Ž‹‡• ‹ ƒ ƒ‡” •‹‹Žƒ” –‘

‡‹–Šǯ•ͳͺͻͷ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‘ƒ’Ǥ –™ƒ•Ž‹‡Ž›‹–‡†‡†ƒ•ƒŽ—”‡ˆ‘”‡™‹†—•–”›Ǥ

 ͳͻ͹͵ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰› ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡

”‡’‘”– ‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‘š ‘—–›ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ –‘ ‘‹ ‹†‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Š‡Ž†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–Šƒ–›‡ƒ”Ǥ –Š‡”‡’‘”–ǯ• ˆ‹”•– •‡ –‹‘ǡ

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘„‡”–Ǥ‹Ž‹ ‹•‡–‘—––Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ’’‹‰‘ˆ‘š‘—–›•–”ƒ–ƒǤ

‡‘–‡†–Šƒ–‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ† Šƒ‰‡†ƒ”‡†Ž›‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ‡™†‡ ƒ†‡•Ȅ‘˜‹‰

ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ƒ† ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‰ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹  ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• –‘

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹• ‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ • –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š ƒ ”‡‡™‡† ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –Š‡

•–—†› ‘ˆ ˆ‘••‹Ž•ǡ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ’ƒŽ‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–”ƒ–‹‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥͳͳͷ –—ƒ”– Ǥ ƒŠ‡”

’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒˆ‹‡Ž†–”‹’‘‘š‘—–›‹‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡–‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•

 the conclusion that “Holston marble is very well suited for exterior use.” Newsletter Tennessee Division of Geology 11, no. 1 (June 1998), 10-11.

114 Robert E. Fulweiler, Dimension Marble: Tennessee Division of Geology [Bulletin 83] (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, 1992), 26.

115 Robert C. Milici, “The Stratigraphy of Knox County, Tennessee” in Geology of Knox County, Tennessee: Tennessee Division of Geology [Bulletin 70] (Nashville, 1973), 9.

 ͺͺ †‡•‹‰‡†–‘Dz•Š‘™–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ‹†—•–”‹‡•–‘ƒ—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒǤdzͳͳ͸Dz–‘’

͵dz ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† –”‹’ ™ƒ• ‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡” —ƒ””›ǡ ‡”‹ ƒ ‹‡•–‘‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ

‹–”‘†— ‹‰ ˜‹•‹–‹‰ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ‘™ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ “—ƒ””›‹‰ ‹

‘š‘—–›ǡ„›–Š‡Š‘‡–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡ ”—•Š‡†•–‘‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ƒ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ

•—’’Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ‡ƒ”„›Ž‹‡‹ŽǤŽ–Š‘—‰ŠƒŠ‡”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡‹‰“—ƒ””‹‡†

„›–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‹‡•–‘‡‘’ƒ›ƒ•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡‘•Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

‡‘‹”‹‡•–‘‡ȋƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹Ž‹ ‹ǯ• Šƒ”–ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘–Š‡‹††Ž‡

”†‹˜‹ ‹ƒƒ‰‡ǡŠ‹ ƒƒ—‰ƒ ”‘—’ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹‡•–‘‡ȌǡŠ‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†„ƒ –‘

‘”†‘ȋͳͻʹͶȌˆ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͳͳ͹‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‘–Š‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†–”‹’•ǡƒ Ž‘•‡Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ž‡†„›‡‡–ŠǤƒŽ‡”ƒ†

‡‡–Š Ǥ ‡””‹‰‘ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ•‘‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ•–‘–Š‡——•—ƒŽŽ›

‘’Ž‡š‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–•ƒ‰‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ„‡‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡†„›

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Ǥͳͳͺ

™‡–››‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡƒ—’†ƒ–‡‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡‹

Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin 83ȋͳͻͻʹȌǡ•‡‡‡†–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –ƒ‡™• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 

‘•‡•—•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǣ

‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• †‡ˆ‹‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹  ”‘  ‘•‹•–‹‰ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘ˆˆ‹‡Ǧ–‘ ‘ƒ”•‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†ǡ”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡† ƒŽ ‹–‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”

 116Stuart W. Maher, “Field Trip No. 3: Mineral Resources of Knox County, Tennessee” in Geology of Knox County, 169.

117 Ibid., 172.

118 Kenneth R. Walker and Kenneth F. Ferrigno, Field Trip 1, Stop 4 “Holston Formation: An Insight Into the Three Dimensional Relationships Between Reef-Core and Reef-Flank Facies” in Geology of Knox County Tennessee, 136.

 ͺͻ †‘Ž‘‹–‡ǥŠ‡ Dzƒ”„Ž‡•dz “—ƒ””‹‡† ‹ ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” ͳͷͲ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹  ”‘ • „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ‘ƒ”•‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†ǡ ˆ‘••‹ŽǦ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒŽ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ȋ ƒŽ ƒ”‡‹–‡Ȍ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”›˜‹ŽŽ‡‹‡•–‘‡ǡ‘ˆ”†‘˜‹ ‹ƒǦƒ†ƒ„”‹ƒǦƒ‰‡ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ    –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Šǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ

•–‹–—–‡Šƒ††‡ Žƒ”‡†‹ͳͻͺ͵ǣDz ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ›ǥƒ› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡† ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡”‘ –Šƒ–

™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•Š‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdzͳͳͻ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‘‰Ǧ–‹‡’”‡ ‡†‡–‹‡‡••‡‡ǡ

–Š‹••–ƒ–‡‡–™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‹ Ž—†‡†–‘’ƒ›Š‘ƒ‰‡–‘ ‘–‹—‹‰ ‘‡” ‡ ‹

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ˆ”‘–Š‡ǤǤ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‹‡•ˆ‘” ͳͻͻͳ ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ

†‘—„Ž‹‰‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•’”‘†— –‹‘‹ƒ–™‘Ǧ›‡ƒ”’‡”‹‘†ǡ†—‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ

Žƒ”‰‡ ‘–”ƒ –• ƒ “—‹”‡† „› —  –‘‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† ‘˜‡† ‹–‘ Ž‘—– ‘—–› ‹

ͳͻͺͻǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ƒ––”‹„—–‡†ƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹†—•–”›•Ž‘™Ǧ†‘™–‘Š‹‰Š ‘•–•

‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ“—ƒ””›‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŽ‡••Ǧ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ

ƒ†’ƒ‹•Šƒ”„Ž‡ǤͳʹͲ

 Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ™‘”†‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡˜‡”•—•ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡

‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”›–‡š–ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǯ•ʹͲͲͶƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ‡Ž‘–“—ƒ†”ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡•’ƒ”–‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”••–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–

–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡Dz ‘Ž•–‘‹‡•–‘‡ǤdzŠ‡‹”ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”

”‡Ž‹‡† —’‘ ‘”†‘ǯ• ͳͻʹͶ •—”˜‡› ƒ† Š‹• •ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ǡ Šƒ†Ǧ†”ƒ™ ƒ’ ‘ˆ –Š‡

 119 Robert E. Fulweiler,“Dimension Marble” in Tennessee Division of Geology [Bulletin 83] (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, 1992), 26.

120 Ibid., 27.

 ͻͲ ƒŽ„”ƒ‹–Š ’”‹‰• ƒ”‡ƒ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› “—ƒ””‹‡•ǤͳʹͳŠ‡•–—†›‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–

‘˜‡”•–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ȅ‘™ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› Ž‘•‡† †‘™ ƒ†

‡ƒ”Ž›Ž‘•––‘Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•‹–‹•‘Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‘Ž‘‰‡” ‘•‹†‡”‡†

˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹–• Š”‘‹ Ž‡”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Š–Š‡

•‹’Ž‡•–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ•–†‡ ‡’–‹˜‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡›‡–ǤŠ‡›†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–

ƒ•Dzˆ‘••‹ŽǦˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒŽƒ† ƒŽ ƒ”‡‹–‹ Ž‹‡•–‘‡•–Šƒ––ƒ‡ƒŠ‹‰Š’‘Ž‹•Šƒ†‡‡–ƒŽŽ

”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ•–‘‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdzͳʹʹ

 121 Gordon, 1924, p. 51. For his 1911 report, Gordon produced a hand-drawn map that included all of the marble areas of East Tennessee. In 1924, he opted for professional geologic maps of Knox County and Blount County. For the other marble areas, which he obviously considered of lesser or possibly diminishing importance: Luttrell, Concord, and the Galbraith Springs area of Hawkins County, he drew small scale, half-page maps.

122 Peter J. Lemiszki et al. Map of Camelot Quadrangle: Tennessee Division of Geology (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, 2004). ͻͳ  

  

   

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ƒ–‹‘ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•™‡”‡

ƒ—‰Š–—’‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–Dz• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ dz‹“—‹”›Ȅ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–‹†‡ƒŽ•

‰”‘—†‡†‹Š—ƒ”‡ƒ•‘Ǥ—––Š‡›ƒŽ•‘Š‘‘”‡†–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ‡™•–›Ž‡

‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‹‰„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡Žƒ™ƒ‹‰ƒ†„‘””‘™‹‰•ˆ”‘

„‘–Š ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ ‹‡–—”‘’‡ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ‘ǡ–‘‘ǡ†‹†–Š‡› —•–‘‹œ‡

’ƒ•–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‹–‘‡”‹ ƒ‹ ‘•Ǥ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘™ƒ•†”ƒ™–‘

—”‘’‡ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ•Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•™‘”–Š›‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ

”‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ ‡Š‡Ž’‡†•‡Ž‡ – ƒ‡• ‘„ƒǯ•‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒŽŽƒ†‹ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ†‡•‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•

„ƒ•‡†‘Š‘—•‡‘†‡Ž•‹—„Ž‹ƒ†••‡šǡˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‘—•‡Ǥͳ†Š‡ ƒ•–

–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‘–‡ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‹ƒŠ‘”–‘ǯ•‘ƒƒ–Š‡‘ˆŽƒ‡†„›™‹‰•ǡ

‘Ž‘ƒ†‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‘–—†ƒǡ‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

Š‘”–‘ǡŽ‹‡Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡ™ƒ•ƒDz‰‡–Ž‡ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –dz™Š‘‡’–—’™‹–Š–Š‡

Žƒ–‡•–• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡ Š–ƒ•–‡ǡŠƒ†–”‹‡†Š‹•Šƒ†

ƒ–’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹˜‡–‹‘•ǡƒ†•—„• ”‹„‡†–‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‹’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

•‘—” ‡•Ǥʹ ‡„‡ ƒ‡ Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡ

 1 John C. Van Horne and Lee W. Formwalt, eds. The Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Latrobe Volume I: 1784-1804 (New Haven: Yale University Press/The Maryland Historical Society. 1984), 260-261.

2 William Thornton, a European-educated medical doctor living in the West Indies, had won the prestigious architectural competition for the Philadelphia Library ͻʹ  Š‘”–‘™ƒ•†”ƒ™‹‰’Žƒ•ˆ‘”‘‘†Žƒ™ǡƒŽƒ”‰‡„”‹ ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Š‘—•‡„—‹Ž–‘

’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•‘—–‡”‘‡•–ƒ–‡ ƒǤͳͺͲͲǦͲͷˆ‘”Š‹•‡’Š‡™ǡƒŒ‘”

ƒ™”‡ ‡‡™‹•ǡƒ†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ǡŽ‡ƒ‘”Dz‡ŽŽ›dz—•–‹•Ǥ͵

—”‹‘•‹–›ǡ”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡ŠƒŽŽƒ”•‘ˆƒ

’‡”‹‘†™Š‡‘•–Dz’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•dz™‡”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡–”ƒ‹‡†ƒƒ–‡—”•™Š‘Šƒ†Dz”‡ƒ†

Žƒ™dz‹–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰Œ—†‰‡ǡ‘”‰‘‡ƒ„”‘ƒ†–‘Dz–ƒ‡ƒ‡†‹ ƒŽ†‡‰”‡‡dz

™‹–Šƒ†‘ –‘”ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ’”‘‹‡–—‹˜‡”•‹–›Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǡ‘”ǡŽ‹‡Š‘”–‘ƒ†

Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†ƒ„”‘ƒ†–‘•–—†›‘–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǤŠ‘”–‘’ƒ’‡”•

‡†‹–‘”ǤǤ ƒ””‹• ‘ˆ‹”•–Šƒ–”‡•‹†‡–ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡ

ƒ†–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‘‹••‹‘‡”•‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǯ•‡™

ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›™‡”‡DzŽƒ”‰‡Ž›‹ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ 

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†—ƒ ‡•‘ˆ”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒȋƒ†Š‹‰‰‹•ŠȌ‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‘ƒ

‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹•ǤdzͶŠ‘•‡ Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•— ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ›˜‹•‹„Ž‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ•–Š‡

ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‘—•‡†‹†–Š‡‹”„‡•––‘‡—Žƒ–‡‘–‘Ž›–Š‡†‡•‹‰•ǡ„—–

 Company in 1789. The commissioners of the Capitol, not having found any of the ten submitted designs in the 1792 competition entirely satisfactory, allowed Thornton to submit several months after the competition deadline. Thornton’s lack of technical knowledge and experience with building techniques caused problems for the succession of architect-builders who were to oversee the erection of the Capitol. Marcus Whiffen, American Architecture 1607-1860 (Boston: MIT Press, 1981), 126-127.

3 Woodlawn Plantation, Alexandria, Virginia, National Trust for Historic Preservation. http://woodlawn1805.org/ [accessed 17 December 2010].

4 C. M. Harris, “Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream: Politics, Design, and the Founding of the National Capital,” William and Mary Quarterly (Third Series), 56, no. 3 (1999): 529.

ͻ͵  ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†™‘”ƒ•Š‹’–Š‡›Šƒ†•‡‡‹—”‘’‡Ǥͷ –Š‡‹†•‘ˆ

‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ƒ†‹‡””‡ǯˆƒ–ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –™‘”‹‰™‹–Š”‡•‹†‡–

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘–‘Žƒ›‘—––Š‡‡™ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›ǡ–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆ‘ƒƒ† ”‡‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‹‡‘Ǧ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ”‡ Š’”‡ ‡†‡–Ǥ‡–

–Š‡‡™„—‹Ž†‹‰•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‹•’‹”‡†„›”‹–‹•Š‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹•ǡƒ•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š

ƒŽŽƒ†‹ƒǦ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•Ž‹‡‘„‡”–†ƒƒ†‹” ‘Š‘ƒ‡ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•ŠǦ

–”ƒ‹‡†‡Œƒ‹ƒ–”‘„‡ǡ™Š‘•‡™‘”‘’—„Ž‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•‹‰Žƒ†Šƒ†Š‘‡†Š‹•

ƒ–—”ƒŽ–ƒŽ‡–‹•–”— –—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Dz—”˜‡›‘”‘ˆ—„Ž‹ 

—‹Ž†‹‰•dz„›”‡•‹†‡– ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘‹ͳͺͲ͵ǡŠ‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›–Š”‡ƒ†‡†Š‹•™ƒ›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†’ƒ•–‹ Š‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ†‡—’Š‘”–‘ǯ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

†‡•‹‰ǡ–ƒ‹‰’ƒ‹•–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•‹ˆŠ‡™‡”‡ƒ†Š‡”‹‰–‘‹–‹’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡

”‹–‹“—‹‰‹–•ˆŽƒ™•ƒ†™‘”‹‰‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘–‘ƒ‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

‘”‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǤ‘‡‘ˆƒ–”‘„‡ǯ•‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ†

‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”‹‘”•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‹‰‹–‡”‹‘”†‘‡† ‡‹Ž‹‰•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›

ˆƒ˜‘”‡†Ǣ„ƒŽƒ ‡†’”‘’‘”–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡™‹‰•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ•

‘—•‡Ǣƒ† ‘””‡ –‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Ǧ„—‹Ž–‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ˆŽƒ™•–Šƒ–Šƒ† ƒ—•‡†

 5 Hoban, who was born in Kilkenny about 1758, had apprenticed as an architect in Dublin, and had emigrated soon after the American Revolution. HeA known architect/builder in Charleston, South Carolina, he moved to Washington in late 1792 at the invitation of President Washington, who put him in charge of designing and building the president’s house. One of the founders of Federal Lodge Number One of Freemasons in Washington in 1793, Hoban also helped oversee construction of the Capitol building prior to the appointment of Latrobe. William B. Bushong, “Imagining James Hoban: Portraits of a Master Builder,” White House History, no. 22 (White House Historical Association, 2005), 49.

ͻͶ  ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†”‘‘ˆ•–‘Ž‡ƒ‘„‘–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ͸ ‘‡

‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –ǡƒ–”‘„‡ƒŽ•‘•‡––Š‡•–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ ‡

”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡ƒ•‘ ‡‘”‰‡Žƒ‰†‡„‡ ‘–”ƒ –‡†–‘

’”‘˜‹†‡ —–•–‘‡”‡ƒ†›–‘•‡–ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹

•—’‡”˜‹•‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ˆ”‘“—ƒ””›–‘ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ˆƒ ƒ†‡Ǥ͹

ƒͳͻ͹͸‡••ƒ›‡–‹–Ž‡†Dz‡”‹ ƒƒ•›„‘Žǡdz‹–Š•‘‹ƒ‡”‹ ƒ”–

—•‡—†‹”‡ –‘” ‘•Š—ƒǤƒ›Ž‘”†‡• ”‹„‡†„‘–Šƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ†ǯˆƒ–ƒ•

•–‡‡’‡†‹Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ‘–Šˆ‡Ž––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‡™ ‹–›‹–•‡Žˆ

•Š‘—Ž†ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‹Dz”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ•–‡dzƒ†Dz’”‘˜‹†‡ȋ†Ȍƒ•’ƒ ‹‘—•ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡†

‡˜‹”‘‡––Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘ Ž‡ƒ”–Š‹‹‰ƒ††‹‰‹ˆ‹‡† ‘†— –Ǥdzͺ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‹•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‘‡–‘ˆ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”Dz‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡dz‡Ž‹‡

‹ŽŽ‹ƒŠ‘”–‘ƒ†Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡•–›Ž‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

‡™ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ””‹•ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•™‡”‡’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡‘”‡

‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ†ǯˆƒ–™‡”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ•‡”‹‘—•’—„Ž‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•

ƒ’ƒ‹‰–”›‹‰–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡‘—‰Š‘‡–—–‘„—‹Ž†–Š‡‡™ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›ǤŠ‡

‹–›ǡƒ––‡‹Ž‡••“—ƒ”‡ǡ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–Žƒ†ƒ••‘ˆƒ›‡”‹ ƒ ‹–›Ǥ –

™ƒ••—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡Dz•‡ŽˆǦˆ—†‹‰dz–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆŽ‘–•–‘‡™”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ•‘‹–ƒŽ•‘

‡‡†‡†–‘„‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‹„‘–Š’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ –‡”•Ǥ –•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡

 6 Van Horne, 258-259.

7 Ibid., 279.

8 Joshua C. Taylor, America as Art (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976), 14.

ͻͷ  ‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‘ƒ ‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹ ŠŒ‘‹‡†–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ƒŠƒ– ƒ”’‡”ǯ• ‡””›ǡ

†”ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡””ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ŽŽ‡‰Š‡›‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ƒ‹†‹

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‡™ ‹–›ƒ ‡–‡”‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡Ǥ†‹–

™ƒ•Š‘’‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›‘—‰‡”‹ ƒ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹•™‘—Ž††”ƒ™™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡

ˆ”‘–‹‡”ȋ™Š‡”‡‹–‹‰Š–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆŽ‘™‹–‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ‹•Šǡ”‹–‹•Šǡ‘”

”‡ ŠȌƒ†„ƒ ‹–‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‡”•Ǥ—––Š‡•‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘’–‹‹•–‹ ’”‡†‹ –‹‘•ǡ

•— Šƒ•–Šƒ–•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡”•™‘—Ž†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆŽ‘ –‘–Š‡‡™ ‹–›ǡ

Šƒ†‘–›‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥͻ



Native Materials: National Icons

‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǯ•ƒ‘— ‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳ͹ͻʹ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ‘”

–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽŠƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†Dz”‘ƒ„”‹ ǡdzƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘˜‡””—Ž‡†Š‹‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ’Žƒ‹

Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡††”‡••‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ǤͳͲŠ‹•™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒ›–‹‡•

–Šƒ–ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡™‘—Ž†„‡ Š‘•‡ˆ‘”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•

†‡ ‹•‹‘•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–ƒ‡™‹–Š‘—–‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ•— Šˆ‘”

”‡ƒ•‘•‘ˆƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ•ˆ‘”’—”‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒƒ••‹˜‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ

ˆ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†•ƒ†•–‘‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰

 9 Ibid., 534-536.

10 Harris,“Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream,” 551.

ͻ͸  ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ƒ‹‰„”‹ •ǤͳͳŠ‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‹ƒŠ—””›–‘„‡‰‹ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘–Š‡

”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‘—•‡ƒ†ƒ’‹–‘ŽǡƒŽ•‘ƒ’’”‘˜‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ—†‹‰–‘‹’‘”–‰Ž‹•Š

•–‘‡ —––‡” ‡‘”‰‡Žƒ‰†‡ƒ†”‡ ”—‹–ƒŽ‘†‰‡‘ˆ ‘––‹•Š•–‘‡ƒ•‘•ˆ”‘

†‹„—”‰ŠǤŠ‹•Žƒ––‡”‰”‘—’‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•–‡”ƒ•‘‘„‡”–”‘™ǡ™Š‘™‘—Ž†

„‡ ‘‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‘ˆ•–‘‡™‘”‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥͳʹ

Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘—•‡Ž‹‰Š– ‘Ž‘”‡†•–‘‡ȋ“—‹ƒ•ƒ†•–‘‡ˆ”‘‹”‰‹‹ƒȌˆ‘”

„‘–Š–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‹–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž’Ž‡ƒ•‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –Š‘”–‘ǤDzŠ‡

ˆ”‡‡•–‘‡™‹–Š™Š‹ Š™‡ƒ”‡‡”‡ –‹‰–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‘—•‡‹•‘ˆƒ

“—ƒŽ‹–›†‡‡‡†•—’‡”‹‘”–‘–Š‡‘”–Žƒ†•–‘‡ǡdz‘„•‡”˜‡†Š‘”–‘‹ͳ͹ͻ͹ǡDz‡

‰‡–‹–ƒ„‘—–ͶͲ‹Ž‡•†‘™–Š‡‹˜‡”‘–‘ƒǤdzͳ͵ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‡‡–Š

—†•‘ƒˆˆ‹”•–Šƒ–‘”–Žƒ†•–‘‡ǡƒŽ‹‰Š– ‘Ž‘”‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”‰Ž‹•Š’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•†—”‹‰–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǤͳͶ

Š‘”–‘ǯ•’Žƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Šƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡

‘Ž—•ƒ†’‹Žƒ•–‡”•‹–Š‡”‘–—†ƒǤ ‡‡˜‹•‹‘‡†–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Dzˆ‹‡

 11 This stone was referred to as freestone, which meant that, for purposes of appearance, it had no discernable grain that dictated the direction in which it could be laid. Architects and builders would later understand that setting stone without regard to its natural “bed” often resulted in deterioration.

12 William C. Allen, History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction and Politics (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 2001), 25.

13C. M. Harris, ed. Papers of William Thornton (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 426.

14Kenneth Hudson, The Fashionable Stone (Bath: Adams & Dart, 1971): 38.

ͻ͹  ˆ”‡‡•–‘‡›‘—Šƒ˜‡‹—•‡dz„—–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡

‹’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘ –ƒŽ›ǡƒ•Dz‘‡ȋ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹• ‘—–”›ȌŠƒ•›‡–„‡‡

’”‘ —”‡†‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–“—ƒ–‹–›‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›–‘ƒ•™‡”–Š‡‡†ǡ–Š‡’”‹ ‡Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†

ˆ‘”„‹†‹–•—•‡Ǥdzͳͷ

‡•’‹–‡Š‘”–‘ǯ•†‘—„–•ǡ–Š‡•ƒ†•–‘‡—•‡†‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

†‹†•–ƒ†—’–‘• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ ƒ”˜‹‰ǡƒ••‡‡‹‡Œƒ‹ ‡”›ƒ–”‘„‡ǯ••‹’Ž‡

‘”‹–Š‹ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ ƒ–Š—•Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ†•–‡•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ”‡‡‘†‡Ž•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡

ˆ‘—†‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ ‹” Ž‡‘ˆ ‘Ž—•‹–Š‡‘Ž† ‘—•‡˜‡•–‹„—Ž‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ

ŽŽ‡ǡ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘Ž—•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒǤͳͺͲ͹ǡƒ”‡–Š‡

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–Ǧ‘™—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡‘”†‡”‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥͳ͸ƒ–”‘„‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™ƒ•

‘– ‘–‡–‡”‡Ž›–‘‡—Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ ‹‡–•Ǥ ‡ǡŽ‹‡Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ƒ†

‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–‹•–ƒ†ƒƒ–‡—”ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•‹ŽŽ•‘‡ƒŽ‡ǡŠƒ†ƒ™‹†‡

‹–‡”‡•–‹ƒ–—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥƒ–”‘„‡ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–‡”‹ ƒǯ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ

”‡•‘—” ‡• ‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡ƒ••›„‘Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ͳͺͲͻǡ‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘

™‹–Š ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡƒ–”‘„‡‹˜‡–‡†ƒDz‡”‹ ƒdz˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ

ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤͳ͹Š‡‡š– ‘Ž— ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•Š‡‘”†‡”‡†–‘„‡ ƒ”˜‡†‹•ƒ†•–‘‡ƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡

ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ‘”•–ƒŽ•ƒ†‡ƒ”•ǡ ‘––‘ǡ

 15Harris, Papers of William Thornton, 244.

16 Allen, History of the United States Capitol, 73.

17Latrobe to Jefferson 28 August 1809, The Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe Volume II: 1805-1810, John C. Van Horne, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press/Maryland Historical Society,1986), 749-750, 752.

ͻͺ  ƒ†ƒ‰‘Ž‹ƒŽ‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ†ˆŽ‘™‡”•Ȅ•›„‘Ž‹œ‹‰ǡ‹‡••‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ

”‡‹˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǯ•”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹ͳͺͳ͸ǡ™Š‡

ƒ–”‘„‡Šƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ–Š‹”†•‡–‘ˆ ‘Ž— ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•ǡŠ‡ Š‘•‡

–‘„ƒ ‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ†ˆŽ‘™‡”•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰›‡–ƒ–Š‹”†˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡‘”‹–Š‹ƒ‘”†‡”

™‹–Šƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’‘‡–•Ǥͳͺ

Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›’Žƒ‡”•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘ ‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–Š‡›

‘‹••‹‘‡†„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ”‘›ƒŽ–›Ǥ

‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ ‡˜‹•‹‘‡† ‘„Ž‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘ ƒ ‘—‡–ƒŽ

• ƒŽ‡ǡ–Š‡‹”‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›–‘”‡’”‡•‡–”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ•‹’Ž‹ ‹–›

–‡’‡”‡† –Š‡‹” †‡•‹‰ †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡› ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹’‘”–‹‰

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ• –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘”‡’Ž‘›‹‰†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”ˆ‹‹•Š‡•

–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‹‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ǯ•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ•— Šƒ• ”—•Š‡†•–‘‡scagliolaǡƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘

ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”—‰ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ƒ Œ—†‹ ‹‘—• —•‡ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  ‘‡›

”‡ ‘‡†‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–Ǥ’Ž‘›‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Ž‘•‡ƒ–Šƒ†Ž‹‡–Š‡ “—‹ƒ

•ƒ†•–‘‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’ƒ‹–‡†™Š‹–‡–‘‰‹˜‡‹––Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

•‡‡‡†–‘•‡”˜‡„‘–Š’—”’‘•‡•™‡ŽŽǤ

Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹–•‡Žˆ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ –‘

Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ „‘–Š ƒ– ‹–• ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‘’‘‡•‹ƒ ƒ† –ƒŽ‹ƒ

’‡‹•—Žƒ•ǡ‘”ƒ•‹’‘”–‡†„›—”‘’‡ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘ˆ ‹˜‹ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ

Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘‰Ž‹•–‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡

 18 William Howard Adams, ed., The Eye of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1976): 88-90, 113.

ͻͻ  ”›•–ƒŽ• ™‹–Š‹ ‹–• ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”† ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡‡ marmorǡ‡ƒ‹‰•Š‹‹‰•–‘‡Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ

™Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡†‹†„‡ ‘‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ›‡”‹ ƒ ’—„Ž‹ 

„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡‡”‹ ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†‡ƒ’‘‹–‘ˆ†‡• ”‹„‹‰ –Š‡

‡••‡–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•‹–• ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡•–”— –—”‡Ǥͳͻ

 Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ•Š‘—•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–‰‘˜‡”‡–

„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹”•–‘‡

‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ‘—‡–ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡ǡ’”‘‹‡–•‹–‡’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡƒ†

™Š‹–‡Ǧ’ƒ‹–‡†ˆƒ ƒ†‡••‡”˜‡†‘–‘Ž›–‘•‡––Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘”‡‹† ‹–‹œ‡•

‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒ†‘ƒ ‹–›• ƒ’‡•Ǥ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‰”‹†–‡ˆˆ‡•‡Ǧ”— ‡ǡ‹

Marble Palaces, Temples of ArtȋͳͻͻͺȌǡŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ–”‘Ȁ„—‹Ž†‡”•‘ˆ

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–’”‘‹‡–‡”‹ ƒƒ”–—•‡—•„—‹Ž–ˆ”‘ͳͺͻͲ–‘ͳͻ͵Ͳ

ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‡‡‘Ǧ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹– ‘˜‡›‡†’‘™‡”ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǤʹͲŠ‡•‡

‘—‡–•–‘ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™Š‹ Š‡ Š‘‡†–Š‡‹”‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•

‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ™‡”‡‘–‘Ž› ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ„—––Š‡‹”‹–‡”‹‘”•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘

ˆ—”‹•Š‡†™‹–Š†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ— Š‰”‡ƒ–’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡

‰”ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–‘†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‹˜‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡š–‡†‹‰ˆ”‘ ‘ƒ•––‘ ‘ƒ•–ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡˜ƒ‰—ƒ”†‘ˆƒ–—”Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ

 19 See Chapter II of this dissertation for a chronology of geological descriptions that use some form of the term crystal.

20 Ingrid A. Steffensen-Bruce Marble Palaces, Temples of Art: Art Museums, Architecture and American Culture: 1890-1930 (Cranbury, NJ: Bucknell University Press, 1998), 14. ͳͲͲ  ‡–—”› ‘•–”— –‹‘„‘‘†—”‹‰™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡”‹ ƒƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›™‘—Ž†

”‡ƒ Š‹–•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’‡ƒ‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ

 ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘‡Š—†”‡†›‡ƒ”•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ‘ ‡–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”•Šƒ† Š‘•‡–‘

”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡‘„Ž‡•–”— –—”‡•‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒ†‘ƒƒ–‹“—‹–›‹–Š‡‹”‘™’—„Ž‹ 

„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ȅ•‘Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡–‘Ž‘‘Ž‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘

Ž‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ȅ‘•–ƒ›„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡–Š‡’—”’‘•‡Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›

‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡ‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Žƒ• ƒŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘”•–— ‘Ǧ ‘˜‡”‡†‘”™Š‹–‡™ƒ•Š‡†„”‹ Šƒ†‰‹˜‡

™ƒ›–‘–Š‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡˆ‘”‘‡ǡ—•–Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ–

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‡”‹ ƒ•–‘‡‘–‘Ž›‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ•‹’Ž‹ ‹–›„—–ƒŽ•‘

ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‡‘”‡

‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽ‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†Žƒ„‘”Ǥ

Š‡ƒ–”‘„‡™ƒ•”‡ǦŠ‹”‡†–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒˆ–‡”‹–•

ͳͺͳͶ‹‘Žƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǡŠ‡ƒ†‡ƒ’—„Ž‹ •Š‘™‘ˆ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰

‡ƒ”„›“—ƒ””‹‡•‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•–‘‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡— Š‘ˆ–Š‡“—‹ƒ•ƒ†•–‘‡

ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡†Šƒ†•—”˜‹˜‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•

— Š–‘„‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ Š‹•History of the United States Capitolǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒŽŽ‡

†‡• ”‹„‡•ƒ–”‘„‡ǯ•ͳͺͳͷˆ‘”ƒ›•‹–‘–Š‡™‹†‡”‘–‘ƒ ‹˜‡”„ƒ•‹‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆ

•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‹ƒ•–‘‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Œ‡ –‡†ƒ•—•‘—†™ƒ•

•–‹ŽŽƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—–‡˜‡‘”‡™ƒ•‡‡†‡†ǡ•‘ƒ–”‘„‡ƒ†Š‹••–‘‡ˆ‘”‡ƒǡ

Žƒ‰†‡ǡ™‡–‘–Š‡Š—–ˆ‘”‡™•‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ŽŽ‡ǡ™Šƒ–ƒ–”‘„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†

–Š‡Dz‘–‘ƒ ƒ”„Ž‡dz‘ˆƒ”›Žƒ†ǯ•ƒ–‘ –‹‘—–ƒ‹•™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›brecciaǡƒ

•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›•–‘‡Dz ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ—•‡†’‡„„Ž‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ž‘”•Ǥdz  ͳͲͳ  ‘—†‘‘—–›ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡‘–‘ƒ ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ǡƒ–”‘„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ™Š‹–‡

ƒ”„Ž‡–Šƒ–Š‡ Žƒ‹‡†™ƒ•ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ–‘ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ””ƒ”ƒǤʹͳ

Š‹Ž‡‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡™‡”‡‹ˆƒ –Dz–”—‡dzƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ–”‘„‡ƒ†Žƒ‰†‡

Œ—†‰‡†–Š‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–Šƒ†ǤŠ—•ǡƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‡

—•‡†‹–Š‡”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽȄ‘–Š‡”–Šƒ‘‡•‡–‘ˆ™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•

„‡‹‰ ƒ”˜‡†‘•‹–‡„›Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ‰‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ™‘”‡”•‹ƒ””ƒ”ƒǡ –ƒŽ›ǡ—†‡”–Š‡

•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ’‹–‘Žƒ”–‹•ƒ ‹‘˜ƒ‹†”‡‹Ȅ ƒ‡ˆ”‘™‹–Š‹Šƒ—Ž‹‰†‹•–ƒ ‡

‘–Š‡‘–‘ƒ Ǥʹʹ†”‡‹™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ”˜‡””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”— Š‘ˆ–Š‡

†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡™‘”‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡

ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡†„› ‘Š‡˜‹‡”–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹ͳͺͳͶǤ ‘—”

†‡ ƒ†‡•Žƒ–‡”–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‹–Š‡‘—–Šƒ†‡•–™‘—Ž†‡ƒ–Šƒ–

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ƒ–‡‡••‡‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‘”†‡”‡†‹“—ƒ–‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•

‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǯ•‡™™‹‰•Ǥ



Codification and Accountability in Federal Building Construction

›–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‹–Šƒ‰”‘™‹‰ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ

—†‡”™ƒ›‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ–Š‡’‡”ƒ‡ ‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰•„‡ ƒ‡ƒ

‹••—‡ǤŽ‡ –‡†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•™‡”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‘ ‡”‡†‘–‘Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡’—„Ž‹ 

 21 Allen, History of the United States Capitol, 106.

22 Ibid., 105.

ͳͲʹ  „—‹Ž†‹‰•„‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹’”‡••‹˜‡„—–ƒŽ•‘Ž‘‰Žƒ•–‹‰ƒ†ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆǤˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•

Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•ƒ†•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‘—•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ

ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”Ž›„—‹Ž†‹‰•™ƒ•ƒ‹•–ƒ‡Ǥƒ†•–‘‡ƒ„•‘”„‡†™ƒ–‡”ǡ™ƒ•’”‘‡–‘

†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ”‡“—‡–”‡’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡

ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ•–”— –—”ƒŽ‹”‘™‘”ǡ•‘Ž‹†•–‘‡˜ƒ—Ž–‹‰™ƒ••‘‘†‡‡‡†’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘

„”‹ ƒ†™‘‘†Œ‘‹•– ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡„”‹ ”‡ƒ•—”›Šƒ†„—”‡†‹ͳͺ͵͵ƒ†

„”‹ ™ƒŽŽ••–‹ŽŽ•–ƒ†‹‰ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”‡ ‡–ˆ‹”‡ƒ––Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡Šƒ†„‡‡

†‡‡‡†ƒŠƒœƒ”†–‘’ƒ••‡”•Ǧ„›‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘•–”‡‡–•Ǥʹ͵

”‡•‹†‡–†”‡™ ƒ •‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‹••—‡Ǣ

‘–‘Ž›Šƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘”‡ ‡–Ž›„—”‡†ǡ„—–Š‹•

‡‡••‡‡Š‘‡ǡ–Š‡ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡ•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒˆ‹”‡‹ƒ” Šͳͺ͵͸ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†”‡ƒ•—”›

„—‹Ž†‹‰•Žƒ–‡”–Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”ǡŠ‡ ‹–‡†‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘„‡ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆǤʹͶ‹ŽŽ•Šƒ†™”‹––‡–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘—†‡”• ‘”‡Š‹•

 23 Washington Mayor Peter Force wrote to Commissioner of Public Buildings William Noland on 15 December 1836: “I would therefore suggest to you the propriety of either having them secured or taken down as soon as possible.” National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42: Public Buildings and Grounds.

24 Robert Mills, a South Carolinian who referred to himself as the first American- born professional architect, likely worked with Hoban in Charleston. He had apprenticed under Latrobe in Washington, and sought Thomas Jefferson as a mentor. The esteem in which he was held in his home state derived from supervision of several large public buildings based on his own designs. Mills, as Commissioner of Public Buildings in South Carolina in 1820, furnished plans ca. 1822 for what was very likely a fireproof building to replace the South Carolina State House, a large wooden structure that had begun to deteriorate almost as soon as it had been constructed ca. 1787-1790. Nearly three decades would pass before the start of construction on a permanent granite structure ͳͲ͵  ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘•–ǣDz Šƒ˜‡ǥ†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†‡š‡ —–‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–

‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‹• ‘—–”›ǡ™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–‘•— Š

ƒ•™‡”‡‘ˆƒˆ‹”‡Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǥ ™‘—Ž†‡–‹‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ–Š‡Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ

ƒǥ–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡–ǡ‹ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǥ–Š‡™‡•–‡”™‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡

’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›‹–Šƒ– ‹–›ǥ–Š‡—ƒ–‹ •›Ž—ǡ‘Ž—„‹ƒǡǤƒǥ–Š‡’‘™†‡”Ǧ

ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǥƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘—”–ǦŠ‘—•‡•ƒ†Œƒ‹Ž•‹–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡Ǣƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡

’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›ƒ–ƒ–‘‘—‰‡ǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤdzʹͷŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹ŽŽ•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡

•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰Š‹•‘™†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™”‡ƒ•—”›ǡŠ‡™ƒ• Šƒ”‰‡†ƒ––Š‡

•ƒ‡–‹‡™‹–Š‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡†‡•‹‰‡†„›

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‹ŽŽ‹ƒŽŽ‹‘––Ǥ

 ‘–Šƒˆ–‡”„‡‰‹‹‰™‘”ǡ‹ŽŽ•ƒ‰ƒ‹™”‘–‡–‘ ƒ •‘ǡ–Š‹•–‹‡–‘•ƒ›

–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘•–‡•–‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‘—–Šƒ†„‡‡™”‹––‡‹–‘

Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘’”‘’‘•‹‰‹–•‡”‡ –‹‘ƒ•™ƒ•‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ —•–‘ǡŠƒ†„‡‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ

†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”Dzƒ„”‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™‹–ŠˆŽ‘‘”•‘ˆ™‘‘†‡Œ‘‹•–•ǡdz™Š‹ Šƒ†‡‹–ǡŠ‡

•–”‡••‡†ǡDz ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›‘–ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆǤdz‹ŽŽ•’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡„—†‰‡–ƒ”›

‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”‡ ‡– ‘—•‡ƒ‡†‡––Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽˆ—–—”‡‰‘˜‡”‡–

„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘„‡ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆŠƒ†‰‘‡—”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†Ǥ ‡™”‘–‡ǣDzŠ‡ –‘ˆ‘‰”‡••

”‡“—‹”‡†‘ˆ›‘—–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‡”‡ –‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡

 with interior masonry vaulting. John M. Bryan, Creating the South Carolina State House (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 2, 11-14.

25Robert Mills to Andrew Jackson, 4 July 1836, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 56: Treasury Department.

ͳͲͶ  ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ•Š‘—•‡ƒ”‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–‘ƒ‡‹–ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆǥ

ȋ Ȍ–‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡ǥ—Ž‡••‹†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘•

ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›”‡†— ‡†Ǣƒ†‹–Šƒ– ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡

–‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥdz ‡—”‰‡†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘”‡“—‡•–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‡‹†‹‰Š‹‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǣDz–Šƒ––Š‡

•ƒ‡‹†‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†–Š‡ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

’”‡•‹†‡–ƒ”‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ǡ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ǥ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†‘”‡

•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋ•‹ Ȍ ƒ‘–„‡’”‘ —”‡†ǡdz™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ˆ‡Ž– ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ”‰—‡

„‘–Šˆ‘”–Š‡•—„•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹–‡‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•ƒ†•–‘‡ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”

ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›̈́ͷͲǡͲͲͲ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆ—†•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆȋ•–‘‡Ȍ

‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥʹ͸

 ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‘†‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘™ƒ•–ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ‡†Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ›‡ƒ””‡’‘”––‘–Š‡

‘‹••‹‘‡”‘ˆ—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‹ŽŽ•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰–‘ƒ‡

Šƒ‰‡•ƒ††‡Žƒ›Dz‡š’‡•‹˜‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒdz—–‹Ž•— Š–‹‡ƒ•ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡‘”–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡–‘ ‘•–”— –—•‹‰„”‹ ƒ•

‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›„—†‰‡–‡†Ǥ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‹–‡†Dz–Š‡”‡“—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘‰”‡••–Šƒ–‹–ȋ–Š‡ƒ–‡–

ˆˆ‹ ‡Ȍ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆ —–•–‘‡dzƒ†–Š‡Dzƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘„‡‹‰ˆ‘—†

‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‘‡‡––Š‹•‡š’‡•‡Ǥdz ‡‡Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ‹†‡––Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ• ‘’Ž›‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡

™‹•Š‡•‘ˆ‘‰”‡••ˆ‘”ƒˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘•

™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡•‡ —”‡†ǡ‹ŽŽ•Šƒ†‘”†‡”‡†•’Ž‹–‰”ƒ‹–‡ȋƒ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‹ 

 26 Robert Mills to Andrew Jackson, 3 August 1836, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Andrew Jackson Papers.

ͳͲͷ  ˜‡‡‡”‹™Š‹ Š„Ž‘ •™‡”‡•’Ž‹–ƒ†ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡

ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†•–‘‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ —––‹‰‹ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡•–”ƒ‹‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•

ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ȍˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆƒ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ

„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‡™”‡ƒ•—”›ǡ•‹ ‡‹– ‘—Ž†ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†

ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘•–ƒ•ˆ”‡‡•–‘‡Ǥʹ͹

 ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ•Š‡Šƒ†ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‹ŽŽ•–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†‡™”‡ƒ•—”›ǡ ƒ •‘Šƒ†ƒ‡†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘Žƒ†–‘–Š‡’‘•–‘ˆ

‘‹••‹‘‡”‘ˆ—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥʹͺ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ƒ ›‘ˆ•–‘‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘

ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡ ƒ„‡ƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‘„‡”–”‘™ȋ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

•–‘‡ƒ•‘•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ ”—‹–‡†ˆ”‘†‹„—”‰ŠƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ‡‘”‰‡Žƒ†‡–‘™‘”

‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‘—•‡Ȍ™ƒ•ƒ‡†—’‡”‹–‡†‡–ȋ‘ˆ‘•–”— –‹‘Ȍƒ–ƒƒ—ƒŽ

•ƒŽƒ”›‘Ž›•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ž‡••–Šƒ‹ŽŽ•ǯ•Ǥʹͻ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘Žƒ†ǯ•›‡ƒ”Ǧ‡†”‡’‘”–ˆ‘”

ͳͺ͵͸ǡ™‘”‘–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡™ƒ•’”‘‰”‡••‹‰™‡ŽŽǤ”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ†„‡‡•‘Ž‹ ‹–‡†˜‹ƒƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–ǡ•‘‡ ‘–”ƒ –•ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ†

 27 Robert Mills to William Noland, Commissioner of Public Buildings, 1 December 1836, House of Representatives, 24th Congress, 2d session, Doc. 10, Rep. No. 305:2-3.

28 William Noland, 21 October 1836, copy from the original signed by Andrew Jackson 6 July 1836, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 217, General Accounting Office.

29 George Wolf, 11 November 1836, copy from original signed by Andrew Jackson 9 July 1836, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 217, General Accounting Office. Mills was to be paid $1800 per annum; Brown $1600.

ͳͲ͸  „‡‡‹••—‡†ǡ™‘”•Š‘’•Šƒ†„‡‡ˆ‹––‡†‘—–ǡƒ†™‘”‡ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ™Š‘™‡”‡

‘—–‹‰–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡŠƒ†„‡‡‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š•Ǥ͵Ͳ

 ‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–ƒ”–‹ƒ—”‡‘Ͷƒ” Šͳͺ͵͹ǡ

‘Žƒ†ǡ‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†”‘™‡–™‹–ŠŠ‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡•–‘‡–‘„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‡–

ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ ƒ•‡–„ƒ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‘ ‡”‡†ǡƒ—”‡ Š‘•‡–Š‡“—‹ƒ•ƒ†•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‡™’”‡•‹†‡–™ƒ•‡”‡Ž›—ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡••—””‘—†‹‰

–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•ƒ†•–‘‡ǡ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•Š‡ˆ‡Ž–‹–’‘Ž‹–‹ –‘ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘„‘–Š•’‹”‹–ƒ†Ž‡––‡”‘ˆ

–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‹‰–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ͵ͳ

 ‘”†‹‰–‘‹ŽŽ•ǯ•‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺ͵͸”‡’‘”–ǡ•’Ž‹–‰”ƒ‹–‡Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†

ˆ‘”–Š‡„ƒ•‡‡–•–‘”›ǡ„—–•‹ ‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘‹‡•™‡”‡‡‡†‡†ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ••—’‡”•–”— –—”‡Šƒ†‘–›‡–„‡‡’—” Šƒ•‡†Ǥ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†”‘™’”‘„ƒ„Ž›

•–‹ŽŽŠ‘’‡†–‘—•‡‰”ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ—––Š‡™‘”‘

–Šƒ–„—‹Ž†‹‰™‘—Ž†•‘‘ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡—†‡”• ”—–‹›Ǥ





  30 William Noland to Andrew Jackson, 3 December 1836, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 46, Senate, 24A-E2. For the months of August, September, and October 1836, laborers at the Treasury building were reimbursed for travel from Portsmouth and Petersburg, VA; Baltimore; New York; and Philadelphia. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 217, General Accounting Office, payroll dated December 2 1836.

31 Pamela Scott, Guide to the Papers of Robert Mills (Wilmington, DC: Gale/Scholarly Resources Inc., 1990) [microfilm accessed at Smithsonian American Art Museum library]

ͳͲ͹  Marble vs. Granite in the Federal Building Projects

•–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‰”‡™‹•‹œ‡ƒ†‡Ž‡ –‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•

‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰••‘—‰Š––‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‘†‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ

–Š‡›•‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‘•‹‰ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹‹ŽŽ•Ǥ  ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͺ͵ͺǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•

‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜‹‹ ‘ŽǡŠƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹––‡‡‘—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ†

”‘—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ʹͷ–Š‘‰”‡••ǡ™”‘–‡–‘Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –Š‘ƒ••–‹ 

ƒŽ–‡”–Šƒ–‡„‡”•‘ˆ‘‰”‡••™‡”‡“—‡•–‹‘‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡•‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™

”‡ƒ•—”›„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒˆ‘”‹–• ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ͵ʹƒŽ–‡”ǡ–Š‡™‹†‡Ž›ƒ†‹”‡†

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ– ‹”ƒ”†‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡƒ ‡’–‡†

ƒ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘ ‘‡–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ͵͵ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ—•ƒ

‘Œ ‹ǡƒŽ–‡”ǯ••—„•‡“—‡–”‡’‘”–ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‡š’”‡••‡†

•‘‡ ‘ ‡”ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ‡”‘ˆƒ––ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡•’Ž‹–‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ†

”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹”‘„ƒ†‹‰–‘•‡ —”‡•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ” Š‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡—•‡

‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹”‘‘”ƒ‡–•–‘Š‘Ž†–Š‡ƒ•ŠŽƒ”–‘„”‹ ™‘”Ǥ͵Ͷ

 32 Levi Lincoln to Thomas U. Walter, 11 January 1838, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Public Buildings and Grounds.

33 Thomas Walter to Charles Naylor, 15 January 1838, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 233, Treasury Building.

34 Susan Brizzolara Wojcik, “Thomas U. Walter and Iron in the United States Capitol: an Alliance of Architecture, Engineering, and Industry” (Ph.D. diss., University of Delaware, 1998), 71-72.

ͳͲͺ  ‡™‰Žƒ†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –Ž‡šƒ†‡”ƒ””‹•ǡ™Š‘Šƒ††‡•‹‰‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ

‘–ƒ„Ž‡‰”ƒ‹–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒƒ†‘•–‘ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠŽ‹‰Š–Š‘—•‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡

ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹˜‹–‡†–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›ǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›™‹–Šƒ

‡›‡–‘™ƒ”†••‹–‹‰ƒ†’”‘’‘”–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ƒˆˆ‘”†‡†–‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡‡–

Ž‡˜‡Žǡƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‡™‘”Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ•‡†–‘

†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡„ƒ•‡‡–•–‘”›™‘—Ž†„‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›†”›–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡’ƒ’‡”•

ƒ†‹ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹„Ž‘ •‘ˆ•–‘‡™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹•‡ —”‡Ž›‹’Žƒ ‡–Š”‘—‰Š•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ

Šƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡŠƒ‹”ƒ‹ ‘Ž”‡“—‡•–‡†–Šƒ–

Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ͵ͷŠ‹Ž‡‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ–‡”‘”

ƒ””‹•™ƒ•ƒ•‡†–‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆ•–‘‡ǡ–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ”„Ž‡

™ƒ•’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‘•‡ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡Ǥ

 ‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ” Šͳͺ͵ͺǡ‘‹••‹‘‡”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘Žƒ††‹•’ƒ– Š‡†‘„‡”–

”‘™–‘•—”˜‡›ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”„›”‡‰‹‘Ǥ”‘™˜‡–—”‡†–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•

‡ƒ”‘‹–‘ˆ‘ •ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡƒ† ƒ”’‡”ǯ• ‡””›ǡƒ”›Žƒ†ǡ™Š‡”‡•–‘‡ ‘—Ž†

‡ƒ•‹Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Šƒ—Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‘–‘ƒ ‹˜‡”ǡƒ†„”‘—‰Š–„ƒ •’‡ ‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡

‹ Ž—†‡† ‘ƒ”•‡‘—–ƒ‹•–‘‡Dz—ˆ‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•Ǣdz™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘

ƒ˜‡‹–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‘Ž››‹‡Ž†•ƒŽŽ“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•Ǣƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›

•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›ƒ”„Ž‡•ȋ‘ ‘Ž‘”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†ȌǤ ‡‡–‹‘‡†ˆ‹†‹‰Dz‹ ‡dz•–‘‡

ȋ‰‡‹••ǫȌǡ•Žƒ–‡ǡƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ††‹‰ǣDz †‹†‘–•‡‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹–‡

 35 Levi Lincoln to Alexander Parris, undated, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 233, Treasury Building; Congressional Series, Report 737 16 March 1838 “New Treasury and Post Office Buildings,” Reprints of Committee, 25th Congress, 2nd session, 1838: 34-35.

ͳͲͻ  ‹ƒ›’Žƒ ‡Ǥdz”‘™ƒŽ•‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ ‘•–‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‹‰“—ƒ””‹‡•ǡ“—ƒ””›‹‰

‘•–•’‡”’‡” ŠȋŽ‡†‰‡•‘ˆ•–‘‡–Šƒ–„”‡ƒƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›‹–‘’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•‡ –‹‘•Ȍƒ†

Šƒ—Ž‹‰–‘–Š‡ ƒƒŽǤ͵͸

 Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”ƒ ‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ”‡’‘”–™‡‹‰Š‡†‹‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ

—•‹‰‰”ƒ‹–‡‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ”‡•‡–‡†–‘–Š‡ʹͷ–Š‘‰”‡••„›

Šƒ‹”ƒ‹ ‘Ž‘ˆƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡƒ†‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‘ ”ƒ––‘ˆ‡™‘”ǡ‹–

‹ Ž—†‡†Ž‡––‡”•ˆ”‘‡š’‡”–•‹–Š‡•–‘‡–”ƒ†‡™Š‘ˆƒ˜‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡†

™‡”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ ‘•–ƒ†™‘”ƒ•Š‹’‹ˆ”‡‡•–‘‡ǡ‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†

„‡‡•—„‹––‡†„›‹ŽŽ•ƒ†”‘™Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–‡•–‹‘‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡

’‡”•‘•‹ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡƒ†ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ Ž‘•‡”

ƒ–Šƒ†–Šƒ‘•–‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ™ƒ•‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘ ƒ”˜‡‹–‘†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ†ˆ”‹‡œ‡•ǡ

ƒ† ‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ†™‘”‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘•–Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ͵͹

‰ƒ‹ǡ‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ••‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ—‰Š–‘–Š‡™”‘‰ˆ‘‘–Ǥ ͳͺ͵͸ǡƒˆ–‡”

Šƒ˜‹‰•‘Ž‹ ‹–‡†–Š‡„ƒ ‹‰‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›ƒ†–Š‡

‘‹••‹‘‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡŠ‡Šƒ†”‡ ‘‡†‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡–‘”‡•‹†‡–

 36 Robert Brown to William Noland, 23 March 1838, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Public Buildings and Grounds. The C&O (Chesapeake & Ohio) canal, completed from Georgetown to Harper’s Ferry by 1833, opened the possibility of sending heavy loads of stone downriver by barge.

37 25 February 1839, House of Representatives, 25th Congress, 3rd session, Document No. 221 and Report No. 305, included testimonials from Charles Henry Hill, West Stockbridge, Massachusetts; John Struthers and Adam Traquair, Philadelphia; Robert Gilmore, Jr., Baltimore; William Struthers, Philadelphia.

ͳͳͲ  ƒ •‘ƒ•–Š‡„‡•–•—„•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›—•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›•ƒ†•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†”‡ƒ•—”›„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ͵ͺ

 ‘†‘—„–’‘Ž‹–‹ •’Žƒ›‡†ƒŠƒ†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›

—†‡”‹‡‹ŽŽ•ǯ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽǤ‡˜‹‹ ‘Žǡ‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•ƒ–‹Ǧ

ƒ •‘‹ƒ–‘–Š‡ʹ͵”†ƒ†ʹͶ–Š‘‰”‡••‡•ǡŠƒ† ‘‡–‘–Š‡ʹͷ–Š‘‰”‡••ƒ•ƒŠ‹‰Ǥ

”ƒ––™ƒ•ƒ‡‘ ”ƒ–ǡ•‡”˜‹‰—†‡”Š‘‡Ǧ•–ƒ–‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ—”‡ǡ ƒ •‘ǯ•

‡†‘”•‡†•— ‡••‘”Ǥ‘–Š”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ‘•–‹–—‡–•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǡ

•‘‡‘ˆ™Š‘Šƒ†‡˜‡„‡‡ ‘•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡ ‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡ǯ•

”‡’‘”–Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡’‘”–ǡ–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘‹––‡‡‘—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•

”‡ ‘‡†‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ•‘Ž‘‰ƒ•‹–™ƒ• ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‹

’”‹ ‡ǡˆ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ͵ͻ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘‡‘–Š’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡”‡’‘”––‘

‘‰”‡••ǡ‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•Šƒ†•—„‹––‡††”ƒ™‹‰•ˆ‘”ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ•–‘”›‰”ƒ‹–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–‘

”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‘Ž†‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡‘–”‡‡–Ǥ•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹––‡‡ǯ•™‘”ǡ

–Š‘•‡’Žƒ•™‡”‡ Šƒ‰‡†ǤŠ‡ ‘–”ƒ ––‘ˆ—”‹•Šƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡

™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–‘Ž‡šƒ†‡”ƒ•–‡”–‘ƒ†‘„‡”–‹–Š‘ˆ‡•– Š‡•–‡”‘—–›ǡ‡™

 38 Robert Mills to Andrew Jackson, 3 August 1836, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 56, Treasury Department. In 1836, Levi Woodbury was Secretary of the Treasury and William Noland Commissioner of Public Buildings overseeing both Treasury and Patent Office.

39 Cost estimates included in the report were also solicited from Robert Brown, Robert Mills, and the “Committee on behalf of the Working Men on Public Buildings,” whose leaders included James Baird, Thomas Boyd, and William Dougherty. William Dougherty, who had been employed in several of the early federal projects, including the Treasury and the Patent Office, would soon become Superintendent of Construction at the Washington National Monument.

ͳͳͳ  ‘”ǡ‘͵Ͳ —‡ͳͺ͵ͻǤͶͲŠ‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ†‘–Š‡” ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ•ƒ†

Š‹•™‘”Ǥ‘„‡”–”‘™–‡†‡”‡†Š‹•”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡͵ͳ —Ž›ͳͺ͵ͻǡ ‹–‹‰ƒ

Dz˜‡”›•–”‘‰‹†— ‡‡–Š‡Ž†‘—––‘‡dzƒ†Dzƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ†—–› ‘™‡–‘›•‡Žˆƒ†

›ˆƒ‹Ž›–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‘•–‘ˆ›–‹‡  ƒǤdzͶͳ”‘™™ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ•–‡”–‘ƒ†

‹–Šǯ•ƒ‰‡–‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ



Well-Laid, True and Trusty: Marble Construction for Public Buildings

 —Ž›Ͷ–ŠǡͳͺͶͺǡ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ‡•Ǥ‘Ž™ƒ•’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡

†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǤͶʹ‡Œƒ‹Ǥ ”‡ Šǡ ”ƒ†

ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•‘‹ ‘†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒǡ™Š‘™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–‘

–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž’‘•–‘ˆ‘‹••‹‘‡”‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ† ”‘—†•—†‡”–Š‡  40 Scott, Guide to the Papers of Robert Mills.

41Robert Brown to William Noland 8 July 1839, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42: Public Buildings and Grounds.

42The architect of the monument, Robert Mills, had, by this time, lost considerable favor in Washington, having been dismissed as federal architect by Polk soon after he assumed the presidency. In the summer of 1847, Polk, accompanied by his secretary John Appleton, had toured Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston by railroad and steamer and seen many examples of impressive public architecture, including Thomas Walter’s Girard College library, which was constructed wholly of marble. Appleton noted that “there is no building probably in the whole union that can surpass the principal structure in the Girard group for its strength and stability as well as beauty and grace…its vast proportions, its elegant architecture and its perfect finish.” Wayne Cutler, ed. North for Union: John Appleton’s Journal of a Tour to New England Made by President Polk in June and July 1847 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1986), 16. Within a few years, Walter would become one of the preeminent architects involved in the federal buildings.

ͳͳʹ  ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–‹ ‘ŽǡŽƒ‹†–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ǡƒʹͶǡͷͲͲ’‘—†

„Ž‘ ‘ˆ™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒŽ–‹‘”‡Ǧƒ”‡ƒ“—ƒ””‹‡•‘ˆŠ‘ƒ•›‹‰–‘ǤͶ͵

Ž•‘‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ†ǡŠƒ˜‹‰Š‡Ž’‡†”‡ƒ†›–Š‡•–‘‡ƒˆ–‡”‹–•–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡

ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ƬŠ‹‘”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ˆ”‡‡‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡‹Š‘‘”‘ˆ

–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ǡ™ƒ•‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›Ǥƒ•–‡”•–‘‡ƒ•‘™Š‘Šƒ†‘ ‡™‘”‡†

‘‹ŽŽ•ǯ•”‡ƒ•—”›ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–Š‡‘—‡–ǯ•—’‡”‹–‡†‡–

‘ˆ‘•–”— –‹‘Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™†ƒ›•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǤͶͶ

 —”‹‰–Š‡‘–Š••—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ ‡”‡‘›ǡ–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›Šƒ†

†‡˜‹•‡†ƒ‹‰‡‹‘—•ƒ”‡–‹‰’Žƒ„›™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–

™‡”‡–‘„‡Ž‹‡†™‹–Š†‘ƒ–‡†•–‘‡•ǤŠ‡•‡™‡”‡‹–‡†‡†„‘–Š–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡

ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†–‘•‹‰‹ˆ›–Š‡‘‡–ƒ”›†‘ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ

‹–‹œ‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹–‹‡•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•Ǥˆ‘”ƒŽ‘–‹ ‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•–ƒ–‡

Šƒ†‹˜‹–‡†Š‹–‘•—„‹–ƒ„Ž‘ ‘ˆŠ‹••–ƒ–‡ǯ•ˆ‹‡•–ƒ”„Ž‡‘”•–‘‡ǤŠ‡‘ ‹‡–›ǯ•

ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†ƒŠ‘‘”ƒ”›‡–™‘”‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ƒ‰‡–•ǡ™‡”‡

„‘Ž•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆƒŽ‹–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–ǯ•†‡•‹‰„›’‘’—Žƒ”

’”‹–ƒ‡”Šƒ”Ž‡• ‡†‡”‹ ŠǤͶͷ’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡•‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•™ƒ•‹••—‡†„›

 43 Thomas Symington, 31 May 1848. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Washington National Monument Society Papers, “Proceedings of and Letters Received Concerning Foundation, Cornerstone, and Stone for the Monument, 1848-53.”

44 William Dougherty to Elisha Whittlesey, 30 June 1848, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42.

45The print was ordered from Fenderich in 1847. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington National Monument Society papers, RG 42. A copy of the ͳͳ͵  –Š‡‘ ‹‡–›ǯ•‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ‰‡–ǡŽ‹•ŠƒŠ‹––Ž‡•‡›ǡ‘ʹͲ –‘„‡”ͳͺͶͻǤͶ͸Š‡–™‘Ǧˆ‘‘–

„›ˆ‘—”Ǧˆ‘‘–Dz‡‘”‹ƒŽdz„Ž‘ •”‡“—‡•–‡†„›–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›™‡”‡–‘ ƒ””›‹• ”‹’–‹‘•

‘˜‡›‹‰’ƒ–”‹‘–‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ•‘”ƒ––‡•–‹‰–‘ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘”—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›ǯ•’”‘™‡••Ǥ‡

Š—†”‡†‹‡–›–Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘™‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘—‡–Ǥ‘‰–Š‡

ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡•–‘‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǣƒ„Ž‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ˆ”‘

™Š‹ Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž™ƒ• ‘•–”— –‡†ǡƒ†–™‘ƒ”„Ž‡„Ž‘ •ˆ”‘ ƒ™‹•

‘—–›ǤͶ͹

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘•‡†ƒ‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–™ƒ•ƒ” Š‹–‡ –

‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•Ž‹˜‹‰‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡™Š‹Ž‡‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ

–Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ‡”Šƒ’•Š‡Šƒ†”‡ƒ†ƒ‘–‹ ‡‹–Š‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǡ‘”

Š‡ƒ”†ƒ„‘—––Š‡Dz‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡•dz’”‘Œ‡ –†‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆŠ‹• ‘–ƒ –•‹

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤͶͺŠƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ–”‹ Žƒ†™”‘–‡–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›‘ —Ž›ͶǡͳͺͶͻ–‘

‹“—‹”‡ƒ„‘—–•Š‹’’‹‰ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•Ǥ‘‘–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡŠ‡•‡–ƒ„Ž‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡

 print can be found in the Tennessee State Library and Archives, “Washington Monument” folder.

46Ibid.

47Judith M. Jacob, The Washington Monument: A Technical History and Catalog of the Commemorative Stones (Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Northeast Region, Architectural Preservation Division, 2005), 28, 161, 163. http://www.nps.gov/wamo [accessed 9 October 2010].

48 The following notice, which appeared in the Washington Whig, appears to have been copied verbatim and reprinted in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle on 9 May 1849: “Should the States be disposed to furnish stones, they must be of the following dimensions, viz: four feet long, two feet high, and one foot and six inches bed, with a front bevel of a quarter of an inch to the foot.” Jacob, 8.

ͳͳͶ  Ž‹‡•–‘‡„‡‹‰“—ƒ””‹‡†‡ƒ”„›ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ‹• ”‹„‡†ǡ•‹’Ž›ǡDzƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

‡‡••‡‡ǤdzͶͻ ‡—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒ –‡†ƒŽ‘•–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡•–‘‡ǡ

™Š‹ Š‹•‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†Žƒ†‹‰ȋͶͲǯȌ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–ǡ™ƒ•‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ǤͷͲ

Š‡‘—‡–ǯ•ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǡ‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•ǡ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•’‡‡”•ǤŠ‡

–™‘Šƒ†ƒ’’”‡–‹ ‡†—†‡”ƒ–”‘„‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†„‘–ŠŠƒ†˜‹‡†ˆ‘”

‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘”‡‘†‡Ž’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Šƒ–„—‹Ž†‹‰‹–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡‹‰›‡ƒ”•Ǥ–”‹ Žƒ†

Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘‡–‡”‡†ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‹˜‹–‡†–‘ƒ’’Ž›‹ͳͺͶͶƒ•

’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ• Š‡‡‡˜‹•‹‘‡†„›ƒ†‘ ”ƒ––ǡŠƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹––‡‡‘—„Ž‹ 

—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ† ”‘—†•ǡ™Š‘’”‘’‘•‡†–‘‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‹–‹–‘Š‹•’Žƒ‡†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

‘—‡–•“—ƒ”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡˜‡””‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥͷͳ

 49 A letter from Strickland conveying the stone is dated 1849. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington National Monument Society papers, RG 42, Box 1, Entry 439, “Letters Received Concerning Memorial Stones.”

50 A bill received by the Washington Monument Society in January 1850 from Baltimore’s B. Buck & Sons requested payment for hauling a block that had arrived from Nashville. Jacob, 28. Blocks received between 1849 and the early 1850s were installed beginning at the 30 foot level and up to the 120 foot level before work was stopped at the monument in 1854-55. Tennessee’s additional two blocks, although they were received in Washington in 1850 and 1851, had to wait until 1885 for installation. Today, they can be found at the 220 foot level.

51 Freeman includes a lithograph of the design and cites Pratt’s report to Congress as: 28th Congress, House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, Report 514, Joint Resolution 33, 25 May 1844. Robert Belmont Freeman, Jr. “Design Proposals for the Washington National Monument” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, (Washington, DC: The Society, 1973-74): 159-160.

ͳͳͷ  –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––”‹ Žƒ†ǯ••–‘‡ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳʹȌƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‡˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ǯ•”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ

ͳ͵‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͶͻ‡’‘™‡”‹‰ ‘˜‡”‘”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ”‘—•†ƒŽ‡–‘ƒ‡ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ

•‡Ž‡ –‹‘–‘”‡’”‡•‡–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ”‘—•†ƒŽ‡Šƒ†‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–

‡”ƒ”†”‘‘•––‘ƒ‡ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘Dzˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡•–•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡

–ƒ–‡ǤdzͷʹŽ‡––‡”ˆ”‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡””˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǡƒ††”‡••‡†–‘

”‘‘•–ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‡–‘„‡ƒƒŒ‘”

‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’”‘‘–‡Š‹•“—ƒ””›Ǥͷ͵‡”Šƒ’•‹ ‡Šƒ†‡–”‘‘•–†—”‹‰–Š‡

Žƒ––‡”ǯ•˜‹•‹–•–‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǤͷͶˆ–‡””‘‘•–ǯ•†‡ƒ–Š‹ͳͺͷͲǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡

‘˜‡”‘”ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ‹‡Ž ”ƒŠƒǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‡‡••‡‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ƒ†

‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›ǡƒ†‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›–Š‡‡‰‹•–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ”‡ƒ•—”›

—†‡””‡•‹†‡–‘Žǡ–‘•‡Ž‡ ––Š‡•–‘‡Ǥ‡––‡”•–‘ ”ƒŠƒ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ––‡”

‹ Ž—†‡‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡””˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǡ‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡”‡ˆ‡”•

–‘ƒ‹•–ƒ†Š‡Šƒ†Ž‡ˆ–™‹–Š”Ǥ–”‹ Žƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ”˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†

 52 Robert H. White, Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 4 (1845-1857) (Nashville: The Tennessee Historical Commission, 1957), 400.

53 Rice to Troost, 6 August 1850, Tennessee State Library and Archives, “Washington Monument” folder.

54 A Letter from Troost, addressed to an unnamed gentleman, which was printed in the East Tennessean on 2 April 1839 referred to several samples of marble that he had examined. The addressee might have been Rice, his partner S.D. Mitchell, or an influential citizen from Hawkins County.

ͳͳ͸  ƒ”„Ž‡Š‡Š‘’‡† ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‡••‡‡•–‘‡ƒ––Š‡‘—‡–Ǥͷͷ

‹ ‡ƒŽ•‘‡–‹‘‡†Šƒ˜‹‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†„Ž‘ ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳ͵Ȍ–‘

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥͷ͸‹ ‡ƒŽ•‘‡–‹‘‡†ƒ–”‹’–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘–Šƒ–•—‡”™Š‡”‡Š‡

Dz•ƒ™‘–Š‹‰Ž‹‡‹–ȋ–Š‡„Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•‡–Ȍˆ”‘ƒ›•–ƒ–‡Ǥdz‡”Šƒ’•‹ ‡™ƒ•‹

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ•‡‡‹‰ƒƒ”‡–ˆ‘”Š‹•˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

––Š‡—”‰‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›ǯ•Š‹––Ž‡•‡›ǡ ”ƒŠƒ”‡ ‘‡†‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”‘”

”‘—•†ƒŽ‡–Šƒ––Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‘”†‡”ƒ„Ž‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ”‡”ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘

‹ ‡Ǥͷ͹Š‹••–‘‡ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳͶȌ™ƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘ʹͲƒ›ͳͺͷͳǤͷͺ

‡’‘”–‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͷͳǡ ‘˜‡”‘””‘—•†ƒŽ‡

†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣDzŠ‡•Žƒ„‹•ˆ‘—”ˆ‡‡–Ž‘‰ǡ–™‘ˆ‡‡––Š‹ ǡƒ†‡‹‰Š–‡‡‹ Š‡•

†‡‡’ǡ‘ˆƒ†ƒ” Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ ‘Ž‘”ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ǡƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ

Ǯ‡‡••‡‡ȄŠ‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹‘Ǥ –—•–„‡’”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥǯͷͻ ‡”‡’‘”–‡†ǣDzŠ‡•Žƒ„Šƒ•

 55 Orville Rice to Daniel Graham, 5 December 1850, Tennessee State Library and Archives, “Washington Monument” folder.

56 The stone’s presence in Washington was apparently noticed by a writer from the Daily National Intelligencer (7 August 1850) who called it “… beautiful variegated marble, polished in the finest style.” Jacob, 163.

57 Daniel Graham to William Trousdale, 21 December 1850, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Governor William Trousdale Papers; Orville Rice to Governor Trousdale, invoice dated 29 August 185, approved 20 September 1851, Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 61, Comptroller of the Treasury.

58 Jacob, 161.

59 The original quote: “Our Federal Union! It Must be Preserved!” was a toast written by Andrew Jackson for a Jefferson Day Dinner, 13 April 1830, during the nullification controversy. According to an account obtained years later by a reporter for the Nashville American from an anonymous Jackson associate, the President suspected ͳͳ͹  „‡‡•‡––‘–Š‡‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‡š’‡•‡•’ƒ‹†ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‘—–‡†–‘

–Š”‡‡Š—†”‡††‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥdz͸Ͳ



‹‰—”‡ͳʹǤDzƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‡‡••‡‡ǡdz‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡–



 that Vice President John J. Calhoun would use the event to further his causes of complaint against the federal government. Jackson wanted to make his own position clear: that the issues at hand were not worth the risk of dissolution of the United States. New York Times 12 October 1883 www.NYTimes.com [accessed 8 December 2010]. President Martin Van Buren suggested that the word “federal” was added to the original toast by Jackson when he reiterated it for public distribution. Martin Van Buren, “Autobiography” II, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1920), p. 415.

60 Trousdale’s Legislative Message to the 29th General Assembly was delivered 9 October 1851. White, 401.

ͳͳͺ 



‹‰—”‡ͳ͵ǤDz ”‘ ƒ™‹•‘—–›‡‡••‡‡ǡdz‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ‘—‡– 



‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤDz‡‡••‡‡Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹‘ –—•–„‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ǡdz‡‘”‹ƒŽ •–‘‡ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡– 

‘‹‰ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†Š‘•–‡†–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘˜‡–‹‘‘–Š‡

‘’”‘‹•‡‘ˆͳͺͷͲ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”ƒ†’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹ƒ˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡ ͳͳͻ  †‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›‹–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•ƒ “—‹”‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

ƒ”™‹–Š‡š‹ ‘ǡ‹–”‡’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–•ƒ™‹–•‡Žˆƒ•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

„‡ŽŽ™‡–Š‡”Ǥ

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ ‡”‡‘›ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ ‘‡ ‡‡–

‘ˆ ‘•–”— –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒ”‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰

‘˜‡”‘” ƒ‡•Ǥ ‘‡•ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‘ŠǤ‘—‰ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›

‡Ž‹š‘ŽŽ‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”ǡ–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‡”ƒ”†”‘‘•–ǡƒ†ƒ›‘”‘™Šƒ–ƒǤƒš‡›Šƒ†

ƒ••‡„Ž‡†–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‡™•–ƒ–‡Š‘—•‡Ǥ

Š‡ ‡”‡‘›™ƒ•Š‡Ž†‘ —Ž›ͶǡͳͺͶͷǡ‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•– ‘”‡”‘ˆƒ’„‡ŽŽǯ• ‹ŽŽǡ

–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–•’‘–‹†‘™–‘™ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ͸ͳ –™ƒ•ƒ’”‘—†‘‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž

„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†

ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Œ—•––™‘›‡ƒ”•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ͸ʹ‹ ‡–Š‡‹”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–„›–Š‡

‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›‘͵Ͳ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͺͶͶǡ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǡ Šƒ‹”‡†„›ˆ‘”‡”

‘˜‡”‘”‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ””‘ŽŽǡŠƒ†™ƒ•–‡†Ž‹––Ž‡–‹‡‹”‡ ”—‹–‹‰’”‘‹‡–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –

‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ƒ†•‡––‹‰–Š‹‰•‹‘–‹‘–‘„‡‰‹ ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡

ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‘‹••‹‘‡”•™‡”‡’”‘‹‡–„—•‹‡••‡•‡‡‹‰Ž›‹–‡–‘

‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‡‡••‡‡ǯ••–ƒ–—”‡‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• ‡‡Ǥ ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‡–ǡ–Š‡›•‡‡–‘

 61 Survey form 19-51, Historic American Buildings Survey, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

62Acts of Tennessee, 25th General Assembly (1843-44), 1st session.

ͳʹͲ  Šƒ˜‡†‡•‹”‡†ƒ ”‡‡‡˜‹˜ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ͸͵†™‹ Ǥ™‹‰ǯ•‘”ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š

Š‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡ —””‡–”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ƒ‡•Ǥ‘Ž‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ—†‡”• ‘”‡†

–Š‹•–Š‡‡Ǥ͸Ͷˆ–‡”ƒ’”ƒ›‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡ Šƒ’Žƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ ”ƒ†ȋƒ•‘‹ Ȍ‘†‰‡

ƒ–ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ”ƒ†ƒ•–‡”‹Ž‹•ƒ‡Š‹ŽŽ†‡’‘•‹–‡†–™‘•‡ƒŽ‡†‰Žƒ••Œƒ”•‹•‹†‡

–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ǡƒ†’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡ƒ•‘ǯ•’Ž—„ǡ•“—ƒ”‡ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –

–”‹ Žƒ†Ǥ͸ͷ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ•–ƒ†‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡”‡‘‹‡•‘ˆ

‡”‹ ƒ’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‹ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡™‡”‡ˆ”‡‡ƒ•‘•„‡ƒ”‹‰„ƒ‡”••Š‘™‹‰

–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‘”†‡”•ƒ†ƒ ‘–‹‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‡’‡†‡–”†‡”‘ˆ†† ‡ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ

–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ–‘‘ǡ™ƒ•ƒˆ”‡‡ƒ•‘ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘†‘Ž’Š—• ‡‹ƒǡƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

—„‡”Žƒ†‘†‰‡ƒ†‘‡‘ˆˆ‡™ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Ǥ͸͸ ‡‹ƒǡ™Š‘

 63 Former Governor Carroll, chairman of the committee, may have presented the work of Louisville architect Gideon Shyrock, who came twice to Nashville and presented a design for the capitol. Gadski, 4. Commission members John M. Bass, Samuel D. Morgan, and William Nichol were also active in soliciting for an architect. Nichol, President of the Bank of Tennessee, probably knew Strickland’s bank and Exchange buildings in Philadelphia. Ibid., fn 10; Morgan sent a letter to James J. Dakin, a prominent New Orleans architect, and Bass ultimately was the negotiator on Strickland’s letter of agreement on 18 June 1845. Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7, Capitol Construction. The Commission, whose other members included Morgan W. Brown and James Erwin, voted 28 March 1845 to purchase a set of plans for David Paton’s just-completed North Carolina State Capitol. Nell Savage Mahoney,“The Building of the Tennessee State House” (M.A. thesis, Vanderbilt University, 1939), 25.

64George Dardis, Description of the Plan, Structure and Apartments of the State Capitol of Tennessee (Nashville: G.C. Torbett & Co., 1855), 15. Dardis was the building’s porter. His recollections may also have relied on a memoir written by Return J. Meigs, Tennessee’s first state librarian.

65 Ibid., 7.

66 John E. Frank, “Adolphus Heiman, Architect and Soldier,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 5 (1946), 47. ͳʹͳ  Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘•—„‹––‡†ƒ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™ ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘•–

•‘Ž‹ ‹–‘—•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡”ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǡ‡˜‡•—’’‘”–‹‰Š‹••‘ǡ ”ƒ ‹•ǡ‹ ‘–‹—‹‰–Š‡

™‘”ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ•†‡ƒ–Š‹ͳͺͷͶǤ͸͹

Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž™ƒ•–‘„‡„—‹Ž–‘ˆ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‡•–‘‡“—ƒ””‹‡†Ž‡••

–ŠƒƒŠƒŽˆǦ‹Ž‡™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒ—‡Žƒ–‹•Ǥ͸ͺ ‘”–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‹–‡”‹‘”–”‹ Žƒ†Šƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”Dzƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡dzƒ†ǡ

•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡˆ‘”Dz–Š‡ ‘Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡Šƒ„‡”–‘

„‡‘ˆvariegatedƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ͸ͻ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‘˜‡”–—”‡•‘ˆ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǡ‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ˆ‹”

–Šƒ–Šƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‡••‡‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‘—‡–ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘–”ƒ –™‡––‘ƒƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡•–‘‡ƒ•‘ǡƒˆ‹”•–Ǧ

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ”‹•Šƒǡ”‡ ‡–Ž›Ǧƒ””‹˜‡†ǡƒ‡† ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǤ͹Ͳ



67 Dekle, 218.

68 Return J. Meigs, “Tennessee State Capitol,” Nashville City and Business Directory for 1860-61 (Nashville: L.P. Williams & Co., 1860), 38, referenced in Mary Ellen Gadski “The Tennessee State Capitol,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly XLVII, no. 2 (1988), 116 (n. 6); Strickland’s initial plan called for a stone exterior facing on brick interior walls. In 1848, the commissioners decided that the building would be constructed entirely of hewn limestone. Dekle, 220-1.

69 Strickland to the Commissioners 20 May 1845, Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7,Capitol Construction.

70 Chapter IV of this dissertation will chronicle the impact of Sloan’s career on the Tennessee marble industry.

ͳʹʹ   —Ž›Ͷǡͳͺͷͳǡƒ‘–Š‡”’—„Ž‹ †‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡”‡‘›™ƒ•Š‡Ž†‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ

ǤǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡Žƒ”‰‡‡–ƒ†ƒŽ‘•– ‘’Ž‡–‡‘˜‡”Šƒ—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•

ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘™–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ•–Š‡Dz‡š–‡•‹‘•Ǥdz”‡•‹†‡–‹ŽŽƒ”†

‹ŽŽ‘”‡ǡƒ‡™‘”Š‹‰™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡‡Ž‡ –‡†–‘‘‰”‡••ˆ‘”–™‘–‡”•ƒ•ƒ

‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–‹Ǧƒ•‘‹ ’ƒ”–›ǡŠƒ†”‡Ž— –ƒ–Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡ƒ•‘‹ 

‡”‡‘›Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•Š‡™ƒ•–Š‡‘‡–‘‹•‹•––Šƒ––Š‡”‡„‡two ‘”‡”•–‘‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–

‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‰”ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘„Ž‘ •™ƒ•–‘„‡Žƒ‹†„›ƒ” Š‹–‡ –Š‘ƒ••–‹ 

ƒŽ–‡”ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†ǡ–‘„‡’Žƒ ‡†‘–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡•‡–„› ”ƒ†ƒ•–‡”

‡Œƒ‹Ǥ ”‡ Šǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ ŠŠ‡™‘—Ž†’”‡•‡–ƒŽ–‡”™‹–Šƒ•“—ƒ”‡ǡƒŽ‡˜‡Žǡƒ†

ƒ’Ž—„Ȅƒ†ƒ’”ƒ›‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ™‘”Ǥ͹ͳ

 Š‡‡™™‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‡–”ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘ǡ™Š‘•‡

•ƒ†•–‘‡™ƒŽŽ•™‡”‡†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‰ǡ™‡”‡–‘„‡•Š‡ƒ–Š‡†‹™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ‡

‹–‡”‹‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•Ȅƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š

™‘—Ž†„‡•‘—” ‡†‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

 Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡’”‘‹‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‹–‡†‡†–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡ™‡”‡‹†‡‡†

•›„‘Ž•‘ˆ”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ˜‹”–—‡Ǥˆ”‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†ǡ„—–

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹Žǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽǡ„—‹Ž––‘”‡“—‹”‡Ž‹––Ž‡

ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ǡƒ†‘ˆˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆ ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡‹”†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡”‡‘‹‡•–—”‡†‘

–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ•‘‹ †‹‰‹–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ™Š‘Žƒ‹†–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡•ƒ†ƒ†‡ ‡”–ƒ‹

 71Allen, History of the United States Capitol, 199-200.

ͳʹ͵  –Šƒ–‡ƒ Š„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•Dz™‡ŽŽǦŽƒ‹†ǡ–”—‡ƒ†–”—•–›Ǥdz͹ʹŠ‡’ƒ–”‹‘–‹ 

ƒ•‘‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•™ƒ• ‘‡ –‡†–‘ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘

–Šƒ–‡š–‡†‡†„ƒ –‘Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›”‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹‡š–”‹ ƒ„Ž›–‹‡†–‘ƒ

ƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ •™Š‘•‡™‘”ƒ•Š‹’’”‘†— ‡†

’‡”ƒ‡–•–‘‡•–”— –—”‡•‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‰‘‘†Ǥ›–Š‡ͳͺͶͲ•ǡ–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰

†‡„ƒ–‡‘˜‡”™Š‹ Š„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡‘•–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–

„—‹Ž†‹‰•Šƒ†„‡‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•„‘–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡‡‡••‡‡

Ž‹‡•–‘‡–‘„‡—•‡†‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ†›‡––‘„‡–‡•–‡†Ǥ



The Rage for Tennessee Marble: A Fashionable Interior Stone

Ž–Š‘—‰Šƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•‡™‘—‡–™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‘ˆ™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘

ƒ”›Žƒ†ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡„‡ ƒ‡‘™„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•

’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘—‡–ǯ•Dz‡‘”‹ƒŽdz•–‘‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǯ•‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡

ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰›‰ƒ˜‡‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‹‡ ‡Ȅ–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹–•

’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›’”‘‰”ƒ”‡ƒ Š‹‰–‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ

•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͺ͵͵ǡƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹–‹œ‡•Šƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–‡‘”‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ‘•–‡”‹ ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ

‘—‡––‘ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ‹–Š‡ ‹–›–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡†ǡŽ‘‰‘˜‡”†—‡ǤŠ‡

 72 Ibid., 200.

ͳʹͶ  ‡™ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–‘ ‹‡–›Šƒ†Š‡Ž†ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‹ͳͺ͵͸ǡˆ”‘

™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Šƒ† Š‘•‡ƒ†‡•‹‰„›’”‘‹‡–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•ǡ„—–Žƒ ‘ˆ

ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰†‡Žƒ›‡† ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡‘—‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•–‘•–ƒ†‘’’‘•‹–‡–Š‡

ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡŠƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›„‡‡‹–‡†‡†ƒ•ƒ„—”‹ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ͹͵ ‡–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›

 73 One of the most vocal advocates for the re-interment of Washington had been President Andrew Jackson. When he visited Washington’s tomb at Mount Vernon in 1815, Jackson had stated that its neglect reflected badly on an ungrateful nation and blamed Congress for not having moved decisively to obtain the remains. Letter dated 15 November, Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, John Spencer Bassett, ed. (Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1927). George Washington had left instructions for the building of a new tomb enclosure on his beloved plantation, expecting to be buried alongside previously deceased family members. His widow Martha Custis Washington, although mindful of her husband’s desire for a new vault of brick at Mount Vernon, had at first acquiesced to the entreaty by Congress to move Washington’s remains to the Capitol, where they would have been placed in the lower level crypt designed for this purpose. William Thornton, the President’s friend and design architect of the Capitol, pled otherwise on her behalf, however, insisting that she had been placed in an untenable position and had agreed against her wishes. Within several years of Mrs. Washington’s death, Capitol architect Benjamin Latrobe tried persuade Bushrod Washington, Washington’s nephew and heir to Mount Vernon, to allow the remains to be reinterred in a suitable public place (by implication, the Capitol). After Bushrod Washington’s death in 1829, the estate executor, Major Lawrence Lewis, also a nephew of Washington’s, in recognition of mounting criticism of the state of the tomb, had the vault rebuilt with a stone doorway and iron door to prevent vandalism. As plans were laid for the new monument and hopes were again raised for re-burying Washington in the District of Columbia, Lewis accepted the offer of a handsome marble sarcophagus to replace the deteriorating coffin. Designed by architect William Strickland, the sarcophagus was a collaborative donation from Strickland and master mason John Struthers of Philadelphia. Mesick, Cohen, Waite Architects, The Tomb of George Washington: Historic Structure Report Prepared for the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union (Albany, New York, 1993), 3, 5, 10-12. In a commemorative pamphlet published in 1840, Strickland described his arrival at Mount Vernon in October 1837, accompanied by Struthers. The two men found the tomb enclosure not only in disrepair but also inadequate to house the new sarcophagus, built of Pennsylvanian marble with a decorative carved lid of eagle, shield, flag, olive branches and arrows of imported Italian. Strickland attributed the decorative carving to “John Hill, one of Struthers’ men. Soon thereafter, according to Strickland, Major Lewis ordered an enhanced and realigned ͳʹͷ  ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–”— –—”‡–Š‡› ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡†™‘—Ž†‘–‡ ‘’ƒ••–Š‡–‘„‘ˆ–Š‡

ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‹––‘‘‘˜‡”ƒ†‡ ƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’–‘”‡Ǧ‹˜‹‰‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡

’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥˆ–‡”•‘‡†‹• —••‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒˆ‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰™ƒ•ƒ’’”‘˜‡†‹

‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺͶͷƒ†•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘‡›Šƒ†„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†–‘„‡‰‹Ǥ͹Ͷ

‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•ǯ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡƒ‘„‡Ž‹•‹•‹†‡ƒ”‘–—†ƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ ‡‹˜‡†

ƒ•ƒˆ‹ƒŽ”‡•–‹‰’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ™ƒ•‘Ž›’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǤŠ‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›

‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͺͺͶǡ–Š‡‘—‡–™ƒ•ƒ•‹’Ž‡•Šƒˆ––‘’’‡†„›ƒ’›”ƒ‹†Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†

ƒŽ—‹— ƒ’•–‘‡Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ”™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡•–”— –—”‡™‘—Ž†“—‹ Ž›

„‡ ‘‡ƒ‹ ‘•›„‘Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

‡”‹ ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ –•’Žƒ‡†Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆˆ‹˜‡Š—†”‡†ˆ‡‡–ƒ†‡‹–ƒ’”‘‹‡–

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ‘—–‡”’‘‹––‘–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž†‘‡ǡ™Š‹ Š•‡––Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹

–Š‡‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒˆ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•Ǥ͹ͷ•‹‰Žƒ”‰‡ ”›•–ƒŽ™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡‡•—”‡†

 tomb enclosure to be built, with an arched entrance and an iron gate through which visitors could view the tomb. William Strickland, Tomb of Washington (Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1840). While contracts exist for the work performed at the tomb enclosure in 1835, it seems highly probable that Strickland might have furnished Lewis a sketch a new tomb enclosure, since he is known to have made recommendations the practicality of a metal roof. Even so, the drawing of the structure has long been attributed to Lewis himself, with assistance from Alexandria brick mason William Yeaton, who was responsible for completing it in 1839. Mesick, Cohen, Waite, figures 4- 6. However, Strickland ordered lithographs of of the tomb enclosure and the sarcophagus from printer P.S. Duval in Philadelphia. Since these were included in the commemorative booklet Strickland authored in 1840, I find it likely that he had a hand in both designs.

74 Pamela Scott and Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia (NY: Oxford University Press, 1993), 100.

75 The height was later adjusted to “ideal” proportions of height equal to ten times the base measurement. Robert Belmont Freeman, Jr. “Design Proposals for the ͳʹ͸  –Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†‰Ž‹•–‡‹–Š‡•—Ž‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–•’ƒ”ǦŽ‹‡•‡––‹‰Ǥ ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘–Š‡

‘—‡–ǯ•‘ƒ”†‘ˆƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ™”‹––‡ ƒǤͳͺͶͷǡƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•ǡ„›–Š‡ƒ

†‡ˆ‡†‡”‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‹••ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡƒŽ•‘„‡‹‰—•‡†–‘ˆƒ ‡–Š‡‡™

™‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡŠƒ†„‡‡•Š‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡ ”—•Š‹‰•–”‡‰–Š‡“—ƒŽ–‘

‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ͹͸

 Š‡—’‡”‹–‡†‡–‘ˆ‘•–”— –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡ

ƒ‡”‹ ƒ‘ˆ ”‹•Š’ƒ”‡–ƒ‰‡ǡŠƒ†„‡‡„‘”‹‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ ƒǤͳͺͳͷǤ‘—‰Š‡”–›

Ž‹‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ”‡†Š‹•–”ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ ”‹•Š•–‘‡ƒ•‘•‹‡‹–Š‡”Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ‘”ƒŽ–‹‘”‡Ǥ

‡‹•‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‘”‹‰‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͺ͵͸ƒ†Šƒ†ƒ””‹‡†

ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒƒ”›ƒ”–Ž‡‹ƒŽ–‹‘”‡‹ͳͺ͵ͺǤ͹͹ ‡•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡”‹•‡

 Washington National Monument,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society XLIX (Washington: Columbia Historical Society, 1973-74), 181. The final height of five hundred fifty-five feet made it the tallest building in the world until the erection of the Eiffel Tower—at nearly twice the height—in 1887.

76 Mills reported to the Board of Managers that marble from the quarries of Thomas Symington near Baltimore, had been successfully tested in experiments carried out under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior at the Washington Navy Yard. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Washington National Monument Society papers; Scott and Lee, 101. However, the minutes of meetings held in March and May 1849 at the National Institute, Smithsonian Institution, reveal communications questioning the choice of large “chrystal” marble for the monument. There appears to have been some doubt as to the durability of the chosen material. Although the Smithsonian Institution had authorized a comparative examination of building materials, it not yet undertaken such a study. Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7058, National Institute, 1839-1863, Journals of Proceedings of Meetings.

77 Dougherty’s brother John, a Catholic priest in Baltimore, received condolences from the Washington National Monument Society upon William’s death in 1867. National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Washington National Monument Society papers.

ͳʹ͹  “—‹ Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”ƒ•Ȅ†‹•’Žƒ›‹‰Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ†‡Š‹ƒ†‹”‡†

ƒ‘‰Š‹•ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•ƒ‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰ƒ–‘”‹‡•ȋ–Š‡

Ž‡––‡” ‘–ƒ‹•–Š”‡‡’ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•‹‰ƒ–—”‡•Ȍ‘ˆƒʹͷ‡’–‡„‡”ͳͺ͵͹Ž‡––‡”–‘”‡•‹†‡–

ƒ—”‡ƒ•‹‰–Šƒ–™‘”‡”•‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•„‡’ƒ‹†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒ•

–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•ƒ––Š‡ƒ˜››ƒ”†ƒ†ƒ”•‡ƒŽǤ͹ͺ ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”™Š‘•ƒ™

–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’”‘ˆ‹–ˆ”‘Š‹•ƒ•‘”›•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†—•‡Š‹•ˆ‹”•–ǦŠƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡

‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡–”ƒ†‡Ǥ‹•–‡†ƒ•ƒ•–‘‡ —––‡”Ž‹˜‹‰‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ‹–Š‡

ͳͺͷͲ ‡•—•ǡ„›–Š‡ͳͺ͸Ͳ ‡•—•Š‡™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‹‰Š‹•‡Žˆƒ ‘–”ƒ –‘”ǡŠƒ˜‹‰

ƒ ——Žƒ–‡†„‘–Š”‡ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†•‘‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ›–Š‡Š‡™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹

–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‹‡‡••‡‡ǡ™‘”‹‰™‹–ŠƒŽ–‹‘”‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ —‰Š‹••‘

–‘’”‘ —”‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Ž

ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰•–Š‡—†‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ͹ͻ

 ‡‘ˆ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•ˆ‹”•–”‡“—‡•–•—’‘ƒ••—‹‰–Š‡•—’‡”‹–‡†‡–ǯ•

’‘•‹–‹‘™ƒ•–Šƒ–Š‡„‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘†‹”‡ –Ž›‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡’ƒ›”‘ŽŽˆ‘”™‘”‡”•—†‡”

Š‹••—’‡”˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ• ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž”‡ ‘”†‡‡’‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ

Ž‡ƒ†‡”ƒ‘‰’‡–‹–‹‘‡”•‘ˆ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•‘’”‡˜‹‘—•’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ƒ–‡•–ƒ‡––‘Š‹•

Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǤͺͲ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ˆ‹Ž‡•ƒ†”‡’‘”–•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

 78 National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Public Buildings and Grounds.

79 Chapter IV of this paper will trace Dougherty’s impact on the early development of the Tennessee marble industry.

80 In October 1836, Dougherty was working at Mills’s Treasury as a stone cutter earning $2 daily. By July 1837, he was earning $2.25 per day at the Treasury as a stone ͳʹͺ  ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–‘ ‹‡–›”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘•–ƒ†—’

ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡—†—‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘–”ƒ –‘”•™Š‘•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•’”‘˜‡†—•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥͺͳ

Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡†‹ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–‘‡™‘”‡”•ƒ•‡†–‘

‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡˜•Ǥ‰”ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‘ ”ƒ––ǯ•ͳͺ͵ͻ ‘‹––‡‡

ƒ––‡•–•–‘–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡™ƒ•‡•–‡‡‡†„›Š‹•’‡‡”•‹–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡–”ƒ†‡Ǥͺʹ

 Š‡‘—‡–ƒ• ‡†‡†•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›•›™ƒ”†ƒ•–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†

•–‘‡ƒ•‘•ǡ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†•–‘‡•‡––‡”•ǡƒ†‘”†‹ƒ”›Žƒ„‘”‡”•„”‘—‰Š––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

–‘ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆͳ͸Ͷˆ‡‡–„›ͳͺͷͶǡƒ–™Š‹ Š–‹‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘™ƒ••—•’‡†‡†—–‹Ž

 mason, working alongside other master masons James Baird, Alexander Rutherford, and William H. Winter. (Robert Mills papers, National Museum of American History Archives, payroll lists) On 25 September 1837, Dougherty was one of the signers of a letter to President Martin Van Buren from “we the mechanics on the public buildings” asking to be paid in “specie or Treasury drafts and not in depreciated Bank paper and shin plasters” and also be “permitted to partake of the crumbs of advantage that our fellow mechanics at the navy yard and arsenal receive,” National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Public Buildings.

81 Letter dated 10 August 1848 from Thomas Carbery, Chair of the Building Committee, to members P.R. Fendall, Peter Force, Walter Lenox. This letter concerned the complaint of William Easby, who had the contract for foundation stone for the monument. Duke University, William R. Perkins Library, Manuscript Division, Washington National Monument Papers. A copy of this letter can be found in National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Washington Monument Society.

82 A 13 February 1839 letter from Philadelphia marble masons John Struthers and Adam Traquair was addressed to James Baird, William Dougherty, Thomas Boyd, Committee, Washington, D.C. who had apparently been charged with soliciting professional advice on the question of cost and practicality of using marble for buildings in Washington. House Document 221, 25 February 1839, House of Representatives, 25th Congress, 3rd session, also Report No. 305.

ͳʹͻ  ‘”‡ˆ—†• ‘—Ž†„‡”ƒ‹•‡†Ǥͺ͵Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡••—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡

‘ˆƒ—•’‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–”‡ƒ‹— Ž‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡‘™Ǧ‘–Š‹‰•ȋƒƒ–‹˜‹•–ǡƒ–‹Ǧ

‹‹‰”ƒ–’ƒ”–›Ȅ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡–Šƒ––‘‘—’–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰’ƒ”–›—’‘‹–•

†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‹–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•Ȍ–‘‘‘˜‡”‹–• ‘•–”— –‹‘„‡‰‹‹‰•‘‡–‹‡ƒ”‘—†

‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ” Šͳͺͷͷǡ ƒ—•‹‰‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ†‘•–‹ˆ‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆŠ‹•Žƒ„‘”ˆ‘” ‡–‘

˜ƒ ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’‘•–•ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›–™‘›‡ƒ”•ǤͺͶ

 Š‡„ƒ Žƒ•Š‘ˆ‘™Ǧ‘–Š‹‰•‡–‹‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ–‹Ǧƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡ

•–”— ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹•Š™‘”‹‰‡‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤͺͷŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡‘™Ǧ‘–Š‹‰•

 83 A measure of the steady progress being made on the monument can be found in Knoxvillian Robert H. Armstrong’s 1851 diary entry reporting the height at ninety feet. R.H. Armstrong, Private Journal and Jottings Down In and Out of Prairiedom: Nov. 8, 1850-Sept. 15, 1851, Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, MS 917.63; A letter from William Dougherty to Thomas Carbery on 28 September 1854 reported on the status of the work and stated that his workers were willing to continue until the end of the year without pay in order to use as much of the ready materials on the ground as possible, with the understanding that they would be paid from future funds raised by the Society. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Washington National Monument Society.

84Two satirical reports in the Washington Star on 10 March 1855 and 12 March 1855 chronicle the plight of William Dougherty, who attempted to continue to work at the monument even after a new board of managers had taken over. The writer wondered whether the new superintendent, a blacksmith who was also a member of the board of managers, intended to finish the monument in iron. A report on 15 March 1855 stated that Dougherty had been forcibly rejected from the building.

85 Margaret H. McAleer, “’The Green Streets of Washington:’ The Experience of Irish Mechanics in Antebellum Washington,” Washington Odyssey: A Multicultural History of the Nation’s Capital, ed. Francine Curro Cary (Washington: Smithsonian Books, 1996): 42-44, 48, 166. McAleer has calculated that by 1818 nearly half the population of Washington was made up of Irish laborers, many of whom identified themselves as carpenters or stonemasons. A group of Irish indentured servants had been brought over in 1784 to improve the navigation on the Potomac River and by 1786 ͳ͵Ͳ  ȋ™Š‘ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‡™‘–Š‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡ǡƒ„‘—–•–‘‡ƒ•‘”›Ȍ™‡”‡

ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘ ‘–‹—‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›™‡––‘™‘”‘

–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†‘–Š‡‡™™‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ

‡™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ “—ƒ‹–‡†™‹–Š„‘–ŠŠ‘ƒ•ǤƒŽ–‡”ǡ„›–Š‡–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‹

Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡƒ†‘–‰‘‡”›Ǥ‡‹‰•ǡƒ ƒ’–ƒ‹‹

–Š‡ǤǤ‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‰‹‡‡”•ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•–‘

‘˜‡”•‡‡’”‘ —”‡‡–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†Žƒ„‘”Ǥͺ͸ ͳͺͷ͵ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•–‹ŽŽ‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ––Š‡

 Irishmen were at work on the Great Falls Canal (an early segment of the Chesapeake & Ohio) leading into what would soon be the city of Washington. The builder-architect James Hoban, who needed skilled workers for the President’s house, had suggested that there were many fine stone artisans in Dublin. While a group of Scottish masons was recruited from Edinburgh for that project, whether a similar effort was made to recruit skilled Dubliners remains an open question. Nonetheless, McAleer’s research on Irish artisans in the building trades indicates that the majority of stone workers in the early decades of the Capitol construction, where Hoban served as supervising architect in the early days, may have been Irish. These Irish laborers, apprentices, journeymen, and master mechanics fused easily with the spirit of the age—identifying with the republican conception of labor and believing themselves equals with native-born artisans. They joined such early labor organizations as the “Association of Mechanics and Other Working Men” in 1830. Those who had brought their artisan skills to Washington, like William Dougherty, felt themselves to be agents of change. In a letter to President Jackson, asking for resumption of building projects on the public works after the panic of 1837, the Association stated: “the wisdom and patriotism of a nation reside with its industry.” In the already-cited letter to Jackson’s successor, Martin Van Buren, approximately one hundred twenty signatories sought “the advantages allowed to others of our countrymen … free men, members in common of the same family … paying our devotions at the Altar of Liberty erected by our Fathers, and rendering our support to the Republic Institutions established by them.” Van Buren apparently listened to these mechanics and workingmen and instituted the ten-hour workday (first demanded in Philadelphia) for workers on federal projects.

86 A confidential letter from Thomas U. Walter to John Rice, a partner in the Philadelphia Marble firm Rice, Baird & Heebner, on 2 May 1855 notes: “Dougherty is app. at the Post Office. He was kicked out of the Monument by the No Nothings hence it ͳ͵ͳ  ‘—‡–ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›™ƒ•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•ƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘–”ƒ –‘”Ǥ

‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ†‡‹‰•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‘—‰Š‡”–›™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‡†

‹ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘ŽǤͺ͹ šƒ –Ž›™Š‡

‘—‰Š‡”–›‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡–‘ƒ””ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’—” Šƒ•‡‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ

ƒ“—ƒ””›‹•— Ž‡ƒ”ǡ„—–‹–—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‘‡–‹‡„‡–™‡‡Š‹•ˆ‹”•–ƒ “—ƒ‹–ƒ ‡

™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‡‘”‹ƒŽ„Ž‘ •‹ͳͺͷͲǦͷͳƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‹‰•ǯ•

ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘Ͷƒ›ͳͺͷ͵ǤƒŽ–‡”ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›

‹••—‡†ƒDz„‹ŽŽdzˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘͸ –‘„‡”ͳͺͷ͵Ǥ

 ‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‘”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡™‘”ƒ––Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡š–‡•‹‘

‹ͳͺͷͷǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ•™‡”‡††‹”‡ –Ž›–‘‡‹‰•ǡ™Š‘•‡–Š‹ƒŽ‘•–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›

‘ƒ“—ƒ””›Ǧ‹•’‡ –‹‘–”‹’‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥͺͺ‹ ‡–Š‡‘—‡–™ƒ•ƒ

 seems important that he should be provided for. He is a Catholic also.” Office of the Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

87 On 30 September 1853, T.W. Walter wrote Capt M.C. Meigs: “Mr. Dougherty is desirous to have an order for marble for the interior of the Capitol, and I have made out the enclosed bill which embraces all that I think it would be safe to order until the details have been made the subject of further and more deliberate study.” The attached “bill” detailed the number and size of blocks of both light and dark Tennessee marble to be used in the interior of the Senate Chamber and the Hall of Representatives. Office of the Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook. A formal cover letter to Meigs from Walter and a more detailed “bill” dated 6 October 1853 can be found in Office of the Architect of the Capitol, RG 43.

88 William Dougherty’s report to Captain Meigs on 5 June 1855 stated that the purpose of the trip was to find suitable marble for the (exterior) construction of the Post Office building. He traveled to New York City, Philadelphia and environs, the Hudson River Valley and upstate to Troy and Albany, NY: Rutland, VT; Pittsfield and Lee, MA, and Baltimore from 21 May to 5 June, then made a similar trip from 24 June to July 4. He identified only four specific quarries in West Chester County, NY; Sutherland Falls, VT; Lee, MA; and Baltimore, MD as being able to supply marble of the quality needed ͳ͵ʹ  ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ‘Ǧ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ǡ‹–ƒ›‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘”–

‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ • ”—–‹›–Šƒ–™ƒ•–‘ƒˆˆŽ‹ –ƒŽ–‡”ƒ†‡‹‰•‘˜‡” ‘–”ƒ –•ˆ‘”Žƒ„‘”ƒ†

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ˜‡ƒˆ–‡”„‡‹‰‡‰ƒ‰‡†ƒ––Š‡‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

‘—‰Š‡”–› ‘–‹—‡†–‘ˆ—”‹•Š‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤͺͻ‡”Šƒ’•‡š’‡”–

ƒ”„Ž‡‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”™ƒ”‡•™‡”‡•‘— Š‹†‡ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‘ˆ

‹–‡”‡•–†‹†‘–ƒ”‹•‡‹‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ• ƒ•‡ǡ‘”‹–Šƒ–‘ˆŽ‡šƒ†‡”—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ǡ–Š‡

‘”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‘”‘–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•ǡ™Š‘•‘—‰Š–‘—–•‹†‡™‘”ƒ––Š‡

‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡‡š–‡•‹‘‹ͳͺͷ͹ǤͻͲ





  and in enough quantity for the project. Office of the Architect of the Capitol, RG 40, Other Public Buildings, Post Office Extension.

89 Also evidence of that is a letter from Dougherty to Meigs on 26 June 1856. Found in the correspondence files, Post Office Extensions, it does not carry Dougherty’s usual title, Foreman of Marble Work, Gen Post Office Ex. and appears to be about a matter of personal business: “Sir, I expect a load of Tennessee marble to arrive today or tomorrow. Owing to the teams about the city being engaged I am unable to get it hauled at present & it cannot be left on the wharf without being removed out of the way of the crane, which would make it very expensive to load on the wagons hereafter. Mr. Burns informed me that after today your teams will have nothing of any account to do until another marble vessel arrives. If you would allow the Government teams to haul it, I am willing to pay any price you may think proper and it will be a great favor to me.” Meigs wrote “approved” across the back of the letter. Office of the Architect of the Capitol, RG 40, Other Public Buildings, Post Office Extension.

90 Alexander Rutherford to Capt. M.C. Meigs 20 November 1857: “Sir, I will furnish delivered at the extension G.P.O. 9200 lineal feet Italian marble skirting similar to the skirting used at extension U.S.C.” Office of the Architect of the Capitol, RG 40, Other Public Buildings, Post Office Extension.

ͳ͵͵  Nashville’s Acropolis

‘”–Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ

”‡‡–‡’Ž‡Ǧˆ‘”‡„‘†‹‡†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǯ•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ ”‡‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡™‡”‡•›„‘Ž‹ ‘ˆ•–”‡‰–Šƒ†™‹•†‘ǤͻͳŠ‡ƒ‰‹‰–”‹ Žƒ†Ȅ‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡„‡•–Ǧ‘™ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• ‡‡ȄŠƒ†„‡‡”‡ ”—‹–‡†„›ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰

‘‹••‹‘‹–‡–‘‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‰ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ••–ƒ–—•„›‡”‡ –‹‰ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰–Šƒ–

”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‹ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ–ƒ•–‡Ǥͻʹ ‹•’ƒ–”‘••‘—‰Š––‘„—‹Ž†ƒ‘—‡–

–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‘–‘Ž›‰‹˜‡ƒ‹’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ’‡”ƒ‡ ‡ƒ†„—–ƒŽ•‘”‡ƒ••—”‡

‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ••‘—†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ

 Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž—‹Ž†‹‰‘‹••‹‘‡”•™‡”‡„‘–Š˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›ƒ†

•–—„„‘”Ž›’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡›†‡•‹”‡†–Š‡—–‘•–‹“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡„‡–‘  91Christine Kreyling, Classical Nashville: Athens of the South (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1996), xiv.

92 Other architects considered by the Commissioners include James Dakin of New Orleans and Gideon Shyrock of Louisville. Both of these purveyors of the Greek revival style were already working in the western section of the United States. Another indication that the Commission had already settled on a style for the building is the fact that they ordered and presumably studied the architectural plan for the North Carolina state house, which had originated as a cruciform-shaped building designed by local architect William Nichols, Jr., into a central-porticoed Greek-influenced design by New York architect Ithiel Town. Under supervising architect David Paton, who had worked in London for John Soane, the structure was more fully developed into a Palladian- influenced tripartite façade but with a strict Greek entablature and a Doric-columned, Greek temple portico. Mahoney, “The Building of the Tennessee State House,” 25-26. Paton, who took over the project in 1835, consulted William Strickland for confirmation of his choice of Greek details. Catherine W. Bishir et al, Architects and Builders in North Carolina: A History of the Practice of Building (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1990), 164-167.

ͳ͵Ͷ  –Š‡•–”‹ –‡•–‡ ‘‘›ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ––Šƒ––”‹ Žƒ†Šƒ†–‘–—”–‘™Šƒ–™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒŽ

ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡‹” ƒ’ƒ‹‰–‘„—‹Ž†‹•‘Ž‹†•–‘‡ǡ™‹–Š‘„”‹ —•‡†‹‹–‡”‹‘”

™ƒŽŽ•ǡƒ†‡‹–‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘”‡ ”—‹–•‹ŽŽ‡†•–‘‡™‘”‡”•Ǥͻ͵Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǯ•™‹•Šˆ‘”

–‘’“—ƒŽ‹–› ”ƒˆ–•‡™ƒ•–‡’‡”‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‘•‹–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ

ƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡WhigͳͲ —Ž›ͳͺͶͷ•‘—‰Š–•–‘‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ–”‹ Žƒ†Š‘’‡†–‘

ƒ––”ƒ –•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ•‘•™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ––Š‡‡™Ž›Ǧ

‘’Ž‡–‡†‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤͻͶƒ–”‹  ‘™ƒ™”‘–‡–‘

‘‹••‹‘‡” ‘Šƒ••‘ʹͷ—‰—•–ͳͺͶ͸ǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†™‘”‡†•‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•

ƒ–ƒŽ‡‹‰Šƒ†™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹‘˜‹‰–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥͻͷ”‡•—ƒ„Ž›Š‡™ƒ•Œ‘‹‡†

„›‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Š‹•’”‘’‘•‡†Ž‡––‡”‘ˆƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǡ

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–”‹ Žƒ†•‡‡‡†”‡•‹‰‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆ—•‹‰’”‹•‘‡”•–‘“—ƒ””›

–Š‡•–‘‡ǡ ‹–‹‰ ‘•–•ƒ˜‹‰•–‘„‡‰Ž‡ƒ‡†Ȅ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹”‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›–‘’—––Š‘•‡‹–Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›–‘—•‡ˆ—ŽŽƒ„‘”Ǥͻ͸

 93 Mary Ellen Gadski, “The Tennessee State Capitol: An Architectural History,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly XLVII, no. 2 (Summer 1988), 67.

94 According to historian M. Ruth Little, most of the seventy or so stonemasons employed under architect David Paton in Raleigh, the majority of whom were from Scotland, Ireland, and England, moved on after the building’s completion. M. Ruth Little, Sticks and Stones: Three Centuries of North Carolina Gravemarkers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 195.

95 “Strickland Papers” Tennessee State Library and Archives, cited in Nell Savage Mahoney “William Strickland and the Building of Tennessee’s Capitol, 1845-1854,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly IV, no. 2 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society), 123.

96 William Strickland to “the Commissioners” 20 May 1845, RG: 7: Capitol Construction, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

ͳ͵ͷ   Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•Šƒ† ‘•—Ž–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ”†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›ƒ„‘—–

ƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡“—ƒ””›ˆ‘”–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘Ž‡ƒ•‡‘”’—” Šƒ•‡ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’ŽƒŠƒ†„‡‡–‘„—‹Ž†‹„”‹ 

ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Š•–‘‡ǡ–Š‡›‡ƒ•‹Ž›•‡ —”‡†ƒŽ‡ƒ•‡‘ƒ‡ƒ”„›Ž‹‡•–‘‡“—ƒ””›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰

–‘„”‹  ‘–”ƒ –‘”ƒ—‡Žƒ–‹•Ȅ™Š‘ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†ƒˆ‘”–Š ‘‹‰ ‘–”ƒ ––‘

ˆ—”‹•Š„”‹ Ǥƒ–‹•Žƒ–‡” Žƒ‹‡†ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ ‹–‹‰

„‘–Š–Š‡ˆƒ –•–Šƒ–—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ””›Šƒ†Žƒ•–‡†Ž‘‰‡”–Šƒƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡

Š‘’‡†Ǧˆ‘” ‘–”ƒ –Šƒ†‡˜‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥͻ͹

–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•ƒ›ͳͺͶͷ’”‘’‘•ƒŽŠƒ†ƒ†‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Š‡‡™–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ

••‡„Ž›‹‰Š–”‡“—‹”‡—•‡‘ˆ’”‹•‘Žƒ„‘”ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ ‘•–Ǧ•ƒ˜‹‰ǤͻͺŠ‹Ž‡ƒ

‰‘‘††‡ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ””›™‘” ‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡„›’”‹•‘‡”•ǡ–Š‡•‡––‹‰ƒ†ƒ•‘”›

™‘””‡“—‹”‡†•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ǡƒˆ‡™‘ˆ™Š‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‹•‘‹ƒ–‡•‘”ƒ‘‰–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ•Žƒ˜‡•Š‹”‡†

ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ‘™‡”•Ǥͻͻ ͳͺͶͷǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‘ŠǤ‘—‰Šƒ†”‡ ‘‡†‡†

 97Mahoney,“William Strickland and the Capitol,” 127-8.

98 William Strickland to “the Commissioners” 20 May 1845, RG: 7: Capitol Construction, Tennessee State Library and Archives. The Acts of the 26th General Assembly, 1st session (1845-46), Section 1, record that the Commissioners would have authority to use “the labor of the convicts of the Penitentiary” but “not more than 120 out of 189 shall be employed on said Capitol.” The following year, the 27th General Assembly granted permission for a detail of 30 convicts to work at the quarries and (under guard) at the building under supervision of the architect.

99 The Capitol building records include several documents related to hiring African American men in 1845, 1846, and 1847. The first of these, an invoice from A.G. Payne covering the months of June to September 1845, lists 67 African American men and boys and reveals that about one quarter of the men had “cost” 46 cents per day as ͳ͵͸  „”‹‰‹‰‘ƒ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆˆ‹ˆ–‡‡–‘–™‡–›Dzƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–dz›‘—‰ˆ”‹ ƒ

‡”‹ ƒ‡–‘„‡Š‘—•‡†‘–Š‡’”‡‹•‡•ƒ†ƒ––‡†–‘ƒ›—„‡”‘ˆ†—–‹‡•ǤͳͲͲ

‘”–Š‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”˜‹‰™‘”ǡ–”‹ Žƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ƒƒ‰‡†–‘Š‹”‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ

—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‹ŽŽ‡†‹‹‰”ƒ–•ȋ–™‡Ž˜‡ ”‹•Š‡ǡˆ‹˜‡ ‡”ƒ•ǡƒ†‘‡

”‡ ŠƒȌ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ––Š‡‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡Š‘—•‡—†‡”

ƒ–‘ǤͳͲͳ Šƒ˜‡‘–ˆ‘—†ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‡™‘”‡”•ǡ„—–’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†

‘ƒ†‘ ‡–‘ˆ“—ƒ””›‡ǡ•Š‘’ƒ––‡†ƒ–•ǡƒ†•–‘‡ —––‡”•†ƒ–‡†ͳͲ —Ž›ͳͺͷͶǤͳͲʹ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š•’‡ —Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‹‰‹„ƒ•‡†‘•—”ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘‡”‡ƒ‹•Œ—•–

–Šƒ–ǡ‹–‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ–ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–›Ǧ–™‘•–‘‡ —––‡”•ǡˆ‹˜‡ȋƒ”–‹

‘‘”ǡ” Š‘—‰ǡ ˜›ǡ—‡ǡƒ†’‡ ‡”Ȍƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Dz‡‰”‘ǤdzŠ‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ

 opposed to 14 cents for the others. The second, also with Payne, dated 1846, agrees to furnish “15 able bodied negro men at $18 per month … to board said negroes and furnish a woman to cook for them … and also to board any hands (negroes) the Committee may employ at $1 per week. The Committee to furnish nothing but a house for them to eat and sleep in.” On 29 November 1847, Strickland estimated the number of stone workers needed for the following year as “70 stonecutters @ $624/year, 2 stone setters at the same wage, and 8 negro laborers @ $100 per year.” Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7, Capitol Construction.

100 Mahoney, “William Strickland and the Capitol,” 122.

101Dekle, 223. Dekle relied for a good deal of his information on the documents collected in volume IV of White’s Messages of the Governors, in which a reader can follow a continuing discourse upon the use of convict labor to best purpose, and how best to integrate it (or not) with free and slave labor. For example, on 15 September 1845, Secretary of State John S. Young (serving under Governor Aaron Brown) stated that of 135 able workers currently in the state penitentiary, 10 were good stonecutters (whose work he would estimate being worth a wage of $1.25). For work by the others, including 20 who had had some experience in the business, he estimated a value of 75 cents per day. White, Volume IV, 67.

102 Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7, Capitol Construction. ͳ͵͹  –Š‡ǡ’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›ǡƒ”‡™Š‹–‡‡ǤŠ‹•Ž‹•–‹ Ž—†‡••— Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ”‹•Šƒ‡•ƒ•

‘ƒŠ‘‘ǡ ƒ”–‡›ǡǯ”›‡ȋʹȌǡƒ•–‡‡Žǡ ƒ”•ǡ‡ŽŽ‡›ǡƒ†‘‘Ž‹Ǥ‘••‹„Ž‡

‡”ƒ‘””—••‹ƒƒ‡•‘–Š‹•Ž‹•–‹‰Š–„‡ǣ—’’ǡ”—•ˆ‹‹•‡›ǡ—”ǡ

ƒœ‡„—”›ǡƒ†ƒ„›Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰—„‡”ǡ™Š‘Ž‹‡Ž›Šƒ†–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹•

‹–Š‡”‹–‹•Š •Ž‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‡† ”‹ˆˆ‹ǡ ƒ””‹•‘ǡƒ•Šǡƒ–‡•ǡ‹†ǡ ‘ƒ†ǡ ”‘‘•ǡ

‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‘™ƒ”†ǡŠ‹Ž‹’•ǡ ‘‡•ǡ‹ŽŽ•ǡŽƒ ǡ›‡”ǡ‹– Š‡Žǡ˜‡”›ǡƒ†‡„„ǤͳͲ͵

 –™‘—Ž†„‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”

ˆ‹‹•Š‡•™‘—Ž†„‡”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͷͳǡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡”

”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ̈́ʹ͵ǡ͹ͷͲ–‘ˆ—”‹•Šǡˆ‹‹•Šǡƒ†

‹•–ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ‘Dz„‹ŽŽdz•’‡ ‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‡‡†‡†‹•‘™–‘‡š‹•–ǡ‘”‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ›‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘”–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•’—„Ž‹ Ž›ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡†Ǥ‹ ‡ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•‘™–‘–”‹ Žƒ†ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‹

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•”‘Ž‡‹ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‡••‡‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡–™‹–Š–”‹ Žƒ†ƒ†Ž‘‘‡†

ƒ––Š‡†”ƒ™‹‰•ƒ††‡•‹‰•Ǥ ‡—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡ƒ‰‡”–‘•‡ —”‡–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –ǡˆ‘”Š‡

 103In Architects and Builders in North Carolina, Bisher noted that big building projects like the North Carolina state capitol in Raleigh drew a number of British and other European skilled workers into the state. At one time, the project employed more than three hundred. However, this population was highly mobile, with many moving out of the state in search of land or further opportunity. During the decade from 1850 to 1860, in Wilmington, for example, while the overall population of men engaged in the building trades increased, only a small fraction of those who appeared in the 1850 census can still be found in residence in 1860. Bisher et al, 184-185.

ͳ͵ͺ  ”‡†— ‡†Š‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡„›̈́ʹǡ͹ͲͲˆ‘—”†ƒ›•Žƒ–‡”ǤͳͲͶ‹ ‡ǯ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘ƒ›

™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ˆŽƒ–‡†„›— ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‡ƒ•––‘

™‡•–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘–›‡–’‘••‹„Ž‡„›–”ƒ‹ƒ††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–„›™ƒ–‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ

’‡”•‹•–‡–ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘’”‘„Ž‡•‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”„‡Ž‘™Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǤ

 ͳͺͷͲǡ–Š‡™ƒ›Šƒ†„‡‡‘’‡‡†„›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”–‘

–Š‡‡ƒ•– ‘ƒ•–˜‹ƒŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ‹ ‡Šƒ†

Šƒ—Ž‡†–Š‡–™‘Ǧˆ‘‘–„›ˆ‘—”Ǧˆ‘‘–ƒ”„Ž‡„Ž‘ •ˆ”‘ ƒ™‹•‘—–›–‘–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ǡ–Š‡„‘ƒ–‡†–Š‡–‘Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ–‘„‡ ƒ””‹‡†„›–”ƒ‹˜‹ƒ–Š‡

‡•–‡”ƒ†–Žƒ–‹ ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡›Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†„›

• Š‘‘‡”–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ—–‹Žƒ–‡ͳͺͷͳǡ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ

™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†Žƒ–‡”’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‹”‡ –”‘—–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ ‹–‹‡•ǡ™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ—†‡”

‘•–”— –‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆ’‘”–ƒ‰‹‰ƒŠ‡ƒ˜›Ž‘ƒ†‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‘˜‡”Žƒ†ƒ”‘—†

–Š‡•Š‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘„›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ›

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†ƒ—–‹‰Ǥ ‘’‹‰ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘‡”ȋ•‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹˜‡•–‘”•Ȍ‹‰Š–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Šƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–

’”‘„Ž‡ǡ‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷʹ‹ ‡”‡˜‹•‡†Š‹•’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‘ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ǣŠ‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘

ˆ—”‹•Š–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹”‘—‰Š„Ž‘ •ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–‘ƒ›’‘‹–ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Dz—••‡ŽŽ

Š‘ƒŽ•dz‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡”‹˜‡”„›ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–ǡˆ‘”̈́ͶǡͷͲͲǤͳͲͷ

 104 Rice to the Board of Capitol Commissioners 16 December 1851, “Strickland Papers,” Tennessee State Library and Archives, cited in Mahoney, “William Strickland and the Capitol,” 143.

105 Rice to the Board of Capitol Commissioners 13 February 1852, Ibid.

ͳ͵ͻ   ‘—”†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”‹ ‡ǯ•ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ‘ͳ͹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷʹǡ‘‹••‹‘‡”•

‘Šƒ••ǡǤǤ”‘™ǡƒ†ƒ—‡ŽǤ‘”‰ƒ‡š‡ —–‡†ƒ ‘–”ƒ –™‹–Šƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•‘ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ–‘ǣ

‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡•–‘‡ƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ ”‡‡™‘”ǡ†‡••ǡ –ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”•Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ–‡Šƒ„‡”–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‘Ž—•ˆ‘” –Š‡—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡”›‹–Š‹•Šƒ„‡”ǤdzŽ‘ƒ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘–‘ǣDzˆ‹†ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡™‘”‘—–‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ˆƒ ‹ˆ—Ž˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡š ‡’––Š‡•–‡’•ƒ†’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•™Š‹ Šƒ›„‡‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ–‘„‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘”‹•–‘„‡‡š‡ —–‡†ƒ† •‡–—’‹ƒ™‘”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ‡”ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Žƒ•ǡŽ‡˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǥƒ†‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘–”ƒ –ǥƒ ‘”†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –ǤͳͲ͸  Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –‰”ƒ–‡†Ž‘ƒ–Š‡•—‘ˆ̈́ͳʹǡͺ͵ͻˆ‘”™‘”–‘„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‘‘”

„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ͳ•–‘ˆ —Ž›ͳͺͷ͵Ǥ ‘™–Š‡͵ͺ‘”͵ͻǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†Ž‘ƒ’Žƒ‡†–‘–”ƒ•’‘”––Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹•‘–‘™Ǥ‘”ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ǡŠƒ†Š‡ƒ›ˆ‹”’Žƒ•ƒ„‘—–

™Š‡”‡Š‡™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘‘„–ƒ‹•ƒ‹†ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŽ‡––‡”ˆ”‘Ž‘ƒ–‘

‘Šƒ••ǡ™”‹––‡ʹͺ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷʹǡŽ‡••–Šƒ–™‘™‡‡•ƒˆ–‡”Š‹• ‘–”ƒ –™ƒ•

•‹‰‡†ǡˆ‹†•Ž‘ƒ‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‹••ƒŽ—–ƒ–‹‘Dz ”‹‡†ƒ••ǡdzƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ—†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡†’‡ƒ•Š‹’ȋ——•—ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡–‹‡‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ

†‘ —‡–•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†„›ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†Šƒ†’”‹‘”–‘

•‹‰ƒ–—”‡Ȍƒ†ˆ”ƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–Š‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†•‘‡•‘”–‘ˆƒ

‹•‹†‡–”ƒ ‘–Š‡Œ‘„ǤͳͲ͹‡”Šƒ’•ƒ••ǡƒ„ƒ‡”™Š‘•‡•‘Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™™ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ

 106 Tennessee State Library and Archives RG 7, Capitol Construction--Contracts.

107 Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7, Capitol Construction--Marble, Plastering, Pumps.

ͳͶͲ  –Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ‘”‘”‰ƒǡƒƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒǡ•ƒ™ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‹˜‡•–‹Ž‘ƒǯ•ˆŽ‡†‰Ž‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••Ǥ

Ž‘ƒǡ™Š‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ ‡•—•ƒ•ƒ•–‘‡ —––‡”ǡ™ƒ•‘–Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡—•‹‡••‹”‡ –‘”›ˆ‘”ͳͺͷͲǤ‡–ǡ„›ͳͺͷͶǡŠ‡Šƒ†‘’‡‡†ƒDz–‡ƒƒ†

ƒ”„Ž‡‘”•dz‘ƒ”‡––”‡‡–Ǥ –Š‡ͳͺͷ͹†‹”‡ –‘”›ǡŽ‘ƒǯ•–‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡

‘”•ǡ‘™Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆ’”‹‰ƒ†—‡”–”‡‡–ǡƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡†

Dz‹‡šŠƒ—•–‹„Ž‡ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ȋ–Š‡ˆ‹‡•–‘™‹–Š‡

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ƒ›‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ȌǤdzͳͲͺŽ‘ƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–

‘‡ȋ’‡”Šƒ’•‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Ȍƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡‡™–ƒ–‡

ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ͹ —‡ͳͺͷͷǡŠ‡ ‘–”ƒ –‡†–‘ˆ—”‹•Š–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›„ƒŽ—•–‡”•

ƒ†Šƒ†”ƒ‹Ž•ˆ‘”̈́ʹͺͲͲǡ™‹–Šƒ̈́ͷͲͲ„‘—•ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‹‘„›ͳ –‘„‡”Ǥ ‡

‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆˆ—”‹•Š‹‰ƒ–‡Ž•ǡƒ•†”ƒ™„›–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǯ••‘ǡ ”ƒ ‹•Ǥ

–”‹ Žƒ†ǡƒ–̈́ͳͷͲ‡ƒ Š‘ͳʹ –‘„‡”ͳͺͷͶǤ ƒŽŽǡŽ‘ƒ™‘—Ž†„‡’ƒ‹†̈́ͳ͸ǡͳͻͺˆ‘”

‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡™‘”ƒ•Š‹’ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤͳͲͻ

 Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š’‘‘Ž‘ˆ™‘”‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ

‹š–—”‡‘ˆˆ‘” ‡†ƒ†ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒŽƒ„‘”ǡˆ‹”•–‘”•‡ ‘†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‡••‡ƒ•ǡ•‹ŽŽ‡†‹‹‰”ƒ–™‘”‡”•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’”‹•‘

‹ƒ–‡•ǡ—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‘”†‘”‹–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘•–”— –‹‘ˆ‹Ž‡•ƒ––Š‡

 108 Rev. John P. Campbell, Nashville Business Directory, III (Nashville: Smith, Camp & Co., 1857), 190.

109 Mahoney,“William Strickland and the Capitol,” 144.

ͳͶͳ  ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–Š‡‡–‹–™‹–Šƒ›–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”

–Šƒ–Š‡—–‘•–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ–”‹ Žƒ††‹†Šƒ˜‡Š‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡

‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘˜‡” ‘•–‘˜‡””—•ƒ†•Ž‘™’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ ”‡–”‘•’‡ –ǡ

–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘’”‘Œ‡ –™ƒ•Ž‹‡Ž›‡ —„‡”‡†‘„‘–Š ‘—–•„›–Š‡„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›

ƒ†„‘‘‡‡’‹‰ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›Žƒ„‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‡ƒ”Ž›

Ž‘•–Š‹•’‘•–‹Žƒ–‡ͳͺͷ͵ǡ•ƒ˜‡†„›‘Ž›‘‡˜‘–‡Ǥ—–‹ƒ–‡•–ƒ‡––‘–Š‡ˆ‹ Ž‡

ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡƒ˜‘–‡Žƒ–‡”–Šƒ–•ƒ‡•‡••‹‘ƒ ‘”†‡†Š‹ƒ„—”‹ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡

ƒ’‹–‘Žǯ•„ƒ•‡‡–˜ƒ—Ž–ǤͳͳͲ

 –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–™‹–Š‹–Š”‡‡™‡‡•‘ˆ–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•

†‡ƒ–Š‘͸’”‹ŽͳͺͷͶǡ–Š‡•–‘‡ —––‡”•ƒ––Š‡“—ƒ””›Šƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ˆ‘”‡†ƒŽƒ„‘”

ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™‡”‡†‡ƒ†‹‰™”‹––‡‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•–Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹

‡’Ž‘›‡†‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰—–‹Žƒ” ŠͳͺͷͷǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡•‘‡

•ƒ›ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”™‡”‡–‘„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘–Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›

’”‡‹•‡•Ǥ”‡’‘”–„›–Š‡‡™•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‹–Š‡ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‹••‹‘‡”•‘–‡†–Šƒ–

™Š‡–Š‡‹”†‡ƒ†•™‡”‡”‡Œ‡ –‡†ǡ–Š‡•–‘‡ —––‡”•†‹• ‘–‹—‡†–Š‡‹”Žƒ„‘”Ǥͳͳͳ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ’’‡†‡†‡™•’ƒ’‡” ‘Ž—•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡

 110 White, IV, 609-610.

111 On 31 March 1854 Samuel D. Morgan had assumed the chairmanship of the committee and taken the title of president. Four days later James Plunket was hired as secretary. While Francis Strickland, with assistance from Adolphus Heiman, provided architectural oversight during the building’s final stages, Plunket would become the building’s superintendent upon its completion. Gadski, 77. The Commission report, a handwritten day-by-day account, may have been compiled after the building’s completion from files and journals kept by the secretary. Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7, Capitol Construction. ͳͶʹ  Daily Evening Newsȋͳͳƒ›ͳͺͷͶǡ•‹‰‡†„›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘‡—––‡”•

••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†–Š‡Daily Gazette ȋͳͶƒ›ͳͺͷͶǡ•‹‰‡†Dz—”‡ Šƒ‹ •dzȌ–Š‡‹••—‡

–Šƒ– ƒ—•‡†–Š‡™‘”‡”•–‘•–”‹‡™ƒ•–Š‡‘‹••‹‘ǯ•†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡

Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†—•‡‹––‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›’ƒ›

ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ––Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›ǡ”‡–ƒ‹‹‰‘Ž›–™‡Ž˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‡ —––‡”•‘–Š‡

™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǤŠ‡‰”‘—’‡š’”‡••‡†‘—–”ƒ‰‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹••‹‘ǡ

”‡’‘”–‹‰–Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ™Šƒ–™ƒ•Ž‡ˆ––‘„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†™ƒ•‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ™‘”ǤŠ‡›

‘–‡†–Šƒ–„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹•†‡ƒ–ŠǡDzƒŒ‘”dz–”‹ Žƒ†Šƒ†Šƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹‰•Dz†”‡••‡†dz•‘–Šƒ–

–Š‡™‘”‹‰Š– ‘–‹—‡ƒ••‘‘ƒ•–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Šƒ†ƒ’’”‘˜‡†ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡

‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‹–•‡š–•‡••‹‘ǤŠ‡›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡DzˆŽƒ––‡”‹‰

‹†— ‡‡–•dz–Šƒ–Šƒ†„”‘—‰Š––Š‡–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‹”•‹ŽŽ•

”‡“—‹”‡†›‡ƒ”•–‘ƒ•–‡”ǡ–Š‡›ˆ‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡‹”Œ‘„•‹‰Š–„‡–—”‡†‘˜‡”–‘ ‘˜‹ –•

™Š‘ ‘—Ž†–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”’”‡•‡––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•‡š’‡”–•‹–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ –‹•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–ǡ

ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›ǡ–Šƒ––Š‹•

‰”‘—’™ƒ•‘–‘Ž› Ž‘•‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡Ž– ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–

–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘–‘”‹‰Š––Š‡ƒ––‡”Ǥ •Š‘”–‡™•‹–‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡††—”‹‰

–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”•–‘’’ƒ‰‡‹ƒ›ͳͺͷͶǡ–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‡†–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

‘˜‹ –‹‘•„› ƒŽŽ‹‰‘—––™‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡„‡”•ǤŠ‡–‘‡—––‡”•••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Š‘ƒ•—”’Š›ƒ† ‡‘”‰‡ ƒ—‰Š–ƒ•• ƒ„•™Š‘Šƒ†„”‘‡–Š‡

•–”‹‡„›‰‘‹‰„ƒ –‘™‘”ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ ͳͶ͵  •‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ”‹•‹• ƒ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡™‘”‡

’‡–‹–‹‘‡†ˆ‘”ƒ–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ‡–”‹•‡‹–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›™ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‘˜‡”‘”†”‡™ ‘Š•‘

Š‡ƒ”†–Š‡‹”’Ž‡ƒǤ•ƒ‡šǦ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹••‹‘ǡ ‘Š•‘’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†

—’‘–Šƒ–„‘†›–‘Š‘‘”–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ǡ™Š‹ Š’ƒ••‡†—ƒ‹‘—•Ž›–Šƒ–•—‡”Ǥͳͳʹ

’‘ƒ••—‹‰–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡ ‘Š•‘Šƒ††‡ ”‹‡†–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡„‡‹‰

Š‡ƒ’‡†—’‘–Š‡Dzƒ‰‹ˆ‹ ‡––ƒ–‡‡†‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǥ’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡‰”ƒ†‡—”‘ˆ ƒ”˜‡†

ƒ†ƒ••‹˜‡ ‘Ž—•™Š‹ Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‹‰‡—‹–› ƒ‹˜‡•–‘”†‹•’Žƒ›ǥ™Š‹ Š

™‹ŽŽǡƒŽŽ‹ƒŽŽǡ™Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†ǥ ‘•––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘–Ž‡••–Šƒƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘

ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ‘”–™‘‹ŽŽ‹‘‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥdz ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǯ•’”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ—–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‡“—ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡™‘”‹‰‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡

‡ Šƒ‹ •‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž™Š‘”‡•‡–‡†Šƒ˜‹‰–‘™‘”ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ǡƒ†‹

•‘‡ ƒ•‡•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‹†‡‹•–”— –‹‘‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–”ƒ†‡•–‘ǡ–Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›

‹ƒ–‡•Ǥͳͳ͵

 Š—•ǡ–Š‡‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǯ‰ƒ„Ž‡‹–”›‹‰–‘—†‡”‹‡–Š‡•–‘‡™‘”‡”•

•‡‡•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ‡Ž›‹‰•‘Ž‡Ž›‘’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›Žƒ„‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡•–‘‡™‘”

”‡•—Ž–‡†‹†‡Žƒ›•ƒ†™ƒ•–‡†–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•–‹ŽŽ‡’Ž‘›‡†‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ 

‘‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ•–‡”ƒ•‘•”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ ƒ”˜‡ƒ’”‘–‘–›’‡‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‘Ž—•‹‘”†‡”–Šƒ–ƒŽ‡•••‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”‡†‹‰Š–‡—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”™‘”ǡ–Š—•ˆ—”–Š‡”

 112 Gadski, 78.

113 “Andrew Johnson’s Legislative Message,” 19 December 1853, White, 546-547; 552-553.

ͳͶͶ  ‹Š‹„‹–‹‰–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ‘ƒ††‹•—Ž––‘‹Œ—”›ǡƒˆ‹”‡ƒ––Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›‘ͳͺƒ” Š

ͳͺͷͷ†‡•–”‘›‡†̈́͸ǡͲͲͲ‘ˆ”‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ

  ”‘–Š‡‰Ž‘™‹‰‡–”›Ž—‡–”‡ ‘”†‡†—’‘ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

‘ʹͳ —Ž›ͳͺͷͷǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡ ƒƒ••—‡–Š‡Žƒ„‘”‹••—‡•™‡ŽŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›•‡––Ž‡†ǣ

ƒ–—”†ƒ›ǤŠ‹•†ƒ›ƒ–͵‘ ™ƒ•’Žƒ ‡†‹’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡ ƒ’’‹‰•–‘‡‘”Žƒ•– •–‘‡‘–Š‡–‘™‡”ǤŠ‡‡˜‡–™ƒ•ƒ‘— ‡†–‘ ‹–‹œ‡•„›Š‘‹•–‹‰–Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ Žƒ‰‘–Š‡–‘™‡”ƒ†ˆ‹”‹‰ƒ•ƒŽ—–‡Ǥ–Š‡Ͷ–Š‘ˆ —Ž›ͳͺͶͷ–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡™ƒ•Žƒ‹†ǡ–‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ†ͳ͹†ƒ›•™‡”‡–Š—•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡”‡ ––Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž› ‘’ƒ”‡™‹–Šƒ›‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ‹ Šƒ•–‡‡••‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ǡ•‘Ž‹†‹–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ‡Ž‡‰ƒ ‡‘ˆ™‘”ƒ•Š‹’ǡƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡’—”’‘•‡•‹–™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡™‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘–Š‡–‹‡ ‘•—‡†‹–Š‡‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•‹‘Ž†‡”ƒ†‘”‡ˆƒ˜‘”‡† ‘—–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡•‹ŽŽˆ—ŽŽƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‡ Šƒ‹ •ƒ„‘—†ǡƒ•ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ –Ǥƒ—Ž•Š—” Š‘†‘–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‹”–›–™‘›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”‹–• ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‹– ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‹–‡›‡ƒ”• ™‹ŽŽ•–ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‘—‡––‘–Š‡‡‡”‰›ƒ†‰‘‘†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡–‘—’‡”‹–‡†‹–• ‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–‘–Š‡‡‘”›‘ˆ‹–•ƒ” Š‹–‡ ––”‹ Žƒ†ƒ†–‘–Š‡ˆ‹†‡Ž‹–› ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹ •ƒ†™‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•†ƒ›‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ ‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ›„‡Œ—•–Ž›’”‘—†ǤͳͳͶ  ‹ ‡ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒ™ƒ•’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ‰‡–ǡ™‹–ŠŠ‹•‘™

‡ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡”›ƒ–™‘”‘–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‡••

ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ„‘”—”‡•–Ǥ‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡Šƒ•›‡–„‡‡ˆ‘—†‘ˆŽ‘ƒǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘‹

–Š‡ƒ––‡”Ǥ



 114 Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 7: Capitol Construction.

ͳͶͷ  Tennessee Marble in the Corridors of Power: The Capitol Extensions

Š‘ƒ•ǤƒŽ–‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ

ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•ǡ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆƒ—„‡”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‹•ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡–‘”

–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†•—„‹––‡††‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”‡™ Šƒ„‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ†

‡ƒ–‡ǤͳͳͷŠ‡•‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡‡–‹‰ŠƒŽŽ•™‡”‡–‘„‡‘”‡ ‘‘†‹‘—•ǡ

ƒ ‘—•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•—’‡”‹‘”ǡƒ†„‡––‡”˜‡–‹Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Š‡”‘‘•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›—•‡†„›–Š‡

‘‰”‡••ǤƒŽ–‡”™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆˆ‘—”ˆ‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘„‡”–‹ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‘

™‡”‡ Š‘•‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ ƒŽŽˆ‘”†‡•‹‰•™ƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘–Š‡͵Ͳ–Š‘ˆ‡’–‡„‡”ͳͺͷͲǤ

‡”Šƒ’•ƒ––Š‡„‡Š‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡†‹–•”‹‰Š––‘†‘•‘‹

ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ǡ‹ŽŽ•Šƒ††”ƒ™ƒ’Žƒ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡•–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ˆ”‘‡ƒ ŠǤ

”‡•‹†‡– ‹ŽŽ‘”‡ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡‹–Š‡

ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‹‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒŽ–‡”ǡ™Š‘™ƒ••™‘”‹ƒ•” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•‘ͳͳ —Ž›ͳͺͷͳǤͳͳ͸ƒŽ–‡”ǯ•†‡•‹‰ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Šƒ„‡”•‹‡™™‹‰• ‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†•‘—†‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

 115 Representative Daniel D. Barnard, New York, had called for a room that would better accommodate the meetings of the House as early as March 1843. In January 1844, Col. J.J. Abert, U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers, delivered a report to the 28th Congress (Doc. 51, 28th Congress, 1st session) with contained cost estimates and two drawings by William Strickland. Homer T. Rosenberger, "Thomas Ustick Walter and the Completion of the United States Capitol," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50 (1952), 279-280.

116 Ibid., 281-283.

ͳͶ͸  „—‹Ž†‹‰„›Ž‘‰ŠƒŽŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†ƒ–ƒŽŽ‡”†‘‡–‘„‡„‡––‡”„ƒŽƒ ‡–Š‡‡š’ƒ†‡†

’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

 ‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰ƒ”–›‹’‘™‡”‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡

–‹‡•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡ƒ––Šƒ–’—„Ž‹ ‘–‹ ‡‘ˆ„—•‹‡••

‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‘‡ –‡†–‘ƒ›Žƒ”‰‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ—†‡”–ƒ‹‰™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ‡‘ˆ

ƒŽ–‡”ǯ•ˆ‹”•–ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ” Š‹–‡ –™ƒ•–‘’”‘’‘•‡ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹Žƒ„‘”ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ˆ‘”

™‘”‡‘–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥͳͳ͹ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–ƒ‡‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡

–‡’‘”ƒ”›™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǡŠ‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†—•‹‰ƒ ‘–”ƒ –•›•–‡‘ˆ

‘—–•‘—” ‹‰Ȅ’—––‹‰‘—–„‹†•‘–‘Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”ƒ•ƒ

™Š‘Ž‡‘”‹’ƒ”–Ǥ•Š‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘”‡•‹†‡– ‹ŽŽ‘”‡‘ʹͻ —Ž›ͳͺͷͳǡ

ƒŽ–‡”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–•Š‹ˆ–‹‰–Š‡•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ™‘”‡”•–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ›‘” ‘’ƒ‹‡•

™‹–Š’‡ —‹ƒ”›‹–‡”‡•–•‹ ‘’Ž‡–‹‰–Š‡™‘”‘–‹‡ƒ†‘„—†‰‡–™‘—Ž†•ƒ˜‡

‘‡›ǡƒ•‹–Šƒ†ƒ– ‹”ƒ”†‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥͳͳͺ

 ƒŽ–‡”ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•‘Ž‹ ‹–‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

‡š–‡”‹‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•‘‡’–ǤͳͻǡͳͺͷͳǤͳͳͻ ‘”†‹‰–‘

Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ‡• ‘‘†‡ǡ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•’”‘Œ‡ –‡š–”‡‡Ž›™‡ŽŽ

†‘ —‡–‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ™ƒ”†‹‰‘ˆ ‘–”ƒ –•™ƒ•‘ˆ‡‘”‘—•‹–‡”‡•––‘ƒ›Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ”‡ ‡–‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡

 117 Walter’s responsibilities quickly grew to include overseeing new wings at the Patent Office and Post Office buildings.

118 Rosenberger, 288-289.

119 Allen, 204.

ͳͶ͹  –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›‘’‡‡†–Š‡ƒ”‡––‘Ž‘‰Ǧ†‹•–ƒ ‡„‹††‡”••‹ ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†‘™

„‡„”‘—‰Š–ˆ”‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‹•–ƒ ‡„›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘”•–‡ƒ„‘ƒ–ǤͳʹͲŠ‹Ž‡ƒ–ˆ‹”•–‡‹–Š‡”

–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‹‘”‘”–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ™–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘–”ƒ –

ˆ‘”–Š‡•–‘‡™‘”‹–•‡Žˆǡƒˆ–‡”ƒˆ‡™‘–Š•ƒ–™‘”‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‡†‡Žƒ›•‹

–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹†Ž‡†–Š‡™‘”‡”•ǡ–Š‡›—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒŽ–‡”ǯ•”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†

ƒ ‡†‡†–‘Š‹•”‡“—‡•–„›‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘” —––‹‰ƒ†•‡––‹‰–Š‡

•–‘‡‘•‹–‡Ǥͳʹͳ

‹‰Š–‡‡ „‹†• –‘ ˆ—”‹•Š ‡š–‡”‹‘” ƒ”„Ž‡ ™‡”‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ „—•‹‡••‡• ‹

ƒ”›Žƒ†ǡ ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡ ‡™ ‘”ǡ ƒ† ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǤ  ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ „‡ „‘–Š

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›’”—†‡–ƒ†–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡’‡”ƒ‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡™•–”— –—”‡ǡ –Š‡

‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”‹‘” ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ ‘‹––‡‡ –‘ ‘†— – • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰

–‡•–• ‘ –Š‡ •—„‹––‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ •ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒŽ–‡”ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ

‘•‡’Š Ǥ ‘––‡ǡ ǤǤ ”› ‘”’• ‘ˆ ‰‹‡‡”•ǡ ƒ† ‘•‡’Š ‡”›ǡ ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ

•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› ”‡’‘”–‡† –Š‡‹” ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ• ‹ ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Šƒ–

• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†™ƒ•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ

˜ƒ”‹‘—• –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‰ƒ—‰‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǡ

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‘‹––‡‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ–‡•–•‡ƒ•—”‹‰•— Š“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•

 120 James Moore Goode, "Architecture, Politics, and Conflict: Thomas Ustick Walter and the Enlargement of the United States Capitol, 1850-1865” (Ph.D. diss., George Washington University, 1995), 68.

121 Ibid., 86, fn 13. A contract for cutting and setting all of the marble for the Capitol Extensions went to the firm of Provest & Winter, Washington, D.C. on 12 July 1852.

ͳͶͺ  ƒ• †‡•‹–›ǡ ”—•Š‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘Ǥ Š”‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡• ™‡”‡ Œ—†‰‡†

ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡„›–Š‡•‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‘‹––‡‡ Š‘•‡ƒ™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘‡‡ǡ

ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡ‘•–‡•‹„Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–“—ƒ–‹–›‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥͳʹʹ

 ͳͺͷ͵ǡ ’ƒ”–Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‡ • ”—–‹› ‘˜‡” –Š‡•‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ž— ”ƒ–‹˜‡

‘–”ƒ –• ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–•‹‰Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –‹–Š‡

ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” †‡ ƒ†‡• –‘ ‘‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž š–‡•‹‘• ’”‘Œ‡ – ™ƒ• ‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡

Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‹‘”–‘–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”

‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ ” Š‹–‡ – Š‘ƒ• ƒŽ–‡”ǡ ™Š‘ǡ Ž‹‡ ‘„‡”– ‹ŽŽ• „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹ǡ Šƒ†

•—ˆˆ‡”‡†–Š‡˜‹ ‹••‹–—†‡•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‹–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•

ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ™ƒ”†‹‰‘ˆ ‘–”ƒ –•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ Šƒ†

”‡“—‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•‹†‡– ”ƒŽ‹ ‹‡” ‡ǡ ƒ ‡‘ ”ƒ–ǡ ”‡Ž‹‡˜‡ Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡

ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ †—–‹‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ’”‘ —”‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ‹‡” ‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡†

”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž –‘ –Š‡ ƒ” ‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‹–‹‘—•

›‘—‰‘–‰‘‡”›Ǥ‡‹‰•ǡƒ’–ƒ‹ǡǤǤ”›‘”’•‘ˆ‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‰‹‡‡”•ǡ

–‘ ™‘” ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ƒŽ–‡”Ǥ – ˆ‹”•–ǡ ƒŽ–‡” ™‡Ž ‘‡† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ –—” Š‹•

ƒ––‡–‹‘•‘Ž‡Ž›–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽƒ––‡”•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‡‹‰•ƒ–ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† Ž‘•‡Ž›‹

ƒŽ–‡”ǯ• ˆ‘‘–•–‡’•ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ‘–‡– ‡”‡Ž› ™‹–Š ‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰ ‘–”ƒ –• ƒ†

’”‘ —”‡‡–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ•ƒ‡‰‹‡‡”ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•

 122 The contract for furnishing exterior marble from quarries in Lee, Massachusetts for the Capitol Extensions was awarded to Rice, Baird & Heebner, Philadelphia, 17 January 1852. Goode, 205.

ͳͶͻ  ƒ†‡–Š‘†•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•˜‡”›’”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹œ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ™‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ƒ–

–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤŠ‡Š‡Šƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘„‡‰‹ƒ “—‹”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‹–‡”‹‘”ǡŠ‡ ‘–ƒ –‡†‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆƒ” ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ƒ˜‹•ƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ –‡•–‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘•–‹–—–‡† ‹ ͳͺͷͳ –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•

‡š–‡”‹‘” ƒ”„Ž‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ”‹‰ ‡‡”ƒŽ Ǥ Ǥ‘––‡ǡƒ†

”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ‘•‡’Š ‡”› ƒ† ǤǤ ƒ Š‡Ǥͳʹ͵Š‹Ž‡Š‡ ‘–‹—‡†–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ

“—ƒŽ‹–›–‡•–‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒŽ–‡”Šƒ†•‡–‘—–ˆ‘”–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ ‡‹‰• •‘‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† Š‹•‡Žˆ ƒ• ‘‡ ™Š‘ ’Žƒ‡† –‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡

‘–‘Ž›Š‹•‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•‹ŽŽ•„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‹•‘™†‡•‹‰‹†‡ƒ•–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”Šƒ†‘–‹ˆ‹‡†‡™•’ƒ’‡”‡†‹–‘”•†‹”‡ –Ž›ǡ’”‘‹•‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ

‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•™‹–Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘•’ƒ›‡–ˆ‘””—‹‰Š‹•ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•ˆ‘”

‡š–‡”‹‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ‡‹‰• –‘‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ –‹‘ƒ•Š‡„‡‰ƒ–‘•‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•Ǥ ‹•

Dzƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–dz ™ƒ• ‡–‡”‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ ‘”†• ‘ˆ ‘‰”‡•• ƒ• ‘—•‡

‘ —‡–ͳǡ†ƒ–‡†Ͷƒ›ͳͺͷ͵Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ†Ž‹‡Dzƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”š–‡•‹‘ ‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡• ƒ’‹–‘Žǡdz ‡‹‰• ƒ††”‡••‡† Š‹• ’Ž‡ƒ Dz‘ ‘™‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ —ƒ””‹‡•ǡdz

”‡“—‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–•‹šǦ‹ Š•“—ƒ”‡„Ž‘ •’‡ ‹‡•„‡•‡–†‹”‡ –Ž› –‘ Š‹• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ ‘

†‡ƒ†Ž‹‡ˆ‘””‡ ‡‹’–‘ˆ•ƒ’Ž‡•‘” ƒŽŽˆ‘”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ „‹†•™ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡†Ǥ Š‡

ƒ‘— ‡‡– •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‡†‹–‘”• ‘ˆ ‘—–”› ’ƒ’‡”• ‹ ‘™ ‘” •—•’‡ –‡†

 123 Jefferson Davis to Montgomery Meigs, 4 January 1854. Architect of the Capitol, RG 43, Box 28.

ͳͷͲ  ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™‘—Ž††‘–Š‡‹” ‘•–‹–—‡–•ƒˆƒ˜‘”„›”—‹‰‹–ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡™Š‹Ž‡ƒŒ‘”

‡™•’ƒ’‡”•™‘—Ž†„‡”‡‹„—”•‡†ˆ‘””—‹‰–Š‡ƒ†™‡‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ǤͳʹͶ

 ͸  –‘„‡” ͳͺͷ͵ǡ Š‘ƒ• ƒŽ–‡” †”ƒˆ–‡† ƒ Dz„‹ŽŽdz •’‡ ‹ˆ›‹‰ Š‘™ — Š

‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡‡†‡† ˆ‘” ̶‡„”ƒ ‹‰ ’‹Žƒ•–‡”• ƒ”‘—† ‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ

‡ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‘—•‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ” Š‹–”ƒ˜‡ ‘ –‘’ ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ‡Ž‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Ͷ ‰”ƒ†

•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›•Ǥdzͳʹͷ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‘‡‡••‡‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ƒ”‡‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡”—–Š‡ƒ†ǡ

ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡’‡”•‘’”‘’‘•‡†–‘ˆ—”‹•Š‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ‡‹‰•”‡’‘”–‡†ǡ‘ʹʹ

 –‘„‡”ͳͺͷ͵ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž‘ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ’Ž‡• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‹

”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ Š‹• ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡– ™ƒ• ˆ”‘ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ‹– Šƒ†

„‡‡‘”†‡”‡†Ǥͳʹ͸‡‹‰•‘–‡•‹Š‹•Šƒ†™”‹––‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ–Šƒ–‘͵ͳ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͷ͵ǡ

ǤǤ ‘‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ‡„›Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡–‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Š‡Šƒ†

Ž‡ˆ–Ǥͳʹ͹ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ‘‡•™ƒ•ƒ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‘‰”‡••ƒ™Š‘”‡’”‡•‡–‡†

‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‹ˆ–Š‹•–”‹ –ǡ‘•–Ž›‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ǡˆ”‘ͳͺͶ͵ǦͳͺͷͻǤͳʹͺ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›

‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ƒ•‡ ‘†‹“—‹”›”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡŠ‘ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”™”‘–‡

 124 Congressional Record 4 May 1853.

125 Architect of the Capitol, RG 43.

126 House Executive Document 1, part 2, 33rd Congress, 1st Session.

127 Capitol Builder: The Shorthand Journals of Montgomery C. Meigs, 1853-59, 1861. Wendy Wolff, ed. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000), 37.

128 Jonathan M. Atkins, “George Washington Jones,” in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Carroll Van West, ed. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998) http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net [accessed 29 October 2010].

ͳͷͳ  –‘–Š‡ ‘Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤŠ—” Š™‡ŽŽǡƒŽ•‘ƒ‡‡••‡‡ ‘‰”‡••ƒǡ‘ʹ͹ ƒ—ƒ”›

ͳͺͷͶǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Šƒ†„‡‡ǣ

‘ƒ„ƒ†‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†‘ ‘–”ƒ –‹–Š‡ •–”‹ –•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”ǤȏŠ‡”‡Šƒ†„‡‡Ȑƒ‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰ʹͲͲͲˆ‡‡–‘ˆ –Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡–‘ƒǤ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ–ƒ•–‹’—Žƒ–‡†’”‹ ‡ǡ„—––Šƒ–‹•„—–ƒ•ƒŽŽ ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡Ǥȏ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒ —•‡†‘ˆ Ž‘•‹‰–Š‡„‹†’”‘ ‡••–‘‹–‡”‡•–‡† „‹††‡”•’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›ǡŠ‡ƒ††‡†ǣȐŠ‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹•‘’‡ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ†•ƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ†™‡‹–‡†–‘‡’Ž‘›ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ•ƒ›„‡ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š‰‘‘†–ƒ•–‡ǥ–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‘‘ ‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”›‘—” ‘•–‹–—‡–ǡ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’—” Šƒ•‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ†‡ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ›‘ˆˆ‡”–‘ˆ—”‹•Š‹•†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‹ ’”‹ ‡Ǥ ‹ Ž‘•‡ȋ•‹ Ȍ›‘—ƒ ‘’›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹‡‡” ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ǡ‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡™‡ŽŽˆ‘”›‘—”ˆ”‹‡†–‘•‡†—•ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡–Š‡”‡–‘Ǥͳʹͻ  Š—” Š™‡ŽŽ™ƒ•ƒ’”‘‹‡– ‹–‹œ‡‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡•ǡ

‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–Šƒ–„‡‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„› ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥͳ͵Ͳ

‘–Š‡”‹–”‹‰—‹‰‡‡••‡‡ ‘‡ –‹‘‹•–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡ǡ‹–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ

–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǯ• ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ˆ‹Ž‡•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰„‹†•ˆ‘”•–‘‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘ˆƒ

—ƒ††”‡••‡† ‘–‡ǡ ™”‹––‡ ‹ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ‘ ͳ͸ ‡„”—ƒ”› ͳͺͷͷ „› ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡” ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ™Š‘‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Dz–‘ˆ—”‹•Šƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”–Š‡„‡•–

 129 Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook. William Montgomery Churchwell.

130 William Montgomery Churchwell, a Democrat, represented the Second and, later, the Third Congressional District (East Tennessee) from 1851-1855. Knox County, where Sloan’s business interests lay, was included in Churchwell’s district. Dougherty was sourcing his Tennessee marble in the upper East Tennessee County of Hawkins, in Tennessee’s First Congressional District. This distribution of Tennessee Congressional Districts in 1852 comes from White, 517.

ͳͷʹ  “—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡”‡†˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥdzͳ͵ͳ Š‹•

Šƒ†™”‹––‡Œ‘—”ƒŽǡ‡‹‰•”‡’‘”–‡†‘ͳ͸ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷͷǣDz”Ǥ‘ŽŽ‹ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ‡‹

ǥ˜‡”›ƒš‹‘—•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ Šƒ ‡–‘•—’’Ž›•‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤƒ›•

Š‡™‹ŽŽ•‡†‹–ˆ‘”Ž‡••–Šƒ‘Š‡”–›ȋ•‹ Ȍǥ –Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ– ‹‰Š–’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ‡–Š‡

‘Ž—•ƒ†’‹Žƒ•–‡”•‹–Š‡‡ƒ–‡‡–‹”‹‰‘‘‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ –‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡‹

ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ•‘Š‡”–›ǯ•ȋ•‹ ȌǤ ‡•ƒ›•–Šƒ–Š‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†’ƒ••‹‰™‹–Š‹Υ

‹Ž‡‘ˆŠ‹•“—ƒ””›ǡ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡Š‹–‘•‡††‹”‡ –„›”ƒ‹Ž–‘ƒ˜ƒƒŠ‹–Š‡

•’”‹‰Ǥdzͳ͵ʹ‡‹‰•™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘‡‡••‡‡ ‘‰”‡••ƒ ‡Ž‹š‘ŽŽ‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”ǡ

‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘ƒ—”›‘—–›ǡ‹‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‹”•–ƒ•ƒŠ‹‰

–‘–Š‡Š‹”–›Ǧ–Š‹”†‘‰”‡••ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡”‹ ƒƒ”–›–‘–Š‡Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‘—”–Šƒ†

Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‹ˆ–Š ‘‰”‡••‡•Ǥ ‡ •‡”˜‡† ‹ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ˆ”‘ ͳͺͷ͵ǦͳͺͷͻǤ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒ

ƒ› ™‡ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† ‘ŽŽ‹ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘ Š‹• ˜‹•‹– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ „—– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘  131 Architect of the Capitol, RG 43.

132 Capitol Builder, 225. Depending upon the location of the quarry in question, this proposed railroad might have been either the East Tennessee & Georgia or the East Tennessee & Virginia coming through Knoxville. The East Tennessee & Georgia, which entered Knoxville from the southwest, was the first of these to be completed. Opened in June 1855, it spanned the distance from Dalton to Knoxville by way of a new railroad bridge at Loudon, connecting at Dalton to the Western & Atlantic, continuing southeastward to Augusta, Savannah, and Charleston. Construction on the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad did not actually begin until 1856. The Nashville & Chattanooga railroad, which had been completed in 1854, required portage from Bridgeport, Alabama to Chattanooga before continuing on the Western & Atlantic line to Savannah and Charleston. Burns, 235; Davis, 124; Bonnie L. Gamble “Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad,” Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Carroll Van West, ed. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998) http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net [accessed 4 December 2010].

ͳͷ͵  ‘–”ƒ –‘”‘–Š‡” ‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Ž‘ƒ‡˜‡”ˆ—”‹•Š‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‘”

ƒ›‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”ǯ•Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ƒ“—ƒ””›‘™‡”Ǥͳ͵͵

”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡ ‘‰”‡••‡‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›

•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†–Š‡‡†‰‡‹–Š‡ ‘–‡•––‘•‡‡™Š‘™‘—Ž†ˆ—”‹•Š–Š‡†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡

†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹–‡”‹‘”Ǥ ‡‹•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ʹͲ —Ž›ͳͺͷ͵

‹ƒŽ‡––‡”ˆ”‘Š‘ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”–‘ ‘Š‹ ‡ȋ‘ˆ‹ ‡ǡƒ‹”†Ƭ ‡‡„‡”ǡ–Šƒ–ˆ‹”–Šƒ–

Šƒ†”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ ––‘ˆ—”‹•Š‡š–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž š–‡•‹‘ ‹

‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͷʹȌǤƒŽ–‡”–‘Ž†‹ ‡Š‡Šƒ† ‘–ƒ –‡†”Ǥ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ––Š‡Dz‘—‡–dz–‘

•‡‡Š‘™–‘‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͳ͵Ͷ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ”‡‡”‘’—„Ž‹ 

™‘”•‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›‘–‘Ž›‡™ƒŽ–‡”ƒ†ǡ–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹ǡ‡‹‰•ǡ„—–

ƒŽ•‘‡™ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‡”•‹”‘˜‡•–ƒ†‹–‡”Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† ™‘”‡†

ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›ƒ†‡™Š‘ƒ•›‹‰–‘™Š‘Šƒ†

ˆ—”‹•Š‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–ǤŠ”‘—‰ŠŠ‹• ‘‡ –‹‘•‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡ

Š‡‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ƒ “—ƒ‹–‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡”•–Š‡”‡‹ƒ††‹–‹‘

–‘–”—–Š‡”•ƒ†”ƒ“—ƒ‹”Ǥ

 133 A Southern Claims Commission petition on behalf of James Sloan indicates that he had an interest in a quarry in Dickson County, just west of Nashville, during the years just prior to and during the Civil War. Perhaps Zollicoffer, a Maury Countian who died commanding a Confederate regiment at the Battle of Mill Springs, KY, in 1862, and Sloan shared a business interest in a marble business in Davidson, Dickson, or Knox Counties.

134 Philadelphia Athenaeum, Thomas U. Walter letters, referenced in unpublished document, “A Chronological History of the United States Capitol,” by Ann Kenny, Architect of the Capitol (1999), 52. ͳͷͶ  Š‘ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ Ž‘•‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†

„‡‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡–‘”–‘–Š‡›‘—‰‡”ƒ™Š‡„‘–Š™‡”‡‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤ ‡

™ƒ• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ™‡ŽŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –”‹ Žƒ†ǯ• Š‘‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰• ˆ‘” –Š‡

‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤŠ‡ˆ—”‹•Š‡”•‘ˆ‹”‘™‘”ȋ‘‘†ƒ†‡”‘–Ȍ ƒ†

‰ƒ•‘Ž‹‡”• ȋ‘”‡Ž‹—• ƒ† ‡‡„‡Ȍ ˆ‘” „‘–Š „—‹Ž†‹‰• ™‡”‡ Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ

–”‹ Žƒ† ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† ƒŽ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ•

‹–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡„—–‹–•‡‡•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ––‡”Œ—•–”‡•’‘†‡†™Š‘Ž‡Š‡ƒ”–‡†Ž›

–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡•Š‡Šƒ†•‡‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‘—‡–Ǥ ƒ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘™”‹––‡ƒ––Š‡”‡“—‡•–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›•‘‡

ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡƒŽ–‡””‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡•–‘‡ƒ•Dz‘”‡•‘Ž‹†ƒ† ‘’ƒ –ǡ ƒ†

ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘•Šƒ‡•ƒ††”›Œ‘‹–•–Šƒƒ›‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”•‡‡ǡ

ƒ†‹–‹••—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡‘ˆƒ‘”‡„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–’‘Ž‹•ŠǤdzͳ͵ͷƒŽ–‡”•–ƒ–‡†‘”‡–Šƒ‘ ‡–Šƒ–

Š‡–Š‘—‰Š––Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡—‡“—ƒŽ‡†ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”„‡ƒ—–›Ǥͳ͵͸ ƒͳͺ͸ͲŽ‡––‡”

–‘–Š‡’‡”‘”‘ˆ ƒ’ƒǡƒŽ–‡”™”‘–‡ƒ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ›ƒƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ’Ž‡

’”‡•‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”‘” „› Ž‡šƒ†‡” ”‘˜‡•–ǡ ‘ˆ ”‘˜‡•–ǡ ‹–‡”Ƭ‘Ǥ ‡

†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–ƒ•–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠDz–Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ†•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›•ƒ”‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ǡ

 135 Architect of the Capitol, Thomas Walter to Mr. William Dougherty, 28 September 1858, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

136 Allen, 240.

ͳͷͷ  ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ‘•–‘˜‡”̈́͵ͲͲǡͲͲͲǥ –‹•„”‘—‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‡”‡

‹–‡š‹•–•‹‰”‡ƒ–ƒ„—†ƒ ‡ȏƒ†Ȑ‹•ƒ’—”‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdzͳ͵͹

Ž–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ’—”‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹– ‹• Ž‡ƒ”

ˆ”‘’”‡˜‹‘—• ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡–Šƒ–Š‡—†‡”•–‘‘†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†

Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ  ͳ͸ —‡ ͳͺͷͶǡ Š‡ •‡– ƒ ƒ “—ƒ‹–ƒ ‡ ȋ› ‡ƒ” †‡”•‘Ȍ •‘‡

’ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†”‡’‘”–•‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–•–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ ‡‹

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ ƒŽ–‡” ”‡ƒ”‡†ǣ Dz™Šƒ– ‹• —”‹‘—• ‹ –Š‹• ƒ––‡” ‹•–Šƒ–™‡

‡š’‡”‹‡–‡†‘–Š‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘”‡’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›–ŠƒŠƒ†‡˜‡”„‡‡†‘‡

„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ‹–ǡ ƒ† Šƒ† –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ ŠƒŽˆ „—‹Ž– „‡ˆ‘”‡ ™‡ ˆ‘—† ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡

„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žƒ”„Ž‡™‡™‡”‡—•‹‰‹•‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǢ„—–ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›‹–Šƒ•–—”‡†‘—–

–Šƒ–‹–‹•ˆƒ”„‡––‡”–Šƒƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzƒŽ–‡”™‡–‘–‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ– ƒ› ‘–Š‡”

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†˜‡”›™‡ŽŽǣ–Šƒ–ƒ‰‡•‹ƒǡ ‘”

‘Ž‘‹–‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ȋ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡‡ǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ƒ”„Ž‡ Š‘•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž

š–‡•‹‘•‹•ƒ’”‹‡‡šƒ’Ž‡Ȍƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–‡•–‡†Šƒ”†‡”ƒ†‘”‡†—”ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ’—”‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†™‘—Ž†ˆ— –‹‘Œ—•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤͳ͵ͺ‘™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡

‘””‡Žƒ–‡†„—•‹‡••†‘ —‡–•ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•™ƒ• ‘ ‡””ƒ‹•‡†ƒ„‘—–

“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ Dzƒ”„Ž‡dz ˆ‘” ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‘ –Š‡

‹–‡”‹‘”•Ǥ†–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‡˜‡”ƒ•—‰‰‡•–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘”†‡”‡†ˆ‘”

–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• •–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡•ǡ „ƒŽ—•–”ƒ†‡•ǡ ™ƒ‹• ‘–‹‰ǡ ƒ–‡Ž’‹‡ ‡•ǡ ‹””‘” ˆ”ƒ‡

 137 Architect of the Capitol, Walter to His Imperial Majesty, 30 May 1860, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

138 Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

ͳͷ͸  ’ƒ‡Ž•ǡ‘”†‘‘”ƒ†™‹†‘™–”‹™ƒ•ƒ›–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‹‡•– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  

Ž‡––‡” ˆ”‘ ƒŽ–‡” –‘ ‘–”ƒ –‘” Ž‡šƒ†‡” ”‘˜‡•– ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž

•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›•Dz‰‘‘†‡‘—‰Š–‘‡ƒ–ǡdz ‘–‹—‹‰ǡ™‹–Š‘„˜‹‘—•’”‹†‡ǣDz‘–‘Ž›‹•‹––Š‡

„‡•–Œ‘„‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†„—–ƒŒ‘”‘™ƒ•ƒ›•Ǯ‹–‹•–Š‡„‡•–‡˜‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ†‡Ǥǯdzͳ͵ͻ

›–Š‡‹†ǦͳͺͷͲ•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ• ‹‡ ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡•‡‡‹‰Ž›—‡†‹‰’”‘‹•‡‘ˆ

ƒ„—†ƒ– ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• –Šƒ– ‘–‹—‡† –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ•–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ

ˆ”‘–‹‡” ‘˜‡† ™‡•–™ƒ”†ǡ Šƒ† ‘ƒŽ‡• ‡† –‘ ˆƒ˜‘” –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ƒ”„Ž‡

‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Ž’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™‡”‡— Šƒ†‹”‡†‹

–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ ” Š‹–‡ – Š‘ƒ• ƒŽ–‡” ‘–‹—‡†–‘

‡†‘”•‡–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡ‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡ

™Š‘ Šƒ† ˆ‹”•– ‡ ‘—–‡”‡† ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‘—‡–ǡŠƒ†‰‘‡‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••Š‘’‹‰–‘ƒ‡‘‡›–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•

‘‡ –‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ™‹• ‘—–› “—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ  ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ• ‘”‡ “—ƒ””‹‡• ™‡”‡

‘’‡‡† ‹ ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ‹– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‹ Š‡•– ƒ† †‡‡’‡•– ˜‡‹• ‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡™‡”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”•‘—–Šǡ‡ƒ”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‘ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„—•‹‡••‡

Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘–ƒ‡‘–‹ ‡„›–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—’–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‡” ‡

ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›™‘—Ž†Žƒ— Š‹–•‡Žˆ‹–‘ƒ

’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†•—•–ƒ‹‹–™‡ŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡‡š– ‡–—”›Ǥ



 139 Thomas Walter to “My Dear Provest,” 11 August 1857, Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.  ͳͷ͹ 



  

    



‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͷͻǡ’”‘’–‡†„›”‡ ‡–‡˜‡–•ƒ– ƒ”’‡”ǯ• ‡””›ǡǤǤ‡ƒ–‘”

†”‡™ ‘Š•‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ•’‡‡ Š†‡•‹‰‡†–‘“—ƒ•Š–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–

„‡‹‰ƒ†‡„›‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•ȋ ŽŽ‹‘‹•‡ƒ–‘”›ƒ”—„—ŽŽȌ–Šƒ–Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘

ˆ‘” ƒ–‹Ǧ•Žƒ˜‡”› ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘” –Š‡

‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ —‘–‹‰ ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ˆ”‡‡ ˜•Ǥ •Žƒ˜‡ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘Š•‘

ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘Dzƒ‡†‹–‘”‹–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡdzŠ‡Š‘’‡†–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ

•Žƒ˜‡Žƒ„‘”‹–Š‡‘—–Š™ƒ•‘†‡–”‹‡––‘ˆ”‡‡Žƒ„‘”Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”††ƒ‹Ž›’ƒ›‡–•ˆ‘”

’ƒ‹–‡”•ǡ „”‹ Žƒ›‡”•ǡ •–‘‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ƒ”’‡–‡”•ǡ ’Žƒ•–‡”‡”• ƒ† Žƒ„‘”‡”• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†

–Šƒ–†ƒ›Ǧ™ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•Žƒ˜‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ™‹–Š˜‡”›ˆ‡™‹ˆƒ›‡š ‡’–‹‘•ǡ‡š ‡‡†‡†–Š‘•‡‹

Dzˆ”‡‡dz•–ƒ–‡•Ǥͳ

  1 No date or exact source for the wage table is given. For the purposes of this study, it is interesting to note that, although a wage spread was provided, the daily rates for stonemasons in the slave states varied from a low of $1.75 in Louisville to a high of $3.50 in Nashville. In the free states, the rate for a stonemason was not only lower across the board, but also varied less dramatically, from $1.25 in Buffalo and Cincinnati to $2 in Bangor. However, Washington, D.C., New York City, and St. Louis, cities which were, or would soon be, major centers of employment for stoneworkers, were not included in the survey. Andrew Johnson, “Speech on Harper’s Ferry Incident,” 12 December 1859, The Papers of Andrew Johnson, III (1858-60), Leroy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, eds. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1972), 336-337.

 ͳͷͺ —”–Š‡” ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰ Š‹• ƒ”‰—‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǯ•

”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡•ƒ•’”‘’‡”–›ǡ ‘Š•‘ ‘ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–ƒ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ –Š‡

‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”› ™ƒ• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ ƒ••ƒ—Ž– —’‘ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ‘ƒ‡–Š‡

’‘‹–ǡ Š‡ ‹–‡† –Š‡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‡– ƒ• ƒ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ •›„‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ  ƒ ”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‘•‡ Dz„‡– —’‘ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ

—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ Ž‹„‡”–›ǡdz Š‡ ™‘†‡”‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ Dzƒ—†ƒ ‹–› ‘” –Š‡

‹’—†‡ ‡–‘ ‘‡—’‘•Žƒ˜‡–‡””‹–‘”›dzȋ„›™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‡ƒ–ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ǤǤǡ

™Š‡”‡•Žƒ˜‡”›™ƒ••–‹ŽŽŽ‡‰ƒŽȌƒ†DzŽƒ›–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•—’‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡’Ž‡†‰‡•–‘–Š‡‹‘

ƒ†‘•–‹–—–‹‘™Š‹ Š ‘’‘•‡ǥ–Š‡•Šƒˆ––Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‹•‹•–”‹ –‹

‘‡‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ—•–”‹‘—•ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥdz —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ™‘—Ž†–Š‡›Dz–ƒ‡–Š‡

„Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡†‡’‘•‹–‡†„›‡‡••‡‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹• ”‹„‡†—’‘‹–••—”ˆƒ ‡–Š‡

•‡–‹‡–‘ˆŠ‡”‹ŽŽ—•–”‹‘—••‘™Š‘‘™•Ž‡‡’•‹Š‹•‰”ƒ˜‡ȄǮŠ‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹‘ǡ‹–

—•–„‡’”‡•‡”˜‡†ǫǯdzʹ

› •‹‰Ž‹‰ ‘—– –Š‹• „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ ȋ–Šƒ–ǡ ‘– ‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ‡ ˆ”‘

‘Š•‘ǯ•ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Š‘‡†‹•–”‹ –Ȍƒ†Ž‹‹‰‹––‘–Š‡‘—‡–ǡŠ‡–‘—–‡†

–Š‡ ‘–‹—‹‰ ˆ‹†‡Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—–Š‡”‡”•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‡‡••‡ƒ•ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‘—‡–‡“—ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ”ƒˆ–‡†‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‡™ ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰• –Šƒ– Šƒ† „‡‡ ‡”‡ –‡† ‹ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ǤǤ

‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ˆ‡™ †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›„‘Ž‹•‘ˆ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥ —•‹‰ƒ˜‹•‹„Ž‡‹ ‘Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž›”‡˜‡”‡†‡”‹ ƒ‘ˆ

–Š‡†ƒ›ǡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Šƒ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘†”‡™ ƒ •‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•‹†‡–‡Ž‡ –‡†  2 Ibid, 340-341.

 ͳͷͻ ˆ”‘Š‹•Š‘‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ‘Š•‘Š‘’‡†–‘•Š‘ Ž‹•–‡‡”•‹–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰

–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–‡”•™‘—Ž†–‡ƒ”ƒ’ƒ”––Š‡Šƒ”†Ǧ

™‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–•‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

‹•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡•–‘‡ƒ›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡”

Š‹‰ ’ƒ”–›ǡ ™Š‘•‡ ‘ ‡Ǧƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ › Šƒ† †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ•Žƒ˜‡”›

‘–”‘˜‡”•›„—–™Š‘•‡•—””‘‰ƒ–‡•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ͵

Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –Š‡ˆ– ‘” †‡•‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–‘‡ ™ƒ•˜‡”›†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ

”‡‹†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– Žƒ™Ž‡••‡•• –Šƒ– Šƒ† ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡† ‹ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ™Š‡ǡ ‹

ƒ” Šͳͺͷͷǡ–Š‡‘™Ǧ‘–Š‹‰•ȋ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•— ‡••‘”‰”‘—’•–‘–Š‡ Š‹‰ ’ƒ”–›Ȍ

Šƒ† –ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‡–Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ† •–”‘‰Ǧƒ”‡†

—’‡”‹–‡†‡– ‘ˆ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‘—‰Š‡”–› ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡† Š‹–‘˜ƒ ƒ–‡–Š‡

’”‡‹•‡•Ǥ†–Š‡›Šƒ†’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡‘˜‡†ǡ†‡•–”‘›‡†ǡ‘”–Š”‘™‹–‘–Š‡‘–‘ƒ 

 3 The Whig party, which carried Tennessee in the 1840 election that brought William Henry Harrison to power, emerged during that decade as the party of progress for would-be industrialists, favoring federal funds for internal improvements, a departure from the “political spoils” associated with the patronage system begun under Andrew Jackson, and federal control of a national bank. That same year, “Lean Jimmy” Jones, who would later be one of the primary champions of railroad building in the state, defeated democrat James K. Polk for the Tennessee governorship. And back and forth it went, over these and other issues of federal vs. state sovereignty. Even after Polk’s ascendance to the presidency, Tennessee remained a pivotal battleground for the two parties. In the 1850s, when the Whigs became too closely associated with the northern abolitionist movement, the American or Know-Nothing party took its place in Tennessee. Andrew Johnson, who defeated a Whig opponent in Tennessee’s 1853 governor’s race, was nearly defeated two years later by Know-Nothing Meredith P. Gentry when he ran for reelection in 1855. Jonathan M. Atkins, Parties, Politics, and the Sectional Conflict in Tennessee, 1832-1861 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1997), 115-18, 195-205.

 ͳ͸Ͳ ‹˜‡”ƒ„Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡•‡–„›–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒȄ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡

ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘‡”‹ ƒ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǤͶ

ˆ–‡”„‡‹‰”‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‘ˆ‡˜‡Š‹•’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡†—–‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‘—‡–ȋƒŽƒ ‘ˆ

ˆ—†•„›–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›‹Žƒ–‡ͳͺͷͶŠƒ†‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡†ƒ•Ž‘™Ǧ†‘™‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‡˜‡

„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘™Ǧ‘–Š‹‰Dz ‘—’dzȌ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡŠ‹•‡Žˆƒ ”‹•ŠǦƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡŠƒ†„‡‰—‹

‡ƒ”‡•– –‘ ’—”•—‡ ‘”‡ Ž— ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥͷ ƒ˜‹‰ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •‡ —”‡† ƒ ‘–”ƒ – –‘

ˆ—”‹•Š ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ Š‡ ”‡–—”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ• ‘ˆ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

‡’Ž‘›‡‡•„›Žƒ†‹‰ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘–Š‡‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡‡š–‡•‹‘•Ǥ͸‘‘ǡŠ‡

™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ–ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡ƒ•ƒ

‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘–”ƒ –‘”Ǥ



Tennessee’s Early Marble Men

‘‹‹‰‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ••–‘”›–‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ƒ† ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ

–™‘ƒ”„Ž‡‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ –‹˜‡‹‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ‘–”‘˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‹ ‡•‘ǡ

™Š‘™ƒ•’”‘•’‡ –‹‰ˆ‘”„—•‹‡••ƒ”‘—†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡

‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†‡••‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ˆƒ –‘”•†—”‹‰–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”•™Š‘‘–‹ ‡†ƒ†™”‘–‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ”„Ž‡–‘„‡  4 Washington Star 10 March 1855 and 12 March 1855.

5 Dougherty to Carbery, 28 September 1854, National Archives and Records Adminstration, RG 42, Public Buildings.

6 Walter to Rice 2 May 1855, Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

 ͳ͸ͳ ˆ‘—†‹‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†•‘‡ƒ›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡“—ƒ””›‹‰‹–‹•ƒŽŽƒ‘—–•ǡ

–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘—”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••–ƒ†‘—–‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ”‡ ‘”†Ǥ

 Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ–‡

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–™‡”‡‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‹‘’‡‹‰–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›Ǥ

ƒ˜‹‰ˆ‹”•–‘–‡†–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‹

ƒͳͺ͵ͳ”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ǡ”Ǥ ‡”ƒ”†”‘‘•–•‡–ƒ— Š‘”‡

†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‡• ”‹’–‹‘–‘ƒƒ‘›‘—•‰‡–Ž‡ƒ‹‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ȋ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›”˜‹ŽŽ‡

‹ ‡Ȍ‘ʹ͹—‰—•–ͳͺ͵ͺǤ‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘Dz–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡›‘—Šƒ†‡†‡ǡ

™Š‡ ˜‹•‹–‡†Žƒ•–’”‹‰ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Š›‘—Šƒ˜‡•‡–‡•‹ ‡ǡdz

”‘‘•–†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ ‘ Ž—†‹‰ǣDz †‘‘–‘™ƒ›

—”‘’‡ƒ‘”‰›’–‹ƒȋƒ••‘‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ”‡Š‡”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Ȍ‡“—ƒŽ‹„‡ƒ—–›™‹–Š

–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽˆ‘”‹–•˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•ˆ‘”‹–•’‘Ž‹•ŠǤdz͹”‘‘•–ǯ•

•— ‡••‘”ǡ ƒ‡•Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡˆ‘—†‡†

‹ͳͺ͵ͺ—†‡”–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ƒ†ǤǤ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡŠƒ†„‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‹

–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥͺ

 7 East Tennessean (Rogersville) v. I, no. 1, 2 April 1839. See chapter I for an account of earlier published mentions of East Tennessee marble.

8 J.M. Safford, A Geological Reconnoissance of the State of Tennessee, being the author’s First Biennial Report presented to the 31st General Assembly of Tennessee, December 1855, by James M. Safford, A.M., State Geologist, Professor of Natural Science in Cumberland University, Lebanon, TN. (Nashville: G. C. Torbett & Co., 1856), 107. Henry R. Price stated that Rice opened a quarry on Caney Creek in 1839 under the name of Rogersville Marble Company. Henry R. Price, Hawkins County, Tennessee: A Pictorial History (Virginia Beach: Donning, 1987), 162.

 ͳ͸ʹ ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǡ„‘”‹‘‡ –‹ —–ƒ”‘—†ͳ͹ͻͶǡ‹•Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ

‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‡•—•ƒ•ƒˆƒ”‡”Ǥ ‡‘™‡†•‹š–‡‡•Žƒ˜‡•„›ͳͺͶͲǤ›ͳͺ͸ͲŠ‡Šƒ†

ƒƒ••‡†”‡ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ–‘˜‡”̈́͸ͲǡͲͲͲƒ†ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ

̈́ͳʹͲǡͲͲͲǤͻ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‹••—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Railroad Advocateǡƒ

‡™•’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘—†‡†‹‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺ͵ͳ–‘•—’’‘”–Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ‹ ‡™ƒ•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡ Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Š–”›‹‰–‘‘˜‡–Š‡‹••—‡

ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǤͳͲ ‡™ƒ•ƒ†”—‰•–‘”‡‘™‡”™Š‘•‘Ž†’ƒ–‡–‡†‹ ‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡

ͳͺ͵Ͳ•–‘ͳͺͷͷǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ ‘—‹–›Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ǥͳͳ„‘†Š‘Ž†‡”‹–Š‡ƒ‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡ƒ–‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺ͵ͺƒ†ͳͺͶͺǡͳʹ‹ ‡™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ

• Š‘‘Žƒ–‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡„›ͳͺ͵ͺǡ™ƒ•ƒ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‡„‡”‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›‘†‰‡Ͷͳǡ

 ǡ„›ͳͺͶͺǢƒ†„›ͳͺͶͻ™ƒ•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡’—” Šƒ•‡‘ˆƒ•‹š–›Ǧ•‹šƒ ”‡’ƒ” ‡Ž

‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡ƒŽ‡ƒ ƒ†‡›Ǥͳ͵

ͳͺͶͶǡ‹ ‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›„‘—‰Š–‘—–Š‹•’ƒ”–‡”ǡǤǤ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡ–‘„‡ ‘‡–Š‡

•‘Ž‡‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••ǤͳͶ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰•— ‡••ǡ‹ ‡„—‹Ž–ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ•–‘”›

 9 U.S. Bureau of the Census (Washington, DC), Fifth Census (1830), Sixth Census (1840), Eighth Census (1860).

10 Railroad Advocate 1(Rogersville, Tennessee), 4 July 1831.

11 Price, Hawkins County, Tennessee: A Pictorial History, 235.

12 Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 47, Bank of Tennessee, 1838-65.

13 Price, Hawkins County, Tennessee: A Pictorial History, 35.

14A Stockley D. Mitchell is listed as Cashier of the Bank of Tennessee, Rogersville, in 1838. Tennessee State Library and Archives, RG 47, Bank of Tennessee, 1838-65, Box 2, Folder 5. The United States manuscript census for 1850 lists an S.D. Mitchell in Hawkins County as a 55-year-old farmer owning $7200 in real estate. Still living at home  ͳ͸͵ „”‹ ƒ•‹‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹Ž‡•™‡•–‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‡ƒ”‘‘”‡•„—”‰‹ͳͺͶͺƒ†

ƒ‡†‹–ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒŽŽǤͳͷ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‹ ‡—•‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒŽŽƒ•ƒ•Š‘™’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”•ǡ†‘‘”•ǡ™‹†‘™•‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†ƒ–‡Ž’‹‡ ‡•ƒ†‡„›Š‹• ‘’ƒ›Ǥͳ͸Š”‡‡

›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡƒƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”›‘ˆ‹ ‡Ƭ†‘†•‹–Š‡

Rogersville Times ƒ‘— ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†‘’‡‡†‡™“—ƒ””‹‡•Dz‘ˆ˜‡”›•—’‡”‹‘”

ƒ”„Ž‡dzƒ†Dz‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‡”•Šƒ˜‹‰Šƒ†‘”‡–Šƒ–™‡–››‡ƒ”•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹

•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡•–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–•‹—”‘’‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‹–‹‡•ǡdz–Š‡› ‘—Ž†

ˆ—”‹•ŠDz‘—‡–•ǡ„‘–Š’Žƒ‹ƒ†‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽǡdzƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Dzƒ”„Ž‡ƒ–‡Ž•ǡ ‡–”‡

–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ•‹†‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ„—”‡ƒ—–‘’•ǡ˜ƒ•‡•dzˆ”‘–Š‡‹”ƒ††”‡••ƒ–Dzƒ”„Ž‡ ƒŽŽǡ ƒ™‹•

 was a son named Stockley. A somewhat less likely but also possible partner for Rice might have been the Samuel D. Mitchell described in a memoir written by John Fain Anderson. Anderson’s uncles had come from Maryland to work on the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad in 1852. Anderson’s memoir mentioned that Samuel D. Mitchell was a charter member and director of the East Tennessee and Virginia railroad along with Anderson’s uncle, John Hammer Fain. Archives of Appalachia, East Tennessee State University , John Fain Anderson papers, “East Tennessee Virginia and Georgia Railroad.” Perhaps coincidentally, Rice’s Nashville competitor-to-be, James Sloan, would take a partner named Mitchell around 1857 in Nashville, styling the company “Sloan & Mitchell’s Steam Marble Works.” The Mitchell in partnership with Sloan in 1857 was A. Mitchell, an apparently temporary resident whose address is given as the St. Cloud Hotel. Mitchell does not reappear in successive business directories, nor is the Sloan & Mitchell advertisement repeated in the 1859 directory. Reverend John P. Campbell, Nashville Business Directory (Nashville: Smith Camp & Co., 1857), 142, 190.

15 The 1864 map “East Tennessee North of Loudon” prepared under the direction of Capt. O.M. Poe, Corps of Engineers & Chief Mil Div of the Mississippi, from data furnished by Capt. O.M. Poe and Professor J.M. Safford, shows a quarry (the only one indicated even though this map also included Knoxville and environs) near Mooresburg as well as the designation “Marble Hall or Rice’s.” Tennessee State Library and Archives.

16 Price, Hawkins County, Tennessee: A Pictorial History, 160.

 ͳ͸Ͷ ‘—–›ǡ‡Ǥdzͳ͹‹ ‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”›ǡ™Š‹ Š—•‡†™ƒ–‡”Ǧ’‘™‡”‡†ƒ Š‹‡”›ƒ†

‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‹š’‡”•‘•ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–Ž‹•–‡†—†‡”ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Census: Manufacturesˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡‹ͳͺͷͲǤͳͺ‹ ‡’”‘‘–‡†Š‹•

„—•‹‡••™‹–Š‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†Šƒ†‡––Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‹ŽŽ‹ƒ

–”‹ Žƒ†‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥͳͻ ƒ•™‡”–‘–Š‡”‡“—‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‘—‡–‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‘”‡‘”‹ƒŽ„Ž‘ •ǡ„‘–Š•‡–•ƒ’Ž‡•–‘‡•ǤŠ‡‹ ‡ǯ•

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ––”ƒ –‡†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡŠ‡Šƒ†–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘–‘

•‹œ‡—’–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‹†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ

‡–ǡƒ„‹–‹‘—•ƒ•Š‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—–†‹”‡ –”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•‹–‘

‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǯ•„—•‹‡••”‡ƒ‹‡††‡’‡†‡–—’‘™ƒ‰‘ƒ†ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‰‡––Š‡‘—‡–•–‘‡•—’–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡŠ‡Šƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›ˆŽ‘ƒ–‡†

–Š‡„›ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–†‘™–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ†‡‡••‡‡”‹˜‡”•–‘Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ†

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡†–Š‡–‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–—’–Š‡‡ƒ•– ‘ƒ•–„›• Š‘‘‡”–‘

ƒŽ–‹‘”‡Ǥ‘‘‹–™‘—Ž†„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ˆ”‘„‘ƒ––‘”ƒ‹Ž— Š Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡

•‘—” ‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘”‘—†‘ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ„”‹†‰‡™‘—Ž†„‡„—‹Ž–ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†  17 Rogersville Times, 16 January 1851.

18 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census: Manufactures (Washington, DC: 1850), 127.

19 In a letter addressed to Professor Gerard Troost, dated 6 August 1850, Orville Rice mentioned having left a marble inkstand with Mr. Strickland and also some pieces with Mr. Bass [John M. Bass was a member of the Tennessee State Capitol Building Commission], which would, presumably, attest to the color and quality of marble in his Hawkins County quarries. He stated that he had already furnished a block of light- colored marble for the Washington National Monument and suggested sending an additional stone of the dark variegated type. Tennessee State Library and Archives, Washington Monument folder.

 ͳ͸ͷ Ž‹‡•™‘—Ž†‹–‡”•‡ ––Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”„›ͳͺͷͷǤ—–‹ͳͺͷʹǡ‡‹–Š‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡

Žƒ ‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹‘•‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘”„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ˆ‘”

™‡•–Ǧ„‘—†ˆ”‡‹‰Š–ǡ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǯ•‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–Ž‘•––Š‡„‹†–‘ˆ—”‹•Š

‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤŠ‡ ‘–”ƒ –™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†

‹•–‡ƒ†–‘ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡƒˆ‹”•–Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ”‹•Šƒˆ”‘‡™‘”ǡŽ‹•–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡

ˆ‹”•––‹‡‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡•—•‘ˆͳͺͷͲǤ

›ͳͺͷͶǡ‹ ‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ† ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‹Š‹•‘™„ƒ ›ƒ”†ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ

‘—‰Š‡”–›Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ™‹• ‘—–›•–‘‡•ƒ––Š‡

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›Šƒ†Dz‘’‡‡†dzƒ“—ƒ””›ƒ„‘—–‹‡‹Ž‡•

•‘—–Š™‡•–‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡ƒ”‘‘”‡•„—”‰ǡ Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”ǤʹͲ ͳͺͷͷǡ

ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡–Šƒ† ‘‡–‘‡‡••‡‡–‘‹•’‡ –

–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥʹͳ‡”Šƒ’•‹–™ƒ•‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡ™Š‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›

“—ƒ””‹‡•„›™ƒ›‘ˆ‹–”‘†— –‹‘•ˆ—”‹•Š‡†„›”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǡ™Š‘Š‡Šƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›‡–

‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‹ͳͺͷͲ™Š‡‹ ‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†–Š‡”‡–‘•‡‡–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•–‘‡••‡–„›

‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥƒ ‘—–™”‹––‡‡ƒ”Ž›–™‡–››‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”‹’Ž‹‡†–Šƒ–‹ ‡

 20 Goodspeed, 268.

21 “An agent was soon sent by them to ascertain whether or not it could be obtained in quantity, who, when on the ground, had no difficulty in satisfying himself as to this point. As the result of these circumstances, an extensive quarry, affording an excellent material, has been opened at a point about nine miles southwest of Rogersville, where the Holston River intersects the marble range … many thousand cubic feet of marble have already been sent off. It is taken, for a part of its route, down the river, and then by railroad to Charleston or Savannah, where it is shipped for Washington City.” Safford, A Geological Reconnoissance, 108.

 ͳ͸͸ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•‡–”±‡‹–‘–Š‡“—ƒ””›„—•‹‡••‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›Ǥʹʹ

‡”Šƒ’•‹ ‡ǯ•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡‘‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡™ƒ•†—‡–‘ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•

•—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‹•”—’–‡†ǡ

ƒ™‹•‘—–›Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‡”›”‹ ‡Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹ ‡ǯ•Žƒ†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

‘ˆ‹• ƒ–‡†„›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ‰‡–•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡Šƒ†„‡‡

•›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ –‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡” ƒ—•‡Ǥʹ͵

Šƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ‹ͳͺͷͶ‘—‰Š‡”–›™ƒ• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰™‹–Šƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Žƒ†‘™‡”†”‡™ ƒŽ„”ƒ‹–Š‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ“—ƒ””›‘ ƒŽ„”ƒ‹–Šǯ•

Žƒ†ǡƒ†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ‘—–•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‹‰•Š‹’’‡†–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘

—†‡”‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•ƒ—•’‹ ‡•ǤʹͶ ”‘‘‡‘”„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ†

 22“… variegated marble first introduced into our notice by venerable and esteemed friend, Orville Rice, but left to Wm Dougherty, father of present owner, to introduce it so extensively in U.S. The marble used in interior of U.S. Capitol and State House, Columbia, SC, was from this quarry.” Morristown Gazette, 13 Nov 1872.

23 Price has written that Rice’s land was sold at auction in 1867 and that a neighbor, James Gouldy, purchased it and ultimately restored it to Rice. The United States manuscript census for 1860, 1870, and 1880 listed James N. Gouldy as a farmer in the 10th district of Hawkins County. In 1860 Gouldy, age 34, owned real estate valued at $3200 and had an estate valued at $2000. Curiously, the 1870 figures showed Gouldy owning real estate valued at only $2500 and having an estate worth $1000. A Hawkins County property deed recorded an 1872 sale from Goudy to Mary B. and Edward A. Dougherty (widow and son of William Dougherty). H.B. Stamps Memorial Library, Rogersville, Tennessee, Vertical file.

24 A hand-carried letter from William Dougherty, Washington, D.C., to Mr. Andrew Galbraith of Hawkins County introduced Mr. Galbraith to the bearer, a Mr. William Canning, who “comes out to take charge of the Quarry in place of Mr. Roberts.” Dated 15 June 1854, this letter suggests that there was an already-established relationship (regarding a quarry) between Dougherty and Galbraith. Letter courtesy of Tennessee Books and Autographs, George E. Webb, Jr., Rogersville, Tennessee.

 ͳ͸͹ ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ —‰Š‹••‘‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒ›‹–‡”‹‘”

ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š”‡‡•–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡•ƒ†–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ†•‘‡‡ƒ–‡‡–‹”‹‰

ȋ‘”dzƒ”„Ž‡dzȌ‘‘ǡ‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•Ǥʹͷ

Š‹Ž‡‹ ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‘’‡‡†–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”‘—‰Š‡”–›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒƒ”‡–ˆ‘”

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡŠ‘™Šƒ†‡™ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒ

ƒƒ‰‡†–‘•ƒ– Š–Š‡’Ž— ‘–”ƒ ––‘ˆ—”‹•Š‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‹ ‡ǫ ‘”‘‡–Š‹‰ǡŽ‘ƒŠƒ†Šƒ†‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–

‹•–‹ –‘”–Š‡•Š‡‡”‰‘‘†ˆ‘”–—‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹ƒ“—ƒ””›‡ƒ”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Š‡ƒ†‹‰•‘—–Šƒ†™‡•––‘ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†™‘—Ž†•‘‘„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǥ

ͳͺͷ͵ǡƒ‰‘‘†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ™ƒ•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ†–Š‡

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ™ƒ•”—‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ŠƒŽˆ™ƒ›–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ‘’‹Ž‡†„›–Š‡‡˜‡”‡† ‘ŠǤƒ’„‡ŽŽ‘ˆ

Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͺͷ͵ǡ•‘‡™Šƒ–’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›ƒ‘— ‡†–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǯ•

‘’Ž‡–‹‘–‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘Ǥʹ͸ƒ’„‡ŽŽǯ• ‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”›‡–‡”’”‹•‡‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡‹†‘ˆ ‹˜‹ „‘‘•–‡”‹•–Šƒ–™ƒ•”ƒ’ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒ••‘—–Š‡”‡”•

•–”—‰‰Ž‡†–‘‡‡’—’™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”•‹–Š‡

‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†‹†™‡•–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡‘‡ǯ•™ƒ›„›ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ

”ƒ‹Ž ‘‡ –‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š‡‡••‡‡ǡ‹–‘‘”–Š‡”

 25 Allen, A History of the United States Capitol, 238, 303.

26 The Nashville State of Tennessee and General Commercial Directory, I (Nashville: Daily American Book and Job Printing Office, 1853), vii.

 ͳ͸ͺ Žƒ„ƒƒǡƒ†„›™ƒ›‘ˆƒ†‡–‘—”„›„‘ƒ–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ǡ–‘Œ‘‹™‹–Š

–Š‡‡•–‡”Ƭ–Žƒ–‹ ”—‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘”–Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒ–‘ƒ˜ƒƒŠƒ†Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡ

–Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š”‘—–‡–‘Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†—–‹ŽͳͺͷͶǤʹ͹

Š‡ͳͺͷ͵†‹”‡ –‘”›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‹•–‡†ˆ‘—”ƒ”„Ž‡›ƒ”†•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‹•

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡•‹‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•‹–™‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”••‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡

’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘ƒ†’‡”Šƒ’••‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‡†‡ ‡••‘” ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǤŠ‡Nashville

Daily Evening Register ȋʹͺ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͶͺȌ ƒ””‹‡†ƒƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡

‹ ‹ƒ–‹ˆ‹”‘ˆ‘™”›Ƭ—Ž‡Ǥ›‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆŽƒ–‡”ȋͳͷ —Ž›ͳͺͷͲȌ–Š‡•ƒ‡

‡™•’ƒ’‡” ‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒŽ‹•–‹‰ˆ‘”—Ž‡ǡ ‹– Š ‘ Ƭ‘ǤǡDz•—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡

–‘„•–‘‡•ǡ‘—‡–•ǡ„—”‡ƒ—Ǧ–‘’•ǡdz‘–Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆ’”‹‰ƒ†—‡”–”‡‡–•Ǥ

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡––Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”ǡˆ‘”—Ž‡ǡŽ‘ƒƬ‘’ƒ›ǡ‹–Š‡Daily

Centre-State Americanȋʹʹƒ›ͳͺͷͲȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ– ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡˆ‘”ƒ•Š‘”–™Š‹Ž‡

ƒ›™ƒ›ǡƒ›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹„—•‹‡••™‹–Š–Š‡—Ž‡ˆ‹”Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–

‹–Šƒ–‡™•’ƒ’‡”ȋ͵—‰—•–ͳͺͷͲȌ‡˜‹†‡ ‡†ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‘”ǣ–Š‡

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘”•ǤŽŽˆ‘—”ˆ‹”•Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͺͷ͵†‹”‡ –‘”›™‡”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹

†‘™–‘™ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ™‘™‡”‡‘—‡”ȏŽƒ–‡” ‹ˆ–Š˜‡—‡ȐǣŠ‡Ž–‘Ƭ ƒǡ

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•ǡƒ† ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ ’‘”–‡”ƒ†‡ƒŽ‡”‹ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†–‘‡ǡ

™Š‘ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†ƒƒ††”‡••‘ƒ”‡–ȏŽƒ–‡”‡ ‘†˜‡—‡ȐǢƒ†–™‘‘‡†ƒ”ȏŽƒ–‡”

 27 R.S. Cotterill, “Southern Railroads and Western Trade, 1840-1850,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, v. 3, no. 4 (1917), 434; Bonnie Gamble “Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad,” Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Carroll Van West, ed. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998), 767-8.

 ͳ͸ͻ Šƒ”Ž‘––‡˜‡—‡Ȑǣ ǤǤ ‘Š•‘ǯ•ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘‡”‡••‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡƒ† Ǥ

‡†‡”•‘ǡ ’‘”–‡”ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†–‘‡Ǥʹͺ— Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”

†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›‹†—•–”›ǡƒͳͺ͵Ͷ ‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ‡•ǡ

‡–‹‘‡†ƒƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧƒ”‡ƒ“—ƒ””›ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ƒ”’‡–Š‹˜‡”ƒ†ƒƒ”„Ž‡

™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡‹–Š‡ ‹–›ǡ„—–†‹†‘–‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡‘™‡”•‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡”„—•‹‡••Ǥʹͻ 

›ͳͺͷͲ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒ™ƒ•”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰Š‹•„—•‹‡••‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ‡‹•

”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ•ƒ•–‘‡ —––‡”‹–Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’– ‡•—•‘ˆͳͺͷͲˆ‘”ƒ˜‹†•‘‘—–›ǡƒ

ƒ•–‡”ƒ”„Ž‡ —––‡”„›ͳͺ͸Ͳǡƒƒ”„Ž‡ —––‡”‹ͳͺ͹Ͳǡƒ†ƒ•–‘‡ƒ•‘‹ͳͺͺͲǤ

ͳͺͷͷǡŽ‘ƒŠƒ†–™‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–•ǣ‘‡ƒ–ͺͶǤƒ”‡––”‡‡–ǡƒ†ƒ

Dz™ƒ”‡”‘‘dzƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆ—‡”ƒ†’”‹‰ȏŽƒ–‡”Š—” ŠȐ–”‡‡–•‹

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ͵Ͳ›ͳͺͷ͸ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‹‰‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰

‘’ƒ›‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•”‡’‘”–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‹–Š̈́ʹͲͲǡͲͲͲǡ

“—‹–‡ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡•—ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••ƒ––Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ–‡Ǥ͵ͳ

†Š‡Šƒ†•‘‡Š‘™Šƒ†ƒƒ••‡†•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ–‘‹˜‡•–‹ƒ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡

“—ƒ””›Ǥ͵ʹ ͳͺͷ͹ǡŽ‘ƒ™ƒ••’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•’”‘’”‹‡–‘”‘ˆ

 28 The Nashville, State of Tennessee, and General Commercial Directory, I, 73.

29 Eastin Morris' Tennessee Gazetteer 1834 (Nashville: Robert M. McBride & Owen Meredith, The Gazetteer Press, 1971), 7-8.

30 The listing in this directory reads: “James Sloan, Marble and Stone Manufacturer, Large Stock on Hand.” Reverend John P. Campbell, Nashville Business Directory II, 1855-56 (Nashville: Printed for the Author, 1855), 107.

31 Anonymous, Plough, the Loom and the Anvil, 8 no. 9 (1856): 570.

32 Property deeds in Knox County record that Sloan purchased six acres of land from Thomas Rodgers, a private individual, in early January 1856, which he sold ten days  ͳ͹Ͳ DzŽ‘ƒƬ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡŠ‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡Ƭ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡ƒŽ‡”•‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘—‡–•ǡ‘„•ǡ

ƒ–‡Ž•ƬƬǤ‘”‡”‘ˆ’”‹‰Ƭ—‡”–”‡‡–•ǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡Ǥdz͵͵Ž‘ƒ

ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡„—•‹‡••‘–Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆ’”‹‰Ƭ—‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡

‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•–‘‡“—ƒ””›ƒ†Œƒ ‡––‘–Š‡”‡ ‡–Ž›‘’‡‡†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ

Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ††‡’‘–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡™‡•–‡”–‡”‹—•‘ˆ’”‹‰

–”‡‡–Ǥ͵ͶŠ‡ ƒ’–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡™•’ƒ’‡”’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ—‘™†ƒ–‡•Š‘™‹‰ƒ

ƒ”„Ž‡›ƒ”†‡š––‘ƒ—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž„”‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ†Ž‹‡ǣDzƒ•‘‹ ‡’Ž‡

 later to the Sligo Mining and Marble Company (a Knoxville firm incorporated in 1854), along with the machinery for dressing and polishing marble that he had been using on Market Street in Nashville. Knox County Archives, Warranty Deeds, Book U, v. 2, 11 January 1856; 21 January 1856. Roughly one year later, Sloan, who is listed on the deed as “a holder of part of the Capital Stock of the Sligo Mining and Marble Company,” sold the same property back to the company. Knox County Archives, Warranty Deeds, Book W:2, 4 February 1857.

33 The text beneath the advertisement read: “Steam Marble Works, James Sloan, Proprietor …. his extensive marble works connected with his inexhaustible Marble Quarries, at Knoxville, East Tennessee (the finest known in the United States, and perhaps equal to any in the world).” Nashville Business Directory III, Reverend John P. Campbell, ed. (Nashville: Smith Camp & Co., 1857), 190.

34 Descriptions of Sloan’s property in Nashville can be found in written testimony submitted to the Commissioners of Claims twice during the 1870s. Sloan’s claim # 20,805, first submitted on behalf of James Sloan, White Bluff, Dixon (sic) County on 14 July 1873 (denied 22 July 1873) and again on 14 September 1875 on behalf of James Sloan, Davidson County (denied 4 December 1876). Although Sloan had one son in the Confederate army, he swore loyalty to the United States and asked for compensation for blocks of Tennessee and Italian marble, some of which he stated were taken for use in the construction of Fort Negley. United States Commission on Southern Claims, National Archives and Records Administration, now available on Footnote,™ Tennessee State Library and Archives. Local architect Adolphus Heiman was the architect of the1854 depot. James Patrick, “The Architecture of Adolphus Heiman,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, part I (Summer 1979), part II (Fall 1979) (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society), I: 179; II: 282.

 ͳ͹ͳ †—”‹‰‹˜‹Žƒ”dz•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ• ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ͓ͺƒ†–Š‡

’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š™ƒ•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆŠ—” Š–”‡‡–ƒ†‡˜‡–Š˜‡—‡Ǥ͵ͷŠ‡

ƒ††”‡••‹–Š‡ ƒ’–‹‘‹•‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ‡• ‘‘„Ž‡” Šƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡„”‹ 

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•‘‹ ‡’Ž‡Ǥ͵͸” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ‡•ƒ–”‹ †‡• ”‹„‡†

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•ƒˆ‘—”Ǧ•–‘”› –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ–‡”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–†‡•‹‰‡†„›†‘Ž’Š—• ‡‹ƒ

ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͺ͸Ͳǡƒˆ–‡”ƒͳͺͷ͸ˆ‹”‡Šƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†Š‹• ”‡‡‡˜‹˜ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡

”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‡†‡”ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡„”‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰†‡•‹‰‡†„› —‰Š‘Žƒ†ǡ

™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†•–‘‘†Dz‹–Š‡‘”–Š•‹†‡‘ˆ’”‹‰„‡–™‡‡Š‡””›ƒ†—‡”–”‡‡–•dz

•‹ ‡ͳͺͳͺǤ͵͹ ‘‘„Ž‡”Šƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†ǡ„›–Š‡†‘—„Ž‡•Šƒ†‘™ ƒ•–„›–Š‡ Š—” Š

–‘™‡”•ǡ–Šƒ––Š‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•–”‡‡–ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•‰›’–‹ƒ

‡˜‹˜ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘’”‹‰Ǥ͵ͺ—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡

•–‘‡›ƒ”†–‘ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒǡ™Š‘•‡„—•‹‡••™ƒ• ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰‘–Š‡

‘”‡”‘ˆ’”‹‰ƒ†—‡”ǡ ‘‘„Ž‡”Šƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–ƒ•–‡˜‡•‘ǯ•Ǥ –Š‡ͳͺͷͷ

‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”›ˆ‘”ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ƒ‡•–‡˜‡•‘‹•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•ƒ•–‘‡ —––‡”‘‘ŽŽ‡‰‡

–”‡‡–‹‘—–Šƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‡ͳͺ͸ͲǦ͸ͳ†‹”‡ –‘”›–‡˜‡•‘‹•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•

Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ•–‘‡›ƒ”†‘–Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆŠ—” Šȋ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‹‰

 35 Tennessee State Library and Archives, Library Collection.

36James A. Hoobler, Cities Under the Gun: Images of Occupied Nashville and Chattanooga (Nashville: Rutledge Hill, 1986), 100.

37 Patrick, “The Architecture of Adolphus Heiman,” I: 179; II: 282.

38 In a section entitled “Street Names” Church Street is defined as “dividing the city north and south … from the Cumberland River west to Boyd Av.” Nashville Directory XVII, George H. Rogers, ed. (Nashville: Marshall & Bruce, 1881), 9.

 ͳ͹ʹ —•‡†ƒ•ƒ•–”‡‡–ƒ‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž›™‹–Š’”‹‰–”‡‡–ǡ„›–Š‡Ȍƒ†

—‡”Ǥ͵ͻ –Š‡•ƒ‡ͳͺ͸ͲǦ͸ͳ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹•‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ‹•–‹‰•

‘”ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•—†‡”‡‹–Š‡”•–‘‡‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ƒ‡•ǤŽ‘ƒ‹•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•ƒƒ”„Ž‡

—––‡”ǡ™‹–ŠŠ‹•„—•‹‡••ƒ††”‡••ƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡”‘ˆ—‡”ƒ†Š‡””›ǡƒ†ƒ

”‡•‹†‡ ‡ƒ–Ͷ‘”–Š—‡”Ǥ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ–‹–Š‡ͳͺͷͷ†‹”‡ –‘”›

Ž‘ƒƒ†ǤǤŠ‡Ž–‘Šƒ†„‡‡–Š‡‘Ž›‡–”‹‡•Ž‹•–‡†—†‡”Dz–‘‡›ƒ”†•Ǥdz ƒ‡•

–‡˜‡•‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹„—•‹‡••‘‘ŽŽ‡‰‡–”‡‡–„—––Š‡”‡‹•‘

”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘Š‹••–‘‡›ƒ”†Ǥ‡™‘†‡”•‹ˆŠ‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ǤǤ

–‡˜‡•‘ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”‹•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ–

͸ͳ’”‹‰–”‡‡–‹ͳͺͷͷǡƒ†‹ͳͺ͸Ͳ™‹–Šƒ„—•‹‡••ƒ††”‡••ƒ–ͶͻΦ‘”–ŠŠ‡””›ǡ

ƒ†ƒ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ƒ–͸ͳŠ—” ŠǤ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡ Ž—•–‡”‘ˆ•–‘‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†„—•‹‡••

ƒ††”‡••‡• ƒ„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡Ƭ†‡’‘–™ƒ•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ’”‹‰

–”‡‡–ǤͶͲ ™”‹––‡–‡•–‹‘›’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ” Žƒ‹ˆ‘”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

†ƒƒ‰‡•–‘Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›ǡŽ‘ƒƒ†‘‡‘”‘”‡‘ˆŠ‹•™‹–‡••‡•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–Š‡

Šƒ†ƒ•–‘‡›ƒ”†‡ƒ”–Š‡–”ƒ‹†‡’‘–ǤͶͳ

 39 The “Map of the city of Nashville and Suburbs,” which accompanied the 1860- 1861 Nashville City Directory and was produced expressly for that purpose, still uses the old street names: Spring (Church), College (Third), Cherry (Fourth), Summer (Fifth), etc. even though the alphabetical directory of names used Church, and Cedar was labeled Capitol or Cedar in the downtown area, becoming Charlotte Pike as it headed west.

40 Nashville Business Directory II (1855), 105, 107, 111, 192.

41 The address on the earliest claim filing suggests that he may also have had additional holdings (a limestone quarry perhaps?) in Dickson County. United States Commission on Southern Claims, # 20,805 for James Sloan.

 ͳ͹͵ Š‘™ƒ•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘’‡‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ••–‹ŽŽ–‘„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†Ǥ‘‡‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ•’”‘‹‡–‡ƒ”Ž›

‹–‹œ‡• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Šƒ†•‡‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”—•‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡Ǥ ‘Š‡˜‹‡”ǯ•

ƒ”„Ž‡’”‹‰•Š‘‡•–‡ƒ†ǡ ƒǤͳͺͲͲǡ‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ„‹ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡”

†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ƒ–‡ƒ”„›ƒ›•‘—–ƒ‹ǡƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ ƒ””‹‡†–‘–Š‡ǤǤ

ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹ͳͺͳͶ–‘•Š‘™–‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ•–‡” ƒ”˜‡”•ǤͶʹ ”ƒ ‹•Ž‡šƒ†‡”

ƒ•‡›ǯ•ͳ͹ͻ͹Š‘‡ǡ™ƒ‘†ǡ‘™„‡•–Ǧ‘™ƒ•ƒ•‡› ‘—•‡ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͶȌǡ‹•

Ž‘ ƒ–‡†Œ—•–‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š”‘ƒ†”‹˜‡”•Ǥ –‹•–Š‡

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–‘™‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡ǤͶ͵ •

‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–ƒ•‡›ǯ••Žƒ˜‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ•‘‡–Š

‹–Šǡ‘”ƒ––Š‡„‡Š‡•–‘ˆŠ‘—•‡†‡•‹‰‡”Š‘ƒ• ‘’‡ǡ‘–Š‡Šƒ†Ǧ™”‘—‰Š–

“—‘‹‹‰ƒ†Š‡™’‹ƒ”„Ž‡„Ž‘ •‘ˆƒ•‡›ǯ•‹’”‡••‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–›Ž‡

Š‘—•‡ǫͶͶ –‹• —”‹‘—•–Šƒ–‘‘–Š‡”•–‘‡Š‘—•‡•ˆ”‘–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†‡š‹•–‹‘š

 42 Carroll Van West, “Marble Springs,” in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 570-71.

43 In the stone industry, dimensional stone is that which is used for load-bearing exterior walls.

44 In Charles Faulkner’s historical treatment of the archaeology of Swan Pond, he mentions the possibility that Smith, a Quaker stonemason who had built other stone houses in upper East Tennessee, may have been recruited for the project. Francis Alexander Ramsey did own slaves but it is not clear from the historical record how many he owned before the first deed of sale appeared in a 1804 Knox County deed. Faulkner, The Ramseys at Swan Pond, 54, 66-67. Whether native American inhabitants of the North Carolina territory mined and used marble is also an open question. Two early maps of mining and minerals in East Tennessee, both indicating tribal lands in the area, mention gold, and one mentions limestone, but neither mention marble. Jacob Peck, “Geological and Mineralogical Account of the Mining Districts in the State of Georgia— western part of North Carolina and of East Tennessee, with a map” American Journal of  ͳ͹Ͷ ‘—–›–‘†ƒ›ƒ†ǡ‡“—ƒŽŽ›•‘ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ ‡”‹‰ƒƒ”„Ž‡

“—ƒ””›‹‘š‘—–›†‹†‘–‘ —”—–‹Ž‘”‡–Šƒˆ‹ˆ–››‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ

”ƒ ‹•Ž‡šƒ†‡”ƒ•‡›ǯ•Š‘‡Ǥ

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆƒƒ‘›‘—•’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–ǡFifty Facts and a Few Figures

Concerning Knoxville, Tennessee “The Marble Cityǡ”ƒ••‡”–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†„‡‡

“—ƒ””‹‡†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡•‹ ‡ͳͺͶʹǤͶͷ‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ„—•‹‡••ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•™‡”‡

ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ†‹ŽŽ•™‡”‡Ž‹‡Ž›Ž‹‡†–‘

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‘™‡”•Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ͳͺͷͷ”‡’‘”–ǡ

”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ‘ŽǤ ‘Š‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ‘”‘”‰ƒƬ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘‘’‡ƒ“—ƒ””›‹–Š‡•„—”›ȋ ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”Ȍ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ

‘š‘—–›.Ͷ͸˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‹–Š‡

 Science and Arts 23 (1833): 1-10; J. Gray Smith, A Brief Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive Review of East Tennessee, United States of America: Developing its Immense Agricultural, Mining and Manufacturing Advantages, with: “Map of East Tennessee Forming the Eastern Portion of Tennessee, one of the United States of North America” (London: J. Leath, 1842). This map, which shows an area labeled “Gold Mine District” at the southeast corner of Tennessee, has the word “limestone” written between Cleveland and Dallas.

45 Undated pamphlet, probably ca. 1890, Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Vertical File.

46 Safford described the state of the industry around Knoxville as follows: “A few miles east of Knoxville, there is a fine and valuable quarry of gray marble, belonging to Col. John Williams. The entire thickness of the bed in which it is located is three hundred and seventy five feet, ninety-five feet of which—near the base of the bed—is massive white marble, and is the portion that is worked … a large amount of marble has been taken from this quarry. Several marble factories in Knoxville have worked it extensively. There is no superior building rock in the State. Five miles east of Knoxville, at Mecklenburg, the residence of our distinguished Tennessee historian, Dr. J.G. M. Ramsey, a beautiful bluff of the light sparry marble is boldly exposed on the French  ͳ͹ͷ ‹†ǦͳͺͷͲ•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡•‹†‡–•™‡”‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡

‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧƒ”‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡˜‡‹•Ǥƒͳͺͷͳ˜‹•‹––‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ‹–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›

‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›™‡ŽŽǦ ‘‡ –‡†Ž‹˜‡”‡””›‡’Ž‡ǡ‘„‡”– Ǥ”•–”‘‰ǡ•‘‘ˆ

’”‘‹‡–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‹–‹œ‡”—”›Ǥ”•–”‘‰ǡƒ†‡ƒ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ–Š‡—†‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘ǣ

 ˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡‘—‡–ƒŽ‘‡Ȅƒ†•’‡–‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆƒ†ƒ›ƒ„‘—–‹–ǥŠƒ† ƒ––ƒ‹‡†–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆͻͲˆ‡‡–ǥƒ†‡‘ˆŠ—‰‡„Ž‘ •‘ˆ™Š‹–‹•Šƒ”„Ž‡ “—ƒ””‹‡†‘–Š‡‘–‘ƒ Ȅ‘ˆƒ Š”›•–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ȏ•‹ ȐŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ† ‘ƒ”•‡”–Šƒ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”•‡‡ǤŠ‡™‘”™ƒ•‰‘‹‰‘™‡ŽŽȄƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›‡‰‹‡ †”ƒ™‹‰—’‡ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†–‘–Š‡ „Ž‘ • ‘–”‹„—–‡†„›–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”‡†‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”„Ž‡‘””‘ ‘ˆ‡ƒ ŠǤ ™ƒ•— Š‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡•‡„Ž‘ •ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‡†„›‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŽŽ„‘”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ†’ƒ–”‹‘–‹ ‘––‘‡•ƒ†‹• ”‹’–‹‘•ǡ™‹–Š†‡˜‹ ‡•Ƭ Ƭ ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–„Ž‘  ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹–‡ˆ”‘ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•Ȅ„—––Š‡’”‡––‹‡•– –Š‘—‰Š–™ƒ•–Šƒ– ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡™‘”Ǥ –™ƒ•„Žƒ ƒ†„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽŽ›• —Ž’–—”‡†‹„ƒ•Ǧ”‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ Š‡„Ž‘ •ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡™‡”‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žǡˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž› ‘’ƒ”‹‰™‹–Šƒ›‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ȅ„—– ‘™‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ˆƒ”‘”‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž–Šƒƒ› ‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•‹–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡—„‡”ǤͶ͹  Broad. The upper part is variegated with light flesh-colored points and patches.” He appeared to be quite familiar with the Williams quarry, his description of the Ramsey place is visually compelling, and his mention of marble factories in Knoxville is equally intriguing, but the lack of a specific location east of Knoxville for the Williams quarry or any corroborating evidence pertaining to the presence of early marble manufactories is puzzling. Goodspeed’s mentioned Knoxville pink marble being mined two miles from Knoxville by Morgan & Williams and John Williams’s having a quarry northeast of Knoxville by around 1860. Charles Gordon’s 1911 report linked John Williams to the Victoria Marble quarry in the Asbury district. Safford clearly made a distinction between Ramsey’s Mecklenburg home, at the Forks of the River, or Asbury district, and the property of John Williams, which may even have been on the other side of the river. Gordon either confused the two locations or knew that Williams was later engaged in operations at a quarry other than his original holdings. Safford, A Geological Reconnoissance, 109; Gordon, Marble Deposits of East Tennessee.

47 R.H. Armstrong, “Private Journal and Jottings Down In and Out of Prairiedom: Nov. 8, 1850-Sept. 15, 1851,” Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, MS 917.63.  ͳ͹͸ 

 ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷʹǡƒ™‡‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆƒˆ–‡”•‹‰‹‰–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ––Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž™‹–Š ‘‹••‹‘‡”• ‘ŠǤƒ••ǡǤǤ

”‘™ǡƒ†ƒ—‡ŽǤ‘”‰ƒǡ ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒ™ƒ•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›• ‘—–‹‰

ˆ‘”“—ƒ””‹‡•ǤͶͺʹͺ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷʹŠ‡™”‘–‡ǣ

 ”‹‡†ƒ••ǡ‡ƒ”‹”ǡ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ™”‹–‡ǥ–‘Ž‡–›‘—‘™› Ž— ‡••ȋ•‹ ȌȀ•— •‡••ȋ•‹ Ȍ‹‰‡––‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‹• ‘—–›ǥ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ Š‡”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•‘’‡‡†ƒ“—ƒ””›Žƒ–‡Ž›–Šƒ–Ž‘‘•˜‡”›•‘—†ǥ ƒƒ„‘—––‘ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘”„—›–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‹–Š‹• ‘—–› –Š‹‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‡ǥ ƒ˜‡”›–Šƒˆ—Ž–‘›‘—ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ˆ‘”›‘—” ‹†‡••–‘‡‹–Š‹•ƒ––‡”Ǥ Ž‘‘ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‘™ˆ‘”ƒ„‡––‡”’”‘•’‡ –‹ ƒ‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ”„Ž‡ǤͶͻ  Š‡Ž‘ƒ™‡–•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ•‘—” ‡“—ƒ””›‘”“—ƒ””‹‡•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹

ͳͺͷʹǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‹‰‹‡†ǣƒ––Š‡

‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”ȋ–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š”‘ƒ†‹˜‡”•Œ—•–‡ƒ•–‘ˆ

–Š‡ ‹–›ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡ƒ•‡› ‘—•‡Ȍƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹Ž‡•‘”–Š‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡Ž‘ƒ

ƒ›ˆ‹”•–Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ƒ†–Š‡„‘—‰Š–ƒ“—ƒ””›ǤͷͲŠ‡ˆ‹”•–’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‘”†‘ˆƒ

‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‹‘š‘—–›ǣ–Š‡Ž‹‰‘‹‹‰ƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡



48 The contract was executed 17 February 1852. Tennessee State Library and Archives, Capitol Construction files.

49 Tennessee State Library and Archives, Capitol Construction files, “Marble, Plastering, Pumps Information.”

50 Warranty deed, Thomas Rodgers to James Sloan, 11 January 1856. The description of the six acres Sloan purchased from Rodgers for $600 includes a reference to a common boundary with Mrs. W.B. French and the crossing of the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad. Knox County Archives.

 ͳ͹͹ ‘’ƒ›ǡ†ƒ–‡•–‘ͳͺͷͶǤͷͳ ͳͺͷ͸ƒ†ͳͺͷ͹ǡŽ‘ƒ™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹„—•‹‡••

–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•™‹–ŠŽ‹‰‘ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡‹•‘‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ –‹˜‡‹

ˆ‘—†‹‰–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›–™‘›‡ƒ”•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ

‘™Šƒ†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ• ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒƒ••—”‡†–Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž

„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘‹••‹‘Š‡ ‘—Ž†ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽƒ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹ˆŠ‡†‹†

‘–ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘™‘”Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‡ƒ•‡‘ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””›‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǫ‹†

Š‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹•‹†‡’‘•‹–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡†Š‹–‘™‹–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –ǫ ƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡ ‘—–‡”‡†Ž‘ƒ‘ƒ’”‡˜‹‘—•’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ††‡ ‹†‡†–‘

•’‘•‘”Š‹ǫƒ••™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ‡”ǡƒ†ƒ—‡Ž‘Ž†‘”‰ƒ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”

ƒ–‡„‡ŽŽ—‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥͷʹ‘–Š™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‹˜‡•–‘”•‹–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ

Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ȅ–Š‡•‡–™‘‹‰Š–™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ˆ”‡‹‰Š–

”‡˜‡—‡•ˆ”‘Ž‘ƒǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••Ǥͷ͵

Ž‘ƒǯ• ‘‡ –‹‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ

™Š‘•‡‹‹–‹ƒŽʹͲƒ›ͳͺͶͷ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡‡™•–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ  51 A 21 January 1856 deed transaction refers to the Sligo Mining and Marble Company as “a corporation created by an act of the General Assembly of Tennessee entitled An Act to Incorporate the Memphis Building and Loan Association Company and the Nashville Building Association passed February the 1st 1854.” Knox County Archives.

52 Constantine G. Belissary, “The Rise of the Industrial Spirit in Tennessee, 1865- 1885” (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1949), 18.

53In an important re-assessment of southern railroad building, historian R. S. Cotterill has posited that the South planned its railroad network systematically and with the clear purpose of securing western freight routes. He also claimed that while most routes were home-financed, the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad was one of the very few in the South supported by outside money, although many enjoyed “banking privileges.” Both circumstances may help explain why the N&C was the first line completed in Tennessee in 1854. Cotterill, 427-431, 434, 436.

 ͳ͹ͺ Dz–Š‡„‡•– —–ƒ† Š‹•‡Ž‡†ȏ•‹ Ȑ‹‡•–‘‡ǡˆ”‘–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†‘ˆƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ‡––‡”–‘–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•™‡–

‹–‘•‘‡†‡–ƒ‹Žǡ•–ƒ–‹‰ǣDzŠ‡ ‘Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡

Šƒ„‡”–‘„‡˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤdzͷͶ–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ™Š‘Š‘’‡†–‘”‡ ”—‹–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†•–‘‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”Š‹•

’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡•‘‡Š‘™‘™Ž‘ƒǡ‘”ƒ––Š‡˜‡”›Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡

™‡Ž ‘‡†ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•‘–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ–”‹ Žƒ†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

†‡•‹‰‡†ƒŠƒ†•‘‡‡™”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ Š—” Š‹†‘™–‘™ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠƒ†‘–Š‡”

‘‹••‹‘•–Šƒ–’”‘‹•‡†–‘‡‡’Š‹‹–Š‡ ‹–›ˆ‘”•‘‡›‡ƒ”•–‘ ‘‡Ǥ 

„‡––‹‰‘ƒƒ„‹–‹‘—•›‘—‰•–‘‡ƒ•‘ǡ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡—‹Ž†‹‰

‘‹••‹‘‘”–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽŠ‹•‡Žˆƒ›Šƒ˜‡Š‘’‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡Ž‘ ƒŽ

‘’‡–‡ ›ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‘”ƒ––Š‡˜‡”›Ž‡ƒ•–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‹††Ž‡

‡‡••‡‡‘—–Ž‡–ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

‘š‘—–›†‡‡†•ˆ”‘ͳͺͷͷƒ†ͳͺͷ͸”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Šƒ–Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ

‘–”‘˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‹ ‡•‘ǡƒ‡†‹ ƒŽ†‘ –‘”„‘” ‹” ƒͳͺͳͲǡŠƒ†’—” Šƒ•‡†ƒ’ƒ” ‡Ž

‘ˆŽƒ†‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””›Ǥͷͷ ‡Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ•‡†ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡

 54 Also of major concern were the building’s fireproof qualities: all window frames and sashes were to be of cast iron, the roof covered with sheet copper, and the flooring also of stone. Robert H. White, Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 1845- 1857, v. 4 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1957), 64-65.

55 The United States manuscript census taken in June 1880 recorded Dickeson, age 70, living with his much-younger sisters Anna and Rebecca on Lombard Street in Philadelphia.

 ͳ͹ͻ ’”‘‹•‡‘ˆ’—” Šƒ•‡‹ˆƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†Ǥͷ͸‹ ‡•‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–ǡƒˆ–‡”

Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡‹”‡•‹†‡ ‡‘–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‘—”‘–Š•ǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†

‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒDz‡š–‡•‹˜‡†‡’‘•‹–‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ† ‘’ƒ –ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡

‘’ƒ›ǥ•‹–—ƒ–‡†ǡ„‘–Š‹ƒ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–ƒ†‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡

‹–›‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–Ǧƒ‡†’”‘’‡”–›ǥˆ‘”‡”Ž›‘™‡†„›‘ŽǤ ƒ‡•

‡Ž‡”ǡŽ‹‡•–™‘ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ‹Ž‡•ǤǤˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥdzͷ͹‹ ‡•‘™ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–

–Š‡–‡”ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•„‡‹‰—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘•–ƒ›’‘Ž‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‹‡”ƒŽǡ•‘Š‡–‘‘’ƒ‹•

–‘ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡Š‡™ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‹‰™ƒ•†—”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ††‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽƒ†• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ•–‘‡Ǥͷͺ ‡ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™ƒ•

•‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡƒ†ƒ•‡ ‘†‘–Š‡•‘—–Š•‹†‡‘ˆ

–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡ‘‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™ƒ•‘–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†”‘—–‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘Ǥͷͻ

 56 Warranty deeds, James M. Welcker to Montroville W. Dickinson [sic] 1 February 1856; John Wrinkle to Montroville W. Dickinson [sic] 9 May 1855 and 9 February 1856. While no corporate name appears on these deeds, they do include a reference to M.W. Dickeson, M.D., John W. Tilford, and George R. Hazwell, incorporators of the Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining Manufacturing Company before the Tennessee General Assembly in Nashville, 21 February 1856. Knox County Archives.

57Montroville W. Dickeson, Report of a Geological Survey and Examination Upon the Lands Owned by the Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining and Manufacturing Company of Tennessee (Philadelphia: J. Hufty, 1856), 1.

58 Ibid., 2.

59 Ibid., 5. According to Blount County historian Inez Burns, Blount County purchased 120,000 shares in the Knoxville and Charleston Railroad in 1854. Its directors, including Knoxvillians William G. Swann and John J. Craig, met in Maryville on 18 July 1856. Inez E. Burns, History of Blount County, TN, 1795-1955 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1957, rev. 1988), 235.  ͳͺͲ Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ƒ† ‘–”ƒ –•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ‘‹••‹‘•‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘

ƒ†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡‹ ‡ƒ†Ž‘ƒ•Š‘™–Šƒ–„‘–Š‡Šƒ†

‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘–ƒ –•ƒ†‡ƒ‰‡”Ž›•‘—‰Š–„—•‹‡••‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹

‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ͳͺͶͲ•ƒ†ͳͺͷͲ•Šƒ†•‡‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•—†‡”™ƒ›‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ™‹–Š‡™ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ†’—„Ž‹ 

„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒŽ•‘„‡‹‰„—‹Ž–—’ƒ††‘™–Š‡‡ƒ•– ‘ƒ•–ƒ†‹‹Žƒ†’‘”– ‹–‹‡••— Š

ƒ•‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Ž

š–‡•‹‘•ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›•‡ —”‡† ‘–”ƒ –•–‘ˆ—”‹•Š‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”

—•‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž•‘ˆ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ†Š‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ƒŽ–‹‘”‡‹–›

ƒŽŽǤŽŽˆ‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡™‡”‡‘–‘Ž›ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‡š’ƒ†‹‰ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”

ƒ”„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡„—–ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ‰‡”ˆ‘”ƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–

’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘–”ƒ•’‘”––Š‡Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‡‹‰Š–Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ

Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡†‘—„––Šƒ–‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›™ƒ•ƒƒŒ‘”†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

‡ ‘‘›‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›†—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡

‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†

Žƒ„‘”ǡ“—ƒ””›‘™‡”•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡—†‡”–ƒ‡‘Ž›”—†‹‡–ƒ”›’”‘ ‡••‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡

Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰’—”’‘•‡•‘–‘™ƒ‰‘•ˆ‘”‘˜‡”Žƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‘”

ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–•ˆ‘”•Š‹’’‹‰Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ ‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘•™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Š‘’‡†–‘ˆ—”‹•Š”‘—‰Š —–„Ž‘ •–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‡„›

•‡†‹‰–Š‡†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘ƒ”„Ž‡›ƒ”†•‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒƒ†ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡

–‘‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†–Ǥ‘—‹•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•–›’‹ ƒŽ‘ˆƒ›‘—–Š‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ 

 ͳͺͳ –‹‡ƒ†‘–‹ ‡•‘ˆ‡™•–‘ •‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ

’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒƒ†—’•–ƒ–‡‡™‘”ǡ•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡‹†—•–”›‘–

‘Ž›†‡’‡†‡†—’‘‹††Ž‡‡–‘ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡š’‘”–‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡”‡‰‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘—’‘

†‹•–ƒ–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•–‘ˆ‹‹•Š–Š‡•–‘‡Ǥ

‡‡••‡‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ‡• ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ• ˆ‹”•– „‹‡‹ƒŽ ”‡’‘”– ȋ†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ‹

‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺͷͷȌŠƒ†‘–‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡

ǤǤ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‡š–‡•‹‘• ™ƒ• „‡‹‰ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ “—ƒ””› ‹‡ ‹Ž‡• •‘—–Š ‘ˆ

‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ͸Ͳ ‘˜‹‰ •— Š ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ Ž‘ƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡

‹˜‘Ž˜‡†•‡†‹‰‹–„›ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–†‘™–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”‘”„›”ƒ‹Ž–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ–Š‡

•Š‹’’‹‰ ‹– †‘™ –Š‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‡” –‘ ”ƒ‹Ž ƒ ‡•• ƒ– ‘—†‘ ‘” Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ

Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‹–‘–”ƒ‹ ƒ”•ˆ‘”—‰—•–ƒǡƒ˜ƒƒŠǡ‘”Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‹‰‹–„›

• Š‘‘‡”–‘–Š‡’‘”–‘ˆƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡„›–”ƒ‹ˆ”‘ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ –‘

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ͸ͳ†‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›™ƒ• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ

 60 Safford, A Geological Reconoissance, 108.

61A letter dated 31 March 1858, from William Dougherty to Captain Montgomery Meigs, concerning the delay in sending columns of Tennessee marble for the Capitol, hints at the difficult and laborious route for marble from East Tennessee to east coast markets. “I had them taken 200 miles further down the river than the usual landing, and sent the greater part of the force at the quarry to unload them on the beach and haul them to the Rail Road which cost me over four hundred dollars more than it would otherwise have done. 13 of the columns are in this lot, the other one is on its way to Charleston, and if you think it will not be wanted please inform me and I will stop it when it arrives there.” The river referred may have been the Holston, which passes just south of Rogersville and ultimately joins the French Broad to form the Tennessee at Knoxville. The “beach” where the river met the railroad may have been at Knoxville or Loudon, although the mention of two hundred mile distance suggests that Dougherty may have floated the marble downstream as far as Chattanooga. The East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad was fully completed from Knoxville to Bristol on 14 May 1858,  ͳͺʹ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ‹‡ƒ††‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡•ǡƒ•™ƒ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‹”‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡•

ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‡–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒ’‹–‘Ž

™ƒ••Š‹’’‡†‹„Ž‘ ˆ‘”–‘„‡ —–„›ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•‘•‘•‹–‡Ǥ‡–ǡ ™”‹–‹‰ –‘

ƒ’–ƒ‹‘–‰‘‡”›‡‹‰•‹ƒ” Šͳͺͷͺǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›•’‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘Ž—•

Š‡™ƒ••‡†‹‰ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡›™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ••— ŠǤ͸ʹŠ‹Ž‡‘—‰Š‡”–›‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡

†‡‡‡†‹––‘‘”‹•›–‘•‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”ǡ‹–‹•Ž‹‡Ž›

–Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ† ‹– ƒ• Ž‡ƒ•– ”‘—‰ŠŽ› †”‡••‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’”‡˜‡– Šƒ˜‹‰ –‘ •Š‹’ ‡š ‡••

™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ

Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† •Š‘™ ™Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ „‡ ƒ ‘—–†‘‘” ƒ”„Ž‡

™‘”•Š‘’ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‰”‘—†•ǡ ™‹–Š ”‘—‰Š „Ž‘ • ‘ˆ ƒ”„Ž‡ •–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡

‰”‘—†ƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡‡ Šƒ‹œ‡†Žƒ–Š‡ˆ‘”–—”‹‰•–‘‡ ‘Ž—•Ǥ ƒͳͺͷ͹

Ž‡––‡” –‘ •–‘‡ ‘–”ƒ –‘” Ž‡šƒ†‡” ”‘˜‡•–ǡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ƒ” Š‹–‡ –Š‘ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”

”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ Dz‘”‰ƒǯ• ƒ Š‹‡ǡdz ‡–‹‘‹‰ –Šƒ– –™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ Š‹‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ–

™‘”‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‰”‘—†•Ǥ͸͵

Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ •—’‡”˜‹•‹‰ •–‘‡™‘”‡”•ǡ

™‘—Ž† •‘‘ „‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰ ‡‘”‘—• ‘‘Ž‹–Š‹  ‘Ž—• ˆ‘” –Š‡

‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ–ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‘

–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ ˆ Š‡ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒˆˆ‘”†‡† ‹–ǡ ‹– ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ– Š‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡’—–‹–‘  according to John McGaughey, “A Succinct History of the Road East Tennessee & Virginia,” Knoxville Register, 21 May 1858.

62 Dougherty to Meigs, 31 March 1858, Architect of the Capitol, Marble Contracts.

63 Walter to Provest, Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

 ͳͺ͵ ’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‡ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡”›–‘ƒ‡Š‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ‹‹•Š‡†

•–‘‡•Š‹’’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ͸Ͷ‘—‰Š‡”–›Ž‡ˆ–ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‹–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ

‘ˆ ͳͺͷͻ ˆ‘” ‘Ž—„‹ƒǡ ‘—–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤ͸ͷ ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǡ ‘Š Ǥ ‹‡”•‡‡ǡ

ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‘—‡–ǡŠƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›•‘—‰Š–ƒ†˜‹ ‡ˆ”‘„‘–Š‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ†Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –

Š‘ƒ•ǤƒŽ–‡”ƒ„‘—–™‘”‡ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ –ƒ–‡

ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤ͸͸  ͳͺͷͺǡ –Š‡ ‘–”ƒ – –‘ ˆ—”‹•Š —– ƒ† ˆ‹‹•Š‡† •–‘‡™‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ȋ̈́͵͵ͷǡͲͲͲȌ™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–‘ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•‘ƒ†•–‘‡ ‘–”ƒ –‘”

—‰Š‹••‘ǡ™Š‘‹‡”•‡‡Ž‹‡Ž›‡™ˆ”‘Š‹•ˆ‘”‡”–‡—”‡‹–Šƒ– ‹–›Ǥ͸͹

 64 While he was engaged at the Washington National Monument, Dougherty had been asked to compare costs of dressing and laying marble by his own crew of stonecutters against the cost of using machinery to dress the stone. His report to the Washington National Monument Society’s Thomas Carbery, which detailed expenditures for 15,210 feet of marble at the Washington National Monument for the year 1852, showed that using a machine would have saved 5.89 cents per foot. William Dougherty to Thomas Carbery, n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42,Washington National Monument Society papers.

65 Letters from Thomas Walter to John R. Niernsee in the Fall of 1858 and Spring of 1859 show that Dougherty was already working there to furnish marble and oversee the stonework. Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

66 On 16 September 1858, Walter gave written recommendations for two Italian stone carvers who excelled at decorative work. On 7 December 1858, Walter weighed in on the issue of whether or not to flute the shafts of Corinthian columns. On 17 February 1859, Walter mentioned William Dougherty, who had asked him to suggest a carver for delicate sculptural medallions. Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

67 Hugh Sisson, born in Baltimore circa 1821, was a wealthy man by age forty. The 1860 manuscript census listed him as a master stonecutter owning $35,000 in real estate and with a personal estate valued at $30,000. Married to Pennsylvanian Sarah Lippincott in 1848, he had fathered six children by 1860. The Slave Census of 1860  ͳͺͶ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‹‡”•‡‡Šƒ†ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†’‘••‹„Ž‡’”‘„Ž‡•„›

Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ†ƒ„—‹Ž––‘’”‡˜‡–ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ””›ƒ†‘”†‡”‹‰ƒ”ƒ‹Ž•’—”–Šƒ–

‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡–Š‡“—ƒ””›Ǧ–‘Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–‡”‘—–‡Ǥ͸ͺ ‡ƒŽ•‘‡Šƒ ‡†–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡„›‡’Ž‘›‹‰ƒ•–‡ƒ‡‰‹‡–‘’—’—™ƒ–‡†™ƒ–‡”‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡

“—ƒ””›ǡ–Š—•ˆ”‡‡‹‰•‘‡•Žƒ˜‡Žƒ„‘”‡”•ˆ”‘‡‹ƒŽ–ƒ••–‘’‡”ˆ‘”‘”‡

‹’‘”–ƒ–†—–‹‡•Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”Žƒ„‘”™ƒ• ‘‡” ‡†ǡ–Š‡•Žƒ˜‡•™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡

‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡Š‘—•‡—•–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–

—†‡”–ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡™ƒ•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ǡ•‘‡

„”‘—‰Š–•‹ŽŽ••— Šƒ• ƒ”’‡–”›ƒ†„Žƒ •‹–Š‹‰‹–‘–Š‡™‘”’Žƒ ‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•

—•‡†–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–Š—Ž‡ƒ†Š‘”•‡–‡ƒ•ˆ‘”Šƒ—Ž‹‰ƒ†”‹‰‰‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›

Ž‘ƒ†•Ǥ͸ͻŽ‹‡–Š‡’‡‹–‡–‹ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ–Š‡•‡™‘”‡”•ǡŠ‹”‡†ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ

‘™‡”•ǡ™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ”‡‡Ž›‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡Œ—•–ƒ•

Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”˜‡”•ǡ„”‹ Žƒ›‡”•ǡƒ†•‹ŽŽ‡†

•–‘‡ƒ•‘•ǡƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‹‡”ƒ–•ǡƒ––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘•‹–‡Ǥ͹Ͳ‹‡”•‡‡ǡ

™Š‘Šƒ†”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–‘‘Ž—„‹ƒ•‘–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘—Ž†‘˜‡”•‡‡‡˜‡”›ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ

 reveals that Sisson also owned twenty-one male and fifteen female slaves. The IRS Tax Assessment List for 1862 show that he owned marble works at 207 North Street in Baltimore, with a value of $1699.05. In 1890, the city directory (Baltimore: R.L. Polk & Co.) listed “Hugh Sisson & Sons Steam Marble Works, North at Monument.”

68 Before leaving Baltimore, he had worked under Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Jr. on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. John M. Bryan, Creating the South Carolina State House (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 38.

69 Bryan, 35.

70 Bryan, 46-47.

 ͳͺͷ Šƒ†ƒŠƒ†‹–Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‡”•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹Ž ƒ”˜‹‰Ǥ

‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ†‹••‘ƒ••—‡†–Š‡Š‹”‹‰ƒ†•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ•–‘‡

™‘”‡”•ǣƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ•–‘‡ —––‡”•ƒ†•‡––‡”•–Šƒ–‰”‡™–‘ƒ•ƒ›ƒ•

ͳʹͳ‹ͳͺ͸ͲǤ͹ͳ

‹••‘ƒ†‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’ƒ”–‡”•‹ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒ’‹–‘Ž š–‡•‹‘•ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ™‹• ‘—–› “—ƒ””›™Š‡”‡–Šƒ–

ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ••‘—” ‡†Šƒ•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ””› ‘”

‘—‰Š‡”–› Ƭ ‹••‘ǯ•Ǥ͹ʹ ”‘–Š‹•‡‡••‡‡“—ƒ””›‘”“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ•Šƒˆ–‘”‹  ‘Ž—••–‹ŽŽ‹’Žƒ ‡–‘†ƒ›‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆŽ‘‘””‘–—†ƒ‘ˆ

–Š‡ ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ ‹–› ƒŽŽǤ Š‡•‡ǡ –‘‘ǡ ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ‘ •‹–‡ ‹

ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•–”‘‰™‘”‡”•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ƒ†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–

†‡ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ’”‹†‡–‹‡†–‘–Š‡‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ†•‘‡’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ͹͵Š‹Ž‡–Š‹•

•–‹ŽŽǦ’”‘‹‡– ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ Žƒ†ƒ” ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡–‡† —–‹Ž ͳͺ͹ͷǡ ‡‹‰Š–

›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•†‡ƒ–Šǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ž—•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ “—‹”‡†

‡‹–Š‡”’”‹‘”–‘‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•’ƒ••‹‰‘”—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆŠ‹••‘†™ƒ”†ǡ™Š‘

 71 Bryan, 46-47.

72James M. Safford, Geology of Tennessee (Nashville: S.C. Mercer, 1869), 507.

73 Architect George A. Frederick submitted the winning design for the Baltimore City Hall in 1865, Martin A. Sisson, of Baltimore was awarded the contract for exterior marble and Hugh Sisson was awarded the contract for interior marble. Work appears to have been well underway at the quarries by the time of the cornerstone-laying in October 1868. The ceremony was accompanied by a procession that included three wagonloads of marble cutters from Hugh Sisson’s shop and one hundred stonecutters from the establishment of M.A. Sisson. Maryland Historical Society, The City Hall Baltimore: History of its Construction and Dedication (Baltimore: Kelly, Piet and Company, 1877) 37, 84-85, 135, 140-41.  ͳͺ͸ ‘–‹—‡†ƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‡š’ƒ†‡†Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ• ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ

‡‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›Šƒ•›‡––‘›‹‡Ž††‘ —‡–•‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡

“—ƒ””›™ƒ•‘™‡†‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›

ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽŽƒ†‘™‡”†”‡™ ƒŽ„”ƒ‹–Š•—‰‰‡•–•–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Ǥ͹Ͷ



Industry in Antebellum Tennessee

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›‡‡••‡‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ–Š‡

ˆ”‘–‹‡”ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ‹†—•–”›Ǥ”‹‘”–‘–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡

™ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–‡ ‘‘›ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹ƒˆ‡™•‡ –‘”•Ǥ

‘—–Š‡”—’ ‘—–”›ˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡•Š‹’’‹‰‰‘‘†•–‘ƒ”‡–•„‘–Š‹•‹†‡ƒ†

‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡‘—–ŠǤ͹ͷŠ‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ‘—–‹‡•ˆ”‘ͳͺͷͲ–‘ͳͺͺͲ

‡“—ƒŽ‡†‘”‡ˆ‘‘†„›ŠƒŽˆ–Šƒ”‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǣ‡‡••‡‡™Š‡ƒ–™ƒ•

•‘Ž†‹‡™‘”ǡŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ™ƒ•†”‹˜‡•‘—–Šˆ‘”•ƒŽ‡ǡƒ†ǡƒˆ–‡”ͳͺͷͶǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡

„‡ ƒ‡•‘‡–Š‹‰‘ˆƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‡–‡”ǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ–ƒ†ˆŽ‘—”„‡‹‰

•Š‹’’‡†‡ƒ•–ƒ†•‘—–Š˜‹ƒ‡™”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘•–‘Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‹‡†‹–

 74 A previously-cited letter from William Dougherty to Andrew Galbraith (1854) implied that Galbraith was the owner of the Tennessee quarry where Dougherty was getting out stone. A 13 February 1872 property deed indicated that Dougherty’s wife Mary and son Edward owned at least one quarry in Hawkins County. H.B. Stamps Memorial Library, Rogersville, Vertical file, “James Lee et al to E.D. & Mary A. Dougherty, Potato Hill Marble Quarry (adjacent to lands of Andrew Galbraith, Joseph Galbraith, Henderson Fu…) for $200.”

75 Dunaway, 20; Salstrom, xviii.

 ͳͺ͹ –‘—‰—•–ƒǡƒ˜ƒƒŠƒ†Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘Ǥ͹͸•‹ˆˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ˜ƒ ——ǡƒ›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‘˜‹‰

‹–‘–Š‡”‡‰‹‘™‡”‡•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”‡”•™Š‘ ƒ‡ˆ”‘Ǯ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–œ‘‡•ǡǯ•— Šƒ•

‰Žƒ†ǡ ”‡Žƒ†ǡ ‘–Žƒ†ǡƒ† ‡”ƒ›ǡƒ†–Š—•™‡ŽŽ’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡

”‡•‘—” ‡•–Š‡›ˆ‘—†Ǥ͹͹Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› ‘ƒŽ‹†—•–”›‹‡‡••‡‡•ƒ™‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••— Š

ƒ• ”‹•Š‹‡”‡•Ž‹‡‡‡†›ǡ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘–”ƒ –‘”• ‡Š‡‡ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǡƒ

ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‡”ƒƒƒ‰‡”ƒ‡† ‘Š ‘ Š—•ǡƒ†ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ ”‹•Š ‘ƒŽ‹‡”•

•‘‡Š‘™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹–‡”Žƒ†•ǤŽƒ˜‡‘™‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹”‡•‘—” ‡•

‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‹”‘‹†—•–”›ǡƒ†‹–‹‡”ƒ–™‘”‡”•ǡ™Š‘ƒ””‹˜‡†–‘

‘•–”— –ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡŠ‘—•‡•ˆ‘”‡Ž‹–‡‡‡••‡ƒ•ǡƒ†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ƒ†

„”‹†‰‡•ǡ–”ƒ‹‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ‡ Šƒ‹ •ƒ†„—‹Ž†‡”•Ǥ͹ͺ

”‘ˆ‘”‰‡•ƒ†ˆ—”ƒ ‡•ǡƒ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‘–‹‡”ǡŠƒ†„‡‡

‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ˆ‹”•–ƒŒ‘”‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘–‰‘‡”›‡ŽŽǡ™Š‘’—” Šƒ•‡†—„‡”Žƒ†

—”ƒ ‡ˆ”‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ‡•‘„‡”–•‘‹ͳͺͲͶǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡™‘”•

‘—–•‹†‡‹ •‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ—•‹‰™ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”ˆ”‘‡ƒ”„›”‹˜‡”•ǡ‹–‘ƒ

‹’‘”–ƒ–‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‹–‡—•‹‰„‘–Šˆ”‡‡ƒ†•Žƒ˜‡Žƒ„‘”Ǥ͹ͻŠ‡‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡

 76 Robert Tracy McKenzie, One South or Many? Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War-era Tennessee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 38.

77 Dunaway, 16.

78 Fuller, 8, 10, 13, 18; Richard Blackett, “Best Laid Plans,” Vanderbilt Magazine (Spring 2008): 86.

79 Michael T. Gavin, Tennessee Iron Furnace Trail: A Guide to Resources on the Western Highland Rim (Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University Center for Historic Preservation, Tennessee Civil War National Heritage Area, and USDA Forest Service, 2006), 19.

 ͳͺͺ ‹”‘‹†—•–”›ǡƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡•–‡” ‹‰ŠŽƒ†‹ǡ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†ƒ†

‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’”‘†— ‡”•‹

–Š‡‘—–Šǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘‘†‡Ž‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡Žƒ„‘”‹™Š‹ Š™‘”‡”•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†

†ƒ‰‡”‘—•ƒ†„ƒ „”‡ƒ‹‰™‘”—†‡”†—”‡••ǤͺͲ›–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ

ƒ›‘ˆ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‹”‘™‘”•ǡ™Š‹ Š†”‡™‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š›

ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•„—–ƒŽ•‘†‡’‡†‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›—’‘™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ˆ‘”

‹ŽŽ’‘™‡”ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡŠƒ†„‡‰—–‘™ƒ‡ǡ’ƒ”–Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ‰‹

‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‹–‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†™ƒ•„‡‹‰„—‹Ž––‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’”‡••

’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ ‘‡ –‹‰—„‡”Žƒ†‘—–ƒ‹ ‘ƒŽƒ†‹”‘–‘ƒ”‡–•‘”–Šƒ†

•‘—–Šǡ–Š‡™‡•–‡”‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡‹”‘™‘”•ˆ‡ŽŽ„‡Š‹†Ǥ‘•– Ž‘•‡††‘™

†—”‹‰ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ƒ•™‘”‡”•˜ƒ‹•Š‡†Ǥ‘–‰‘‡”›‡ŽŽǡ™Š‘†‹‡†‹

ͳͺͷͷǡŠƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•‘Ž†‘•–‘ˆŠ‹•‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ

‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‡†•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”‡”•–‘ˆ‘—†ƒ‹”‘‹†—•–”›‹‹„‡”‹ƒǤͺͳ

Š‡‡‡••‡‡‘ƒŽǡ ”‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǡ„‡‰—ƒ•ƒ ‘ƒŽ‹‹‰

„—•‹‡••‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”—„‡”Žƒ†Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹ͳͺͷʹǡ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†

‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ˆ‹”•–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆmodern‹†—•–”›Ǥ –Šƒ†ƒ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆŽƒ„‘”ǡ‹–‡”Ǧ

†‡’‡†‡– ‘’‘‡–’ƒ”–•ǡƒ†‹–•‘™”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡Ǥ ˜‡•–‘”•Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘

ƒ “—‹”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽƒ†‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ„—†ƒ– ‘ƒŽ•‡ƒ•—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡

‡™ƒ‡‡‹‹‰‘’ƒ›‹ͳͺ͵ͷǡ„—–‹–™ƒ•‘–—–‹Ž–™‡–››‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡ‘–Š‡‡˜‡  80 Ibid., 2.

81 Blackett, 86-88.

 ͳͺͻ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ

—” Šƒ•‡†„›ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ––‘”‡›ƒ†‡™•’ƒ’‡”ƒ”–Š—”‘Ž›ƒ”‹ͳͺͷͺǡ–Š‡

‘’ƒ›•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡ƒ”–Š‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ„‘”ǡ• ƒ” ‹–›‘ˆƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡƒ†

ƒ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž‘ ƒŽƒ”‡–ˆ‘” ‘ƒŽǤͺʹ –™ƒ•”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ

‘”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‘”•ƒ•–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ‹Ž‘’ƒ›‹ͳͺͷͻǤͺ͵›–Š‡–‹‡‹–

™ƒ•–ƒ‡‘˜‡”„› ǤǤ‘”‰ƒǯ•ǤǤ–‡‡Ž‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ͳͻͲ͹ǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–

‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘’ƒ›‹–Š‡‘—–ŠǤͺͶ

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǯ•‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–•‡ŽˆƒŽ‘‰•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›‘†‡”Ž‹‡•ǤͺͷŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡•—•‘ˆ

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡›‡ƒ”ͳͺͷͲ ‘–ƒ‹‡†‘‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ”„Ž‡‹‡‡••‡‡ǣǤ

‹ ‡ǡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡDzƒ”„Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥdz‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•‹ ‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹“—ƒ””›‹‰

•–‘‡ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‡’Ž‘›‹‰•‹š‡–‘’”‘†— ‡‘—‡–•ƒ†–‘„•–‘‡•—•‹‰

™ƒ–‡”Ǧ’‘™‡”‡†ƒ Š‹‡”›Ǥͺ͸ Ž‘—”ƒ†‰”‹•–‹ŽŽ•ǡ–ƒ‡”‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ•ƒ††Ž‡”›™‡”‡

ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘–Š‡”–‡„—•‹‡••‡•’”‘†— ‹‰Dz’”‘†— –•‘ˆ‹†—•–”›dz‹ ƒ™‹•

‘—–›‹ͳͺͷͲǤŽŽ‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‡™‡”’‡”•‘•–Šƒ‹ ‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••ƒ†‘•–

’”‘†— ‡†ƒŽ‘™‡”ƒ—ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‰‘‘†•–ŠƒŠ‹•‘—–’—–‘ˆ̈́ͶǡͲͲͲǤŠ‡‘‡Žƒ”‰‡  82 Justin Fuller, “History of the Tennessee Coal, Iron, & Railroad Company, 1852- 1907” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1966), iii, 1-3.

83 Gilbert E. Govan and James W. Livingood, The Chattanooga Country, 1540- 1967: From Tomahawks to TVA, 3rd ed. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1977), 352- 53. 84 Fuller, 1.

85 Safford, Geological Reconnoissance), 107.

86 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. Seventh Census: Manufactures (1850), 127.  ͳͻͲ „—•‹‡••‹–Š‡ ‘—–›™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ’‘™‡”‡† ‘––‘•’‹‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–

‡’Ž‘›‡†•‡˜‡–‡‡ƒŽ‡•ƒ†–Š‹”–›Ǧ–Š”‡‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•ǡ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ‘—–’—–˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ–

̈́ʹͺǡͲͲͲǤ

‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡƒ•–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‘ƒŽǡ ”‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›

†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•ǡ•‘‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǧ–Š‹‹‰‡‡••‡ƒ•™‡”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹

”‡•‘—” ‡•‘–Š‡”–Šƒ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡†—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†Ǥ”‘‘•–ǯ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†”‡‰‹‘ǯ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ

”‡•‘—” ‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†™‹–Š‹–‡”‡•–„›•’‡ —Žƒ–‘”•‹‹‹‰ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥͺ͹

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘Š˜‡”–‘ƒ†ǤǤ‹ Š‘Ž•‘ǡ„‘–Š’”‘‹‡–Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†

™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ—•‡†”‘‘•–ǯ•ͳͺͶͷ”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡

‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š’‡†‹‡ ›‘ˆƒ–—‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘ƒŽǦ”‹ Š

‘—–ƒ‹•ǤͺͺͳͺͷͶ’”‘‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ”–‹ Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Knoxville RegisterƒŽ•‘‡šŠ‘”–‡†

”‡ƒ†‡”•–‘‹˜‡•–‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‘ƒŽƒ†‹”‘ǡ Žƒ‹‹‰–Šƒ–”ƒ‹Ž•™‹ŽŽ•‘‘„‡

Dz”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰dzˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ†ƒ††‹‰–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ™ƒ‹––Š‘•‡

™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ǡœ‹ ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͺͻ

—–‘†‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡•Ž‘™‹ ‘‹‰ǡ†—‡‘–‘Ž›–‘Žƒ ‘ˆ

ˆ—†•„—–‹Žƒ”‰‡‡ƒ•—”‡–‘•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ—•‡††‡Žƒ›•‹”‹˜‡”

ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•Ǥ‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

 87 Dunaway, 349n57; Fuller, 4.

88 S. J. Folmsbee, “The Origins of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad,” The East Tennessee Historical Society Publications VI (1934), 86.

89 Dunaway, 253.

 ͳͻͳ ‘”•–ƒ–‡—†‡”™”‹–‹‰ƒ†ˆ‡™Žƒ”‰‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ–•–ƒ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ȋƒ†–Š‡

‘—–Š‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Ȍ™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡‘‡›ˆ‘””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ

‹•–‘”‹ƒǤǤ‘––‡”‹ŽŽŠƒ•’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡’”‘ˆ‹–‘–‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘‡•‘—–Š‡”

•–ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡‡••‡‡ǡ™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰™‡•–‡”ˆ”‡‹‰Š–„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–

”‡ƒ Š‡†‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ††‹˜‡”–‹‰‹––‘•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”’‘”–•Ǥ†–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡

•‘—–Š‡”Ž‡ƒ†‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ˆ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’Žƒ‹‰ƒ—–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒƒ†

’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž‡–™‘”‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ–Š‡›‡””‡†‹ƒ••—‹‰–Šƒ–”‹˜‡”•™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹

–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ˜‡—‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•™ƒ•

’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Žƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ǤͻͲ

†‡”†”‡™ ‘Š•‘ǯ•‰‘˜‡”‘”•Š‹’‹–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‹˜‡•–‡–•

‹‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ȋƒ†•–ƒ–‡‹†‡„–‡†‡••Ȍ†‘—„Ž‡†Ǥͻͳ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š ‘Š•‘

’‘•‹–‹‘‡†Š‹•‡Žˆƒ•ƒ ƒ •‘‹ƒ‡‘ ”ƒ–ƒ†ƒˆ‹• ƒŽ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡™Š‘†‡ ”‹‡†

•–ƒ–‡‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ„ƒ•ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡŠ‡ Šƒ’‹‘‡†–Š‡”ƒ’‹† ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹•ǡ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ› Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ”‘ƒ†•ƒ†–—”’‹‡•Ȅ‡˜‡–Š‡‘˜‡”Ǧ„—†‰‡–

‡‡••‡‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽȄƒ•‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘•–‘‘†—’ˆ‘”–Š‡

•‹ŽŽ‡†‡ Šƒ‹ •ǡ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™™‘”‹‰‡ǣ

 Ž–Š‘—‰Š ƒ›•‡Žˆ‘’’‘•‡†–‘ Žƒ••‡•ƒ‘‰•–› ‘—–”›‡Ȅ ™ƒ– ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡‰”ƒ†• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ˜‹”–—‡ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ǥ •ƒ›ǡ  90 Cotterill, 427-28, 438. For example, early boosters of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad touted it as a link between navigable sections of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Jesse C. Burt, Jr. “History of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, 1873-1916” (Ph.D. diss. Vanderbilt University, 1950), iii.

91 Leroy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, eds. The Papers of Andrew Johnson, v. 2:1852-1857 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1970), 329, 483.

 ͳͻʹ –Š‡ǡ‹ˆ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ”‹•–‘ ”ƒ ›ǡŽ‡–‹–„‡ƒƒ”‹•–‘ ”ƒ ›‘ˆŽƒ„‘”ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ǡ ƒ†˜‹”–—‡ǥ”‡•–‹‰—’‘ƒ –—ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡”‹–ǥŽ‡–‘—”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ‡ Šƒ‹•‰‘‘‹’”‘˜‹‰ǡƒ†‘—”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‹•–•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ •™‹ŽŽ„‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•– Žƒ••‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǣƒ†•‘‘—” ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡•ŠƒŽŽ „‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹–Š‡™‹•†‘ƒ†’‡”ƒ‡ ›‘ˆƒŽŽ‘—”ˆ”‡‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥͻʹ    –Š‡‡˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ‡‡••‡‡™ƒ•”ƒ’‹†Ž›™‘”‹‰–‘ ‘‡ –‹–•

ƒ”‡–•–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‰”‹†Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ‹‰”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‘‡ –‹‘••‘—–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǡƒ†

‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ‡‡••‡ƒ•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‘‘‹‰‘”–Š–‘–Š‡Š‹‘‹˜‡”Ǥ‘•–”— –‹‘

‘–Š‡‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†™ƒ•’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰–‘™ƒ”† ‘’Ž‡–‹‘„›ͳͺͷͻǡ

ƒ†–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ‡–— ›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ ‘‡ –—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡

‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–‘–Š‡Š‹‘‹˜‡”ǡŠƒ†•–ƒ”–‡†Žƒ›‹‰”ƒ‹Ž•ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺͷͷǤƒ”–‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‹‹–‹ƒŽ”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡–‘‡–‡”–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›Ȅƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰

‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ••–ƒ— Š”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘•‡ ‡••‹‘Ȅ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ†‘‰‘‹‰–‹‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•ˆ‹• ƒŽ

Š‡ƒŽ–Š™ƒ•‘ˆ—–‘•– ‘ ‡”–‘Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”

‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡™‡”‡ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹‘—•†‡„ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡‡‡••‡‡Š‹‰•ƒ†

‡‘ ”ƒ–•†—”‹‰ƒ’‡”‹‘†™Š‡”‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”•Š‹’ Šƒ‰‡†Šƒ†•ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›

–™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•Ž‹‡ ƒ‡•Ǥ‘Žƒ†ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ†”‡™

‘Š•‘ǡ™‡”‡‘˜‹‰ˆ”‡‡Ž›„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ›

‡‡••‡ƒ•™‡”‡†‹•–”—•–ˆ—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ‹‰„—•‹‡••ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‘•–

 92 Ibid., 510.

 ͳͻ͵ ’”‘‹‡–„ƒ•™‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹‡ƒ•–‡” ‹–‹‡•Ǥͻ͵ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘ƒŽ†

‹–‡”•Šƒ• Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–„ƒ‹‰™ƒ•–Š‡™‡ƒ‡•–Ž‹‹‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ–‡„‡ŽŽ—

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘•–ˆƒ”‡”•‰”‡™ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‹ˆ–›’‡” ‡–•–ƒ’Ž‡ ”‘’•

ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–ƒ†–‘‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•„‡ ‘‹‰–ƒ˜‡”ƒ†

‹‡‡’‡”•ǡˆ‡””›ƒ•–‡”•ǡ„Žƒ •‹–Š•ǡ†‹•–‹ŽŽ‡”•ǡ„ƒ•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡•‡ƒ––Šƒ–„‘–Š

ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”„—•‹‡••‡•Šƒ†–‘–ƒ‡„ƒ”–‡”ˆ‘”‰‘‘†•‘” ”‘’•‘”–‘”‡•‘”––‘

‹ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•™‹–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘Š‡Ž†•’‡ ‹‡‘”„ƒ‘–‡•ǤͻͶ

‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•‡‡••‡ƒ•Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ

™‡„‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡ ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘–‘Ž›‡ƒ•–Ǧ–‘Ǧ™‡•–ǡ–‘

‘ƒ•–ƒŽ•‘—–Š‡”ƒ”‡–•ƒ†‹Žƒ†”‹˜‡”•‘—–Š‡”ƒ”‡–•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘”–Š–‘

‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡƒ†Š‹ ƒ‰‘Ǥ‡–”ƒŽŽ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•ƒ

™‡•–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Š—„ǡ™‹–Š•–‡ƒ„‘ƒ–•’Ž›‹‰‰‘‘†•ƒ†’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘

‡™”Ž‡ƒ•–‘‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”ƒ†–—”’‹‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‹ƒ†

‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘•Ǥ‡’Š‹•™ƒ•“—‹ Ž›„‡ ‘‹‰‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰

‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž–ƒ‘—–Šǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›ˆ‘” ‘––‘ƒ†–‘„ƒ ‘

–‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ”‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ—–ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡŽ‘‰ƒ‡š—•ˆ‘”

 93 In an 1859-60 report to the General Assembly, the Bank of Tennessee is listed as a paying client of both Planter’s and Union Banks, both private banks having their largest numbers of shareholders in Philadelphia. Planter’s Bank, which had more shareholders in New York than in Tennessee, counted Cowan and Dickinson of Knoxville among its depositors, while Union Bank served, among others, John Bass (President, Union Bank of Tennessee, and Chair, Capitol Building Commission), Adolphus Heiman, and Samuel Watkins in Nashville, and R.H. Armstrong, and the firm of Cowan and Dickinson in Knoxville. Reports from Public Officers & Institutions made to the General Assembly of Tennessee session of 1859-60 (Nashville: E.G. Eastman & Co., 1860)

94 Winters, 87, 94-95.  ͳͻͶ ‡” ƒ–‹Ž‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡„ƒ  ‘—–”›ƒ†Ž‘™‡”‡‡••‡‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ™ƒ•

ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ‹–•™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ –•„—”‰‡‘‹‰ ‘ƒŽƒ†‹”‘

‹†—•–”‹‡•†‡ƒ†‡† ‘‡ –‹‘•–‘ƒ•–‘ƒ•– ‡–‡”•‘ˆ’‘™‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡•–

„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•”—‹‰•‘—–Š‹–‘ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ†

Žƒ„ƒƒƒ†‘”–Š–Š”‘—‰Š‹”‰‹‹ƒ‹–‘–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†Ǧ

–Žƒ–‹ Ǥ –•‡‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ›Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡Dz ”‡ƒ–‹‘dz‘ˆƒƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡

‹†—•–”›ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ǡ‹’ƒ”–ǡƒ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰’—„Ž‹ ‹˜‡•–‡–‹

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•Ǥ



The Development of Water and Rail Transportation in Tennessee

”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ ‘‹‰‘ˆ•–‡ƒ„‘ƒ–•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†’”‘‰”‡••—’•–”‡ƒ—†‡”

’‘™‡”ǡ‘•–‡‡••‡ƒ•†‡’‡†‡†—’‘‘˜‡”Žƒ†™ƒ‰‘–”ƒ•’‘”–ˆ‘”

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‡ ‡••‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–•–‘‡š’‘”––Š‡‹”’”‘†— –•˜‹ƒ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ

ƒ•–‡‡••‡ƒ•ǡ†‡’‡†‡–ˆ‘”„‘–Š‹’‘”–•ƒ†‡š’‘”–•‘™ƒ‰‘•„”‹‰‹‰

‰‘‘†•–‘ƒ†ˆ”‘ƒ”‡–•‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡƒ†‹ Š‘†ǡ ‘—Ž†‘Ž›‰‡–

Š‡ƒ˜›‡š’‘”–•Ž‹‡‹”‘ƒ†•ƒŽ–ȋƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡Ȍ‘—–‘ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”

™Š‡”‹˜‡”•™‡”‡Š‹‰ŠǤ–‡ƒ„‘ƒ–•„‡‰ƒ ‘‹‰—’–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡

ƒ”‘—†ͳͺͳͺǦͳͻǡ„—–‘–—–‹Ž ‹” ƒͳͺʹ͸Ǧͳͺ͵Ͳ†‹†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘‡ƒ‡‹–•™ƒ›—’–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‡’”‘„Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ„ƒƒ•Š‘ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†–‘„‡

‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡‡Ž‘”ˆŽƒ–„‘ƒ–•Ǥͻͷ‹–Š‘—––Šƒ–ƒ–—”ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡

 95 Ibid., 80, 82-3.  ͳͻͷ ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‰ƒ‹‡†— Š‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ ‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ ‡••

–‘”‹˜‡”–”ƒ†‡Ǥ

Š‡†‹•’—–‡•‘˜‡”‹–‡”ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹‡‡••‡‡’‹––‡†ƒ•–ƒ†‡•–

ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘”‡’”‘•’‡”‘—•ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹††Ž‡Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒƒƒ˜‹•ŽŽ‹‘––

Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–”‡•‡–‡–‘˜‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‘–‹—‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘

™ƒ•Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡”‡‰‹‘Šƒ†‘ ‡„‡‡–Š‡•‡ƒ–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

’‘™‡”Ǥͻ͸›ͳͺ͵Ͳ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡™ƒ•–™‹ ‡–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›–Š”‡‡–‹‡•–Šƒ–‘ˆ‡•–‡‡••‡‡ǤŠ‡Žƒ ‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ‹†ˆ‘”

•— Š‹–‡”ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ•ƒ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Dzƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘ƒ†ǡdz‘”ƒ ƒƒŽ–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†

ƒŽŽ‘™„‘ƒ–•–‘•‹”––Š‡—Ǧƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ǡŠƒ†ƒ‘›‡†

‡‡••‡ƒ•™Š‘ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ––Š‡‹”‡‡†•™‡”‡„‡‹‰‹‰‘”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

”‡•‹†‡– ‘Š—‹ ›†ƒ•Ǥ

—––Š‹‰•†‹†‘–‹’”‘˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‡˜‡™‹–Šƒ‡‡••‡ƒƒ•

”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ†”‡™ ƒ •‘™ƒ•ƒ‘’’‘‡–‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”•— Š’”‘Œ‡ –•Ȅ

Šƒ”‰‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆƒ˜‘”‹–‹•ǡ”‡ ‘‡†‹‰

‹•–‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‘‡›ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ Žƒ†•„‡—•‡†–‘”‡–‹”‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‡„–Ǥ

‘•–‡‡••‡‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•ǡ‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”•‘‡Š‘Ž†‘—–•‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ†ƒ˜‹†

”‘ ‡––‹‡•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ”‡Ž— –ƒ–Ž›•‹†‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹Ǥ ƒ •‘†‹†ƒŽŽ‘™ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ



96 Sam Davis Elliott, Isham G. Harris of Tennessee: Confederate Governor and United States Senator (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2010), 77.

 ͳͻ͸ –Šƒ–‘ ‡–Š‡†‡„–•™‡”‡”‡–‹”‡†ǡƒ›‘‹‡•Ž‡ˆ–ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ Žƒ†•„‡

‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™‹–‡”ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥͻ͹

‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ǡ™‹–Š‹–•˜ƒ•–‡–™‘”‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒ •‘ǯ•

‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•–‘‹–‡”ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•†‹†‘–’”‡ Ž—†‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‹‰

–Š‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǤŠ‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡’‘”–‘ˆ‡–”›ˆ‘”

‡‡••‡‡ǡ ƒ •‘ƒ’’”‘˜‡†̈́ͳ͵ͷǡͲͲͲˆ‘””‡‘˜‹‰‘„•–”— –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡

—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”ˆ”‘ͳͺ͵ʹǦͳͺ͵͹ǤͻͺŠ‡‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡•–ƒ–‡•‡ƒ–‘”•ƒ†

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•˜‘–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—•‹‰ƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͶͳˆ‡†‡”ƒŽˆ—†•†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘

ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ Žƒ†•ˆ‘””‹˜‡”‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ‡•–

‡‡••‡‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‹‡†ˆ‘—Žǡ†‡ Žƒ”‹‰˜‡Š‡‡–Ž›–Šƒ–ƒ˜‹†•‘‘—–›

Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‡”‹˜‡†‘”‡„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡

‘„‹‡†Ǥͻͻˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ –‹‘ǡ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘”–Š‡–‹›„‘”‘—‰Š‘ˆŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ™ƒ•”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ’‘”–‘ˆ‡–”›ǡ•‘

‘‘‹‡•™‡”‡‰”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•Š‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”—–‹ŽͳͺͷʹǤŠ‡†‡Žƒ› ”‹’’Ž‡†–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡‰ƒ–‘ Žƒ‘”

ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Ž‹‹––‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ƒ†ƒ˜ƒƒŠ

•‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒŠƒ†„‡‰—„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡‡•–‡”Ƭ–Žƒ–‹ ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‹ͳͺͶͳǤ  97 Stanley J. Folmsbee, Sectionalism and Internal Improvements in Tennessee, 1796-1845 (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1939), 63.

98 Ibid., 67-68.

99 Ibid., 219; Anonymous, “R. Road Communication Between Charleston, Savannah and Nashville,” Southern Quarterly Review (1845): 298.

 ͳͻ͹  ‘”‹Žƒ†‡‡••‡‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†• ‘‹‰‹–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡š ‹–‡†

„‘–Š–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ†–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ”•‘—–Š™‡•–

‘”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ‘‘–Š‡”‡™‡”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•–‘Ž‹‡’Š‹•–‘–Š‡

†‹•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡–Žƒ–‹  ‘ƒ•–ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡†‘‡”‘—–‡–Š”‘—‰Š‡‡••‡‡

ƒ† ‡‘”‰‹ƒ–‘—‰—•–ƒǡƒ˜ƒƒŠǡƒ†Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘Ǣ‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ†

Žƒ„ƒƒ–‘–Š‘•‡•ƒ‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǣƒ†‘‡†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ ”‘••‡‡••‡‡ǡ’ƒ••‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š

‘Ž—„‹ƒƒ†”‹•–‘Žǡ‘‹–•™ƒ›–Š”‘—‰Š‹”‰‹‹ƒ–‘–Š‡–Žƒ–‹ •‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†ǤŠ‡

†‹•’—–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‘•‡‘˜‡”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ”‘—–‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

Ž‹‡•™‡”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†„›’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š”‘—–‡•–‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ”‘

‹ ‹ƒ–‹ƒ†‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ

‘”†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒŠƒ†Šƒ† Ž‘•‡„—•‹‡••–‹‡•ǡ

„‡‰‹‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹Žƒ†ˆ—”–”ƒ†‡‘–Š‡ˆ”‘–‹‡”ƒ† ‘–‹—‹‰ƒ•„ƒ  ‘—–”›

‡‹‰Š„‘”•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›–Š‘•‡–‹‡•Šƒ†„‡‡„ƒ•‡†‘

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡‡˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǯ•‡™–ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡

™ƒ•™‡ŽŽ—†‡”™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ ”‡‡‡˜‹˜ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡•–”— –—”‡‡—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡‡™Ž›

‘’Ž‡–‡†‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡•’‡ –•Ǥ –™ƒ••‹–‡†’”‘‹‡–Ž›‘

ƒŠ‹‰ŠŠ‹ŽŽǡ™ƒ•–‘„‡ƒˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ•–‘‡“—ƒ””‹‡†‡ƒ”„›ǡŠƒ†

‘—‡–ƒŽ‘”‹–Š‹ƒǦ‘”†‡”’‘” Š‡•ƒ†ƒ’”‘’‘•‡†–‘™‡”„ƒ•‡†‘–”‹ Žƒ†ǯ•

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡‘—‡––‘›•‹ ”ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†‹–•†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”

ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰•™‡”‡–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘‘Ž‹–Š‹  ‘Ž—•‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ•˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†

ƒ”„Ž‡ǤͳͲͲŠ‡Ž‘ ƒŽ•–‘‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‡š–‡”‹‘”ǡ™ƒ•ǡ‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ

 100 Bryan, 38-39.  ͳͻͺ Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ•Žƒ˜‡•ǡ“—ƒ””‹‡†–Š‡ ”ƒ„›‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ

Ž‘ƒ†‡†ˆŽƒ– ƒ”•ǡƒ†‰—‹†‡†—Ž‡–‡ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ‹Ž‡•‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–”ƒ „—‹Ž–

‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–‘‘˜‡–Š‡•–‘‡ˆ”‘“—ƒ””›–‘„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ‘Š

‹‡”•‡‡ Š‘•‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡŠ‡—•–

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ‘–”ƒ –‘”•‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ†‹••‘–‘–”ƒ•’‘”–

‹–„›”‹˜‡”ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–‡Ǥ

ͳͺ͵ͻǡ‡‡••‡‡™ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž›•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‘—–Š™‹–Š‘”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•ǤͳͲͳ

Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡—•‹‰”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–‘Šƒ—Ž ‘‘†‹–‹‡•–‘ƒ”‡–‘”–‘–Š‡

‡ƒ”‡•–’‘”–ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‘—–‰‘‹‰ˆ”‡‹‰Š–™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†‡–‘”‹˜‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ

Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘‡‡••‡‡™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ȅ–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

•“—ƒ„„Ž‡•‹–Š‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ•ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ˆ”‘ͳͺͶͳ–‘ͳͺͷʹȄŠƒ† ƒ—•‡†ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›–™‘Ǧ

†‡ ƒ†‡•ǦŽ‘‰Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‡– ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǤͳͲʹ

‡–™‡‡ͳͺ͵ͳƒ†ͳͺ͵ʹǡƒƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›‰”‘—’‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›–Šƒ–

’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‡™•’ƒ’‡” ƒŽŽ‡†The Railroad AdvocateŠƒ†„‡‡‹ Ž‹‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡ƒ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’‘”–Š™ƒ”†‹–‘•‘—–Š™‡•–‹”‰‹‹ƒǡƒ—‹‘–Šƒ–™‘—Ž† ”‘••

•–ƒ–‡Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡‡‡••‡‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡†–Š‡”‘—–‡„—–ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘‹••—‡„‘†•–‘

ˆ—†‹–ǤŠ‡‹”‰‹‹ƒǯ•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ˆ—†–Š‡‹”’‘”–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ™ƒ•

ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†Ǥ ƒ†—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘ˆ‹–ˆ”‘–Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†



101 Albert Fishlow, American Railroads and the Transformation of the Ante- Bellum Economy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 322.

102 Folmsbee, Sectionalism and Internal Improvements in Tennessee, 1796-1845, 67-68.

 ͳͻͻ Ž‹–Š”‘—‰Š‹”‰‹‹ƒ–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹††Ž‡–Žƒ–‹ ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡

‹†—•–”›‘ˆ—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡š’ƒ†‡†„‡›‘†‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ• ‘’‡‹

ƒ†ƒ”‘—†‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ͳͺͷͷ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’ȋˆ‹‰—”‡͸Ȍ•Š‘™‡†Ž‹‡•–‘‡

•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•”—‹‰ˆ”‘—’’‡”‡ƒ•––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡•‘—–Šƒ†™‡•–Ǥ –‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›

Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–‹‡••—””‘—†‹‰ ƒ™‹•ǡ‘”„‡–™‡‡ ƒ™‹•ƒ†

‘š‘—–‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ• ”ƒ‹‰‡”ǡ ƒ ‘ ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡ†‡”•‘ǡŽƒ‹„‘”‡ƒ†

ƒ’„‡ŽŽǡ‹‰Š–’‘••‡••˜‡‹•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”„‡‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‘’‡‡†Ǥ

›–Š‡‹†ͳͺ͵Ͳ•ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†‘–‘Ž›ˆ‘”

‹–”ƒǦ•–ƒ–‡„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›

–Š‘•‡—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ‘””‹†‘”••— Šƒ•–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ 

ƒƒ––‡’––‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‹ ‘‹‰‰‘‘†•ƒ†‘—–‰‘‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Šƒ† Šƒ”–‡”‡†–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹ͳͺ͵ͳǤ –

™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”Œ—•–„‡Ž‘™‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǯ••‘—–Š‡”„‘—†ƒ”›ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž• ‘—Ž† ‘‡ ––‘Ž‹‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š

‡‘”‰‹ƒ–‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘”– ‹–‹‡•‘ˆŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘ƒ†ƒ˜ƒƒŠǤͳͲ͵ ͳͺ͵Ͷǡ

‡‡••‡‡’ƒ••‡†ƒ‡™ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•

ˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰’—„Ž‹ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š•–ƒ–‡Ǧ„ƒ ‡†„‘†•Ǥ‰‹‡‡” ǤǤ‡–‹–˜ƒŽ

”‡’‘”–‡†Šƒ˜‹‰•—”˜‡›‡†’”‘’‘•‡†”‘—–‡•ˆ‘””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–Š”‘—‰Š‡•–‡‡••‡‡

ˆ‘”‹–‡”‡•–‡†‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•–‘ Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ ƒ •‘ƒ†‘Ž—„‹ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”

‘–Š•‘ˆ–Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ ‡”‡’‘”–‡†‘͵ͳƒ›ͳͺ͵Ͷ–Šƒ–„‘–Š‰”‘—’•™‡”‡

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›™‡ŽŽǦ•—„• ”‹„‡†ƒ†–Šƒ–Ž‹‡•™‘—Ž†•‘‘„‡—†‡”–ƒ‡–‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡  103 Burns, History of Blount County, TN, 1795-1955, 235.

 ʹͲͲ ‹˜‡”ǡ™‹–Šƒ ‘‡ –‹‰Ž‹‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘’‘‹–•‘ˆ”‹˜‡”‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ

Š‡‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™‘—Ž†•‘‘„‡‰‹™‘”‘”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†

ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‘ˆƒDz—‹–‡””—’–‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘dz„‡–™‡‡‡™‘”ƒ†‡™

”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆƒ”‡–•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†–Š‡

•‘—–Š™‡•–ˆ‘”Dz–Š‡‹‡šŠƒ—•–‹„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡ„‡†•‘ˆ ‘ƒŽǡ˜‡‹•‘ˆ‘”‡‘ˆ

‡˜‡”›‡–ƒŽǡˆ‘—†ƒ‘‰•–Š‡”„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žƒ†’‹ –—”‡•“—‡‘—–ƒ‹•ǤdzͳͲͶ

‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”—ŽƒƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘‹••—‡„‘†• ‘˜‡”‹‰

‘‡–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆƒ‹’”‘˜‡‡–ƒˆ–‡”‹–• ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•–‘ ™ƒ•–™‘–Š‹”†•

•—„• ”‹„‡†Ǥ ͳͺ͵͸ǡ–Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†̈́ͳͷǡͲͲͲ–‘•—”˜‡›ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ”‘—–‡ˆ‘”ƒ

’”‘’‘•‡†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘‡’Š‹•–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŽ„‡”–

‹ŽŽ‡”‡ƒǡƒ‡•–‘‹–‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡™Š‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡•—”˜‡›‘”ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ‡‰‹‡‡”‡‰ƒ‰‡†‘–Š‡•—”˜‡›ǤͳͲͷ—–™Š‡”‡

™‡”‡–Š‡’”‘‘–‡”•‘ˆ‹‹‰ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ•‡–‡”’”‹•‡•‹—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡

™Š‡–Š‹•”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†™ƒ•„‡‹‰’Žƒ‡†ǫ‡’‘”–•ˆ”‘‘—–‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘•–Š”‘—‰Š‡‡••‡‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͺͶͲ•‡–‹‘‡†–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‘—–ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǤͳͲ͸

—•‹‡••Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‘˜‡–‹‘‹ͳͺ͵͸ǡƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆŽ‹‹‰‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡƒ†  104 J.B. Petitval, “Railroads in Tennessee,” Mechanics’ Magazine, and Journal of the Mechanics’ Institute (31 May 1834): 316.

105 Rule, Standard History of Knoxville, 278.

106 Petitval, 316; “R. Road Communication Between Charleston, Savannah and Nashville, Southern Quarterly Review (October 1845): 298.

 ʹͲͳ Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘„›”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”‹–Š‡

ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ’ƒ‹ ‘ˆͳͺ͵͹ǤͳͲ͹Ž–Š‘—‰Šƒ‡’Š‹•ƒ‹Ž‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹

‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺ͵ͳǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ––‡’––‘ ‘‡ –‡’Š‹•–‘–Š‡„—”‰‡‘‹‰”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‡–™‘”™ƒ•–Š‡ Šƒ”–‡”‹••—‡†–‘–Š‡‡’Š‹•ƬŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘ʹ

‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͶ͸ǤͳͲͺ

–Š‹”†˜‡–—”‡„‡‰—ƒ„‘—––Š‹••ƒ‡–‹‡™ƒ•†‡•–‹‡†ˆ‘”— Šˆƒ•–‡”

‘’Ž‡–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‹™ƒ••‡‡ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ ‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡”‘—–‡ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡•‘—–Š–‘–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡Ǧ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ„‘”†‡”ǡ™ƒ• Šƒ”–‡”‡†‹ͳͺ͵͸ǡ™‹–Š‰”‘—†„”‘‡–Š‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”Ǥ ͳͺ͵͹ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ’’”‘˜‡†ƒŽ‹‡‡ƒ•––Š”‘—‰Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒ–‘

‡‡––Š‡ ‹™ƒ••‡‡Ž‹‡Ǥ ͳͺͶͳǡ™‘”„‡‰ƒ‘–Šƒ–”‘ƒ†ǡ–Š‡‡•–‡”Ƭ–Žƒ–‹ ǡ

•‘‘–‘„‡–Š‡ ‘†—‹–ˆ‘””ƒ‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡–‘–Š‡–Žƒ–‹  ‘ƒ•–Ǥ

ˆ–‡”‡ ‘—–‡”‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ ‹™ƒ••‡‡ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡”

”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ›•–ƒ–‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ™ƒ•”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ‹

ͳͺͶͺǢ‹–•”‘—–‡ǡ’ƒ••‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡†‘”–Š™ƒ”†ƒ•ˆƒ”

ƒ•–Š‡ ”‘••‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ–‘—†‘ȋ–Š‡‘™ƒ•Žƒ‹”ǯ• ‡””›Ȍ„›

ͳͺͷʹǤ —’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽDz‹–‡”ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•dz

ˆ—†‹‰„‹ŽŽ‹ͳͺͷʹ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‹˜‡•–‡–‹–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒŽ‹‡

–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡ Šƒ”–‡”‡†‹ͳͺͶͺƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›ƒŽ•‘’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

 107 Edward A. Johnson, “Railroads,” in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, www.tennesseeencyclopedia.net [accessed 18 December 2010]

108 White, Messages of the Governors, IV.

 ʹͲʹ Ƭ ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡„‘†ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”—Žƒ†‡’‡†‡†—’‘–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–”ƒ ‹

’Žƒ ‡ǤͳͲͻ

›Žƒ–‡ͳͺͷͳǡ›‘—‰‘š˜‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘„‡”– Ǥ”•–”‘‰™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š–‘Ž–Š‡

˜‹”–—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ—ŽŽ•‡‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒŽ‹‡Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ

‹” —‹–‘—•”‡–—”–”‹’ˆ”‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ„›•–‡ƒ‡”–‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡ–Š‡„›

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ„—”‰ǡ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡƒ†—’–Š”‘—‰Š–Žƒ–ƒǡ‘‡ǡƒ†

Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ–‘ƒŽ–‘ǡŠ‡™”‘–‡ǣ

„‘ƒ”†ƒ•–‡Ǥƒ† ‡‘Ǥ‘ƒ†Ȅ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‡™ƒ†•’Ž‡†‹†Ȅ ™ƒ• ’”‘—†–‘‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‹•ǡ›Š‘‡”‘ƒ†ǡ„‘–Š‹–Š‡‰”ƒ†‹‰ǡ„”‹†‰‹‰ǡ •—’‡”•–”— –—”‡ǡ”ƒ‹Ž‹‰ǡ ƒ”•ǡŽ‘ ‘‘–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ ‘—Ž†ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž› ‘’ƒ”‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡„‡•–”‘ƒ† Šƒ†•‡‡ƒ›™Š‡”‡Ǥ •’‡‡†ƒ†‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽDzˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‹‘dz‹–”‡‹†‡†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–”‹‡”‘ƒ†‘ˆ‡™‘”Ǥ ˆ‡Ž–ƒ”‡ƒŽ ƒ†‹†‡• ”‹„ƒ„Ž‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‹–Š‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘–Šƒ–Dz‘—”•dz™‘—Ž†„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜‡”›„‡•–”‘ƒ†•‹–Š‡‹‘Ǥ‡™‡–‘˜‡”ͶͲ‹Ž‡•ƒŠ‘—”ƒ†™‡”‡ƒ– Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡ‡ǤŠ‡”‘ƒ†‹•‹”ƒ’‹†’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ›  –‘„‡”Dz–™‹ŽŽdz„‡ƒ––Š‡•ǡ„›ƒ” Šͳͺͷʹƒ–Žƒ‹”ǯ• ‡””›Ȅ‘‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‡”ǤͳͳͲ 

Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘‘—†‘–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›–”ƒ ‡†„›ͳͺͷͶǡƒ†ƒˆ–‡”

‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„”‹†‰‡‘˜‡”–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ–‘—†‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‡ˆ”‘

ƒŽ–‘–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘’‡‡†–‘‰”‡ƒ–ˆƒˆƒ”‡‹ —‡ͳͺͷͷǤͳͳͳ‡ ƒ—•‡‹–†‹†‘–›‡–

‡š–‡†ƒ•ˆƒ”™‡•–ƒ•Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ƒ†ˆ”‡‹‰Š–Šƒ†–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡Ƭ 

ƒ†–”ƒ˜‡Ž™‡•–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡•–‡”Ƭ–Žƒ–‹ Ž‹‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‹‰ ‘‡ –‹‘•–‘

 109 Rule, 278.

110 Armstrong, “Private Journal,” 168-169.

111 Burns, 235.

 ʹͲ͵ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‡’Š‹•Ǥ ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Ƭ  ‘‡ –‡††‹”‡ –Ž›

–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŽ–‘–‘–Š‡‡•–‡”Ƭ–Žƒ–‹ ƒ†’‘‹–••‘—–Š‡ƒ•–Ǥ 

 Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ Šƒ”–‡”‡†‹ͳͺͶͷǡ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–

‡‡••‡‡”‘ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹‹‰‘–Š‡‹”‹†•ǡ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”•ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ™Š‘™‘—Ž†Žƒ–‡”„‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ

”‡•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡŠƒ†ƒ•‡†‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡

‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‡”ƒ”†”‘‘•––‘•—‰‰‡•–ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‘—–‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ƒ”‡’‘”––‘

–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›‹ͳͺͶͷǤͳͳʹ›ͳͺͷͳǡ–Š‡”‘ƒ†ǡ™Š‘•‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡”‡Ž‹‡†‘

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–—‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡‡• ƒ”’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ–

‘™ƒǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡŠƒ†”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ–”‹†‰‡’‘”–ǡŽƒ„ƒƒƒ†

™ƒ•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–’ƒ”–Ž›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„›ͳͺͷ͵Ǥ†‡”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‡”‘Ǥ

–‡˜‡•‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‹‡†‡‡••‡‡ǯ•–™‘ƒŒ‘””‹˜‡”•ǡ

–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ†–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†ǡ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͺͷͶǡ–™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

ˆ‘—†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‘ƒŽǡ ”‘Ƭƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‘—‰Š–”ƒ‹

ˆ”‘ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ””‹˜‡†‹Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ‘ͳͳ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷͶǤͳͳ͵

 •‡‡‹‰ƒ†‹”‡ –”ƒ‹Ž ‘‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”ƒ–ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘

–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ–Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ†‘–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†ǡ–‡˜‡•‘ǡ–Š‡

‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ•‘Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™‘ˆƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡„ƒ‡” ‘ŠǤƒ••ȋƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡  112 Troost’s report [House Journal appendix 1845-46, pp. 65-75] was critical to Overton and Nicholson’s ability to spur interest in a route extending through the coal resources of the Cumberland mountains. S.J. Folmsbee,”The Origins of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad,” The East Tennessee Historical Society Publications 6 (1934), 86.

113Zella W. Armstrong, A History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, TN (1940; repr., Johnson City: Overmountain Press, 1993), 119.

 ʹͲͶ ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž—‹Ž†‹‰‘‹••‹‘Ȍǡƒ›Šƒ˜‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰

•’‡‡†›–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ•— Š˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‰‘ƒ•ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ –‘„‡”ͳͺͶͷSouthern

Quarterly Review ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡDzǤ‘ƒ†‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‡–™‡‡Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡƒ˜ƒƒŠ

ƒ†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡdz‡–‹‘‡†–™‘ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ǣ‘‡‹‡ƒ•–ƒ†‘‡‹‹††Ž‡Ǥ

‡”Šƒ’•–ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡“—ƒ””›™ƒ•„‘‘•–‡””Š‡–‘”‹ Ǥ”‡•—‹‰–Š‡

ˆ‘”‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹ ‡ǯ• ƒ™‹•‘—–›“—ƒ””›ǡ™Šƒ– ‘—Ž†–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ǫ

‹ ‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ––‡”•ǡ ‘—Ž†‹–Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘ƒ†‘™–‘™ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡•–‘‡›ƒ”†‹™Š‹ Šƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ

Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†”‡•‹†‡–‡”‘Ǥ–‡˜‡•‘Šƒ†ƒ‹–‡”‡•–ǫ— Šƒ

„—•‹‡••™‘—Ž† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ••‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

Š‡Šƒ†„‡‰—’Žƒ‹‰‹ͳͺͶͷǤŠƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ–‡˜‡•‘•‘Ž†ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡

ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•–‘ ‹Š‹•‡™˜‡–—”‡‹—‰—•–ƒȋ̈́ʹͷͲǡͲͲͲȌƒ†Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘

ȋ̈́ͷͲͲǡͲͲͲȌƒ†‡Œ‘›‡†–Š‡•–ƒ— Š•—’’‘”–‘ˆ‡ƒ–‘” ‘ŠǤƒŽŠ‘—‘ˆ‘—–Š

ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤͳͳͶ

 ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡ƒ•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ Šƒ”–‡”‡†‹„‘–Š‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‡–— ›‹ͳͺͷͲǡ™‘—Ž†‹–‡”•‡ –ƒ–

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ– —–Š”‹‡ǡ‡–— ›ǡ‘–Š‡

‡–— ›Ǧ‡‡••‡‡Ž‹‡ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡’Š‹•ƒ†Š‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ••‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡

‡’Š‹•ǡŽƒ”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥͳͳͷ”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ—†‡†„›–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ

 114 Armstrong, A History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, TN, 119.

115 Kincaid A. Herr, The Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 1850-1963 (1964, repr., Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), 21-22.

 ʹͲͷ ‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡–— › ‹–‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‘—–‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•’Žƒ‡†„›•ƒ˜˜›

‹˜‡•–‘”•ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‡‰‘ˆƒ‘†‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†ˆ‘”™ƒ”†

‘”–Š‡”‰‘‘†•‹–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡’‘—–ŠǤ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘‘›Ž‡Šƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†

–Šƒ–™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ƭ‹ͳͺͷͻǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ••–”‘‰Ž›’”‘Ǧ‹‘Ǥ‘

ƒ––‡”™Šƒ––Š‡‹”•‡–‹‡–•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ǡƒ‰”›ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•’”‘–‡•–‡†™Š‡

‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•„—”‡†–Š‡Ƭ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„”‹†‰‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‹–›‹

ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺ͸ʹǤˆ–‡”–Š‡„”‹†‰‡™ƒ•”‡’ƒ‹”‡†ǡ

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†ˆ”‘ ‘–‹—‘—•”ƒ‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›

–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ•—’’Ž› ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ”›Ǥͳͳ͸

Š‡‡’Š‹•ƬŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†”‡ƒ Š‡†–‡˜‡•‘ǡŽƒ„ƒƒǡ‘–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ǡ‹‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͷͷǤ –•Šƒ”‡†–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ–”ƒ •‹–‘

Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǢ„‘–ŠŽ‹‡•”‡Ž‹‡†‘–Š‡‡•–‡”Ƭ–Žƒ–‹ –‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†–‘

–Š‡’‘”– ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ‘”‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤ ƒ›ͳͺͷ͹ǡ ‘ŠǤƒŽŠ‘—ƒ†ƒ

†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ›‘”‘ˆŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘’‘—”‡†„‘––Ž‡•‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹–‘–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ–Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡƒ†ǡŽƒ–‡”ǡ‹–‘–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹‹˜‡”ƒ–‡’Š‹•ǡ‹

ƒ ‡”‡‘›†‡•‹‰‡†–‘•‡ƒŽ–Š‡„‘†•‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡„‡–™‡‡‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰‘—–Š‡”

•–ƒ–‡•Ǥͳͳ͹

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‘ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒ™‡”‡„‡‹‰‡š–‡†‡†

‹Ž‡„›‹Ž‡–‘‡‡–‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡ǡ„‡‰‹‹‰‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘‘‡‡†ƒ†”‹•–‘Ž‘

 116 Don H. Doyle, Nashville in the New South: 1880-1930 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985), 14.

117 Ibid., 120.

 ʹͲ͸ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ‘Ž–‘ǯ•ͳͺͷͷMap of Kentucky & Tennessee, ‹ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„‘‘•–‡”‹•ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†”‘—–‡Ǥ

Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†Œ‘‹‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•–ƒ†™‡•–„”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ǡ‡ƒ” ”‡‡‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ†‹†

‘––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡—–‹ŽͳͺͷͺǤͳͳͺ

ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡Ƭ„›’ƒ••‡†

‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ™Š‘•‡ ‹–‹œ‡•Šƒ†”‡•‹•–‡†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†™ƒ˜‡‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

’”‘‘–‡”•Ǥͳͳͻƒ•–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘

–Š‡™ƒ‡„›–Š‹•–‹‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•—’’Ž›™ƒ•„‡‰‹‹‰–‘„‡†‡’Ž‡–‡†ǫ

Š‹Ž‡•‘‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ — –‹‘ǡ

„‡–™‡‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹‡ƒ–—ŽŽ• ƒ’Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡Žƒ‹†’”‹‘”–‘

–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ‘”‡Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”ƒ’Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‹•ǤͳʹͲHarper’s

Weekly’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒDzƒ”ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡŠ‘™‹‰ŽŽ–Š‡–”ƒ–‡‰‹ 

‘‹–•dz•‘‘ƒˆ–‡”„”‹†‰‡„—”‹‰•„›‹‘Ž‘›ƒŽ‹•–•Šƒ†–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‹‘˜‡„‡”

ͳͺ͸ͳǤ–Š‹•ƒ’ǡ™Š‹ Š Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•Š‘™‡†–Š‡ƬŽ‹‡ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘”‹•–‘Ž

™‹–Š•–ƒ–‹‘•‹„‡–™‡‡Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ––”ƒ™„‡””›Žƒ‹•ǡ‡™ƒ”‡–ǡ‘””‹•–‘™ǡ

—••‡ŽŽ˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ”‡‡‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠ‡ƒ–‘™ǡ ‘‡•„‘”‘ȏ•‹ Ȑǡƒ”–‡”ǡ‹‘ǡŽ‘—–•˜‹ŽŽ‡ȏ•‹ Ȑǡ

 118 John Fain Anderson’s ca. 1900 memoir is based on childhood recollections of construction of the railroad by his father and uncles. ET&V President Samuel Blair Cunningham drove the last spike on 14 May 1858 at Midway, a town between Morristown and Greeneville, at Kibler’s Field, 2 ½ miles west of Blue Spring. Archives of Appalachia, East Tennessee State University Library, John Fain Anderson papers; McGaughey, “A Succinct History of the Road ETN&Va,” Knoxville Register, 21 May 1858.

119 Price, Hawkins County: A Pictorial History, 276.

120 Price, Old Rogersville: An Illustrated History, 241.

 ʹͲ͹ ‹–•Š‘™‡†‡‹–Š‡”—ŽŽǯ• ƒ’‘”–Š‡•’—”Ž‹‡ˆ”‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ — –‹‘–‘

‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥͳʹͳ ǤǤŽ‘›†ǯ•Official Map of the State of Tennessee, ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͺ͸͵ǡ

•Š‘™‡†ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–‘’ƒ–—ŽŽǯ• ƒ’ǡ•‘‡•‹š–‡‡‹Ž‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒŽ‘•–

†‹”‡ –Ž›„‡Ž‘™‘‘”‡•„—”‰™Š‡”‡–Š‡“—ƒ””›‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›™ƒ•ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š

™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ǡ„—–‰ƒ˜‡‘‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•’—”Ž‹‡—’–‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘

‡ ‘‘‹•–‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‹ Š‘Ž•ǯ••–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

•’—”‘ˆˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘”‹•–‘ŽŽ‹‡ǡ‘–›‡– ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹–‘ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ™‘—Ž†

„‡†‡Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‡ ƒ†‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥͳʹʹ

‡ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰„‹–‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‰—‡•ˆ‘”ƒ’”‡Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‘‡ –‹‘–‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‹•ƒͳͺ͸Ͷƒ’ ”‡ƒ–‡†„›‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘”’•‘ˆ

‰‹‡‡”•‹‡—–‡ƒ–”Žƒ†‘‡– ƒŽˆ‡‘‡ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳ͸ȌǤŠ‡ƒ’ǡ†”ƒ™–‘• ƒŽ‡ǡ

™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘ˆ‡›‹’‘”–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ”›ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡

‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆˆ—”‹•Š‹‰ƒ —”ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•‘ˆ

—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

 121 Harper’s Weekly 21 December 1861, 807.

122 William H. Nicholls, “Some Foundations of Economic Development in the Upper East Tennessee Valley, 1850-1900,” Journal of Political Economy 64, no. 4 (1956), 280-282.

 ʹͲͺ

‹‰—”‡ͳͷǤ”Žƒ†‘Ǥ‘‡ǡEast Tennessee North of Loudonǡͳͺ͸ͶǤ‘—”–‡•› ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ   –Š‹•ƒ’ǡ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ — –‹‘‹••Š‘™Œ—•–ƒ„‘˜‡—ŽŽǯ• ƒ’ǡ™‹–Šƒ•’—”Ž‹‡

”—‹‰‘”–Šǡƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”ǡ‹–‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

”‡’‘”–•ˆ”‘ ‘ƒ†‡”•‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡‡–‹‘•ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„”‹†‰‡‘˜‡”–Š‡

‘Ž•–‘ƒ–‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡˜‡†—”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•„›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘ƒ†‡”•ƒ—‡ŽǤ

ƒ”–‡”ȋ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺ͸ʹǦ ƒ—ƒ”›͸͵Ȍƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤƒ†‡”•ȋ —‡ͳͺ͸͵Ȍ™Š‡–Š‡

‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–‘†‡•–”‘›ƒŽŽ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘ƒ†

„”‹†‰‡•‹–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‘””‹†‘”Ǥͳʹ͵Š—•ǡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ

‡”›”‹ ‡ƒ›„‡ ‘””‡ –‹•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡•’—”Ž‹‡ȋ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘‘”

‡‡••‡‡ƬŠ‹‘ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡ Šƒ”–‡”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘—–‡ˆ”‘—ŽŽǯ• ƒ’–‘

 123 United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), O.R. Series I, XX (1): 86-87, 88-92[Carter]; O.R. Series I, XXIII (1): 385-386, 386-389 [Sanders]

 ʹͲͻ ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺͷͺȌƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‘Ž›ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”„›

ͳͺ͸ͳǤͳʹͶ

”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†ǯ•ͳͺͷͷƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•

‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ȋˆ‹‰—”‡͸Ȍ‹ Ž—†‡†‘”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•ƒ–ƒŽŽǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡’‘”–

–Šƒ–ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ƒ’•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹ƒ”„Ž‡˜‡‹•ǡ‹ ƒ™‹•ǡ‘šǡƒ†

 ‹‘—–‹‡•ǡDzƒ”‡ —–„›ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„›

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ”‡†‡”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ‡š–‡•‹˜‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ–Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ

‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ†ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡’‘‹–•ǤdzͳʹͷŠ‹••ƒ‡”‡’‘”–ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡‘š

‘—–›Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ“—ƒ””›„‡‹‰™‘”‡†„› ƒ‡•Ž‘ƒƒ•™‹–Š‹–™‘‹Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥͳʹ͸‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

‹ Ž—†‹‰–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡•‹†‡–Ž‘ƒǡ™‡”‡™‹–Š‹ Ž‘•‡’”‘š‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡™

Ƭ”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•Ǥͳʹ͹Š‡Ƭ ƒ†–Š‡Ƭǡ™‹–Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†•‹†‡„›

 124 Price, Old Rogersville, 241.

125 Safford, A Geological Reconnoissance, 105.

126 “The production in Knox County has been considerable, and will rapidly increase. In 1852, Mr. James Sloan opened a quarry in a range of variegated marble, which, in its south-westward course, runs but little west, or north-west, of Knoxville. This range is many miles in length, affords an unlimited amount of valuable marble, and is intersected by the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, and we believe by the Holston. Mr. Sloan’s quarry is admirably located on a low ridge, being not quite two miles north of Knoxville, and but a few hundred yards from the line of the railroad. From this point all of the variegated marble in our State Capitol has been derived.” Safford, A Geological Reconnoissance, 108.

127 It is possible that Zollicoffer was referring to Sloan’s quarry in his Capitol Hill conversation with Captain Montgomery Meigs, although I have found no indication of any quarry ownership on his part in Knox County property deeds. As previously noted,  ʹͳͲ •‹†‡‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•– ‘–‹—‘—•‰ƒ—‰‡•‘ˆ•‘—–Š‡”–”ƒ 

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥͳʹͺ –• ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‹ͳͺͷͺ’”‘‹•‡†–‘ƒ‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ

–Š”‘—‰Š”‘—–‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‘‡ –‹‘•™‡•–ǡ™‹–Š•Š‹’’‹‰ǡ’‘”–ƒ‰‹‰ǡƒ†”ƒ‹Ž

‘‡ –‹‘•˜‹ƒ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”–‘–Š‡Š‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ǡƒ†„›”‹˜‡”

ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž–‘–Š‡–Žƒ–‹  ‘ƒ•–˜‹ƒŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ†ƒŽ–‘Ǥͳʹͻ

Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͺͷͷ‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡

ƒ”‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ƒŠ‡ƒ†•–ƒ”–‘˜‡”‹–• ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–‹–Š‡‘”‡‹•‘Žƒ–‡† ƒ™‹•

‘—–›ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ ‡••ˆ”‘”‹˜‡”–‘”ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ––Šƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•

—’•–”‡ƒ ‘—Ž†ˆŽ‘ƒ–„Ž‘ •†‘™•–”‡ƒ–‘‘ ‘”†ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘–‘”ƒ‹Ž ƒ”•‰‘‹‰

•‘—–Šǡ‘”•‡†–Š‡‹–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡„›™ƒ‰‘ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡Ƭ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‰‘‹‰

‘”–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–Ǥƒ”„Ž‡‹ŽŽ•ƒ†›ƒ”†••‘‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•

ƒ†Ȁ‘”‡š––‘ ‹”•–ƒ†‡ ‘†”‡‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‹–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Œ—•–•‘—–Š‘ˆ

 Sloan did own a Knoxville marble quarry by 1856. Prior to that he may have leased a quarry, or perhaps secured quarry rights through unrecorded leases.

128 Standard gauge in the Southern states was 5,’ while the width of the majority of rails in the North and Mid-West was 4’8.5.” Roger Pickenpaugh has described the northern railroads as superior in many aspects. Many of the southern roads had thin strips of iron attached to wooden rails as opposed to iron rails. In addition, on the eve of the Civil War the South also had only about half as much rolling stock, and many of the lines entering major cities, particularly the port cities, were discontinuous. Roger Pickenpaugh, Rescue by Rail: Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West, 1863 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 19.

129 The route from Chattanooga to Bristol would also be of critical importance to the Confederacy who hoped also to use continuous gauge railroad transportation along the main corridor for moving men and materials into the valley of Virginia. National Railroad Historical Society, “An Introduction to Railroads of East Tennessee and Western North Carolina” (Knoxville: NRHS Convention, 1975), 23.

 ʹͳͳ †‘™–‘™‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥͳ͵Ͳ‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡

‹ˆŽƒ–‡†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡††‹•ŠǦ„”‘™ ƒ™‹•‘—–›•–‘‡Ȅ–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡™‘”–Š‡”‡•‹ ‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͺͶͲ•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡•‘Ž†ƒŽ‘•–

‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”—•‡Ǥͳ͵ͳŠ‘•‡†‡•‹”‘—•‘ˆ—•‹‰‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•

†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽȋ‡š–‡”‹‘”Ȍ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‘‡†•‘—–Š–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™Š‡”‡

–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ† ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ƒ‘‰•—’’Ž‹‡”•

ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†‡‡’’”‹ ‡•†‘™Ǥ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡„‡Ž–‘ˆ

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‘—†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ„—––Š‡’‹ƒ†‰”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ —””‡†‹‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›

ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͳ͵ʹ

Ž‘•– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ͳͺͷͷ ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ Ƭ

‡‘”‰‹ƒ ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›ǡ ™Š‘•‡ –”ƒ • •‹”–‡† –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”ǯ• ‘”–Š‡” „ƒŒ—•–™‡•–‘ˆ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’„‡ŽŽǯ•–ƒ–‹‘•Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘ƒ

‡™ Ž‘ —•Ǥ ‡ ‘” ‘”‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ “—ƒ””‹‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘’‡‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ ‹‹–›Ǥͳ͵͵ 

ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǯ•ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǡ ƒ‡•Ǥ‘†‰‡”•ǡ™Š‘‘™‡† Žƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š

™Š‹ Š–Š‡–”ƒ‹Ž‹‡•’ƒ••‡†™‡•–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠƒ†•—„†‹˜‹†‡†Š‹•Žƒ†‹–‘ˆ‹ˆ–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡  130The Standard History of Knoxville, which was compiled in the late 1880s, made the assertion that “Marble is found along all the railroads running into Knoxville,” as if marble had been discovered after the lines had been laid. Is it more likely that the railroad routes were politically-directed and railroad stockholders had tangible interests in mind when subscribing for shares of the new roads. Rule, Standard History of Knoxville, 204.

131 Goodspeed’s, 269.

132 Gordon, 1911, 13, 15.

133 S.L. King opened a quarry on the lands of W.T. Smith in Concord in 1856, according to Goodspeed’s, 268.

 ʹͳʹ Ž‘–•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‡™˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ‡†‘ ‘”†‹ͳͺͷͶǤͳ͵Ͷ‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‘ˆ•–‘‡ —––‡”•

‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ™Š‘•‡ƒ‡•‹ Ž—†‡† ƒŽ„”ƒ‹–Šƒ†‹ˆ”‡›ǡ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡† –‘

‘ ‘”†•‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡†‹–Š‡Žƒ––‡”–‘™Ǥͳ͵ͷ

›ͳͺͷͺǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡”•ƒ†ˆ”‡‹‰Š– ‘—Ž†„‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡•‘—–Š™ƒ”†„›

–”ƒ‹–‘’‘”–•–Šƒ– ‘‡ –‡†„›•Š‹’ǡƒ†–‘’‘‹–•‘”–Š˜‹ƒ”ƒ‹Ž‹–‘–Š‡

Š‡ƒ†‘ƒŠƒŽŽ‡›ƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ‘‡•‹š–›‹Ž‡•‘”–Š‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡

ƒ‹Ƭ”‘—–‡•‹”–‡†–Š‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ™Š‡”‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›ǯ••—’’Ž‹‡”•

Ž‹˜‡†Ǥ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’”‘‹‡–„—•‹‡••Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǡŠƒ†•—’’‘”–‡†

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–‘˜‡‡–•ˆ‘””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™Š‡ƒ”ƒ‹Ž

’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰‹”‰‹‹ƒ™ƒ•—†‡”

†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‹‰Šƒ† ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‡ˆˆ‘”–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†™Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ƒ‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͷͲ•ǡ–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ

ƒ™‹•‘—–›”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘•—„• ”‹„‡‹Žƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Š—„‡”•–‘„”‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

–‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•”‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆƒ–‘™–Šƒ–’”‹†‡•‹–•‡Žˆƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡•–‹

 134 National Register Nomination, Concord Village Historic District, entered 22 October 1987. According to the narrative description, one of the earliest homes in Concord is the extant circa 1840 Galbraith residence, 1100 Clay Road, a two-story, three-bay frame house on a stone foundation, with a double front door, transom and sidelights, and flanking brick end chimneys.

135 The Winfrey Brothers Company continued in the skilled practice of stonesetting for large construction projects well into the twentieth century. Winfrey family history supplied by personal interview and correspondence with Andy Winfrey, Lexington, KY, and Frank Galbraith, Concord, TN.

 ʹͳ͵ ‡‡••‡‡™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–Ž‘•‹‰˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‹–›Ž‹‹–•–‘–Š‡

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†”‹‰Š–Ǧ‘ˆǦ™ƒ›Ǥͳ͵͸

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ƒ –‹˜‡’”‘‘–‡”•‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—–Š„‡ ƒ‡ ƒ—‰Š–

—’‹–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡•‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‘”–Šƒ†‘—–Š‘˜‡”–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

•–ƒ–‡•–‘•ƒ –‹‘•Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥ•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡–‹‘•–Šƒ–

–‘‘’Žƒ ‡‹ͳͺͷ͹ǡͳͺͷͺǡƒ†ͳͺͷͻ•Š‘™•–Šƒ–†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡••Š‹ˆ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡

ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘•Šƒ”‡‹”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ˆ—†‹‰ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡ƒ†‡„› ‘ŠǤ

ƒŽŠ‘—ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ƒ––Š‡ͳͺͶͷ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•ǡ–‘ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”

•—’’‘”–‹‡ƒ Š•–ƒ–‡Ǥͳ͵͹

 Š‡‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‘˜‡”‘” •Šƒ ƒ””‹•’Ž‡†‰‡†–‘ƒ‹†–Š‡

‘–Š‡”‘—–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹Ž›ƒˆ–‡””‡•‹†‡–‹ ‘Žǯ• ƒŽŽˆ‘”–”‘‘’•–‘’—–†‘™

–Š‡‹•—””‡ –‹‘ƒ– ‘”–—–‡”‹’”‹Žͳͺ͸ͳǡŠ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡•‡”˜‹‰ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹•—’’Ž›Ž‹‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›ǡ•‹ ‡‹–•”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•

‘™ ‘‡ –‡†‡’Š‹•ƒ†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ””‘™Ž›™‹‹‰ƒ

”‡ˆ‡”‡†—‘–Š‡•‡ ‡••‹‘‹••—‡ǡ ƒ””‹•ƒ›‡˜‡Šƒ˜‡‡˜‹•‹‘‡†–Š‡‡™

‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ•Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›Ǥͳ͵ͺ—–‘”†‹ƒ”›

 136 Price, Hawkins County Tennessee: A Pictorial History, 61.

137 Vicki Vaughn Johnson,The Men and Vision of the Southern Commercial Conventions, 1845-1871 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 105-107.

138 A map published in Harper’s Weekly some months before the official outbreak of war, was accompanied by text describing Tennessee as being “destined to be the seat of war in the West“ and the city of Nashville “which, according to some authorities, is destined to be the rebel capital.” Harper’s Weekly, 21 December 1861, 507. According to a summary of the building’s history compiled by Mary Ellen Gadski, the building was offered as a potential capitol to the Confederate States and the CSA  ʹͳͶ ‡‡••‡ƒ•ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•‘‡‡™ ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•–Š‡•›„‘Ž‘ˆƒ

•–ƒ–‡‘–Š‡‡˜‡‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›‹–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰—”„ƒ ‡–‡”‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”‡••‹‰

™‡•–™ƒ”†ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Š‘’‡†–‘„‡•’ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–‹†‹‰‹–›Ǥ‘†‘—„––Š‡›ƒŽ•‘Ž‘‘‡†

ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ’”‘‹•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•

Ž‹‹‰‡‡••‡‡‘–‘Ž›–‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡™ƒ”‡–•„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘–Š‡ ‡–‡”•‘ˆ

’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ† —Ž–—”‡Ǥͳ͵ͻ

Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ†‡ ‹†‡†‡ ‘‘‹ „‘‘•–ˆ”‘

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡Šƒ ‡†‹–•‹‘•‡–‹‡–•Ǥ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ˆ‘”ͳͺͷͻǡ–Š”‡‡

›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”‹•–‘ŽƬ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‹‡ǡƒ†‘‡›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”

–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‡†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†”‹•–‘Žǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –ƒ

†‡ ‹†‡†Œ—’‹ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘—–’—–ˆ‘”ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†‰ƒ‹•

ˆ‘”‘š‘—–›ƒ†–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ‘—–‹‡•ǤͳͶͲŠ‡›‡ƒ”ͳͺͷͻ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒŠ‹‰Š

’‘‹–‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ™‹–Š„—•‹‡••‡•

ƒŽ‘•–‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›‘™‡†ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‡†Ǥ

 issued a twenty-dollar bill depicting the new Tennessee State House. Mary Ellen Gadski, Tennessee State Capitol: Historic Structure Report (Albany, NY: Mendel Mesick Cohen Waite Hall Architects, 1986), 39. Mary Ellen Gadski, The Tennessee State Capitol: An Architectural History” Tennessee Historical Quarterly XLVII, no. 2 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1988), 93. Walter T. Durham, Nashville: The Occupied City, 1862-1863 (1985, repr., Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2008), image caption, 160j.

139 The rail lines, which were vital for the transport of troops and war materiel, became strategic targets for both Union and Confederate armies. Their destruction is bound to have been a painful symbol of the cost of conflict to Tennessee’s economic progress.

140 Fishlow, 282.

 ʹͳͷ —”‹‘—•Ž›ǡ ƒ™‹•ƒ†‘ ‡ ‘—–‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡†‹ͳͺ͸Ͳ

ƒ†ͳͺ͹Ͳǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›†”‘’‹ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡ǣ

ƒ™‹•ˆ‘”ͳͺ͸Ͳǡƒ†‘ ‡ˆ‘”ͳͺ͹Ͳƒ†ͳͺͺͲǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡›”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†–‘”ƒ

͸–Šƒ†ͳͲ–Š‹ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘—–’—–ˆ‘”–Š‡–™‡–›Ǧ ‘—–›ƒ”‡ƒ„›ͳͻͲͲǤ –ƒ’’‡ƒ”•

–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ˆ‹”•––‘ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•Š‘™‹‰•–”‘‰‡ ‘‘‹ 

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‹‰–ƒ”‰‡–‡†–‘‰ƒ”‡”–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–”‡˜‡—‡ˆ”‘–Š‡

‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•ǤͳͶͳ‘ƒ––‡”™Š›–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡–™‘””‡ƒ Š‹‰

ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•‹–†‹†ǡ–Š‡‡š–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•™‘—Ž†•‡‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘—–’—––‘–ƒŽ•†™ƒ”ˆ‡†„›–Š‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ȅ‹–•™Š‡ƒ–

ƒ†ˆŽ‘—”’”‘†— –‹‘•—”’ƒ••‡†„›‹†™‡•–‡”’”‘†— ‡”•ǡƒ†‹–•‹”‘‹†—•–”›

‘—–†‘‡„›‡™ˆ—”ƒ ‡•‹‹––•„—”‰ŠǡŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡƒ†‹”‹‰ŠƒǤͳͶʹ

‹–Š–Š‡‘—–„”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡‡™Ž›‘’‡‡†Ž‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡•‡‹œ‡†

ˆ‘”—•‡ƒ••—’’Ž›Ž‹‡•‘”†ƒƒ‰‡†„›”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰•‘Ž†‹‡”•‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•ǤͳͶ͵Š‡ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǯ•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒ••‡–•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‡ ‡–†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘„›Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ’—”‰‡‘‹‰ǡƒ

‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ –‹˜‹–›Dz”‡˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ”‘—††‡ˆ‡†‹‰‘”–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰–Š‡˜‹–ƒŽ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡Ž‹‡ǤdzͳͶͶ —”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”™ƒ•

 141 Ibid., 285.

142 Ibid., 293.

143 On 31 January 1862, the United States Congress passed an act allowing President Lincoln to seize telegraph lines and railroad lines. Pickenpaugh, 19.

144 Written from the perspective of military strategy, this paper provides an analysis of the upper East Tennessee environment using cultural landscape  ʹͳ͸ ’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‡†ǡ‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„”‹†‰‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒŽ‹‡„›„‘–Š•‹†‡•ǤͳͶͷ‡’‘”–•ˆ”‘ ‘ƒ†‡”•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹

‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺ͸͵”‡ˆ‡”–‘–”‘‘’•–ƒ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ‹ˆ”‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡to the riverǡ™Š‹ Š

•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†ˆ”‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡

— –‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”–‘–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•

‘„”‹†‰‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ǤͳͶ͸‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„”‹†‰‡‘ƒ›’”‡Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”ƒ’•ǡƒ†‘‡–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡„‡‹‰†‡•–”‘›‡†  methodology. Spurgeon C. King, “The Geography of the Civil War: Conflict and Legacy in Upper East Tennessee, 1861-1865” (Ph.D. diss., Middle Tennessee State University, 2009), iii.

145 The Confederate States Army actually scavenged iron from railroads (particularly spur lines) deemed unimportant and transported it for use elsewhere. One such incident appears to have occurred at Rogersville, during the occupation of the area by confederate troops. A letter from Lt. Col. A.L. Rives to Col. C.F. M. Garnett, dated 22 January 1864, indicates that such might have been the fate of the Rogersville branch railroad. “The condition of things in East Tennessee is such as to invite a prompt and vigorous effort to save the iron from the Rogersville Branch Railroad. This section of the country is now within our lines, and sufficiently protected to admit of the Operations (sic) of a working party employed on the removal of the iron, whilst the reconstruction of the bridges on the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, which, according to information received at the bureau, will be completed within a week, will afford means of transporting the iron removed from the road in question.” O.R. Series I, XXXIII:60. As early as the spring of 1862, Confederate President Jefferson Davis was faced with the reality that in order to maintain the southern-owned railroad network, some roads were going to have to be sacrificed to supply others. Robert C. Black III, The Railroads of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 200.

146 Reports of a battle near Rogersville on 6 November 1863, which resulted in the surrender of federal troops belonging to the Second East Tennessee Mounted Infantry, make no mention of a bridge across the Holston River anywhere near Rogersville, instead referring to various fords. Union Brigadier General James M. Shackelford wrote the day after the battle: “the enemy … has not exceeding 3,500 mounted men … his infantry will not cross the rivers … they are not doing one thing by way of rebuilding bridges, &c.” O.R. Series I, XXXI.

 ʹͳ͹ „›‹‘Ǧ•›’ƒ–Š‹œ‹‰„”‹†‰‡Ǧ„—”‡”•ǡ‘‡‹‰Š–ƒ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡„”‹†‰‡™ƒ•‘–

‘’Ž‡–‡†’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡™ƒ”ǤͳͶ͹ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‘’Ž‡–‡‘

”Žƒ†‘‘‡ǯ•ͳͺ͸Ͷƒ’ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳ͸Ȍǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ”›–”‘‘’•ǡ‘ ‡–Š‡›

”‡‰ƒ‹‡†’‘••‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒˆ–‡”‘‰•–”‡‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡†ˆ‘”‹ Š‘†‹ƒ” ŠǦ

’”‹Žͳͺ͸Ͷǡ„—‹Ž–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†„”‹†‰‡ƒ ”‘••

–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”–‘‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

 Š‡’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ƒ†‹–•

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‹ ‡–”ƒŽŽ›ǦŽ‘ ƒ–‡†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡„›–Š‡ͳͺͺͲ••—‰‰‡•–•‘–‘Ž›–Š‡

‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ–”ƒ‹”‘—–‡•‡ƒƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘–Šƒ– ‹–›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡

’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–‹˜‡•–‘”•Ȅ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡ǡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•‰”‘™‹‰‡™

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰„—•‹‡••‡•ǡ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡ˆ‘”‡”‹‘•‘Ž†‹‡”•™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡

•–ƒ–‹‘‡†‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ȅ™‡”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‘•‡™Š‘•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡

‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ

The Joining of Agriculture and Industry

˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‡ ‘‘›ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡Ž›

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ„›–Š‡’‘™‡”•‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ǡ’”‘†— –‹‘Šƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡ƒ

‹š–—”‡‘ˆ•–ƒ’Ž‡ ”‘’•ǡŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ǡ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†ƒˆ‡™ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†

‰‘‘†•Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘ƒŽ†‹–‡”•Šƒ•ƒ††‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒ–‘

•–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻͶͲ•„›Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ• ”ƒǤƒ† ƒ””‹‡–Ǥ™•Ž‡›

 147 King, 40.  ʹͳͺ ˆ”‘ ‘—–›”‡ ‘”†•ƒ†—’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‡•—•†‘ —‡–•ǤŠ‡‹” ‘ Ž—•‹‘

™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ†Žƒ„ƒƒ

™‡”‡‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••ǡ‘•–Ž›‘Ǧ•Žƒ˜‡Š‘Ž†‹‰ǡ›‡‘ƒˆƒ”‡”•™Š‘”ƒ‹•‡†ˆ‘‘†•–—ˆˆ•

ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ”‘’•ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–Ȅ‘–’Žƒ–‡”•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹‘‘ —Ž–—”‡

—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤͳͶͺ‹–‡”•ˆ‘—†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ‡‡••‡‡ˆƒ”‡”•

”ƒ‹•‡† ‘”ˆ‘”•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ŠƒŽˆ™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ•–ƒ’Ž‡ ”‘’ȋ–‘„ƒ ‘ǡ

‘––‘ǡ•™‹‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ–‘”‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‰”ƒ‹•ƒ†‰”ƒ••‡••— Šƒ•ˆŽƒš‘”Š‡’ǡ™‘‘Žǡ

•‹ŽȌˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ”‡–Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‘Ž›ƒ”‘—†–™‡Ž˜‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆ

‡‡••‡ƒ•‘™‡†‘”‡–Šƒ–™‡–›•Žƒ˜‡•ǡ‹–‡”•‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ

–Š‘•‡™Š‘˜‘–‡†ˆ‘”•‡ ‡••‹‘™‡”‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹•–•–‹‡†–‘ƒ”—”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ǤͳͶͻ

 ‡‡••‡‡‰‘˜‡”‘”•‹–Š‡ͳͺͶͲ•ƒ†ͳͺͷͲ•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Šƒ–

‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ„‘”‡”•ƒ†•ƒŽŽƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘™ƒ•–Š‡

•–ƒ–—•“—‘ƒ†–Š‡›ˆ‹”Ž›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•™‡”‡‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘ •‘ˆƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡ ‘‘›ǤͳͷͲ‡––Š‡•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘Š‹”‡ƒ•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–†‹†‘– ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡—–‹Žͳͺ͹ͳǤ

‡–‹ͳͺͷͶǡ–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ•‡ ‘†•–ƒ–‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ  148 Frank L. and Harriet C. Owsley, “The Economic Basis of Society in the Late Ante-Bellum South,” Journal of Southern History, 8, no. 1 (1940), 30; “The Economic Structure of Rural Tennessee, 1850-1860,” Journal of Southern History 8, no. 2 (1942), 179. 149Donald Winters, Tennessee Farmers, Tennessee Farming: Antebellum Agriculture in the Upper South (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1994),121, 192.

150 Whig Governor Neill Brown (1847-49) advocated for the opening of rivers and road construction to allow access to markets and private enterprise to “unlock the mountains and pour out the hidden stores of mineral wealth.” He also claimed that “Her agricultural and manufacturing facilities are happily blended.” White, 181-182.

 ʹͳͻ •—”˜‡›ǡƒ’’‘‹–‹‰ ƒ‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ–

—„‡”Žƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘†‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‡–Š‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ

‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‘’‡‡†ǡŠ‡‡™‹–•‡™ Š‹‡ˆǡ ‘•‡’Š— ‡”‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡˆ”‘–Š‡

ˆ‘”‡•–”›™‘”ǤŠ‡–™‘‡„‡ ƒ‡ Ž‘•‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡

‡•—‹‰†‡ ƒ†‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

‹‹‰ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡‡”‰‡†‹–‘‘‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‹

‡‡••‡‡Ǥ

 —”‹‘—•Ž›ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ‰‡†ƒǡ‡‡••‡‡™ƒ•

„‡––‡””‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›‹–•‹‡”ƒŽ•–Šƒ‹–•’”‘†— –•‘ˆ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–™‡–››‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”

ƒ––Š‡ͳͺ͹͸‡–‡‹ƒŽš’‘•‹–‹‘‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤŠ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒŽ‹•–‡†

ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡„‘ƒ”†‘ˆƒƒ‰‡”•ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ǡ„—– ǤǤ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™

•‡‡•‘––‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

• Š‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹‡šŠ‹„‹–ŠƒŽŽ™ƒ• ‘ ‡‹˜‡†„›‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹•–‹ŽŽ‹ƒŠ‹’’•

Žƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǤŽƒ‡’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡†ƒˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™ƒ•–‘

’”‘˜‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹ ‘‹‰†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆƒ••‹˜‡”‡•‘—” ‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤŽƒ‡ǯ•

’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†Dz”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•dzȋ‹‡”ƒŽǡ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ‹ƒŽȌƒ•–Š‡

ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥͳͷͳƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–—”‡ǡ

™ƒ•–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‘ˆƒ™ƒ”†•ˆ‘” ”‘—’ ǣ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡ‹‹‰ǡƒ†‡–ƒŽŽ—”‰›ǡ™Š‹ Š

‹ Ž—†‡†ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ–‘‘Ž•ǡƒ†

 151Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 20.

 ʹʹͲ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǤͳͷʹŽƒ••ͳͲʹ‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‘—’‹ Ž—†‡†Dz„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡•ǡƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ•Žƒ–‡•ǡ

‡– Ǥ‘—‰ŠǡŠ‡™ǡ•ƒ™ǡ‘”’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ„”‹†‰‡•ǡ™ƒŽŽ•ǥ‘”ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”

†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”ˆ‘”ˆ—”‹–—”‡Ǥƒ”„Ž‡Ǧ™Š‹–‡ǡ„Žƒ ǡ‘” ‘Ž‘”‡†Ȅ—•‡†‹„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ

†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•–ƒ–—ƒ”›ǡ‘—‡–•ǡ‘”ˆ—”‹–—”‡ǡ‹„Ž‘ •‘”•Žƒ„•‘–

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†Ǥdzͳͷ͵šŠ‹„‹–‘”ͳ͹ʹ‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘‹•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣDz‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡǤǤ

Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤŽ‘ •‘ˆ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ”‘—‰Šƒ†’‘Ž‹•Š‡†Ǣ

’‡†‡•–ƒŽ•ǡ•Žƒ„•ǡ‡– ǤŠ‡‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ”„Ž‡‹•—•‡†‹–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘Žǡ”‡ƒ•—”›ǡ

‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ–ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡ǡƒ†‘˜‡”‘‡Š—†”‡†ƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–›‘–Š‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ’—„Ž‹ 

ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ‹ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ’‡”ƒ–‡†•‹ ‡ͳͺͷ͵Ǥ—ƒ””›‹

‘—‰Š‡”–›˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ‡ǤdzŠ‡‘Ž›‘–Š‡”‡–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ™ƒ•–Ǥ‘—‹•ƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡”Šƒ”Ž‡•‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ™Š‘

ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡†Dz‡‡••‡‡ǡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ†‹••‘—”‹ƒ”„Ž‡™‘”ǤdzͳͷͶ

 152 United States Centennial Commission, International Exhibition 1876 Official Catalogue (Philadelphia: John R. Nagle & Co, 1876), 14-15.

153 Ibid., 27.

154 Ibid., 52. Others apparently displayed Tennessee marble at the Centennial. A short article reprinted by the Georgia Weekly Telegraph and Georgia Journal & Messenger, Macon, GA (issue 18, G, 21 December 1875), which was originally published in the Knoxville Press and Messenger (14 December 1875), reported that marble man John Hasson of Rogersville had sent an enormous block of variegated marble to Philadelphia to be “worked up into furniture for exhibition at the Centennial.” Hasson, who was born in New York, is listed in the 1870 Hawkins County census as a railroad contractor; by 1880 he was a marble dealer. According to Hawkins County Historian, Henry Price, Hasson chartered his company in 1882, but was in business as early as 1872 when he shipped an enormous block of pink marble to New York. Price related that Hugh Scisson (sic) was one of Hasson’s business associates and suggested that the marble columns for Baltimore City Hall may have come from Hasson’s quarry. Price, Hawkins County: A Pictorial History, 163.  ʹʹͳ  Š‡•‡ ‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–•–”— –—”‡ƒ––Š‡ͳͺ͹͸‡–‡‹ƒŽš’‘•‹–‹‘‹

Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ™ƒ•–Š‡‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹‡†–‡ƒ ”‡•‘ˆƒ Š‹‡”›

ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‹˜‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡Š‡™ƒ•–‘’Žƒ›‹‡‡••‡‡ǯ•‘™

‡–‡‹ƒŽ‡š’‘•‹–‹‘–™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•Žƒ–‡”ǡ‹–‹••—”’”‹•‹‰–Šƒ– ǤǤ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ƒ†–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡†‹†‘––ƒ‡ƒ‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤ

”ƒ‡•Ž‹‡ǯ•Historical Register of the United States Centennial Exposition 1876

‘–‡†’‘‹–‡†Ž›–Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡†‹†‘–„—‹Ž†ƒ‡šŠ‹„‹–•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒŽŽǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‡”‡ –‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡–‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹”‘‘”‡ǡ ‘ƒŽƒ†

ƒ”„Ž‡ǤͳͷͷŠ‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǯ• ‘’Ž‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡šŠ‹„‹–•• ƒ” ‡Ž› ‘ ‡ƒŽ‡†ƒ

”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡ǣDzŠ‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›

ˆ‹‡‹‡”ƒŽ‡šŠ‹„‹–ƒ†‡„›‡‡••‡‡”‡†‡”•ƒ’‘Ž‘‰›—‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”

‘•‹†‡”‹‰–‘•‘‡‡š–‡––Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ–Šƒ––ƒ–‡ǥȋ•‘‹Žǡ–‹„‡”ǡ

–‘„ƒ ‘ǡ ‘––‘ǡŠƒ›ǡŽ‹˜‡•–‘  ‘ƒŽǡ‹”‘ǡ ‘’’‡”ȌǤdzͳͷ͸

 ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘„‡”–‹‡„‡ǡ™Š‡ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ„‹‡–’‘•–ˆ‘”

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†‹ͳͺͺͻƒ›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘†‡†™‹–Š

•—”’”‹•‡ƒ†”‡•‡–‡–Ǥͳͷ͹‡”‹ ƒ•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•Š‘ ‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‘Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ǡŠƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†››‹‡Ž†‡†‹



155 Frank H. Norton, ed., Frank Leslie’s Historical Register of the United States Centennial Exposition 1876 (New York: Frank Leslie’s Publishing House, 1877), 169.

156 Ibid., 291.

157 Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 126.

 ʹʹʹ ƒ›’Žƒ ‡•–‘–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ˆƒ”‹‰ȋƒ†‹‹‰Ȍ–Šƒ–™ƒ•ˆƒ•–

„‡ ‘‹‰–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•†‘‹ƒ–‘†‡‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ‘”‘—•Ž›ƒ –‹˜‡‹–Š‡

’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™™ƒ•ƒ‘†‡Ž

Dz‡™‘—–Šdzƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡™Š‘’”‘‘–‡†‡‡••‡‡ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†

‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‹†—•–”›Ȅ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‹‹‰”ƒ–™‘”‡”

•‡––Ž‡‡–Ǥͳͷͺ ‡™ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›†‹• ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ‡™‘—–Š†‘ –”‹‡ǡ™Š‹ Š–‘—–‡†–Š‡

’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ„—†ƒ–”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡƒ†™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘”‡—‹ˆ›

™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‘”–Š‡” ‘—–”›‡ƒ†™‘‡ƒ•’”‘‘ˆ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‰‹‘™ƒ•†‡•–‹‡†

–‘’”‘•’‡”Ǥ –Š‡‹”‘’–‹‹•ǡ‡™‘—–Šƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡••ƒ™Dz‹†—•–”›dzƒ•ƒ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–

–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥͳͷͻ The New South CreedǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒƒ—ŽǤ ƒ•–‘†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‹•

‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‘†‡Žƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‘—–Š–Šƒ–”‡ƒ‹‡†

’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡Ž›”—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǤ –Š‡Dz‡™‘—–Šǡdzƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ƒ•‘ˆ

‘†‡”‹œ‹‰–Š‡‡ ‘‘›™ƒ•Dz„—•‹‡••ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡdz‹™Š‹ Š†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”Dz‹†—•–”‹‡•dz™‡”‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‘” ‘––‘

‘‘ —Ž–—”‡Ǥͳ͸Ͳ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡ˆƒ –‘”‹‡•†‹†„‡‰‹–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‘—–Šǡ–Š‡›

ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‹‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ‘˜‡‹‡–Ž›‡‡’‹‰™‘”‡”•

—†‡”–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›„›ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ Žƒ••†‹˜‹†‡„‡–™‡‡‘™‡”•

ƒ†™‘”‡”•ǤŠ‹•‘ˆ–‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡„›  158 Sam B. Smith, “Joseph Buckner Killebrew and the New South Movement in Tennessee” (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1962).

159 Ibid., 2.

160 Paul M. Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 64.

 ʹʹ͵ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘‹•–‹–—–‡‡‹–Š‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ‘‰™‘”‡”•‘”–Š‡‹†‘ˆ‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”

™‘”‡”’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‹–‘ƒƒ‰‡”Ȁ‘™‡”•–ƒ–—•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹‰Š–

Šƒ˜‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‘—–Š‡”•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥͳ͸ͳ

‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ––‡‡–‘ˆ„—•‹‡••ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™ƒ•–Šƒ– ”‘’•’”‘†— ‡†

—•‹‰‡™‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™‡”‡•‡‡ƒ• ‘‘†‹–‹‡•–‘„‡

‡š’‘”–‡†‘”•‘Ž†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–•ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”‡†Ǧ—•‡ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‘ƒŽ

ƒ† ”‘‘’ƒ›Ȅ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ–‡Ǧ„‡ŽŽ—•–‡‡Žƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‡–‡”’”‹•‡•‹

–Š‡‘—–Šǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰‹‹‰ǡ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒ†

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ— –‹‘•—†‡”‘‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•–”— –—”‡Ȅ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‹‡”ƒŽ

”‡•‘—” ‡•™‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘†‡Žǡ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹†‡”‡†”ƒ™‘”

Ž‹––Ž‡Ǧ’”‘ ‡••‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ• ‘‘†‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‡š’‘”–Ǥ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‹•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ

‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǯ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ–‹–Ž‡•‘‘„‡ ƒ‡‘‹••‹‘‡”‘ˆ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ƒ†

‹‡•Ǥ ƒ˜‡”›”‡ƒŽ•‡•‡ǡ–Š‡ǡ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•–ƒ†ǦƒŽ‘‡

‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’‡–—•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—„•—‡†„›ƒ

†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‹™Š‹ Š—‡”‘—••ƒŽŽ’”‘†— ‡”• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘

–Š‡ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡Dz ”‘’dz›‹‡Ž†Ǥ

‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡’”‘‰”ƒ•†‹†‘–ƒ••‹•–‘”‡˜‡

ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹ŽŽ•‘”’”‘†— –‹‘’Žƒ–•ǤŠƒ–™ƒ•

Ž‡ˆ––‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘Šƒ† ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡƒ›‘ˆ™Š‘™‡”‡‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥ

 161Gaston, 218-20.  ʹʹͶ Post Civil War Growth of the Tennessee Marble Industry

Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›†‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡

‘—–›ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡‘—–’—–™ƒ••—”’ƒ••‡†„›–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘š‘—–›Ǥ ƒ’ƒ‹ˆ—Ž‹”‘›

–Šƒ–”‡˜‡ƒŽ•Œ—•–Š‘™“—‹ Ž›‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ†”‹•‡–‘’”‘‹‡ ‡ǡ ǤǤ—””Ƭ ›†‡ǯ•

ͳͺ͹ʹ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡThe Great Industries of the United Statesǡ™ƒ•‹•–ƒ‡‘–Š‡

•‘—” ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡—•‡†‹•‹†‡–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘ŽǤŠ‹•„‘‘ǡ‹••—‡†

•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›‹ ƒ”–ˆ‘”†ǡŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǡƒ†‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡƒ†™”‹––‡„›ƒŠ‘•–‘ˆ™”‹–‡”•ǡ

‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘”ƒ ‡ ”‡‡Ž‡›ǡ ‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒˆ‘—”Ǧ’ƒ‰‡•‡ –‹‘‘“—ƒ””‹‡•ǤŠ‡

ƒ‘›‘—•™”‹–‡”‘ˆ–Šƒ–•‡ –‹‘ƒ†‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ••‡”–‹‘•ǣ–Šƒ–

‡”‹ ƒƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–—•‡†‹ͳͺͲͶǡ‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡˆ‘”’‘”–”ƒ‹–„—•–•Ǣ–Šƒ–

‡”‘–“—ƒ””‹‡•ǡ‘–™‘”‡†—–‹Ž–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Žƒ–‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆͳͺ͵Ͷǡ™‡”‡’”‘†— ‹‰

„‘–Š™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡•–‡”‹ ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǣ–Šƒ–ƒ

„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‡†ƒ†„”‘™˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ™ƒ•Dz— Š—•‡†ˆ‘”

‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•dzǢƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘—†‹—–Žƒ†ǡ‡”‘–ǡ

‘•‹†‡”‡†‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ””ƒ”ƒǡŠƒ†„‡‡—•‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ• —Ž’–—”‡•‹–Š‡

‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤͳ͸ʹ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‹‡””‘”ǡ–Š‡™”‹–‡”ƒŽ•‘‘–‡†ǣDzŠ‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

‡Ǥ”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›—•‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž

š–‡•‹‘•ƒ–ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡƒ†‹‘–Š‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥdzͳ͸͵

 162 J.B. Burr & Hyde Great Industries of the United States (Hartford, Cincinnati, Chicago: Burr & Hyde, 1872), 1290.

163 Ibid., 1291.

 ʹʹͷ ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒƒ”„Ž‡ ‡–‡”„‡‰ƒ–‘‰”‘™ǡ‘‡

ƒ–‹˜‡•‘•‡‡•‘––‘Šƒ˜‡‘–‹ ‡†Ǥ ƒ‡‘‹”™”‹––‡•‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ

”ƒ ‹•Ž‡šƒ†‡”ƒ•‡›ǯ••‘ǡ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ‡• ‡––›• ‡ƒ†›ȋ Ǥ ǤǤȌ

ƒ•‡›ǡ†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡Š‘—•‡Š‡‰”‡™—’‹ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆ’‹

‰”ƒ‹–‡™‹–Š„Ž—‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ‘”‡”•ǡƒ” Š‡•ǡƒ† Š‹‡›Ǥͳ͸Ͷ‡”Šƒ’•Š‡™ƒ•

—ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•‘ˆ”‘‘•–ƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ™Š‹ Š

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹‡‡••‡‡Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹–•‡‡• —”‹‘—•–Šƒ–

ƒ•‡›‹•–‘‘–Š‡†ƒ”’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•“—ƒ””‹‡† Ž‘•‡„›Š‹•„‘›Š‘‘†

Š‘‡‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”ȋ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š”‘ƒ†Ȍˆ‘””‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ†

–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘–‘Š‹•Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century

ȋͳͺͷ͵Ȍ•‘ Ž‘•‡Ž›‹””‘”‡†–Š‡•‡–‹‡–•‡š’”‡••‡†‹”‘‘•–ǯ•ͳͺ͵ͳƒ††”‡••–‘

–Š‡‡‡••‡‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǣ

Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–•‘ˆ‘—”„‘—†Ž‡••”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ”‡†ƒ‹Ž›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‡ƒ•‡Ž‡•• •–”‡ƒ•‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡†‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǣƒ†’‘’—Ž‘—•–‘™•ƒ”‡•’”‹‰‹‰—’ǡŽ‹‡ƒ ‡šŠƒŽƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘‹Žǡ Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡™‹‰™ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ˜ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‹–‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡Š‘™Ž‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡™‹Ž†„‡ƒ•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡„—•›Š—‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥͳ͸ͷ  ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡Ž’„—–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ƒ•‡›™ƒ•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‡‹‡–

• ‹‡–‹•–ƒ†Š‹•‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥƒ•‡›ǯ•’”‡Ǧ™ƒ”™‘”†•ǣ

ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ǡ•‘‡™Šƒ–†‹••‹‹Žƒ”ǡ„—–• ƒ” ‡Ž›Ž‡••‹–‡•‡ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡‡š ‹–‡†‹ –Š‡„‘•‘‘ˆƒƒ„‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ‘—Ž†Š‡‘™”‡˜‹•‹––Š‹•  164 William Hesseltine, the editor of Ramsey’s autobiography, which was not published until 1954, believed it was completed circa 1870. J.G.M. Ramsey, Autobiography and Letters, William Hesseltine, ed. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press for Tennessee Historical Society, 2002), xxxvi; Ramsey, Autobiography and Letters, 9.

ͳ͸ͷ”‘‘•–ǡDz††”‡••ǡdzͳͻʹǤ  ʹʹ͸ –Š‡ƒ–”‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǯ•‡š‹•–‡ ‡Ǥ‘—Ž†Š‡•–ƒ†—’‘ƒ‡‹‡ ‡ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡ ƒ ‹‡– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†•—”˜‡›–Š‡• ‡‡•‘™’”‡•‡–‡†–‘Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡ Š‡™‘—Ž†‘–‹ ‡™‹–Š•—”’”‹•‡–Š‡ƒ‰‹  Šƒ‰‡•‡ˆˆ‡ –‡†ȏ•‹ Ȑ‹–Š‹•Žƒ†‘ˆ Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡•‘Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡•–Šƒ•‰‹˜‡’Žƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‹†—•–”› ƒ†‡–‡”’”‹•‡‘ˆƒ•–”ƒ‰‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǣ‹–••‹Ž‡ ‡‹•†‹••‹’ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡Š—‘ˆ „—•‹‡••ǡƒ†‹–•“—‹‡–†‹•–—”„‡†„›–Š‡‹ ‡••ƒ––‘‹Žƒ†–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡’—”•—‹–• ‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡†Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ ‹‡–™‘‘†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡™‹Ž†‡”‡•• ‘˜‡”–‡†–‘–Š‡’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ™ƒ‡‡† ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•‘ˆŠ‹•„‘›Š‘‘†™‹–Š—™‡Ž ‘‡ ‘–”ƒ•–ǡƒ†ǡ Šƒ‰”‹‡†ƒ† •‘””‘™ˆ—Žǡ•‡‡‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡•‘‡•‘Žƒ ‡–‘Š‹•™‘—†‡†•’‹”‹–Ǥ‡’ƒ‹”‹‰–‘ –Š‡’Žƒ ‡™Š‡”‡‘ ‡•–‘‘†–Š‡™‹‰™ƒ‘ˆŠ‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡŠ‡ˆ‹†•‡”‡ –‡†‘˜‡”‹– –Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‹–‡ƒǤ ‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –•–‘Šƒ˜‡•‡‡Š‹• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰Š‹•˜‹ –‘”‹‡•—’‘ƒ–”‡‡ǡ‘”’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒƒŽ•‘ˆŠ‹•–”‹„‡‹ ”—†‡Š‹‡”‘‰Ž›’Š‹ •—’‘–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥͳ͸͸  ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†–Š‡’”‘Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‡’‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡Ǥ‡–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ

‡ƒ”Ž›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„‘‘•–‡”ǡŠ‡™ƒ•™ƒ”›‘ˆ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„›

‘”–Š‡” ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤͳ͸͹†‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Š‡™ƒ•™”‹–‹‰Š‹•’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”‡‘‹”™‡”‡

Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ǡƒ“—ƒ””›‡ƒ”Š‹•„‘›Š‘‘†Š‘‡™ƒ• Š‘•‡ƒ•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡‡™‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡—•–‘ ‘—•‡ǤŠ‹••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡•–”— –—”‡ǡ‡”‡ –‡†ͳͺ͹ͳǦ

͹Ͷǡ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ ––‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†‘‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†

‘’‡–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥͳ͸ͺ

 166 According to this note in the online edition: “Much of this Introduction was taken from the ‘Address’ delivered by this writer at the organization of the ‘East Tennessee Historical and Antiquarian Society.’” J.G.M. Ramsey, The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Charleston: Walker and James, 1853. Electronic edition Rockwood, TN: EagleRidge Technologies. http://www.roanetnhistory.org/ramseysannals.html. [accessed March 3, 2011].

167William Hesseltine, “Preface” in: Ramsey, Autobiography and Letters, xxxiii.

168 The Knoxville Marble company, founded by George W. Ross and William Patrick in 1873, has historically been linked to the “federal” quarry that furnished marble for the Knox County Post Office/Customs House. Either this quarry or one very  ʹʹ͹  ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‡•—•†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”‘šƒ† ƒ™‹• ‘—–‹‡•

‹ͳͺͷͲƒ†ͳͺͺͲ”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Š‡‹’”‡••‹˜‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

‹˜‹Žƒ”ǤŠ‡‹†—•–”›™‡–ˆ”‘‘‡–‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‡Ž˜‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•‹–Š”‡‡•Š‘”–

†‡ ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•‹‡‡••‡‡‹•‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ‘”ͳͺ͸Ͳƒ†ͳͺ͹Ͳǡ

ƒ†‘‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘‡š‹•–ˆ‘” ƒ™‹•‘”‘š ‘—–‹‡•‹–Š‘•‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥͳ͸ͻ›ͳͺͺͲǡ

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ǤǤCensus of Manufactures•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹

ƒ™‹•‘—–›Šƒ†„‡‡‘”‡–Šƒ‘—–’ƒ ‡†„›ƒ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ“—ƒ””‹‡•‹‘š

‘—–›Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‘—–•‹†‡ƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹

–Š‡ͳͺͺͲ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ‘” ƒ™‹•ƒ†‘š ‘—–‹‡•Ǥͳ͹Ͳ‡”Šƒ’•†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǯ•‡–™‘”‘ˆ ‘‡ –‹‘•—’‹–‘–Š‡‹†Ǧ–Žƒ–‹ ǡ‘”

–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ–‹‘”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†˜ƒ•Ƭ‘ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†ˆ‹”•–„—‹Ž–ƒƒ”„Ž‡

’”‘†— –‹‘‹ŽŽ‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡†–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘‘’‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‹ͳͺͺͺǡ

 near it was probably the source for that building’s marble in 1871-2. While no document confirming either government ownership or lease of this quarry has been found, various sources have suggested that the marble from this quarry was also used for the St. Louis Custom House, designed by the same architect and erected approximately the same time as the Knoxville building. Tennessee marble, supposedly from this same quarry, was used for the Memphis Custom House some ten to fifteen years later.

169 The microfilmed Census of Manufactures for the year 1860 in Tennessee, organized alphabetically by county, is missing the group of counties from Anderson to Lewis, which includes Hawkins and Knox. For the year 1870, data is also missing for the alphabetical group Grundy to Lewis, which would have included both Hawkins and Knox counties. National Archives and Records Administration, United States Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. Seventh Census: Manufactures (1850); Eighth Census: Manufactures (1860).

170 National Archives and Records Administration, United States Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. Tenth Census, vol. 2: Manufactures (1880).

 ʹʹͺ ƒŽŽˆ‘—”“—ƒ””‹‡•‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ‡†ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ƒ•–Š‡‹”’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ”‡–Ǥͳ͹ͳ

Š‘•‡‹–Š‡Ͷ–Š†‹•–”‹ –ȋ‘‘”‡•„—”‰Ȍ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ••Š‹’’‡†„›™ƒ‰‘

ƒ†”ƒ‹Žǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡͵”††‹•–”‹ –•Š‹’’‡††‹”‡ –Ž›„›”ƒ‹ŽǤ›–Š‹•–‹‡”˜‹ŽŽ‡

‹ ‡ǯ•ˆ‹”™ƒ•ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ǡ‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ǤŠ‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡

„—•‹‡••„‡‹‰‡‡†•ǯ•ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͺͷͲ™‹–Š‹˜‡•–‡† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ̈́ͷͲͲ

ƒ†„›ͳͺͺͲ†‘‹‰™‡ŽŽ‡‘—‰Š–‘‡’Ž‘›ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡™‘”‡”•Ǥͳ͹ʹŠ‡‘–Š‡”–Š”‡‡ˆ‹”•ǡ

‡ƒ Š•—’’‘”–‹‰„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘”–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š–ƒ†•‹š–›™‘”‡”•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡•—•ǡ

™‡”‡ǣƒ—‰Š‡”–›ǯ•ȋ•‹ Ȍǡ„‡‰—‹ͳͺ͸Ͷ™‹–Š̈́ͺǡͲͲͲǢ–ƒ’•ǯ•ǡˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͺ͹Ͳ™‹–Š

̈́͹ǡͲͲͲǢƒ† ƒ••‘ǯ•ǡ•–ƒ”–‡†‹ͳͺ͹ʹ™‹–Š̈́ͳͲǡͲͲͲǤͳ͹͵

Š‡‘š‘—–›‡•—•‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡•–‘Ž†ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–‘”›Ǥ ͳͺͺͲǡ

–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‡‹‰Š–“—ƒ””‹‡•‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‹˜‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹•–”‹ –•ǤŠ‡›Ž‹•–‡†–Š‡‹”

’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ”‡–•ƒ•‡’Š‹•ǡ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ•–Ƭ‡•–ǡ

‡™‘”ǡŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡƒ†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ”‘”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ–‘

 171 Evans & Son, which had mills in both Hawkins and Knox Counties by 1888, acquired the Knoxville Marble Company quarry, which is thought to have been the former “federal” quarry, from which the marble for the Knoxville Custom House was extracted. The transaction was recorded in a 1 June 1899 deed between Knoxville Marble Company, a corporation of Knox County, Tennessee, and David Ross, John M. Ross, and J. Edward Ross (heirs of George W. Ross) and the Evans Marble Company, a corporation chartered under the laws of the State of Maryland and authorized to do business in the State of Tennessee, for $5950. Knox County Archives.

ͳ͹ʹNeeds’s Quarry is not listed in the 1850 census of manufactures.  173 The founding date for this company contradicted the 1853 date in the program listing for E.D. Dougherty (son of William Dougherty) at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial.

 ʹʹͻ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ǡ–‘™ƒ‰‘ȋˆ‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‘•‘Ž†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ȌǤͳ͹ͶŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ˆ‹”ǡ—””‡›

Ƭ‘‘‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‹•–‡†‹–•’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ”‡–ƒ•Dz‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ•–Ƭ‡•–ǡdz”‡’‘”–‡†

‹˜‡•–‡† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ̈́ʹͲǡͲͲͲǡ‡’Ž‘›‡†•‹š–›™‘”‡”•ǡŠƒ†ˆ‘—”ƒ Š‹‡•ǡƒ†—•‡†

™ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘‹˜‡”ǤǤ Ǥ”•–”‘‰Ƭ‘ǡ™‹–Š‹–•’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ”‡–

ƒ•‡™‘”ǡ‡’Ž‘›‡†‹‡™‘”‡”•ǡŠƒ†–Š”‡‡ƒ Š‹‡•ǡƒ†—•‡†™ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”

ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”Ǥƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘̈́͹ͷͲ–‘̈́ͷǡͲͲͲƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ

‘—–’—–ˆ”‘̈́ͶͲͲ–‘̈́ͳʹǡͲͲͲƒ—ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ȋ–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡”›

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–Ȍ™‡”‡ˆ‹”•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ‡†‹‰–‘Ǥ™‘ˆ‹”•‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡

™‘”‡”•ƒ†•Š‹’’‡†ƒ”„Ž‡„›™ƒ‰‘–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‹‘š‘—–›ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†

†‹‰–‘ˆ‹”ǡˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͺͺͲǡ™ƒ••Š‹’’‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡–‘‹ ‹ƒ–‹˜‹ƒ”ƒ‹ŽǤŠ‹•ˆ‹”

‡’Ž‘›‡†–™‡Ž˜‡™‘”‡”•ǡƒ†Šƒ†‘‡ƒ Š‹‡’‘™‡”‡†„›–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”Ǥͳ͹ͷ—”‹‘—•‘‹••‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͺͺͲ”‘ŽŽ•™‡”‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ƒ†

‡‘”‰‡‘••ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‘ƒ”‡†‘ —‡–‡†ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‹‰‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡‘š

‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••„›–Šƒ–†ƒ–‡Ǥ

›ͳͺͺ͵ǡƒƒ”„Ž‡Ǧˆ‹‹•Š‹‰‹ŽŽȋ —ƒ‹–‘ȏ•‹ Ȑǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ••‘Ž†–‘–‡”’”‹•‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ȌŠƒ†„‡‡‡”‡ –‡†‹‘ ‘”†Ǥ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘—”‘–Š‡”

‘’ƒ‹‡•™‡”‡‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‹•„—•›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Œ— –‹‘ƒ„‘—–‡‹‰Š–‹Ž‡•™‡•–‘ˆ

 174 The names of the quarry owners and dates of founding were as follows: Brown & Clark (1879); Johnson & Bro (1879); Edington & Co (1880); Currey & Boone (1879); R.H. Armstrong & Co (1880); East Tennessee Marble Co (1879); R.E. Edington & Bro (1870); Robt & John Edington (1872).

175 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tenth Census, Volume 2: Manufactures (1880).

 ʹ͵Ͳ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–Š‡‹ƒƬƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ–ƒ’•‘‘†Ƭ‘’ƒ›ǡ

–‡™ƒ”–‘’ƒ›ǡƒ†‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͳ͹͸ 

Goodspeed’s History of Tennessee‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ— Š‘”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ

“—ƒ””‹‡•‹‘šƒ† ƒ™‹•‘—–‹‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒˆ‡™‹ ƒ„Ž‡‘—–›ƒ†

”ƒ†Ž‡›‘—–›ȋ‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‹™ƒ••‡‡ȌǤͳ͹͹Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆGoodspeed’s ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ™Š‹ Š

‹•‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ ‘’‡†‹—‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†’”‘‹‡–„—•‹‡••

Ž‡ƒ†‡”•–Šƒƒ•ƒŠ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘“—ƒ””‹‡•‹ͳͺͺͶǡ

†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‡ƒ”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ•Dz‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–

’”‘‹•‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡dzƒ†‘–‹‰–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•

‡š’ƒ†‹‰”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥͳ͹ͺ††‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”‘ ‘”†Ǧƒ”‡ƒ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

‡–‹‘‡†ǡ–Š‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™‡”‡„‡–™‡‡–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‹”–›ƒ”„Ž‡

„—•‹‡••‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‹‡‡••‡‡„›–Š‡‹†ǦͳͺͺͲ•Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡„—•‹‡••‡••‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‘’‡‡†•‹ ‡

ͳͺͺͲǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽƒ›†‹• ”‡’ƒ ‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹•–•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ  176National Register Nomination, Concord Village Historic District, entered 22 October 1987.

177The listings in Goodspeed’s include the following Hawkins County companies: Prince & Co., Chestnut & Chestnut, John Harnn & Co., Chestnut & Fulkerson, James White, Dougherty Quarry, Joseph Stamps, and Baltimore Marble Company. Knox County companies in Goodspeed’s: Cross Cut Marble Company, Morgan & Williams, John M. Ross, Craig & McMullen, T.P. Thomas & Co., R.H. Armstrong & Co., H.H. Brown & Co., Harvey & Smith, Franklin Marble Company, Beach & Co., C.D. Ross & Co., and Lima & East Tennessee Marble Company. Knox County marble mills in operation in 1884 were: Knoxville Marble Company, Morgan & Williams, Beach & Co., and Crescent Marble Company.

178 Goodspeed’s History of Tennessee, illustrated (Nashville: The Goodspeed Publishing Company, 1887, reprinted Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press), 267.

 ʹ͵ͳ ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡”‡™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡–—”‘˜‡”‹ ‘’ƒ›‘™‡”•Š‹’ǡˆ‘”ˆ‡™ƒ‡•‹

–Š‡ͳͺͺͶ†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡ ‘‰”—‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‡•‘–Š‡ͳͺͺͲU.S. Census: ManufacturesǤ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‹•‹‰Š–‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ™ƒ˜‡‘ˆ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘” ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘•†—”‹‰ƒ’‡”‹‘†

‘ˆ”ƒ’‹†‰”‘™–Šǡ‹–ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡

Goodspeed’s˜‘Ž—‡™ƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ’”‘‘–‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ„—•‹‡••Ǥ‘–

‘Ž›”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†„—•‹‡••ƒ‡•„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†

‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‹†—•–”›–Š”‘—‰Š‘™‡”•Š‹’‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡•‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡Žƒ†•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†Ǥ‡‡••‡‡„‡‰ƒ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰„—•‹‡••‡•‹ͳͺͷͶǤŠ‡†‘ —‡–•

‘ˆ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‹”•‹ Ž—†‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥ

‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‘’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‘”†•ǡ•— Šƒ•’”‘’‡”–›†‡‡†•ƒ† ‘—”– ƒ•‡•ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ

‹–‡” ‘‡ –‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•‹–Š‡

”‡‰‹‘ƒ†‹‘–Š‡”•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥͳ͹ͻŠ‡—„‡”‡’Ž‘›‡†‹ƒŽŽƒ”„Ž‡

 179 Historian Sean Patrick Adams has compared the incorporation laws of Pennsylvania and Virginia during the 1850s to show how Pennsylvania lawmakers took it into their hands to promote the coal mining industry’s growth. Virginia’s decentralized charter-granting system left the power in local hands, ultimately slowing and even stopping coalmine investment in many counties. Sean Patrick Adams, Old Dominion, Industrial Commonwealth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 173-187. At least three of the early marble company incorporations in Tennessee were filed in Nashville: the Knoxville Steam Mill Company, organized 29 February 1856 (Knox Deeds, Book V, 401); the Sligo Mining and Marble Company & Corporation, chartered 1 February 1854 (Knox Deeds, Book U, 246); and the Dickeson Mining & Marble Company, incorporated 21 February 1856. Montroville W. Dickeson, Report of a geological survey and examination upon the lands owned by the Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining and Manufacturing Company of Tennessee (Philadelphia: J. Hufty, Stationer, 139 Chestnut Street, Above Fourth, 1856). Enclosed within this document is the following: Copy of an Act to Incorporate the Hibernia Mining Company … and others including The Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining Manufacturing Company. Section 21: Be it further enacted, that M.W. Dickeson, M.D. John W. Tilford, and George R. Hazwell, ... Passed Feb. 21st, 1856, Neil S. Brown, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Edward S. Cheatham, Speaker  ʹ͵ʹ „—•‹‡••‡•‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™ƒ•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ––™‘–Š‘—•ƒ†„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ

Goodspeed’sǢ–Š‡‘š‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡•Ž‹•–‡†–Š‡‹”‹˜‡•–‡† ƒ’‹–ƒŽƒ•

̈́ʹͷͲǡͲͲͲǤͳͺͲ

 ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǯ•”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Šƒ†•—ˆˆ‡”‡†

–”‡‡†‘—•Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ”Ǣ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ†„‡‡ƒ ”‘••”‘ƒ†•‘ˆ ‘’‡–‹‰ƒ”‹‡•

™Š‘—•‡†™Šƒ–‡˜‡”™ƒ•ƒ––Š‡‹”†‹•’‘•ƒŽǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ›–Š‹‰™‹–Š‹‘”‡ƒ”

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†›ƒ”†•‘”™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡƒ•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘”‡“—‹’’‹‰‘ˆ

•‘Ž†‹‡”•Ǥͳͺͳ—––Š‡’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›

ƒ†‹–•’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽŽ›ǦŽ‘ ƒ–‡†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ„›–Š‡ͳͺͺͲ••—‰‰‡•–•

–Šƒ––Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•‡ƒƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘–Šƒ– ‹–›™ƒ•“—‹ Ž›”‡•–‘”‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š

ƒŽ•‘”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ† ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ•™‹ŽŽ„‡

‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ Šƒ’–‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”™‘—Ž†‹Žƒ”‰‡‡ƒ•—”‡

Šƒ”––Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ—•ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

 of the Senate. Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection. By 1899, however, the Knoxville Marble Company is described as “a corporation of Knox County,” which indicated that counties were later granted the power to charter corporations. Knox County Archives, Deeds, Volume 159, 118.

180 Goodspeed’s, 268-70.

181 In addition to the “recovery” of iron by both armies from destroyed or idled railroad tracks, resourceful topographical engineers appropriated whatever was necessary for the creation of fortifications or battlefield defense. According to Dr. Joan Markel, Curator of a permanent Civil War exhibition at the University of Tennessee’s Frank H. McClung Museum, Captain Orlando Metcalfe Poe, United States Corps of Engineers, used telegraph wire found in Knoxville rail yards not only to secure a pontoon bridge across the Tennessee river but also in the creation of the abattoir that so dismally frustrated the efforts of Confederate soldiers to reach Fort Sanders in November 1863.

 ʹ͵͵  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”’‡”‹‘†ǡ™‹–Š‰”‘™‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘

‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡƒ†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ ‡•••–‹ŽŽ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹ˆ‘–‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ȋ‹ˆ‹ˆƒ ––Š‡

Ž‹‡„‡–™‡‡‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ — –‹‘Šƒ†„‡‡• ƒ˜‡‰‡†„›

‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡–”‘‘’•Ȍǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‘˜‡Š‹•

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡’Š‹•ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‘‘’‡ƒ‘—–Ž‡––Š‡”‡ǤͳͺʹŠ‡”‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž

ƒ†•–‡ƒ„‘ƒ–”‘—–‡•ƒ–‡’Š‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ ‡••‘–‘Ž›–‘–Š‡—’’‡”‘—–Š„—–

ƒŽ•‘–‘–Ǥ‘—‹•Ȅ–Š‡‡”•–™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹†™‡•–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥ›ͳͺ͸͹ǡ

‘—‰Š‡”–›Šƒ†‘’‡‡†ƒ„—•‹‡••‹‡’Š‹•™Š‡”‡Š‡Ž‹‡Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ”‡–

ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†„—”‡ƒ—–‘’•ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—ŽǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ›’ƒ––‡”‡† ƒ™‹•‘—–›

ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰–‘‹ –‘”‹ƒ–ƒ•–‡Ǥͳͺ͵‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‡’Š‹••–‘”‡ˆ”‘–„—•‹‡••

™ƒ•‡”‡Ž›ƒ•‹†‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”ƒƒ—•‡†–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ„—–

‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–†—”‹‰ƒ†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”›‡ƒ”•‘—‰Š‡”–›

‡‡†‡†ƒ•—”‡–Š‹‰Ǥ‹–Š”—‘”•‘ˆ‡™ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•‘–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘

ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ȋ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ —•–‘Š‘—•‡ǡ ‘—”–Š‘—•‡ƒ†’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ

™‘—Ž†„‡‰‹ ‘•–”— –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ”„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹‰ˆ‘”  182 The U. S. Census of Manufactures for 1880 recorded that Dougherty’s company had been founded in 1864 and capitalized with $8000. Two other similarly well-capitalized firms, Stamps’s and Hasson’s, founded in 1870 and 1872, may have presented a challenge to his ambitions.

183 A letter from Walter to Dougherty on 30 September 1857 mentions Dougherty’s having just returned from a recent trip [to Tennessee, perhaps?] and asks if he has “the bureau tops in hand?” It also mentions having learned from Sisson [Hugh Sisson] that they were not being made at his establishment [Sisson’s marble company was in Baltimore], which suggests that Dougherty must have had some other means of manufacturing Tennessee marble for domestic use. A postscript mentioned having “worked in another small lot of Tennessee,” at the U.S. Capitol. Architect of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter letterbook.

 ʹ͵Ͷ –Ǥ‘—‹•ǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†‡’Š‹•ȌǡŠ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Š‘’‡†–‘’‘•‹–‹‘Š‹•‡Žˆ„›

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰Š‹•„—•‹‡••ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘Ž‹‰‡”‹‰„‹––‡”‡••‹–Š‡ƒ•–‘”‹††Ž‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Ž‘ —•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•’ƒ”–‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ˆǡ‹ˆƒ –ǡ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡

Šƒ†Ž‘•–Š‹•„—•‹‡••–‘†‹•‰”—–Ž‡†‹‘‹•–•ǡ‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ˆ‡Ž–‹–„‡•––‘

”‡‘˜‡Š‹•‡Žˆ—–‹Ž ƒ™‹•‘—–›•‡–‹‡–• ƒŽ‡†Ǥ ‡ƒ›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡†‡ ‹†‡†

–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡„”‘‡”‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‡‹‰–‹‡†–‘‘‡“—ƒ””›ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡

†‹‹‹•Š‹‰•—’’Ž›‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡ ƒ™‹•‘—–›“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ

†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹™Š‹ Š‘—‰Š‡”–›Šƒ†‹˜‡•–‡†Š‹•–‹‡ƒ†

‡š’‡”–‹•‡‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤŠƒ†„‡‡•’ƒ”‡†ǡ–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›

‹””‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡‘‘Ž‹–Š‹  ‘Ž—•‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡‹‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ™ƒ•

—†‘—„–‡†Ž›–”ƒ—ƒ–‹ ˆ‘”‘—‰Š‡”–›ǡ‹‡”•‡‡ǡ‹••‘ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ

ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘—‰Š‡”–›†‹†‘–Ž‹˜‡–‘•‡‡–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǯ•”‡ ‘˜‡”›–‘

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‹‡ ‡Ǥ–Š‹•†‡ƒ–Š‘ͷ‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺ͸͹‹‡’Š‹•ǡŠ‡ƒ†Š‹••‘

†™ƒ”†Ǥ‘—‰Š‡”–›™‡”‡’”‘’”‹‡–‘”•‘ˆƒƒ”„Ž‡Dz™ƒ”‡”‘‘dzŽ‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–ͳͶ͹

ƒ‹–”‡‡–ǤͳͺͶ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰„—•‹‡••‡ǡ‘™Dz‹‘‡ǡdzŠƒ†Ž‡ˆ–

–Š‡ ‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘‰–Š‡•‡™‡”‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǡǤ Ǥ”•–”‘‰ǡƒ†

‡”‡œ‹ ‹•‘ǤŠ‡”‡‹••‘‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–•‘‡‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹

–Š‡ˆŽ‡†‰Ž‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹ƒ”„Ž‡”‡ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡•’‡ —Žƒ–‹‘ǡ’”‹‘”–‘

–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥ‡”‡œ‹ ‹•‘Šƒ† ‘‡–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‘–‡ƒ Šƒ– ƒ’–‘Ǧ‹†‡›  184 Obituary of William Dougherty, Washington Evening Star 7 November 1867; Condolence letter to Edward D. Dougherty. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 42, Washington National Monument Society papers.

 ʹ͵ͷ  ƒ†‡›‹ͳͺ͵Ͳƒ†ƒ†‡Š‹•ˆ‘”–—‡‹–Š‡‡” ƒ–‹Ž‡„—•‹‡••„›’ƒ”–‡”‹‰

™‹–Š„”‘–Š‡”Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™ǡ ƒ‡• ƒ”˜‡›‘™ƒǤͳͺͷ’‘Š‹•”‡–—”–‘–Š‡ ‹–›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

™ƒ”ǡŠ‡ƒ “—‹”‡†Š‹• •Žƒ† ‘‡’”‘’‡”–›ǡ•‹–—ƒ–‡†Œ—•–•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡

‹˜‡”™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ••—‡•‹–•ˆ—ŽŽˆŽ‘™Ǥͳͺ͸ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆ‹‡˜‡‹•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹‡†‘–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•“—ƒ””›Ǥͳͺ͹

Ǥ Ǥ”•–”‘‰Šƒ†•Š‘™ƒ•–”‘‰‹–‡”‡•–‹ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‘

Š‹•ͳͺͷͲǦͷͳ˜‹•‹––‘–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–Ȅƒ–”‹’‘

™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Šƒ†„‡‡‹˜‹–‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‘–‘ǤǤ‡’Ž‡Ǥ‡’Ž‡ǯ•”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

„‘‘•–‡”‹•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‡”–‡†”•–”‘‰–‘–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•

ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡š’‘”–Ǥ ‹˜‡Š‹•’”‡• ‹‡–”‡ƒ”•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡‡••‡‡

„Ž‘ •Š‡Šƒ†•‡‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘š‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡

”•–”‘‰ˆƒ‹Ž›ǯ•‹‰•–‘‹‡’”‘’‡”–›–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡ”•–”‘‰ƒ›Šƒ˜‡

‡–‡”‡†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥ ‹••‹‰ƒ–—”‡‘ƒͳͺͺͲŽ‡ƒ•‡

‘ˆ‹”•–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””›‘‹˜‡”‘ƒ†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•

Š‹”–‡‡–Š‹•–”‹ –ǤŠ‹•†‡‡†ǡ†”ƒ™—’„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹‘˜‡–‡”ƒƒ†–Š‡  ͳͺͷ—Ž‡ǡʹʹ͹Ǥ  186 Dickinson purchased “Williams Island” from Colonel Thomas L. Williams in 1869 and developed it into a six hundred acre farm estate. William J. MacArthur,Jr. Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1982), 58.

187 Interpreting the closed quarries of the once-burgeoning marble industry as a cultural landscape, the Ijams Nature Center directs hikers on walking paths through two turn-of-the-century quarries, called “Ross’s” and “Mead’s,” with interpretive signage that includes photographs of marble workers and their families.

 ʹ͵͸ ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ”‡ ‘”†‡†”•–”‘‰ƒ•–Šƒ– ‘’ƒ›ǯ•

’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥͳͺͺ

‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰„‡ ƒ‡‘‡‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•‘•–•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ”„Ž‡

‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǤŠ‡–Š‡”Š‡Šƒ†ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡‹†—•–”›„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡™ƒ”‹•

— Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ””‹˜‹‰‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺ͵ͻǡŠ‡Šƒ†„‡‡‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡‡” ƒ–‹Ž‡ˆ‹”

‘ˆ Ž—‰ǡƒŽŽƒ ‡Ƭ‘’ƒ›Ǥ ͳͺͶ͹ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒ””›‹‰–Š‡†ƒ—‰Š–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

’”‘‹‡–ƒ†™‡ƒŽ–Š›‹ŽŽ‹ƒ›‘ǡŠ‡Ž‡ˆ–™‹–ŠŠ‹•‡™„”‹†‡ǡƒ”›ǡˆ‘”Š‹•ƒ–‹˜‡

Žƒ„ƒƒǤŠ‡›”‡–—”‡†–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹‡‹–Š‡”ͳͺͷʹ‘”ͳͺͷͶǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡™ƒ•

‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡‹‘ƒ—–‹Ž‹– Ž‘•‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥ

Š‡•–”‹‰‘ˆ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†„—•‹‡••‡•ˆ‘—†‡†„›”ƒ‹‰ȋ„ǤͳͺʹͲǦ

†ǤͳͺͻʹȌƒ†Žƒ–‡”Ž‡†„›Š‹••‘ ‘Š ƒ‡•”ƒ‹‰ȋ„Ǥͳͺ͸ͲǦ†ǤͳͻͲͶȌ™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›

ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‹• Šƒ‹‘ˆ‘™‡”•Š‹’ƒ†

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž›‡˜‡ ‘–‹—‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Ž

ƒ”ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š”ƒ‹‰ƒ†™‹ˆ‡ƒ†‹ˆƒ–•‘™‡”‡”‡’‘”–‡†Ž›ƒ„•‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡

‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”›‡ƒ”•ƒ†ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‡ ƒ†‡–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”Ǥ

”ƒ‹‰™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆƒ›‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‹–‹œ‡•‘’’‘•‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡ǯ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘

ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‘Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ǤǤ‡’Ž‡ǡ”ƒ‹‰™ƒ•ƒ‘‰–Š‡‰”‘—’‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–

–Š‹”–‡‡—‹‘‹•–•™Š‘‹••—‡†ƒ ƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒƒ›ͳͺ͸ͳ ‘˜‡–‹‘‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡–‘

†‹• —••ƒ ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡•‡ ‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ

 188 Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Adam T. Cottrell Papers, folder 13.

 ʹ͵͹ ‡‡••‡‡Ǥͳͺͻ”ƒ‹‰ƒ†Š‹•›‘—‰ˆƒ‹Ž›Ž‡ˆ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡•‘‡–‹‡‹‡‹–Š‡”ͳͺ͸ͳ‘”

ͳͺ͸ʹƒ†™‡––‘‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǤͳͻͲ”ƒ‹‰Žƒ–‡””‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–‘‡™‘”ǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡‹•

–Š‘—‰Š––‘Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†‹„ƒ‹‰—–‹Žͳͺ͸ͻǤ

‹–”‹‰—‹‰ Šƒ‹‘ˆ‘š‘—–›’”‘’‡”–›†‡‡†•†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”•Š‘™•

”ƒ‹‰ǡ™Š‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡‹‘ƒ‹ƒƒ––‡’––‘•‡ —”‡ƒ

‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰Ž‘ƒǡƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–›–‘ƒ ‘—”––”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‘–”‘˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

‹ ‡•‘ǡ‘ˆŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡ™Š‘‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†‹ƒͳͺ͸͵†‘ —‡–ƒ•ƒDzƒŽ‹‡

‡‡›ǤdzŠ‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡˜‡–•”‡ ‘”†‡†‹’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‘”†•„‡‰ƒ‘–Š‡͵ͳ•–‘ˆ

 –‘„‡”ͳͺͷ͸ǡ™Š‡–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‘’ƒ›’—” Šƒ•‡†ǡˆ”‘–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡƒŽ‘–‘‡ ‘†”‡‡ƒ–”‘ƒ†–”‡‡–ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡

ƒ Š‹‡Š‘’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡•‹‰ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘’ƒ›ǯ•”‡•‹†‡–ǡƒ‹‡ŽŽƒ”ǡƒ†”‡ƒ•—”‡”ǡ ‘Š ‹•ǡ™‡”‡

‘–ƒ”‹œ‡†‘͹‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺͷ͸‹ ‹ŽŽ•„‘”‘—‰Šǡ‹–›‘ˆƒ Š‡•–‡”ǡ‡™

ƒ’•Š‹”‡ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†‘‡‘”‘”‡‘™‡”•ˆ”‘

‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠŠ‘ƒ•Ǥ›‘ǢŠ‹•„”‘–Š‡”Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™ǡǤǤƒ”‡•

ȋƒ”‡•™ƒ•ƒ””‹‡†–‘ƒ”››‘ǯ••‹•–‡”ȌǢƒ†–™‘‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•‘™‡”•

 189 Other signatories were F.S. Heiskell, C.F. Baker, S.R. Rodgers, Dr. W. Rodgers, John Baxter, C.F. Trigg, David Burnett, John Williams, W.H. Rodgers, John Tunnell, W.G. Brownlow, and Temple himself. Oliver Perry Temple, East Tennesseans in the Civil War (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke Company Publishers, 1899), 340-41.

190 Located just north of the Ohio River, Cincinnati, which served as a refuge for some who wished to escape the conflict, housed a relief organization for East Tennessee residents. Mary U. Rothrock, The French Broad Holston Country (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946), 143-4.

 ʹ͵ͺ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‘’ƒy„›ͳͺͷͻǤͳͻͳͳͺ͸ʹ†‡‡†‘ˆ–”—•–ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡

’”‘’‡”–›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡’—” Šƒ•‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘’ƒ›‹

ͳͺͷ͸ˆ‘”̈́ͳ͹ͷͲǡ™ƒ••‹‰‡†„›Ǥ”ƒ‹‰Š‡ƒ†ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ƒ†”‡ƒ•—”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‘’ƒ›ǡƒ† ‘˜‡›‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ

‘’ƒ›–‘ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡†‡‡† ƒ””‹‡†–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ

‹ŽŽ‘’ƒ›™ƒ•‹†‡„–‡†–‘–Š‡”ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘ƒƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”

̈́ͳͻǡͺͲͲ™‹–Šƒ‘–‡’ƒ›ƒ„Ž‡–™‡Ž˜‡‘–Š•ˆ”‘‹–•ͳͳ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺ͸ʹ†ƒ–‡Ǥ –Š‹•

†‡‡†ǡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǡ”—•–‡‡ǡ™ƒ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†–‘•‡ŽŽ–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›ƒ†’ƒ›‘ˆˆ–Š‡†‡„–

‹ˆ‹–™ƒ•‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡–—”‡–‡”Ǥ

‘–Š‡”†‡‡†ǡ‡š‡ —–‡†ʹͻ —Ž›ͳͺ͸͵ǡ ‘˜‡›‡†ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ’”‘’‡”–›to–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‘’ƒ›ǡƒ†—†‡”˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǤŠ‹•

†‘ —‡–”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ†‡ ”‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡–ƒ–‡•ƒ•–‡”‹•–”‹ –‘—”–ǡ‹

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‹‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺ͸ʹǡ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡–ƒ–‡•˜‡”•—•‘„‡”–

”•–”‘‰Ǥ –Šƒ–”—Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡ ‘—”–Šƒ††‡ ”‡‡†–Šƒ–ƒ–”ƒ –‘ˆŽƒ†’—” Šƒ•‡†ˆ”‘

ƒ‡•Ǥ‡Ž ‡”„›‘–”ƒ˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ‹ ‹•‘ȏ•‹ Ȑ‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǡDzƒƒŽ‹‡

‡‡›ǡdz™ƒ•–‘„‡ ‘ˆ‹• ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘’‡”–›

ȏ’—” Šƒ•‡†ͳ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͷ͸ǡ‹™Š‹ Š‹ ‹•‘Šƒ†ƒ—†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‡”‡•–Ȑ™ƒ•

 191 The 1859 Knoxville city directory listed two other owners: Robert J. McKinney and Robert Craighead, noting that the company was capitalized with $50,000, and classified it under “marble mill.” Under “Marble Dealers” in the same directory, the only names are Geo W. Fagen & Bro. and Sligo Marble and Mining Company, located at the corner of Water Street at the ET & VA Railroad, with O.H. Rogan listed as Trustee. In addition to being an owner of the Knoxville Steam Mill Company, John J. Craig is also listed in this directory as Cashier, Union Bank. Williams’ Knoxville Directory, City Guide, and Business Mirror (Knoxville: C.S. Williams, 1859).

 ʹ͵ͻ ™Š‘ŽŽ›‘™‡†„›Dzƒ‘’ƒ›‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǡƒŽŽƒŽ‹‡‡‡‹‡•ǡdzƒ†

–Šƒ–”‹‰Š–ƒ†–‹–Ž‡„‡Dz•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‡†ƒ††‹˜‡•–‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†˜‡•–‡†‹–Š‡

‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǤdz’—„Ž‹ •ƒŽ‡Šƒ†–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‹ƒ›‘ˆͳͺ͸͵ǡƒ–

™Š‹ ŠǤǤƒ”‡•Šƒ†’—” Šƒ•‡†–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›ˆ‘”̈́͵ͺͲͲǤͳͻʹŠ‡ —Ž›ͳͺ͸͵

†‘ —‡– ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ”‡•ǯ•”‡“—‡•––Šƒ––Š‡’”‘’‡”–›„‡†‹˜‹†‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‘’ƒ›ƒ†ǤǤƒš™‡ŽŽǡ ”Ǥͳͻ͵

‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘Šƒ†‘Ž›–‘†‘™‹–Š”ƒ‹‰ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ––Š‡

„ƒǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ƒ— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡

‹†‡„–‡†‡••‘ˆƒ ‘’ƒ›‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Šƒ†ƒ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ –Š‡•‡ ‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•

’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹• ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ

‹ ‡•‘Ǥ ˆ‹ ‡•‘™ƒ••‘‡Š‘™ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘š˜‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘„‡”–”•–”‘‰ǡ

ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•”ƒ‹‰ƒ†Ȁ‘”Š‹•‹ǦŽƒ™•

‡‹–Š‡”‡™Š‹‘”™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹„—•‹‡••™‹–ŠŠ‹Ǥ”•–”‘‰ƒ›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ˆ––Š‡ ‹–›„›–Š‡–‹‡–Š‡•‡‡˜‡–•‘ —””‡†ƒ†”ƒ‹‰‹••ƒ‹†–‘Šƒ˜‡

†‡’ƒ”–‡†‘ ‡–Š‡„ƒ Ž‘•‡†Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•ƒ”‡•Šƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘ƒ••‹•–Š‹‹

 192 T.J. Campbell, Receiver, to The Knoxville Steam Mill Company and A.L. Maxwell, Jr., 8 August 1863. Knox County Archives, Knox County Property Deeds. No documents have been found that reveal what might have been the relationship of Robert Armstrong to Dickeson, Dickeson to John J. Craig or A.A. Barnes, or Craig or A.A. Barnes to Armstrong.

193 In a dispatch to General Braxton Bragg, which was sent soon after federal forces burned bridges at Flat Creek and Strawberry Plains, Tennessee, in June 1863, Major General S.B. Buckner wrote: “Please grant permission to [A.L.] Maxwell to rebuild them at once.” O.R. Series I, XXIII (2):882; Anthony Leggett Maxwell was a New Yorker who had moved to Knoxville and set up an iron manufacturing business before the war. MacArthur, 40.

 ʹͶͲ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰Š‹•‡‡••‡‡ƒ••‡–•„›’—” Šƒ•‹‰–Š‡ƒ– ‘—”–Ǧ‘”†‡”‡†ƒ— –‹‘ƒˆ–‡”

–Š‡‹”Dz•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘dz„›–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǫ‡”Šƒ’•‹–‹•‘Ž›ƒ

‘‹ ‹†‡ ‡ǡ„—––Š‡‹ ‡•‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘’ƒ›Šƒ†„‡‡

Šƒ”–‡”‡†‹‡‡••‡‡‹ͳͺͷ͸ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”ƒ•–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‘’ƒ›Ǥ

‹ ‡•‘ǯ• ‘ —””‡–”‡’‘”––‘Š‹••Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‡–‹‘‡†Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡

“—ƒ””‹‡•‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†’ƒ‹†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘–‹ ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘—–Ǧ–‘Ǧ„‡

‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǤͳͻͶ

‹•–‘”‹ƒ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ”— ‡Š‡‡Ž‡”Šƒ•ƒ••‡”–‡†–Šƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ‡˜‡”

‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽǡ™‡”‡ƒš‹‘—•–‘‰‡–„ƒ –‘„—•‹‡••ƒ––Š‡ Ž‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥ

Š‡‡Ž‡””‡ˆ‡”•–‘•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•™Š‘Ž‡ˆ–†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ•

Dz–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽdzˆ‹‰—”‡•ǣ‘”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‘”•‡‰ƒ‰‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‹–Š‡‡” ƒ–‹Ž‡

‡ ‘‘›ǡ•— Šƒ•‡”‡œ‹ ‹•‘ǡ™Š‘•‡ˆ‹”‘™ƒƒ†‹ ‹•‘Šƒ†ƒ††‡†

›‘—‰ ”ƒ Ž—‰ƒ•’ƒ”–‡”‹ͳͺͷͺǤͳͻͷ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•‡”‡œ‹ ‹•‘

™‡Ž ‘‡†„ƒ ™‹–Š‘’‡ƒ”•ǡ„—––Š‡„—•‹‡••’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’”‡•—‡††‡•’‹–‡–Š‡

•‡–‹‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡ǦŽ‡ƒ‹‰ Ž—‰ǡ™Š‘•ƒ–‘—––Š‡™ƒ”™‘”‹‰‹Š‹•

 194 Montroville W. Dickeson, Report of a geological survey and examination upon the lands owned by the Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining and Manufacturing Company of Tennessee (Philadelphia: J. Hufty, Stationer, 139 Chestnut Street, Above Fourth, 1856). Enclosed within this document is the following : Copy of an Act To Incorporate the Hibernia Mining Compan … and others including The Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining Manufacturing Company. Section 21: Be it further enacted, that M.W. Dickeson, M.D. John W. Tilford, and George R. Hazwell ... Passed Feb. 21st, 1856, Neil S. Brown, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Edward S. Cheatham, Speaker of the Senate. McClung Historical Collection, Knox County Public Library, Vertical file.

ͳͻͷ—Ž‡ǡʹʹ͹ǦʹͺǤ  ʹͶͳ — Ž‡ǯ•„‹‰†‘ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒ•ƒŽ–™‘”•Ǥͳͻ͸Š‡’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡƒ”†‡–—‹‘‹•–

‹ŽŽ‹ƒDzƒ”•‘dz”‘™Ž‘™ǡ™ƒ•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ”ƒ‡‘ˆ‹†ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰

’ƒ”†‘•–‘–Š‡˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘Š‹•ˆ‘”‡”Š‘‡–‘™™Š‘”‡“—‡•–‡†

–Š‡Ǥͳͻ͹

ƒ™‹•‘—–› ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‡”›”‹ ‡Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡–Š‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”

ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ ‘ ‡”‹‰”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǯ•„—•‹‡••‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ„—–‹

ƒ‘’’‘•‹–‡•‡–‘ˆ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ ‡ǯ•“—ƒ””›ƒ†Š‹•„—•‹‡••ƒ••‡–•ǡ

™Š‹ Š™‡”‡•—’’‘•‡†Ž› ‘ˆ‹• ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

™ƒ”‡†‡†ǡ™‡”‡’—” Šƒ•‡†„›‡‹‰Š„‘” ƒ‡• ‘—Ž†›ƒ†•‘Ž†„ƒ –‘‹ ‡ƒ†

–™‘’ƒ”–‡”•–™‡–››‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”Ǥͳͻͺ”’‡”Šƒ’•ǡ‹„‘–Š ƒ•‡•ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ

‘’’‘”–—‡‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ

Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•–Š‡

ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ—•–‘• ‘—•‡ƒ†‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳ͹Ȍ†‡•‹‰‡†„›•—’‡”˜‹•‹‰ƒ” Š‹–‡ –

‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›‡’ƒ”–‡–Žˆ”‡†Ǥ—ŽŽ‡––Ǥͳͻͻ

 196 Joan Markel, exhibition text for Civil War display, 2010, Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

197 William Bruce Wheeler, Knoxville, Tennessee: A Mountain City in the New South (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005), 3, 5, 8.

198 Hawkins County historian Henry Price cites the authority for this seizure under the “Confiscation Acts of 1861-61” in which the U.S. Government claimed that “he had engaged in armed rebellion against the United States under and by authority of the so-called Confederate States of America.” Price, Hawkins County: A Pictorial History, 160.

199 Mullett (1834-1890), who had trained under the previous Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury, architect Isaiah Rogers, was appointed to the position in January 1866. During the two administrations of President Ulysses S. Grant, Mullett  ʹͶʹ



‹‰—”‡ͳ͸ǤŽˆ”‡†Ǥ—ŽŽ‡––ǡ—•–‘ ‘—•‡ǡ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š ‹” ƒͳͻͲͶǡ‡–”‘‹–—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••”‹–•ƒ† Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‹‹‡†‹ƒ‘‘•Ž‹ ‡•‡Ǥ 

Š‡‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡’”‘’–‡†–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ

ƒ‘–Š‡”‘ˆ‘š‘—–›ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ‘••ˆƒ‹Ž›’ƒ–”‹ƒ” Š ‡‘”‰‡

Ǥ‘••‘˜‡†–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤʹͲͲŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•“—ƒ””‹‡†‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”

 oversaw the construction of as many as thirty-two federal buildings, including the north wing of the Treasury building in Washington, D.C., the Court House and Post Office in Knoxville, and the Custom House and Post Office in St. Louis. Mullett served in the post until 31 December 1874. National Register Nomination 68000053, Old Post Office [United States Customs House and Post Office], St. Louis, MO.

200 Obituary of John M. Ross, 15 April 1940, Knoxville News Sentinel. George W. Ross and his family moved to Knoxville in 1870, where he entered the marble business. His son, John M. Ross (b. 1857), learned the business by working as a quarryman. He built a mill on the south bank of the Tennessee River at Island Home.  ʹͶ͵ „‡‰‹‹‰‹ͳͺ͹ͳǡ‡‹–Š‡”—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–†‹”‡ –Ž›‘”

„›Ž‡ƒ•‡‘” ‘–”ƒ ––‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘–”ƒ –‘”•ǡ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”•‘”ˆ‘—†‡”•

‘ˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǤʹͲͳ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ Standard History of Knoxville,

’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻͲͲǡDzŠ‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† —Ž›ͳͳǡͳͺ͹͵ǡ

‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ƒ––Š‡–‹‡„‡‹‰‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ–”‹ ǡ’”‡•‹†‡–Ǣ ‡‘”‰‡Ǥ

‘••ǡ•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ƒ†–”‡ƒ•—”‡”Ǣ ƒ‡•ƒ–”‹ ƒ† Ǥ Ǥ ‘ŽƒǤŠ‹• ‘’ƒ›

’—” Šƒ•‡†–Š‡‘Ž†‰‘˜‡”‡–“—ƒ””›ƒ––Š‡Œ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š

”‘ƒ†”‹˜‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†‡˜‡”•‹ ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡›‘™Šƒ˜‡–Š”‡‡

“—ƒ””‹‡•‘–Š‡‹”•‹š–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ƒ ”‡•‘ˆŽƒ†ǤdzʹͲʹ

›–Š‹•–‹‡ǡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰™ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹„—›‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ•‹‰“—ƒ””‹‡•

‹–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–’”‘‹•‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ„‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‘ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ† ”‡ Š

”‘ƒ†‹˜‡”•ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”•‘—–Š‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†

”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤŠ‡“—ƒ””›Š‡‘’‡‡†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›‹ͳͺ͹ͺŠƒ†–™‘ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ

’ƒ”–‡”•ǣǤǤ —ŽŽ‡ƒ† ǤǤ†‹‰–‘ǤŠ‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡ—ƒ””‹‡•

ƒ†‡ƒŽ‡”•‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹•Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”›ˆ‘”ͳͺͺʹǤʹͲ͵ 

ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ”ƒ‹‰’”‘˜‡†Š‹•‡Žˆƒƒ„Ž‡„—•‹‡••ƒ„›ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘„‹‡•

‘” ‘•‘”–‹—•‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡„‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡

 201 George Ross and William Patrick were also partners in Tennessee Producers Marble Company by 1878.

202 J. Wooldridge, “Manufacturing Interests” in William Rule, ed. Standard History of Knoxville, 204.

203 Lucille Deaderick, Heart of the Valley (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976), 510.

 ʹͶͶ ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡Ǥ ͳͺͺͷǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒˆ‘—†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”‹ ”‡ƒ–‘—–Š‡”ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

‡Ž‹•–‹‰‡™Š‘•‡ƒ‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‘–Š‡”•‘—” ‡•ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǣǤǤ ‘†ˆ”‡›ǡǤ Ǥ”‘™ǡǤǤ‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ Ǥ‡ŽŽ‹‰”‘™ǤŠ‡

‡‡••‡‡”‘†— ‡”•ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ•–‘  ‘’ƒ›

‹ͳͺͻͶ—†‡”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ”ƒ‹‰ǯ•ˆ‘”‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡”ǡǤǤ —ŽŽ‡ǡ

ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›„—‹Ž–ƒŽƒ”‰‡‹ŽŽ–‘•‡”˜‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹‘šǡŽ‘—–ǡƒ† ƒ™‹•

‘—–‹‡•ǤʹͲͶŠ‹• ‘’ƒ›™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†•ƒŽ‡•ƒ‰‡–ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ–

‘—–Š‡”ƒ†Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ•ǡ•— ‡••‘”–‘–Š‡˜ƒ•Ƭ‘‘’ƒ›‘ˆƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡ

™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‹”•–‹ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ƒ†Žƒ–‡”‘˜‡†‹–‘–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡

ƒ”‡–Ǥ

‘–Š‡”‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡‡ǡ‘”–Š‡”Ǧ„‘”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ’‹‡•

‡ƒ†ȋͳͺ͵͵ǦͳͻͲͺȌǡ ƒ‡–‘–Š‡ ‹–›•‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”–‘™‘”‹–Š‡‹”‘

‹†—•–”›Ǥ‡ƒ†ǡƒ‡™‘”‡”„›„‹”–Šǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹‡™‘”‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”‹‡•ƒ•ƒ

Ž‡”ȋ‘ˆ‹”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†Ȍƒ–ƒ‰‡ͳ͹ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‰”‘ ‡”™‘”‹‰‹Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ•‰”‘ ‡”›

„—•‹‡••ˆ”‘ͳͺ͸ͲǦͳͺ͹ʹǤʹͲͷ›ͳͺ͹͵Š‡Šƒ†‘˜‡†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ ƒ›ƒ†–™‘›‘—‰

•‘•ǡ”–Š—”ƒ† ”ƒǡ–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™Š‡”‡Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”

ƒ†„‘ƒ”†‡„‡”ƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ”‘‘’ƒ›ǡ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†‹ͳͺ͸ͺƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

‹‹‰ ‘ƒŽ‹†‡”•‘‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡Ǥ‡ƒ†™ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‡†‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡

‘’ƒ›–Š‡›‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ””‹˜‡†ǡ”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†”‡ƒ•—”‡”‹ͳͺ͹Ͷǡƒ†‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–  ʹͲͶWooldridge, 205-07.  205 New York City directories 1850, 1861-1866, 1867, 1872; US Census 1850, 1860, 1870 as referenced in: Danette Welch, “Biographical Profile of William Spies Mead,” unpublished, Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection.

 ʹͶͷ ‹ͳͺ͹ͷǤʹͲ͸‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡†‹”‡ –‘”‹‡•Ž‹•–‡ƒ†ƒ•˜‹ ‡Ǧ’”‡•‹†‡–‘”•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ–”‡ƒ•—”‡”

‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ”‘‘’ƒ›ˆ”‘ͳͺ͹͸Ǧͳͺͺ͸Ǥ›ͳͺͺ͹Š‡Šƒ† Šƒ‰‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ

„‡ ‘‹‰•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ƒ–”‘‘•‹†‡‹ŽŽ•Ǥ –Š‹•›‡ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǡŠ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘

Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤʹͲ͹‡ƒ†ǯ•–™‘•‘•ǡ”–Š—”

ƒ† ”ƒǡƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡ ‹–›†‹”‡ –‘”‹‡•ǡ„‡‰‹‹‰‹ͳͺͺͷǡ”‡•‹†‹‰™‹–Š

–Š‡‹”ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ–ʹͲͶ ‹ŽŽ˜‡—‡Ǥ›ͳͺͺͻǡ„‘–Š•‘•ƒ”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹„—•‹‡••ǣ”–Š—”

Ǥ‡ƒ†ǡ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ† ”ƒǤ‡ƒ†ǡ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‹ŽŽ‡””ƒ ‡”Ǥ

Ž•‘Ž‹•–‡†—†‡”–Š‡‡ƒ†ƒ‡‹ͳͺͺͻƒ”‡–Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‘ˆ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

‘ ‘”†ǡǤ›ͳͺͻ͵„‘–Š”–Š—”ƒ† ”ƒ™‡”‡‹–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””›„—•‹‡••Ǥ

ˆ–‡””–Š—”ǯ•ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ†‡ƒ–Š‹ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͺͻͶǡ ”ƒ„‡ ƒ‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‡’—„Ž‹ 

ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›Ǥ‘‡–‹‡‹ͳͻͲͲǡˆƒ–Š‡”‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ••—‡†–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ

‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ƒ†”‡ƒ•—”‡”‡˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽŽ‹•–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻͲͲǤǤ‡•—•ƒ•ƒ

‹”‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”Ǥ ”ƒǡ™Š‘‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒƒ”„Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”ǡ™ƒ•

”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ”‡ƒ•—”‡”‘ˆ‘••ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š„‘–Š

‘’ƒ‹‡•Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ††”‡••ǤʹͲͺ–•‘‡–‹‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͲͲ•ǡ

–Š‡–™‘ ‘’ƒ‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›Œ‘‹‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡–Š‡‘••Ǧ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”„Ž‡

 206 Wooldridge, 208-10.

207This association may have been a group of business affiliates.

208 Correspondence in the construction records of the J.P. Morgan Library reveals that the two companies submitted identical bids on separate letterhead but with the same address (6-8 McNutt Building, post office box # 397) to furnish marble blocks and slabs for the library on 10 September 1901. On 12 September 1901, John M. Ross, Marble Dealer, P.O. Box 398, submitted his own bid for blocks only, but with same prices, wording, and terms. New-York Historical Society, PR042: Morgan Library, Box 28.

 ʹͶ͸ ‘’ƒ›ǤŠ‡ ‘ŠǤ‘••‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‘•‡’”‡•‹†‡– ‘ŠǤ‘••™ƒ•ƒ•‘‘ˆ

‡‘”‰‡Ǥ‘••‘ˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ƒ†™Š‘•‡’‡†‹‰”‡‡ ƒ„‡–”ƒ ‡†

„ƒ –‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ“—ƒ””›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ•‡‡•ƒŽ•‘–‘

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘••Ǧ‡’—„Ž‹ ǤʹͲͻ

 Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›„‡‰ƒƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–”‡‡†‘—•

‰”‘™–Šˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‘Š–‹Ž‰‘‡Šƒ•™”‹––‡ǣDz‹

–Š‡ŠƒŽˆ ‡–—”›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ͳͺͺͲǡ–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹†—•–”›”‡•Šƒ’‡†–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ

‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†”‡‘”‹‡–‡†‡”‹ ƒ–Š‹‹‰ǤdzʹͳͲ›–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺ͸Ͳ•ǡŽ‘ ‘‘–‹˜‡•

Šƒ†”‡•—‡†’—ŽŽ‹‰Š‡ƒ˜› ƒ”‰‘ˆ”‘ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡–‘„‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†‘˜‡”™ƒ–‡”

–‘†‹•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–•„›–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺ͸Ͳ•Ǥ  ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺ͸ͺǡƒ‘–‹ ‡‹–Š‡Milwaukee

Daily Sentinel ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ “—ƒ””‹‡• ™‡”‡ ”‡•—‹‰

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ „—– ™‹–Š‘—– •’‡ ‹ˆ›‹‰ ™Š‹ Š “—ƒ””‹‡• ‘” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‹ ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Ǥʹͳͳƒ–‡”–Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”ƒ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ‹•–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡• Š‘‘‡”›”‘˜‡”‹

Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ Šƒ”„‘” ‹ Ž—†‡† –™‡–›Ǧ‘‡ –‘• ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ Š‡ƒ†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡

’‘”–‘ˆ‡™‘”Ǣ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”–Š‡•ƒ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ž‹•–‡†–™‡–›Ǧ–™‘–‘•‘ˆ

 209John M. Ross was one of the heirs of George W. Ross, co-owner of the Knoxville Marble Company with William Patrick. In 1873 Ross and Patrick took over the quarry that had been used for the Knoxville Customs House construction in 1871-72, began powering it with steam saw blades and derricks, and used their proximity to the river and railroad spur lines to send marble to St. Louis for its Customs House and to Albany for the New York State Capitol building. McAdams, Marble Halls (Knoxville: self- published), 4-5.

210 Stilgoe, ix.

211 Milwaukee Daily Sentinel 1 February 1868.

 ʹͶ͹ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ Š‡ƒ†‡† ˆ‘” Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡ ƒŽ•‘ „› • Š‘‘‡”Ǥʹͳʹ  ƒ‘›‘—•

Dz ‘—– ‘‘ǣ ͳͺͺ͸Ǧͺ͹dz ˆ”‘ ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ †‘ —‡–‡† Šƒ—Ž‹‰ „›

”ƒ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†ǡƒ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹Š‡ƒ˜›Ž‘ƒ†•—•‹‰

–‡ƒ•‘ˆ—Ž‡•Ǥʹͳ͵ –ƒŽ•‘†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†–Š‡•Š‹’‡–‘ˆ„Ž‘ •‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡–‘ —•–‘‡”•‹

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡ‘•–‘ǡ—ˆˆƒŽ‘ǡ‡™‘”ǡ‹Ž™ƒ—‡‡ǡŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡƒ†

‡š‹‰–‘Ǥ – ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”‡“—‡– —•–‘‡” ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡†‰‡”

„‘‘‹•Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ•Ƭ‘ǡˆ‘”•Š‹’‡–•–‘„‘–Š‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǤʹͳͶ

 Š‡ͳͺͻͶ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–‘ˆ‘”‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘

‡–™‘”•ƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ƒ‘‰”‘—–‡•ǡˆ—”–Š‡”‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–

ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘‹‡Ǥ‡•–‡” ‘–‡†•–Šƒ– ‘’Žƒ‹–•ƒ„‘—–

”ƒ–‡•ƒ†„—•‹‡••’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ”‘”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† —•–‘‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡

‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ’”‘’–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘‹••‹‘•

†‡•‹‰‡†–‘–‡’‡”Dz–Š‡‘ˆ–‡”—–ŠŽ‡••ƒ†‹’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„—•‹‡••‹ƒ‡”ƒ

‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†‡”‰‡”Ǥdz––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ ‹–‹‡•ƒ†–‘™•‡ƒ‰‡”ˆ‘”

 212 The Charleston Courier, Tri-Weekly 7 November 1868, 1 May 1869.

213 Two other African Americans, John Wells and Reeves Kyle, along with Sam Goodman, used teams of from eight to thirty-two mules or oxen to haul marble to the railroad. Price, Hawkins County, Tennessee: A Pictorial History, 164.

214 University of Tennessee, Special Collections, “Account Book, 1886-1887,” MS 1404.

 ʹͶͺ ‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–‡ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‡†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‹’—Ž•‡„›‰”ƒ–‹‰–ƒš„”‡ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”

’—„Ž‹ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•–‘ƒ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ Š–Š‡Ǥʹͳͷ

 Š‡’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰„‘‘ǡƒ‡‘”‘—•‘—–Žƒ›‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–

Žƒ”‰‡••‡ǡ„”‘—‰Š–‡™ —•–‘•Š‘—•‡•ǡ’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ǡƒ†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘—”–Š‘—•‡•–‘

ƒ› ‹–‹‡•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›ƒ†’”‘˜‡†ƒ„‘‘–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–”ƒ†‡•Ǥ‡‰‹‹‰

ƒ•–Š‡›†‹†‹–Š‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘”ƒǡ–Š‡‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ••‹˜‡ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›

•–‘‡ǡ•–”— –—”‡•—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹–‡†‡†–‘‹’”‡•• ‹–‹œ‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘‰”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ

–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡†Œ‘„•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘–”ƒ –•Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ

–‡˜‡‘–Šƒ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‘„‡„—‹Ž–‹

‡‡••‡‡™‡––‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ–‡Ǧ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ„Ž‘ –Šƒ–

Š‘—•‡•–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”›‡–‡”–‘†ƒ›ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳ͹Ȍ™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†ƒ•ƒ

”‡™ƒ”†–‘ƒŽ‘›ƒŽ ‹–›ƒ†•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥʹͳ͸†‡ ƒ†‡‘”‘”‡‡Žƒ’•‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡

•‹‹Žƒ”—Ž–‹Ǧ’—”’‘•‡ —•–‘Š‘—•‡Ȁ ‘—”–Š‘—•‡Ȁ’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†„›

—ŽŽ‡––ǯ••— ‡••‘”ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ’’Ž‡–‘‘––‡”ǡ™‡”‡‡”‡ –‡†‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ȋͳͺͺʹȌƒ†

‡’Š‹•ȋͳͺͺͷȌǤ

 •–Š‡›Šƒ†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ••‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –••‘‡–‹‡•

‹•’‹”‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‹–‘–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

 215 Connie L. Lester, Up From the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmer’s Alliance, Populism, and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 42.

216 Steve Cotham is Director, McClung Historical Collection, Knox County Public Library, and Historian, East Tennessee Historical Society.

 ʹͶͻ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥʹͳ͹–›Ž‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‡‡•‘––‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‹••—‡•‹ ‡–Š‡•—’‡”˜‹•‹‰

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”› ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‡†–Š‡’Žƒ•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡

–›’‡•‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–Šƒ–’‘’—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘—–”›™‹–Šƒ ‘ƒ†‹‰•ƒ‡‡••Ǥʹͳͺ

 Š‡”‡•—Ž–™ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ’‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘™‡”‹ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽˆ‘”ǡ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†

ƒ†‹ˆ‹‹–—Ǥ—––Š‡†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰••—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒ‡™ǡ

’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ–ˆ‹”•–—•’‘‡ǡƒ†ƒ–‡‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ

’‡”ƒ‡ ‡ƒ†‹’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǣ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠƒ–ƒ”‡†

–Š‡•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘’Žƒ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤ—ŽŽ‡––•ƒ‹†‘ˆ

–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡Š‡Šƒ†—•‡†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡDz –‹•ǡ‹›‘’‹‹‘ǡ—•—”’ƒ••‡†‹„‡ƒ—–›ƒ†

 217 The Knoxville Marble Company’s William Patrick, who stated that he was a resident of St. Louis, granted an interview to the St. Louis Globe Democrat about his company’s unsuccessful attempt to secure a contract for tombstones for the federal cemeteries. His complaint alleged that his company, the low bidder, was disqualified because the original specifications were changed in ways that actually lowered the cost for the company that did receive the bid. Although the Knoxville Marble company did not succeed in getting the contract, the incident was one of a number of charges that finally resulted in Secretary of War William W. Belknap’s resignation. St. Louis Globe Democrat 7 March 1876.

218 According to National Park Service historian, Charles W. Snell, Alfred P. Mullett, who served throughout Grant’s two terms in office, employed three design styles during his tenure as Supervising Architect of the Treasury: the smallest group, “Greek or Classic Revival” (1869-75) included the north wing of the treasury building in Washington, D.C., as well as the U.S. Mint in San Francisco and Post Office/Court House/Custom House buildings for Portland Maine and Portland Oregon. The second, “Italianate” (1866-78) was chosen for many combination custom house/court house/post office buildings dispersed across the country from Maine to Michigan to Minnesota to South Carolina and Tennessee. It also included assay offices in Idaho and Montana. The third and largest group, “Second Empire” (1867-1885) included the monumental State, War, and Navy building in Washington, D.C., and huge Post Office/Court House/Custom House buildings in Boston, New York, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Philadelphia. National Register Nomination, Old Court House [United States Customs House and Post Office], St. Louis, MO, entered 17 February 1970.

 ʹͷͲ †‡•‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›„›ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡‘™‹—•‡‹–Š‹• ‘—–”›Ǥdzʹͳͻ‹–Š•— Šƒ•–ƒ’‘ˆ

ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡŽ‘‰†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‹–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡ǡ„‡‰ƒƒŽ•‘–‘„‡

‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‡š–‡”‹‘”—•‡Ǥ 

 Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡™‡ƒŽ–Š„”‘—‰Š–ƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•„—•‹‡••‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ–‘–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”

‘—–ŠǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•™Š‘‘” Š‡•–”ƒ–‡†— Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•‰”‘™–Š

†—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–—•ƒ†’‘™‡”ˆ‹”•–„›„—‹Ž†‹‰Ž—š—”‹‘—•

”‡•‹†‡ ‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡„›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ†‡†‘™‹‰’—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘••— Šƒ•

Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†—•‡—•ǤŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡™’—„Ž‹ ‡–‹–‹‡•ƒ”‘•‡Šƒ†‹Šƒ†

™‹–Š–Š‡”‡„‹”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡‹ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†‡’‘’—Žƒ”„›–Š‡Dz‡”‹ ƒ

‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡dz„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ––Š‡ͳͺͻ͵‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—„‹ƒš’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡

‹’‘”–ƒ–’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘•–”— –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͺͻͲ•–‘–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡™

Dz‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‘””‹†‘”dz™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽˆ‘”•–ƒ–—•„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

 •’‘‡–ƒŽ’ŠƒŽ†‘‡”•‘Šƒ†’”‡†‹ –‡†„ƒ ‹–Š‡ͳͺͶͲ•ǡDz”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‹”‘ȏ™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‡–‘„‡Ȑƒƒ‰‹ ‹ƒǯ•”‘†dz‹–ƒ’’‹‰‹–‘–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡•ǤʹʹͲ

‹–Š–Š‡‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›ǯ•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‡–™‘”ˆ—ŽŽ›‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘‰Ž‹‡

‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ƭƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘˜‹‰‹–‘ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹

 219 William Patrick presented this letter from Mullett to War Department Secretary W.W. Belknap in his unsuccessful attempt to secure a contract for tombstones for the federal cemeteries. St. Louis Globe Democrat 7 March 1876.

220 Ibid.

 ʹͷͳ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͲͲ•ǡƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡ ƒ‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǯ•‘•–Š‹‰ŠŽ›

•‘—‰Š–ƒˆ–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥʹʹͳ

 221 Most of the small local lines in Tennessee had merged into one of three national competitors: The Southern Railway controlled by J.P. Morgan, the Louisville & Nashville, to which V.K. Stevenson had secretively sold the Nashville & Chattanooga in 1880, and the Illinois Central. Lester, 42-43.  ʹͷʹ 



 

   ǣ

   



 –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡–‘‘‘ƒ

‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒ’”‡•–‹‰‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‡™Ž‘‰ǦŽ‹‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‡–™‘”•„‡‹‰ƒ••‡„Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†™‡•–’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ ‡••–‘‡™ƒ”‡–•

ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ•–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǯ•™‡ƒŽ–Š‰”‡™–Š”‘—‰Š‰‘˜‡”‡–‡š’ƒ•‹‘

ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†–Š‡‡™Žƒ”‰‡••‡ǡ‹

’ƒ”–ǡ „› —•‹‰ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡•‡ Žƒ†ƒ” •–”— –—”‡•Ǥ  Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ††‡†ƒ–‘— Š‘ˆ‡Ž‡‰ƒ ‡–Šƒ–•‡”˜‡†–‘‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡™

—”„ƒ ‡–‡”• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ǯ• ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‘””‹†‘”Ǥ ƒ› ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‘Ž‹†Ž›Ǧ

‘•–”— –‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰• •–‹ŽŽ •—”˜‹˜‡ǡ ƒ ‡†—”‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒ › ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ‡”‹ ƒ

‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•ƒ†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ‘–‹—‡–‘

•Šƒ’‡–Š‹•ƒ–‹‘–‘†ƒ›Ǥ

ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ”ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘‰Ǧ•–ƒ†‹‰ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ™ƒ‡†ǤŠ‡‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ–ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡’”‘Œ‡ –Šƒ†

‘‡ –‘ ƒ ŠƒŽ–Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —ˆ‹‹•Š‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š•–‘‘† ƒ••ƒ—Ž– „› ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

–”‘‘’•†—”‹‰–Š‡‘ —’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒǡ„—–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡‰”ƒ‹–‡‘”‹–Š‹ƒ

‘Ž— ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”’‘”–‹ ‘‡•™‡”‡†‡•–”‘›‡†ǡƒ•™ƒ•–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–”ƒ   ʹͷ͵ ‘™Š‹ Š‰”ƒ‹–‡™ƒ•Šƒ—Ž‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡“—ƒ””›ǤŽ›ˆ‹˜‡‘ˆ•‹š–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡

ƒ’‹–ƒŽ• ‹–‡†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹‡†Ǣ –Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹–Š‹  ’‘Ž‹•Š‡† ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘Ž—•Šƒˆ–•ˆ—”‹•Š‡†„›‘—‰Š‡”–›ƒ†‹••‘™‡”‡”—‹‡†Ǥͳƒ„Ž‡‘”

—™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡ ‘–‹—‡† ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ

Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ‘Š‹‡”•‡‡ƒ†Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›–‘”‡–—”–‘ƒŽ–‹‘”‡Ǥʹ

‡–ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ†™ƒ–‡†–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡Ž‘•–‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‹–ƒ›‘Ž‘‰‡”Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‘„–ƒ‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ•Šƒˆ–

‘Ž—•ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡•ƒ‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺ͸ͻǡ• —Ž’–‘”Žƒ”‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ–™‘”‘ƒ

•‡˜‡–›Ǧˆ‘‘– ‘—‡– –‘ ‹ ‘ŽȄƒ • —Ž’–—”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‹”–›Ǧ•‡˜‡ „”‘œ‡

’‘”–”ƒ‹– • —Ž’–—”‡• ƒ† •‹š Š‘”•‡•Ȅƒ‘— ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘—‡– ™‘—Ž† ‘ˆ

‡ ‡••‹–›„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡—•‡†‹–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘Ž

Šƒ† „‡ ‘‡ • ƒ” ‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ǥ͵—––Š‡ˆƒ‘—•• —Ž’–‘”ǯ•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡

ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ›‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ™‹•

‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

ˆ–Š‡‘”‡’Ž‡–‹ˆ—Ž‘š‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•‘–›‡–™‹†‡Ž›ƒ”‡–‡† –‘

‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ —•–‘‡”•‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†ǡ–Šƒ–™ƒ••‘‘–‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ͵ͳ

 –‘„‡”ͳͺ͸ͺ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•–‘”›‹–Š‡Knoxville Herald“—‘–‡†ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‘”–‘–Š‡

Richmond Whigƒ•”‡ƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•Dz’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡™‹†‡•–ƒ™ƒ‡ǥ–‘™

  1 The Daily South Carolinian (Columbia) 15 August 1866.

2 Bryan, Creating the South Carolina State House, 73-74.

3 The Charleston Courier, Tri-Weekly 9 February 1869; Daily National Intelligencer 15 February 1869.

 ʹͷͶ ‘ˆ‹–•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–‘Ž›‹‡‡••‡‡ǡ„—–‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡”–ƒ–‡•dz ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•™‡”‡–Š‡‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‘ˆ‹–•˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤͶˆ–‡”–Š‡—‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡

Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ Ƭ ‹”‰‹‹ƒ ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†• ‹ ͳͺ͸ͻǡ ƒ Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ

‡™•’ƒ’‡” ‘–‡† –Šƒ– •Š‹’‡–• ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ™‡”‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ –‘ ’ƒ••

–Š”‘—‰Š › Š„—”‰ǡ ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡ „› ”ƒ‹ŽǤͷ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥƒ ”–Š—”ǡ ”ǤŠƒ•

ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –Š‡ ‘‡–‘—• ’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ” ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ –‘ Dz‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•

Œ‘‹ȏ‹‰Ȑ ™‹–Š ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”• ˆ”‘ ƒˆƒ” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹‡•ǡ “—ƒ””‹‡•ǡ ƒ† Ž‘‰‰‹‰

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡdz ƒ”‰—‹‰ǣ Dz–Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘‘–‡† –Š‡ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ

”‡•‘—” ‡•‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥdz͸‘†‘—„–ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡‘™‡”•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•

‹–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘„‡ —•‡†ǡ ‹ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

—•–‘Š‘—•‡•ǡ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‘‹‡–’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ‹ ‹–‹‡•

•‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”–Šƒ– ‘‡ –‡†ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡–‘–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ‹†Ǧ™‡•–ǡ

ƒ† ‡•– „‡‰‹‹‰ ƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ• –Š‡ ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ǡ ‹• ƒ –‡•–ƒ‡– –‘ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•

‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ  ‡š ‡”’– ‘ˆ ƒ ͳͺͷ͸ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡–Ǥ‘—‹•

Republicanǡ”‡’”‹–‡†‹ƒ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ

 4William J. MacArthur, Jr., Knoxville’s History: An Interpretation (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1978, reprinted from Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee), 30-31.

5 North American and United States Gazette 17 April 1869.

6 MacArthur, Knoxville’s History: An Interpretation, 30.

 ʹͷͷ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǯ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠƒ†”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Š‡‡™Ž›Ǧ‘’‡‡†

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ƒ•–Š‡‡›–‘ƒ”‡–‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹–‘–Š‡‹†Ǧ™‡•–Ǥ͹

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Žƒ–‡”ǡ‹ͳͺͺ͹ǡƒ˜‹•‹–‹‰’ƒ”–›ˆ”‘Harper’s Weekly”‡’‘”–‡†

–Š”‹˜‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•‹ƒ›•‡ –‘”•ǡ ‹–‹‰–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆDz‘”–Š‡”ƒ†‡•–‡”

‡ǡƒ––”ƒ –‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‘Ž†ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡȏ™Š‘ȐŠƒ†

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• Š‡”‡ •‘‘ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ™ƒ” ȏƒ†Ȑ ‹ ƒ› ƒ•‡• ˆ‘”‡†

’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’• ™‹–Š ‘—–Š‡” ‡Ǥdz ƒ”’‡”ǯ• ™”‹–‡” ‹” ‘”‘‡ ˆ‘—† –Š‡ ƒ”„Ž‡

‹†—•–”›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‰Ǥ ‡†‡˜‘–‡†–™‘Ž‘‰’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ȋ‘—–‘ˆ‡Ž‡˜‡Ȍ–‘

ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡–‘„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ†‘’‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•’”‘‹•‹‰

•‡ –‘” ‘—Ž†‡š’ƒ†‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„‡‰ƒ–‘„‡’”‘ ‡••‡† Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›

‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•Š‹’’‡†‘”–Š–‘„‡™‘”‡†Ǥͺ

Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘””‹†‘” †ƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͳͺͷͲǡ™Š‡

‘‰”‡•• •—’’‘”–‡† ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰ ˆ”‘ •‘—–Š –‘ ‘”–Š „› ‰”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ –™‘Ǧ

Š—†”‡†Ǧˆ‘‘– ”‹‰Š–Ǧ‘ˆǦ™ƒ› –Š”‘—‰Š ‹••‹••‹’’‹ǡ Žƒ„ƒƒǡ ƒ† ŽŽ‹‘‹•ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š

ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‰’ƒ” ‡Ž•‘ˆŽƒ†–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡•‘Ž†ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’—”’‘•‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

•—„•‹†›Š‡Ž’‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ ŽŽ‹‘‹•‡–”ƒŽǡ™‹–Š„ƒ ‡”•‹‡™‘”ƒ†Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ

™Š‹ Š„›–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺͷͲ•™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ  7 The newspaper writer, sounding like a marble enthusiast him(her)self, stated: “We have several times spoken of the abundance and fineness of our Tennessee Marble. The annexed extract, from the St. Louis Republican, shows, to some extent, the estimate set upon it abroad.” However, the story was recounting a visit by a Knoxvillian who had carried marble specimens to St. Louis, not an inquiry coming from that direction. Knoxville Register 12 April 1856.

8 Kirk Monroe, “The Industrial South: Knoxville, Tennessee,” Harper’s Weekly 7 (May 1887, XXXI, no. 1585): 330.

 ʹͷ͸ ‘””‹†‘”ˆ”‘‡™”Ž‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ†‡‡••‡‡–‘–Š‡Š‹‘‹˜‡”Ǥͻ

ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ™ƒ”ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ† ”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ™‡”‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡

’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•ǡ™‹–Š‘—–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡–”‡ƒ•—”‹‡•†‡’Ž‡–‡†ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‘”‘

•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ†ˆ‡™‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‘”•ǡ–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•

”‡ƒ‹‡† —†‡”ˆ—†‡†Ǥ ‘‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ƒ† •‘—–Š‡”Ǧ„ƒ ‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•

ƒ—–‹‘—•Ž›ƒŽŽ‘™‡†‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡–„—–•–‹ŽŽƒ––‡’–‡†–‘”‡–ƒ‹ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡

Ž‹‡•ǤͳͲ –Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡Ž‹‡Š‘ƒ•Ǥ ‘––ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ

„‡‰ƒ–‘„—›•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰•‘—–Š‡”Ž‹‡•ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡‡š‹•–‹‰”‘ƒ†•‹–‘

–Š‡‹†‘ˆ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡–™‘”‡‡†‡†–‘”‡˜‹˜‡–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‡„—•‹‡••

ƒ —‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• •‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡ †”‡™ ƒ”‡‰‹‡ǡ ’”‘˜‡† ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ

’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •›•–‡ ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‹‰Š– •Š‹’‡–•Ǥͳͳ ‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ”‹•‹• ‘ˆ ͳͺ͹͵ǡ

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆŽ‹‡•†‹†‘–•—”˜‹˜‡Ǣ‡˜‡ ‘––ǯ•’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž •›†‹ ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡

 9 Mark W. Summers, Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid under the Radical Republicans, 1865-1877 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 176-177; Kevin and Laurie Collier Hillstrom, eds. Industrial Revolution in America: Railroads (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 11-12.

10 Summers, 278-279. Kevin Hillstrom has suggested that some of the railroad builders were more interested in being paid by the Southern states for the work of rebuilding their ruined lines than they were in creating a modern network. Hillstrom, 15.

11 In a full-scale study of Carnegie and his philanthropic library program, historian Abigail Van Slyck claims that he invented cost accounting in order to gauge profit margins, using it first in railroad endeavors and then in his steel company. Abigail Van Slyck, Free to All: Carnegie Libraries and American Culture, 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 9. Hillstrom attributes the use of a cost-accounting system for railroads to Albert Fink of the Louisville & Nashville, and proposes that Carnegie’s innovation was to adapt it to the steel industry. Hillstrom, 48.

 ʹͷ͹ ‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›‡ —”‹–›‘’ƒ›ǡŠƒ†–‘–”‹‹–•Š‘Ž†‹‰•Ǥ—–ǡˆ‘”ƒ’‡”‹‘†ǡ‹–

Šƒ† Š‡Ž’‡† •—•–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ‡™Ž› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ Ƭ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ•–

‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒȋƬ Ȍƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹•–ƒ›‹ Š‘†ƒ†ƒ˜‹ŽŽ‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ

ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ‡‡†‡”Ž‹‡••‡”˜‹‰‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ† ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ•ˆƒ”•‘—–Šƒ•–Žƒ–ƒǤͳʹ

˜‡” –Š‡ ‡š– –™‘ †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”–—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› ‡ —”‹–›

‘’ƒ›ǯ• ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†• ™ƒš‡† ƒ† ™ƒ‡†Ǥ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”˜‹˜‘”• ™‡”‡ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†

‹–‘”‡š‡Ž‘”‰ƒƒ†‘’ƒ›ǯ•‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ››•–‡‹ͳͺͻͶǤ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

’ƒ”–‡”•‹–Šƒ–ˆ‹”™ƒ• ‘Š‹‡”’‘–‘”‰ƒǡ–Š‡‡™‘”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‹ƒ ‹‡”™Š‘

Šƒ†’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹”‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹‰–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•‹˜‹Žƒ”†‡„–Ǥͳ͵

‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ —‹—•ǡŠƒ†™‘”‡†™‹–Š‹˜‡•–‘” ‡‘”‰‡‡ƒ„‘†›‹‘†‘†—”‹‰–Š‡

‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͺͷͲ•Ǥ Š‡ ‡Ž†‡” ‘”‰ƒǯ• ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡ

‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ „ƒ‹‰ Š‘—•‡ ‘‡ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ —‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

›‘—‰‡” ‘”‰ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ „—•‹‡•• •ƒ˜˜› ‘ˆ –Š‘› ”‡š‡Žǡ Š‹• ’ƒ”–‡” ‹

Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡŽ‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹‰‘ˆƒ›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•†—”‹‰

–Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͺͺͲ•ǤͳͶŠ‡–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰„‘‘ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡†ǡƒ•–Š‡‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡•ˆƒ ‡†ƒ‘–Š‡”‡ ‘‘‹  ”‹•‹•‹ͳͺͻ͵ǡ‘”‰ƒƒ –—ƒŽŽ›”‡•–”— –—”‡† ƒ

—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡•—”‡ˆ—–—”‡

 12 Summers, 277.

13 Hillstrom, 73.

14 Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854-1913 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 144-145, 222-224, 247.

 ʹͷͺ ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤͳͷDz‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡdzƒ•‹– ƒ‡–‘„‡‘™ǡ•ƒ˜‡†ƒŒ‘”Ž‹‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡

Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒƒ†‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ–Š‡Š‡•ƒ’‡ƒ‡ƒ†Š‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‹‡ǡ–Š‡‡Š‹‰ŠƒŽŽ‡›ǡƒ†

–Š‡ ‘”ˆ‘Ž ƒ† ‡•–‡”Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘—–Š ‹– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‘„‹‹‰ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ

•ƒŽŽ‡”Ž‹‡•‹–‘‘‡Žƒ”‰‡•›•–‡ǣ–Š‡‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›Ǥͳ͸

Š‡‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ››•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‹”‰‹‹ƒƬ

‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ†–Š‡‹ Š‘†Ƭƒ˜‹ŽŽ‡”‘ƒ†•ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ‹•–ƒ›•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥͳ͹Š‡Ƭ ƒ†Ƭ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•

Šƒ†Šƒ†•‹†‡Ǧ„›Ǧ•‹†‡†‡’‘–„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡„›–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ™Š‹ Š

‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡‘—–Š‡”•›•–‡ƒ‡†‰‡™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽˆ‹”•ƒ†–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–‘’‡‡†‹–Š‡

 15 Carosso, 363, 369. Historian Alan Trachtenberg has characterized the 1893 financial panic as the worst in the country’s history. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), 211. During the last decades of the century, many American manufacturing companies, unable to survive price-cutting competition, were bought up or merged into larger firms. This happened particularly in businesses that demanded a lot of capital and had high fixed costs. Such “horizontal” expansion, when complemented by market-grabbing vertical integration, which Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. defined as the joining of raw material sourcing to production and distribution, resulted in the rise of notable mega-fortunes. Carnegie Steel, by the 1890s one of the major producers of railroad iron, not only absorbed rival companies, it controlled both raw materials and transportation. This company, whose sale made Andrew Carnegie one of the wealthiest men in the world, formed the basis for J.P. Morgan’s U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901. Canadian entrepreneur James Jerome Hill, a railroad impresario who also owned vast amounts of land containing iron ore, made sure that the sale of those lands to U.S. Steel in 1906 included a guarantee that the ore would travel on his Great Northern lines at a higher than normal tariff. Naomi R. Lamoureaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1904 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 8, 87, 99, 146.

16 Hillstrom, 74.

17 Carosso, 369.

 ʹͷͻ †‡ ƒ†‡•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥͳͺ –Š‡ͳͺͺͲ•ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‡‹‰Š–

Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘˜‹‰‘–Š‡•‡Ž‹‡•ǡƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–

„‡‹‰Ž‘ƒ†‡†ˆ”‘”‹˜‡”–‘”ƒ‹Žƒ–‘ ‘”†ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•™‡”‡‹

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„›ͳͺͺͷǤ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”

™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡†‘™”‹˜‡”ˆ‘”•Š‹’‡–Ǥͳͻ›–Š‡–—”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–—”›ǡ

 18In 1859, Williams’ Knoxville Directory listed the address of the Knoxville Steam Mill (Robert J. McKinney, President; R. Craighead, Secretary; and Thos. J. Lyon, John J. Craig, A.A. Barnes, Proprietors) as “north of the ET&GA Railroad.” It is the only plain “mill” listed, which implies that it might have been used for multiple purposes. The only “marble dealers” in the directory are George W. Fagan & Bro (the Fagan name continues to appear in city business directories until at least 1884) and the Sligo Mining and Marble Company, with whom James Sloan had a business relationship as early as 1856 (see Chapter IV). A 1856 Knox County property deed mentions the location of the quarry he is purchasing as “near the ET & VA line.” Also noted in the Williams directory: V.K. Stevenson of Nashville as a director of the ET&GA Railroad, John J. Craig as Cashier, Union Bank, and Robert H. Armstrong, Thos C. L. Lyon, and A.A. Barnes as Attorneys, the latter two being in partnership. Williams’ Knoxville Directory, City Guide, and Business Mirror I (Knoxville: Published by C.S. Williams, 1859), 26, 86. Ten years later, Helms’ Knoxville City Directory also touted the railroads: “the marble quarries in vicinity of the city are now being worked with success and furnish a fine variety of variegated [sic] marble. $60,000 will soon be shipped on one contract to the city of Philadelphia. A car load of rough hewn worth more than a car load of wheat.” A particular focus of this directory was the railroads serving the city and nearby environs. The author(s) recorded that the Knoxville & Charleston (16 miles) was completed to Maryville, the Knoxville & Kentucky (31 miles) would soon connect with the Louisville & Knoxville and ultimately have a line to Cincinnati, and the Rogersville & Jefferson (14 miles) was connected to the ET&VA. While R. Craighead is listed as a marble merchant at Henley & Locust Streets, there are no other listings under “marble” and no individual listings for Armstrong, Barnes, Craig, or Lyon, perhaps confirming historical speculation that Armstrong and Craig, at least, had left the city during the war and did not return for some years. Helms’ Knoxville City Directory, 1st Annual (Knoxville: T. Haws & Co., 1869), 48, 58, 59, 71,115.

19 A Multiple Properties Nomination (MPS) for the Concord Village Historic District, NHR listed 1987, names five companies, the Lima & East Tennessee, Stamps Wood & Company, Stewart Marble, Republic Marble, and the Juanito marble mill, as operating in the area by 1883. Goodspeeds’ noted the following Concord marble firms in  ʹ͸Ͳ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‘—–Š‡”Šƒ†ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‘’‡–‹–‘”ˆ‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ”‰‘•Š‹’’‹‰‘—–‘ˆ

–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒǣ–Š‡‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ȋƬȌǤʹͲ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–‘‘‘˜‡”–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘

Ž‹‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†–‘ƒ”›˜‹ŽŽ‡„›ͳͺ͸ͺƒ† ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ—‰—•–ƒ‹ͳͺͺͳǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘—–Š‡”–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ••—”‡–Š‡

Ƭƒ•–ƒ‡‹–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡‹”–”ƒ • ”‘••‡†–Š‡†‘™–‘™

„”‹†‰‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‹˜‡”ǡ’ƒ••‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‡ƒ”ƒ

Ž‹‡‘ˆ”‹ ŠŽ‘—–‘—–›“—ƒ””‹‡•Œ—•–„‡‰‹‹‰–‘„‡‘’‡‡†‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺͺͲ•ǡ

‘‡ –‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡––ƒƒ†‘”–Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹ͳͺͻͲǤŠ‡Ƭ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘

 1884-1885, when information for that publication was being collected: Godfrey Brown & Company, Red Triangle Quarry, Juniata Marble Company (probable variant in NHR listing), Cedar Bluff Marble Manufacturing & Railway Company, Great Bend Marble Company, Kinkaid & Company. By the end of the century, at least twenty-three Knoxville companies had come on line. A list of marble entities, other than individuals, compiled from Knox County property deeds, 1859-1901 city directories, Goodspeeds’ (1887), and Rule’s (1900) includes: Sligo Mining and Marble (1854), Dickeson Marble Mining & Manufacturing (1856), Knoxville Mining & Marble (1869), Knoxville Marble Company (1871), Fagan & Bro. (1876), Beach & Company (1880), Tennessee River Marble (1880), Bean & Bro (1881), Knoxville Marble Works (1881), John J. Craig & Company (1881), Crescent Marble Company (1884), Morgan & Williams (1884), Phoenix Marble Company (1885), Great Southern Marble (1889), Tennessee Producers Marble (1889), Gray Knox Marble (1891), Great Bend Marble (1891), T.S. Godfrey Marble (1896), Ross Republic Marble (1900), Concord Marble Company (1901), East Tennessee Marble Company (1901), U.S. Marble Company (1901), Gray Eagle Marble Company (1902).

20 One of the leading marble entities in the United States, the Baltimore-based Evans marble company, which had located a satellite operation in Hawkins County by 1880, and later opened a mill in Knox County, was shipping freight out of Knoxville on the Knoxville & Ohio Railroad, which later became part of the L&N, by 1888. Norris Wellge & Co. Knoxville, Tennessee, County Seat of Knox County (Milwaukee: Beck and Pauli Lithography, 1888).

 ʹ͸ͳ ƒ‡‹”‘ƒ†•‹–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Šǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ‹’”‡••‹˜‡•–‘‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”

–‡”‹ƒŽ‹ͳͻͲͶ–‘ƒ‘— ‡‹–• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘–Š‡‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›ǤŠ‡Ƭ™‘—Ž†

„‡ ‘‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› ƒ””‹‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›ƒ†

ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•‹Ž‘—–‘—–›ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡ˆ‹”–‘˜‹‡ˆ‘”‹†—•–”›

†‘‹ƒ ‡„›–Š‡ͳͻͳͲ•Ǥƒ’ ”‡ƒ–‡†–‘•Š‘™Š‘™–Š‡”‘—–‡••‡”˜‡†–Š‡

‹†—•–”›ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳ͹Ȍ†‘‡•‘–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰•–”ƒ‹‰Š–

‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•–Ž‹‡–Šƒ–•‡”˜‡†–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‹•–Š‡Ƭ ȋ‘—–Š‡”ȌǤ



‹‰—”‡ͳ͹ǤŠ‹• Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‘˜‡”Žƒ›ƒ’—•‡• “—ƒ†••–‹– Š‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ƒ’ǡ ™‹–Š ‰”‡‡ ‘—–› „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ –Žƒ•ˆ‘””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•‹”‡†ǤŠ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‹„”‹‰Š–‰”‡‡†‘–• ™‡”‡†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ ‘”†‘ǯ•ͳͻʹͶ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’•ȋˆ‹‰—”‡•ͳͲƬͳͳȌǤ––‘’”‹‰Š–‹• ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†˜‹ ‹‹–›ǡƒ–Ž‡ˆ–‹•–Š‡ ”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽ‘—–‘—–›Ǥƒ’ ”‡ƒ–‡† „›ƒ—–Š‘”™‹–Šƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘‘‘Žƒƒ†ƒ†ƒƒ™ǡ ‡‘• ‹‡ ‡•  Žƒ„Ǥ 

Š‹Ž‡‹–‹•‡ƒ•›–‘•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‡”˜‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡

“—ƒ””‹‡•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ•ƒ‡‹Ž‘—–‘—–›‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•  ʹ͸ʹ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‹˜‡ ‹Ž‡• •‘—–ŠǤ  ‘†‡” ”‘ƒ†„‡† ƒ „‡

ˆ‘—†™Š‡”‡–Š‡Ž‹‡•‘ ‡Žƒ›Ǥ

Š‡ Ƭǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† ‘’‡‡† ƒ ”‘—–‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†

‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ‡–— ›ǡ ‹ ͳͺͷͻǡ ƒ†‡ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‹– †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ” „› •‡”˜‹‰ „‘–Š

•‹†‡•Ȅ”—‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‡—–”ƒŽ‡–— ›–‘‡‡’•—’’Ž‹‡•ƒ†•‘Ž†‹‡”•‘˜‹‰Ǥʹͳ –

‘—–Žƒ•–‡†‘•–‘ˆ‹–• ‘’‡–‹–‘”•–‘‡‡”‰‡ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘—–Š‡”Ž‹‡•

–‘ ”‡ƒ‹ ‹–ƒ –Ǥʹʹ‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒŠƒ†ƒ†‡ƒ

˜ƒŽ‹ƒ– „—– —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› —•— ‡••ˆ—Ž „‹† –‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –Š‡ Ƭ ˆ‘” ƒ ‡•• ™‡•– ƒ†

‘”–ŠǤ‹‰ƒŽ‹‰‹–•‹–‡––‘”‡ƒ Š‹†Ǧ™‡•–‡” ‡–‡”•‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡„› Šƒ‰‹‰‹–•

ƒ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƬ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‡Šƒ†„‡‰—‹–•ƒ” Š–‘™ƒ”†

–Ǥ‘—‹•„›ƒ„•‘”„‹‰–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ƭ‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‹ͳͺ͹ʹǦ͵Ǥʹ͵ ͳͺͺͲǡ–Š‡›‡ƒ”

ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Ƭ– Šƒ† ƒ “—‹”‡† ƒ ”‘—–‡ ‹–‘ ƒ•– –Ǥ ‘—‹•ǡ ˆ‘”‡” Ƭ ’”‡•‹†‡–

‡”‘Ǥ–‡˜‡•‘ƒ†‘‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›•–‘ Š‘Ž†‡”•‘Ž†‘—––‘–Š‡Ƭǡ•—”’”‹•‹‰

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†”‡•‹†‡–†—†‘Ž‡ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Š‹•‡™‘”•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”•

–‘†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ǤʹͶŠ‡‡™Ž›‡Žƒ”‰‡†Ƭ‡–™‘””‹˜ƒŽ‡†–Š‡ ŽŽ‹‘‹•‡–”ƒŽƒ•

 21 John F. Stover, The Railroads of the South, 1865-1900: A Study in Finance and Control (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 210-211.

22 Business historian Albro Martin has described the L&N as “conservative and well-run” during a period when many eager to expand but under-capitalized railroads failed, particularly some of the state-run roads in the South. Albro Martin, Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection and Rebirth of a Vital American Force (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 30.

23 Johnson, “Railroads,” Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 771.

24 Gamble, “Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad,” Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 768; Stover, Railroads of the South, 223-226.  ʹ͸͵ –Š‡’”‹ƒ”› ƒ””‹‡”ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡–‘Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†•—’’Žƒ–‡†–Ǥ‘—‹•ƒ•ƒ

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Š—„†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ†™ƒ•†‡•–‹‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡–Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›–‘–Š‡™‡•–Ǥʹͷ

–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡Ƭǯ•ƒ‹ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹ Š‡•

‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡™‡”‡–Š‡—’”‹˜‡” ‹–›‘ˆ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†‡–— ›

ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘„‹‡† Ƭ  Ž‹‡•Ǥ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‹˜‡•–‘”• Šƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ† ‡–— › ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‹ ͳͺͷͶ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ ‡•• –Š‡ ‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†• ‹ –Š‡

‘—–‹‡•‘”–Šƒ†™‡•–‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ† ƒ””›ˆ”‡‹‰Š––‘–Š‡Š‹‘‹˜‡”Ǥʹ͸ ’Žƒ ‡

ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•Ž‹–‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ„›–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ‹–™ƒ•—•‡†‹‡’–‡„‡”

ͳͺ͸͵ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”„›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ–”‘‘’•‘˜‹‰†‘™‹–‘‡‡••‡‡ǤŠ‹•Ž‹‡ǡ™Š‹ Š

™ƒ• ”‡Ǧ Šƒ”–‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ Ƭ Š‹‘ ‹ ͳͺ͸ͻ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ Ƭ

•›•–‡ǡŠƒ†ƒ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‘’‡–‹–‘”‹–Š‡‹ ‹ƒ–‹‘—–Š‡”Ǥ

—†‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ ‘—–Š‡” Šƒ† ‘‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–› ‘ˆ

‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡ™Š‹ Š•‘—‰Š––‘ ‘‡ ––Š”‘—‰ŠŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ–‘–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž

‡–™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‡••–Š”‘—‰Š‡–— ›Šƒ†„‡‡„Ž‘ ‡†„›

–Šƒ– •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ‡‡”ƒŽ ••‡„Ž› —–‹Ž ͳͺ͹ʹǡ ƒˆ–‡” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• “—‹ Ž›

‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǥͳͺ͹ʹƒ’DzŠ‘™‹‰–Š‡‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ† –•ƒ‹Ž‘ƒ† 

25 Ross Miller, “Chicago’s Secular Apocalypse: The Great Fire and the Emergence of the Democratic Hero” in: Chicago Architecture, 1872-1922: Birth of a Metropolis (Munich: Prestal-Verlag for the Art Institute of Chicago, 1987), 28.

26 MacArthur, Knoxville’s History: An Interpretation, 22. Among the directors of this line, in addition to President Joseph A. Mabry, Secretary John L. Moses, and Consulting Engineer C.S. Williams, was O.P. Temple. Williams’ Knoxville Directory, 26. This volume, which contains detailed information about the railroads serving Knoxville just prior to the Civil War, appears to have been published by railroad man C.S. Williams.  ʹ͸Ͷ ‘‡ –‹‘•dz •Š‘™‡† –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡† Ž‹ ˆ”‘ ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ –‘ Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ —†‡”

‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ

Š‡”ƒ ‡™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‘ˆ‘”ƒ ”‘••Ǧ ‘—–”› ‘‡ –‹‘Ǣ–Š‹•ƒ’•Š‘™•–Ǥ

‘—‹•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǡƒ•–Š‡‘•–†‹”‡ –Ž‹–‘’‘‹–•™‡•–ǡƒ†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹•

‘–•Š‘™ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ ‹˜‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ„”‹†‰‡ˆ”‘‘— ‹ŽŽ—ˆˆ•ǡ ‘™ƒǡ–‘ƒŠƒǡ

‡„”ƒ•ƒ™‘—Ž†‘’‡‹ͳͺ͹͵–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ†‹”‡ – ”‘••Ǧ ‘—–”›”‘—–‡ˆ”‘Š‹ ƒ‰‘–‘

ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡–”ƒ •‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†•”‹†‰‡ƒ––Ǥ

‘—‹•™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†—–‹Žͳͺ͹Ͷǡ–Š‡ƒ’™ƒ•ƒ„‹–‘’–‹‹•–‹ Ǥ

  ˜‡”› ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‘ ƒ’ǣ Dz‘—–”› —””‘—†‹‰ Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ

‡Ǥ Š‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ ‡•‘—” ‡•dz ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†

Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ”‡†ǡ„”‘™ǡƒ†Š‡ƒ–‹–‡ˆ‘••‹Ž‘”‡•ǡ ‘ƒŽǡ ‘’’‡”ǡƒ†‰‘Ž†Ǥ

˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡™ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•‘‡‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ‹–‹‡•‘–Š‹•ƒ’ǡƒŽ‘‰

™‹–Š–Š‡Ƭ Š‡ƒ†‹‰‘”–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–†‹”‡ –Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‘–‘‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•‘–‡†Ǥʹ͹ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†„‘‘•–‡”‹•Šƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›–ƒ‡‘ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹•–

–‘‡ǤŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǡ‡Œ‘›‹‰‡‘”‘—•‰”‘™–Š‹–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”’‡”‹‘††—‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›–‘

 27 Tennessee State Library and Archives, Library Collection, three maps, all published by Tavel, Eastman & Howell, bound in book: S115.A28 1872/74. A later corollary to the Chattanooga-centric view is an 1890 promotional publication of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company, issued for the “Land and Emigrant Department” by agent W.M. Janes, which included a mineral map of Tennessee accompanied by a description written by state agriculture commissioner J.B. Killebrew. The map showed eastern and western iron belts, a wide swath of coal measures along the Cumberland Plateau, numerous locations of marble and lead along the Appalachian chain, as well as other pockets of minerals, including several locations of marble near rivers in southern middle Tennessee and just west of the Highland Rim, potter’s clay generally across west Tennessee, and slate, gold, and copper in the southeastern section of the state. Tennessee State Library and Archives, J.B.Killebrew Papers.

 ʹ͸ͷ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹”‘ ƒ† •–‡‡Ž ‹†—•–”›ǡ ™ƒ• ˜›‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ†

ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”’”‘‹‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹Ž ‡–‡”‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›–‘–Žƒ–ƒƒ†–Š‡‡‡’‘—–ŠǤʹͺ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘—–Š™ƒ•Ž‡ˆ––‘”‡ ‘˜‡”‹–•‡ ‘‘‹ ‘‡–—ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–•

”‡•‘—” ‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‘”•ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‹–Š‡

‹†Ǧ™‡•–ƒ†‡•–™ƒ•„‘Ž•–‡”‡†„›ƒ••‹˜‡’—„Ž‹ Žƒ†‰”ƒ–•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡‰‹˜‡

–‘ –Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ– ‘”–Š‡” ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•Ǥ ‘˜‡”‡–

•—’’‘”– Šƒ† •Š‹ˆ–‡† ™‡•– –‘ •’—” –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ ‘—–”› Ž‹‡•Ǣ –Š‡

‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǧ‘™‡† ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ˆƒ” ƒ† ƒ™ƒ› ‘—–’ƒ ‡† ™Šƒ– Šƒ† ‰‘‡

„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥʹͻ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‡’Š‹• ƒ† –Ǥ ‘—‹• ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡† — Š ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆ‘”‡”

‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‹–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹‹˜‡”–”ƒ†‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡‘ ”‘••Ǧ ‘—–”›”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†

–”ƒˆˆ‹ –Š”‘—‰Šƒ‹–‘—‹•—–‹Ž–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†•”‹†‰‡ǤŠ‡™ƒ”Šƒ† ‘•–

‡’Š‹•ƒ†–Š‡‘—–Š‹–•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹ ‘’‡–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‘—–Š‡” ”‘••Ǧ ‘—–”›”ƒ‹Ž

‘””‹†‘”Ȅ‘ ‡ƒ’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –‘ˆˆ‘”‡”ǤǤ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆƒ” ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ƒ˜‹•Ǥ

 ”‘•• –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†Ǧ™‡•–ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ „‘‘

–‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡™‹–Š‘‡›–‘‹˜‡•–Ǥ ‡–Š‡Dz‰‘Ž†‡•’‹‡ǡdz—‹–‹‰–Š‡‹‘

ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ†‡–”ƒŽƒ ‹ˆ‹ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡŠƒ†„‡‡†”‹˜‡ƒ–”‘‘–‘”›‘‹–ǡ–ƒŠǡ‹

ͳͺ͸ͻǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ† —”Ž‹‰–‘ Ž‹‡• Œ‘‹‡† —’‘ –Š‡ ‘’‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‹‘ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ǯ•‹••‘—”‹‹˜‡””‹†‰‡„‡–™‡‡ƒŠƒǡ‡„”ƒ•ƒƒ†‘— ‹ŽŽ—ˆˆ•ǡ  28 In the immediate post-war period Chattanooga was targeted by Cincinnati as a destination that would enable the city to compete against rival Louisville for shipment of goods into the Southern states. Chattanooga itself, with its strategic location at the crossroads of multiple rail lines, was also determined to pull ahead of rival Knoxville. Govan and Livingood, 294.

29 Hillstrom, 16-17.

 ʹ͸͸ ‘™ƒ‹ͳͺ͹͵ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǯ•Ž‘‰ƒ™ƒ‹–‡†ƒ•–Ȃ‡•– ‘‡ –‹‘™ƒ•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†Ǥ‹–Š‹

ƒ†‡ ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡƒŽŽˆ‘—”“—ƒ†”ƒ–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”›

™‡”‡Ž‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ„—––Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Šƒ† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•Š‹ˆ–‡†‘”–Š†—‡–‘–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡

”‘••‹‰‹–Š‡—’’‡”‹†Ǧ™‡•–Ǥ͵Ͳ

‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‡”†‹ƒ†Ǥ ƒ›†‡ǯ•‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡

’”‘’‘•‡†–”ƒ• ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹–Š‡ͳͺ͸Ͳ•Šƒ†“—‹ Ž›‡š’ƒ†‡†‹–‘ƒ•—”˜‡›

‘ˆ–Š‡›‘‹‰–‡””‹–‘”›ƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ›ͳͺ͸ͻǡ ƒ›†‡ƒ†ƒ–‡ƒ‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ

–Š‹”–› ™‡”‡ –”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧˆ—†‡† •—”˜‡› ‘ˆ –Š‡

–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ͵ͳ ͳͺ͹ͳǡ™‘”‹‰—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Žƒ–‡”„‡ ‘‡–Š‡

ǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡› ƒ›†‡’”‘†— ‡†ƒ˜‘Ž—‹‘—•™”‹––‡”‡’‘”–ǡƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†

„›–Š‡•’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ”˜‹•—ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡”› ƒ •‘ ƒ†

 30 Clay Lancaster, Introduction to Waiting for the 5:05: Terminal, Station and Depot in America, by Lawrence Grow (New York: Main Street Press, 1977), 9. In Railroads Triumphant, Chapters 8-11, Albro Martin chronicled the network of business associations that were formed between powerful railroad and financial entities in order to make this happen. As it became possible to move large volumes of agricultural products at much lower cost than previously, railroad owners realized the power of the long-lines to create new markets. Once Carnegie Steel introduced Bessemer steel rails, heavier cargo loads could be hauled; many, such as Canadian entrepreneur James Jerome Hill, also became involved in the development of resources. Martin, Railroads Triumphant, 195-200, 292.

31 Hayden, a University of Pennsylvania minerologist, was initially fascinated by the fossil remains of the Montana territory, which he first explored in the 1850s. Charles A. White, Memoir of Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden, 1839-1887 (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1894 www.nap.edu/html/biomems/fhayden.pdf [accessed 16 February 2011]

 ʹ͸͹ ’ƒ‹–‡” Š‘ƒ• ‘”ƒǤ͵ʹŠ‡Helena Daily Herald ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡

‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’—•Š‹‰

ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ ‹–• ͳͺͺ͵ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ǯ• ƒ‰‡–• ƒ– ƒ› ‘‘‡ Ƭ

‘’ƒ› ‘– ‘Ž› •—„•‹†‹œ‡† ‘”ƒǯ• Œ‘—”‡›ǡ –Š‡› ƒ› ‡˜‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡

‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ›†‡ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ

‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•™Š‘ˆƒ˜‘”‡†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ͵͵•‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘–•–‡’• ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ•’‘•‘”‡†‡š’‡†‹–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡› •’”‡ƒ† –Š‡‹”

™‡ƒŽ–ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š•–”ƒ˜‡”•‡†„›–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”ǡƒ‘— ‹‰ —’Ǧƒ†Ǧ

‘‹‰–‘™•™‹–Š”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡”‡ –‹‰Š‘‡•ǡ„ƒ•ǡƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•Ȅ

–Š‡ ˆ‹‡•– ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‡™ ƒ”‡–• ˆ‘” Ž—š—”› „—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‹‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

‘ ’ƒ”ƒ’Š”ƒ•‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ”‡†‡”‹  ƒ •‘ —”‡”ǡ „› –Š‡ ͳͺͻ͵ ‘”Ž†ǯ•

‘Ž—„‹ƒš’‘•‹–‹‘‹Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ–Š‡Dzˆ”‘–‹‡”dz™ƒ• Ž‘•‡†ǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡• ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†˜‡–—”‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‡”‹ ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”‡•–•

Šƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡƒ†’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ™Šƒ–Šƒ†‘ ‡„‡‡–Š‡˜ƒ•–

—‘™Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ† ‘’‡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡

–ƒ‹‰Ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ†‡†ƒ™ƒ›ǡ”‡‘˜‡†—†‡”†—”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ†•”‡•‡”˜‡†

–‘ƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹ ƒ–”‹„‡•ǡ‘”•‘Ž†ˆ‘””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ ‡••‘” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͵Ͷ

 32 John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 159.

33 Ibid., 160-161.

34 For a microcosm of how quickly the frontier continued to close down as the coming of railroads and minerals exploitation spurred the realignment of northern  ʹ͸ͺ Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’ƒ”ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‘™•–‘‡ ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ ‹ ͳͺ͹ʹǡ

™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–‘”‡•‹†‡–Ž›••‡•Ǥ ”ƒ–„› ƒ›†‡ǡŠƒ†’”‘˜‡–‘

„‡ƒ•–”‘‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‰‡‹—•Ǥ͵ͷŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹‘•‹•‡––‹‰ƒ•‹†‡Žƒ†•

„‘”†‡”‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ• ‘””‹†‘”•‘ˆDz˜‹•‹„Ž‡—–‘— Š‡†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡dz‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡

ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ–‡•ǡƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡•’—––‘”‡•–“—ƒŽ•

–Šƒ–ƒ›‡”‹ ƒ•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡˜ƒ‹•Š‹‰ˆ”‘–‹‡”Ǥ͵͸

Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‘”›‡–‡‹ƒŽ‡š’‘•‹–‹‘Š‡Ž†‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ‹ͳͺ͹͸

™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘•Š‘™ ƒ•‡‡”‹ ƒ‹†—•–”›ǡ”‡ƒ™ƒ‡–Š‡’ƒ–”‹‘–‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›

”‡’—„Ž‹ ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‡—‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡”‡ ‡–Ž›™ƒ””‹‰•–ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

Š‹ ƒ‰‘‘”Ž†ǯ• ƒ‹”™‡”‡ˆ‘ —•‡†‘—–™ƒ”†Ǥ‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Šƒ†•Š‹ˆ–‡†

–‘ƒ™‡•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ–ƒŽ‘•–Ž‹‰Š–‹‰•’‡‡†ǡ–Š‡›‡„”ƒ ‡†ƒ ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ˜‹‡™

‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘†‹•’Žƒ›•Šƒ†•–”‡••‡†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‹•–‡–

–Š‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›”‡’—„Ž‹ ǣ‡”‹ ƒǯ•„‘—†Ž‡••ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ›‘ˆ™Š‹ Š

™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›—–ƒ’’‡†Ǥ –ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘‘–•–‡’•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͷͳ”›•–ƒŽƒŽƒ ‡

‡š’‘•‹–‹‘‹‘†‘Ǥ‡–‡”‡†‘™‘”•‘ˆ‹†—•–”›ǡ–Šƒ–‡š’‘•‹–‹‘ǯ••—„–‡š–Šƒ†

„‡‡ǣ‹†—•–”›ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡–‡‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘  plains lands see: Carroll Van West, Capitalism on the Frontier: Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), 213.

35 White, Memoir of Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden, 1839-1887, 403.

36 For example, the Central American Steamship Company put pressure on California Senator John Conness to set Yosemite aside for a public park as early as 1864. Conness argued that the land was worthless for “public purposes” such as mining or agriculture, knowing full well that the free park would benefit the railroads. Sears, 129- 130.

 ʹ͸ͻ ‹ Ž—†‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ›•ǡƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Šƒ††‡Ž‹‰Š–‡†‹ –Š‡•‡ –‘— Š‡• ‘ˆ

‡š‘–‹ ƒǡ„—––Š‡ˆ‘ —•Šƒ† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›„‡‡‘‡”‹ ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ† ‹‰‡—‹–›Ǥ͵͹ 

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”‡”‹ ƒǡ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡Ǧ—‹ˆ‹‡†‡ ‘‘›ƒ‹‡†ƒ–„ƒŽƒ ‹‰

–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–ǡ–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘

‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒ‰‘‘†•ƒ„”‘ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ†”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

‡••–Šƒ–™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•Žƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—„‹ƒš’‘•‹–‹‘

™ƒ• ƒ Dz•—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ’”‘‰”‡••ǡdz „—– –Š‡ •—„–‡š– ™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ͵ͺ ƒ‹” ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”• ‹ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ ‘‰‹œƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹–›ǯ• •–ƒ–—• ƒ• ƒ

‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›ǡŠƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•–‘™‘”Ž†–”ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡› ’Žƒ‡† –‘

‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ’‹†”‹•‡‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡‹” Žƒ‹•–‘

‡’‹”‡ ƒ „‡ •‡‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡Ž›Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡† ‘‡ –‹‘• ™‹–Š ’ƒ•– ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•

–Šƒ– Šƒ† ”‹•‡ –‘ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•• –Š”‘—‰Š • ‹‡ ‡ǡ ‹†—•–”›ǡ ƒ† †‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ Š‡•‡

’”‘‘–‡”• ‘ˆ ‡”‹ ƒǯ• ™‡•–™ƒ”† ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡•• –—”‡† –‘

 37The first department of the National Museum (later the Smithsonian Institution) organized was a display of building stones curated by Dr. George W. Hawes. Hawes, working “under authority” of the Census bureau, undertook scientific analyses of the American stones so that he could recommend which were most appropriate for use in which parts of the country. “Most of these, as already generally known, are Centennial exhibits presented to the Government by various private individuals, both foreign and American. These were consigned by the Government to the care of the Smithsonian Institution, but as no room could be afforded for properly displaying them in that building, Congress, in March 1879, appropriated money for the erection of the new Museum edifice, which was begun in that year, and has pushed forward with remarkable rapidity.” “The Science of Stones: Interesting Exhibits and Experiments at the Museum,” The Washington Post 30 April 1881.

38 Ingrid A. Steffensen-Bruce, Marble Palaces, Temples of Art: Art Museums, Architecture, and American Culture, 1890-1930 (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1998), 29.

 ʹ͹Ͳ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†ƒ”––‘’”‘Œ‡ –ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ‘•‡––Š‡‹†‡ƒ‹

–Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹” ‡—Žƒ–‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽƒ†

ƒ”–‹•–‹  †‡•‹‰• ˆ”‘ ‘ƒ ƒ”– ƒ† ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ””‹‡† ƒŽŽ—•‹‘• –‘ –Š‡

‰Ž‘”‹‡•‘ˆ ”‡‡ ‡ǤŠ‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ™‡”‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–’ƒ”–ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†–Š”‘—‰Š

–ƒŽ‹ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –• ™Š‘ †‡•‹‰‡†–Š‡•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•

”ƒˆ–‡† ƒDz‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡dz •–›Ž‡ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ‘†‡ ‘ˆ

‡š’”‡••‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹˜‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡š– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ˜‹•‹–‹‰ –Š‡

Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ˆƒ‹”ǡ ™”‹–‡” ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‹–‹  ‡”› †ƒ• ”‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ– ‹–• ƒ”–‹•–• ƒ†

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡‡„‡”‡† Ž‘‰ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ‹”‡• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ™Š‘

‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‹–Ǥ͵ͻ

” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ–ƒŽ‡›’’‡Ž„ƒ—Šƒ•’‘•‹–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹’‡–—•ˆ‘”

–Š‡Š‹ ƒ‰‘‡š’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‘”‘—•ƒ Žƒ‹‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ”‹•ˆƒ‹”‘ˆͳͺͺͻǤ

Š‡ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒ š’‘•‹–‹‘ ˆ‘‘–’”‹– ™ƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› †ƒ—–‹‰ ‹ • ƒŽ‡ǡ ‹–•

ƒ ”‡ƒ‰‡’—”’‘•‡Ž›‡š ‡‡†‹‰–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡2š’‘•‹–‹‘‹˜‡”•‡ŽŽ‡ǤͶͲ ‹•–‘”‹ƒƒ‹‡Ž

Ž—‡•–‘‡Šƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Dz‹–›‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ždz ‘ ‡’–‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡

Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ˆƒ‹” ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹•–‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”›ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ

‹ Ž—•‹‘‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••ǤͶͳŠ‡‡š’‘•‹–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†

 39 Michael Botwinick, Foreword to The American Renaissance 1876-1917 (New York: The Brooklyn Museum, 1979), 7.

40 Stanley Appelbaum, The Chicago World's Fair of 1893: A Photographic Record (New York: Dover, 1980), 2.

41 Daniel Bluestone, “’A City Under One Roof,’ Chicago Skyscrapers, 1880-1895,” in American Architectural History: A Contemporary Reader, Eggener, Keith L., ed. (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), 199.  ʹ͹ͳ „‡‡Žƒ ‹‰‹Š‹ ƒ‰‘•‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͺ͹ͳˆ‹”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡ ‹–›ǯ•—”„ƒ ‘”‡Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ™‘‘† ˆ”ƒ‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ™‹–Š ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆ •–”— –—”‡• ‘ˆ „”‹  ƒ†

•–‘‡ Šƒ† Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™–‘™ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡ ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡

ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹††Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‘™‡” Žƒ•• †™‡ŽŽ‹‰• ƒ† ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰• –‘ „‡

”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‘—–•‹”–•ǤͶʹ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ •›• ”ƒ’‡”• Šƒ† ƒŽ–‡”‡† –Š‡

Š—ƒ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›ǤŠ‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘–Š‡”™‹•‡’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•

™‡”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡–”ƒ ‡• ƒ† Ž‘„„‹‡•Ȅ’Žƒ ‡• ‡–‡”‡† ‘Ž› „› ƒ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡

ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡™ ‡Ž‹–‹• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

„—•‹‡•• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” –‘™‡”• ƒ† Žƒ˜‹•Š ‹–‡”‹‘”• ˆ”‘ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ‹–‹œ‡• ‹ –Š‡

•–”‡‡–•ǤͶ͵•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡƒ›Š‹ ƒ‰‘ƒ•†‹†‘–ˆ‡‡Ž™‡Ž ‘‡‹–Š‡ ‹–›ǯ• ‡™

„—•‹‡••†‹•–”‹ –Ǥ

‹•–‘”‹ƒ‘„‡”–›†‡ŽŽŠƒ••–”‡••‡†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ•— Šƒ‡š’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

‡Šƒ••–›Ž‡†‹–ƒDz•›„‘Ž‹ —‹˜‡”•‡dz–Šƒ–’”‡•‡–‡†’ƒ•–ǡ’”‡•‡–ǡƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ƒ•ƒ

—‹ˆ‹‡† ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ  ‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ ’—„Ž‹  •–ƒ‰‡ ‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹††Ž‡

Žƒ••‡”‹ ƒ• ‘—Ž†‘ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ ‹˜‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‰‡–ˆ‘”

ƒ–‹‡–Š‡— ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‡’”‡••‹‘ƒ†Žƒ„‘”—”‡•–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡™‘”‹‰

Žƒ••™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†ƒ”‡•’‹–‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”™‹•‡†”‡ƒ”›Ž‹˜‡•ǤͶͶ



42 John Brinckerhoff Jackson, American Space: The Centennial Years, 1865-1876 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1972), 81-82.

43 Bluestone, 202.

44 Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 2.

 ʹ͹ʹ Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ™‡ŽŽǦ’Žƒ‡†—”„ƒ•’ƒ ‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†’”‡•‡–ƒ‹’”‡••‹˜‡

ƒ† ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰ •’‡ –ƒ Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡– Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ

Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ˆƒ‹” ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”•Ǥ Š‡› Š‘•‡ ‡™ ‘” Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ”‡†‡”‹  ƒ™

Ž•–‡†–‘‡˜‹•‹‘–Š‡Žƒ›‘—–ƒ†‰”‘—†•ƒ†Š‹ ƒ‰‘‡‰‹‡‡”Ȁƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ƒ‹‡Ž

—”Šƒ ƒ† ‘Š ‡ŽŽ„‘” ‘‘– –‘ ‘˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‘•‹–‹‘

„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǤŠƒ–•‘‘ ƒ‡–‘„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡DzŠ‹–‡‹–›dz™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –ƒ‡–‹”‡Ž›‡™

‹–› ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ‹–›Ȅƒ •‘”– ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”‹  ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ Dz‡’‹”‡dz ‹ ‹–• —‹ˆ‹‡† †‡•‹‰ ƒ†

‘Š‡•‹˜‡ •–›Ž‹•–‹  •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ ’Žƒǡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› –Š‡ —”˜‹‰ƒŽŽ‡±•ƒ†„”‘ƒ†

„‘—Ž‡˜ƒ”†• ‘ˆ Ž•–‡†ǯ• —”„ƒ ’ƒ” †‡•‹‰•ǡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡† „› —”Šƒǯ•

‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•–‘ƒ•–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡˆ‘”‡‘•–ƒ‘‰–Š‡

–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡™‘”ǯ• ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‹”ǡ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ‡™Ž›Ǧˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ 2 ‘Ž‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡

—’±”‹‘”‡†‡•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•ǡƒ”‹•ǤͶͷ

Š‡–™‘• Š‡‡• ‘Š‡”‡†‹–‘ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ™Š‹–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ”‘—†ƒ

Žƒ‡Ȅƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‹–› ™‹–Š ‘–‹ˆ• „‘””‘™‡† ˆ”‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡†

–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ „› ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ƒ† ‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›

–ƒŽ‹ƒǡ‰Ž‹•Šǡƒ† ”‡ Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥƒ‰‹ˆ‹ ‡–‹• ƒŽ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡

 45 Architectural historian Richard Guy Wilson believes that the firm should be credited as the primary influence on the fair’s design and the primary proponents of the City Beautiful movement that followed. He has called Charles McKim the “artistic conscience for Daniel Burnham,” arguing that McKim, who traveled to Chicago twenty- three times to consult with Burnham and fair officials and designed the “centerpiece” Agricultural Building, was one of the driving forces reviving classical style in American cities. Richard Guy Wilson, McKim, Mead & White, Architects (New York: Rizzoli, 1983), 29-31.

 ʹ͹͵ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ™‡”‡ –‡’‘”ƒ”› •–”— –—”‡• ‘•–”— –‡† ‘ˆ ‹”‘ ƒ† ™‘‘† •‡Ž‡–‘•

•Š‡ƒ–Š‡†‹™Š‹–‡Ǧ’ƒ‹–‡†•–ƒˆˆǣƒ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ’Žƒ•–‡”ƒ†•–”ƒ™–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡—•‡†

•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹ ƒ”‹• ‹ ͳͺͺͻǤͶ͸‹ ‡–Š‡’Žƒ•–‡” ‘˜‡”‹‰Ž‡–‹–•‡Žˆ–‘‹–”‹ ƒ–‡

ƒ”˜‹‰ ƒ† ‘†‡Ž‹‰ ƒ† ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹–‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹”‡ –‘” ‘ˆ

‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”ƒ ‹•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ—•‡†–Š‡ˆƒ‹”ƒ•ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†

‘„Œ‡ –Ž‡••‘‹–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‘†‡•‘ˆ‡‘Ǧ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰‘”ƒ‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤͶ͹

›†‡ŽŽ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Dz‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ —Ž–—”‡ǡdz™Š‹ Š

ˆ‘”‡•Šƒ†‘™‡†—•‡—ƒ††‡’ƒ”–‡–•–‘”‡†‹•’Žƒ›•ǡ–‘–Š‡ˆƒ‹”•–Šƒ––‘‘’Žƒ ‡

„‡–™‡‡ͳͺͷͳƒ†ͳͻͳͷǤͶͺ‡‰‹‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡”›•–ƒŽƒŽƒ ‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘‹‘†‘

‹ ͳͺͷͳ ƒ† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† Ž‘•‡Ž› „› –Š‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ˆƒ‹” ‹ ‡™ ‘” –™‘ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ

†‹•’Žƒ›•‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ ‡™‡”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ†Ǧ‹ǦŠƒ†™‹–Š

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‡ƒ’—•Šˆ‘”ƒ•• ‘•—’–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š–Š‡

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆ

‘•—‡” ‰‘‘†• „‡‹‰’”‘†— ‡† „› ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ ™ƒ•‡˜‡‘”‡ ƒŽŽ—”‹‰Ǥ

Š‡ƒ –‘ˆ’—” Šƒ•‹‰„‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‡†–‘’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ –‹•‘–•—”’”‹•‹‰

–Šƒ– ‡”‹ ƒ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•™‡”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› „ƒ ‡”• ‘ˆ

‡š’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ  ƒŒ‘” •—’’‘”–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͺ͹͸ Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ ˆƒ‹” Šƒ† „‡‡ ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”

‘•‡’Š ƒƒƒ‡”ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ͳͺͻ͵ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒǡ †‡’ƒ”–‡– •–‘”‡

 46 Appelbaum, 5.

47 Ibid., 14.

48 Robert W. Rydell, World of Fairs: The Century of Progress Expositions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 6.

 ʹ͹Ͷ ƒ‰ƒ–‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ ‹‡Ž† ƒ† ‹˜‡–‘” ›”—•  ‘”‹  •‡”˜‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰

‘‹––‡‡Ǥ

‡†‡”ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹”• ‘– ‘Ž› „‘Ž•–‡”‡† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ˆ‡”˜‘” „—– ƒŽ•‘

’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘˜‹•‹„Ž›’‘•‹–‹‘‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ƒ••‘—” ‡•‘ˆ

‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ Šƒ†Žƒ”‰‡••‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤͶͻ ”ƒ‹‰

’”‘‰”‡•• ƒ• ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ „‘–Š

‡”‹ ƒ ‡š’‘•‹–‹‘• ȋͳͺ͹͸ ƒ† ͳͺͻ͵Ȍ •’‘•‘”‡† –Š‡ †‘ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹‡

‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ƒ††‹•’Žƒ›•–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—•‡—ǡ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‡ͳͺͻ͵

Š‹ ƒ‰‘ˆƒ‹”ƒŽ•‘•’ƒ”‡†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘‡™—•‡—•ǣŠ‡ ‹‡Ž†‘Ž—„‹ƒ

—•‡—ǡ ˆ—†‡† „› ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ ‹‡Ž† –‘ Š‘—•‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”›

‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ˆƒ‹” ‹ –Š‡ •‡‹Ǧ’‡”ƒ‡– ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹‡”–•ǡƒ†–Š‡

Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ —•‡—ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘ ‡”– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ š’‘”–

š’‘•‹–‹‘Š‡Ž†‹Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ‹ͳͺͻͻǤͷͲ

–Š‡”’‡”ƒ‡–‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹•— Š•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ•

ƒ• –Š‡ ‹ˆˆ‡Ž –‘™‡” ‡”‡ –‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ͳͺͺͻ 2š’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹˜‡”•‡ŽŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•–‹‰

‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ—šǦ”–• ‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹•ǡ ‘” Dz‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡dz ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥ

” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒŠ‘ƒ•Ǥ ‹‡•Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ —”Šƒ

‘–‹—‡†—•‹‰ ”‡‡ǡ‘ƒǡƒ†‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡‘–‹ˆ•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡

 49 Rydell, All the World’s a Fair, 3.

50 Ibid., 19, 33.

 ʹ͹ͷ ˆƒ‹”„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡Žƒ ‡†ƒ•‹‰ƒ–—”‡•–›Ž‡‘ˆŠ‹•‘™Ǥͷͳ ‡– Š‡ Šƒ† ™‘”‡† ‹ –Š‡

‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ •–”— –—”ƒŽ ‹‘˜ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ DzŠ‹ ƒ‰‘  Š‘‘Ždz•›• ”ƒ’‡”

‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‡ƒ”‘ ‡‡›ǡƒ†—”ŠƒƬ‘‘–Šƒ†„‡‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

Dz• Š‘‘Žǯ•dz‘•–’”‘†— –‹˜‡ˆ‹”•‹–Š‡ͳͺͺͲ•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͻͲ•ǤŠ‹Ž‡—”Šƒ†‘‡•

•‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ˜‡‡”‡† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ Dz ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ •–›Ž‡dz ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹”ǡ Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ •›• ”ƒ’‡”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰

‡™ ‘”ǯ• —ŽŽ‡” ȋ Žƒ–‹”‘Ȍ —‹Ž†‹‰ǡ Žƒ–‡” ‹ Š‹• ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ ‹• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ •™ƒ›

–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†—‡–‘–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆŠ‹•˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›’ƒ”–‡”ǡ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡” ‘Š‘‘–ǡ‘”–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡•Š‡‡”’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–›Ž‡•

‹–”‘†— ‡† –‘ ‹†Ǧ™‡•–‡”‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ‹” ˆ‘•–‡”‡† ƒ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” •‹‹Žƒ” ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ

” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ””‘ŽŽ Ǥ Ǥ ‡‡• Šƒ• ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡–—”–‘

‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹•™ƒ•‘–ƒ‰”‡ƒ–„”‡ƒ‹ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ•‹ ‡— Š‘ˆ

™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ’”‘‘–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ˆƒ‹” ™ƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” –‘ ƒ•–‡”‡”• ƒ•

˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–ˆ”‘—”‘’‡Ȅ ‹–‹‰‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‡™’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•‹‘–Š‡”

—”‘’‡ƒ•–›Ž‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‡”‡ –‡†ƒŽ‘•– ‘ —””‡–Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹ ƒ‰‘š’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ

•— Šƒ•Ǥ‡‘’‘Ž†‹†Ž‹–œǯ•‡™‘”–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ–Ž„ƒ›ƒ† ‘ŠǤ

‹–Š‡›‡”ǯ•‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••Ǥͷʹ

–”ƒ ‹‰–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹†Ǧ‹‡–‡‡–Š –‘

‹†Ǧ–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”‹‡•ǡ ‡‡• ’”ƒ‹•‡† —”Šƒ ˆ‘” Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ†

 51Thomas S. Hines, Burnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner, (1974, repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 279-281.

52 The highly decorative interiors of both buildings include Tennessee marble.

 ʹ͹͸ „ƒ ™ƒ”† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ „› ‘„‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‘Š‡”‡–

—†‡”Ž›‹‰ ƒ••‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆ‘” ‹ Š‹• ‹‘ –ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ǤǤ ȋͳͻͲ͵Ǧ͹ȌǤ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š‹–™ƒ•‘‡ƒ‘‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—„‹ƒš’‘•‹–‹‘

–‡”‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹‘ †‡•‹‰‡† „› Šƒ”Ž‡• –™‘‘†ǡ —”Šƒǯ• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡– ‹

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•‹‘–ƒ–‹‘™ƒ••‡‡„›‡‡•ƒ•ƒƒ–‡ ‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‹’Ž‡ˆ‘”•

‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡”‹•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‡‡”‰‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡š–ˆ‡™†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥͷ͵

ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒ š’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ —”Šƒ †‡•‹‰‡† „ƒ• ƒ†

‘‡” ‹ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ‡˜‡ •‘‡ •›• ”ƒ’‡”•ǡ ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ‹œ‹‰ •–›Ž‡•Ǥ

DzŠ‹–‡ ‹–›dz „—‹Ž†‹‰ –›’‡• •‘‘ „‡ ƒ‡ ‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz‹–› ‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ždz

‘˜‡‡–ǡ‘‡‘ˆ™Š‘•‡’”‹ƒ”›‡š’‘‡–•™ƒ•—”ŠƒǤ‘†ƒ›—”Šƒǯ•

‹’”‹–‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†‹–Š‡—•‡—•ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡƒ†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•–ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–

Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘’ƒ”ǦŽ‹‡•‡––‹‰•ˆ‘”–—”Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ ‡–—”›—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰• Š‡‡•

ˆ‘”ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǡƒ‹Žƒǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡƒ†Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǤͷͶ ‹‡•Šƒ•Žƒ„‡Ž‡†—”Šƒǯ•

™‘”‘ˆ–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†Dz–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ǡdz‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ƒ•‹–†‘‡•„‘–Š

’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ† ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ˆ‹ƒ ‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‹–‡†‡† ˆ‘” ‹˜‹  ‘•—’–‹‘ǤͷͷŠ‡

 53 Carroll L.V. Meeks, The Railroad Station, An Architectural History, 1956, reprint (Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle Books, 1978), 24, 126-129. Considered from this perspective, Burnham’s monumental horizontal terminal block might also be said to have set a precedent for the stripped-down modernism and the rectangular footprint adopted for many 1930s federal buildings.

54 “Burnham, Daniel Hudson,” Britannica Encyclopedia of American Art (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corporation, 1973), 97; Hines, 283-286, 288-289.

55 In my view, this designation would also apply to much of Burnham & Root’s pre-World’s Columbian work in Chicago, including the Burnham and Root-designed Richardsonian-influenced “skyscraper” for the Society for Savings (1888-90) in Cleveland. This building, of rough-hewn Michigan red sandstone on a Missouri granite  ʹ͹͹ Žƒ˜‹•Š –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹–‡”‹‘”• Ž‹‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǯ• ‹”•– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ

ȋͳͻͲ͵Ȍǡƒ•–‡‡Žƒ†‰”ƒ‹–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”‡†•‘‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‘”ƒŽ‡

–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹•’‡•ƒ–‹‘„› ‹–›‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ••‘–Šƒ–‹– ‘—Ž†”‹•‡–‘‡‹‰Š–‡‡

•–‘”‹‡•ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—”•‡ „—– –Š‡ ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡

‡”ƒǤͷ͸‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ™”‹–‡”†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–‹ƒŽ‘•–’‘‡–‹ –‡”•ǣ

 ‘‡˜‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‘–Š‡•–”‡‡–‘–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ• ‘––”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†ƒ„”‘ƒ†ƒ†Ž‹‰‡”‡†‹–Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ ‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‡ƒ– „—‹Ž†‹‰•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–‹–•‹–‡”‹‘” ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„ƒ‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘”†‹ƒ”›‡š–‡–ǥ–Š‡–Š”‡‡™‹†‡‡–”ƒ ‡•‹˜‹–‡‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‹†‡™ƒŽǥ Š‡”‡–Š‡‰”ƒ† –ƒŽ‹ƒ•–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡•‡‡•–‘‰”‡‡–ƒ†–‘‹˜‹–‡‘‡–‘–Š‡„ƒ ƒ„‘˜‡ǥ–Š‡•–‡’•ǡ–Š‡„ƒŽ—•–”ƒ†‡ǡ–Š‡’ƒ‡Ž‡†™ƒŽŽ•ǡ–Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‡‹Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– Šƒ†‡Ž‹‡”ǡ–Š‡‰”‹ŽŽ‡•ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‹• ƒŽ‡ƒ† Šƒ”‘› ƒ† –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› –ƒŽ‹ƒ ‹ –Š‡ „‡•– •‡•‡ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ‘•– ‘ƒ ‹ †‹‰‹–› ǥ Š‹–‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ †‡•‹‰‡” Š‘•‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡••Š‹•‡Žˆǥ™‹–Š–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘” ‘–”ƒ•–•‹ ‡Ž›Ǣ‹–•‹Žƒ›• ‘ˆ ‹‡ƒǡ ‡”†‡ƒ–‹“—‡ǡ—‹†‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡•‹’ƒ‡Ž•ǡŽ‘œ‡‰‡•ǡ†‹• •ǡƒ†„ƒ†•ǡ‹–Š‡ ™Š‹–‡‰”‘—†Ǥͷ͹ 

 foundation, employed both modern engineering and solid masonry construction. The lavish interior featured polished red columns with gilded capitals, Tiffany-style glass ceiling panels, and (as can be seen in color photographs of the interior) at least four kinds of marble: a lively combination of green and red variegated as a base for the main banking desk, with a pinkish-beige marble field and dark brown variegated trim—both of which could well be Tennessee marble—for the flooring. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, and Parnassus Foundation, Money Matters: A Critical Look at Bank Architecture (New York: McGraw Hill, 1990), 53-54, 118-19.

56 Hines, 294-297.

57 “Chicago’s Most Massive and Costly Office Building,” The Inland Architect and News Record XLVI (November 1905) in: Hines, 297. The list of materials here is strikingly similar to the accent marbles used in the interior of Cass Gilbert’s Minnesota State Capitol (1904), which included “African Numidian,” “French Hauteville,” “Breche Violette,” and “Old Convent Sienna,” as well as “Greek” and “variegated” marbles. Thompson, 59.

 ʹ͹ͺ ‹•–‘”‹ƒŽƒ”ƒ Š–‡„‡”‰Šƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡DzŠ‹–‡‹–›dz‹–•‡Žˆ•Š‘—Ž†„‡

•‡‡ƒ•ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •–”— –—”‡Ȅ‹–•‹ŽŽ—•‹‘ƒ”›“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•

•‡”˜‹‰–‘•‘‘–Š‘˜‡”–Š‡•–”‹†‡– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹•—†‡”‡ƒ–ŠǤ –••›„‘Ž‹•™ƒ•

Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›–”—‡Ǣ–Š‡™Š‹–‡•Š‡ƒ–Š‹‰ ‘ ‡ƒŽ‡†ƒ••‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ–•‘ˆ•–”— –—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰

ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›‡”‹ ƒ‹”‘ƒ†•–‡‡Žƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ‡••— Šƒ•

‡‡”ƒŽ Ž‡ –”‹ ǡ ‡•–‹‰Š‘—•‡ ƒ† ”—’’ ™‡”‡ „‡Š‹† ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹”ǯ•

‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͷͺ Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǯ• ͳͺͺͲ• ‰”‘™–Š Šƒ† „‡‡ –Šƒ– ƒ

ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ„—•‹‡••ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ‘—Ž†Ž‹ˆ–•‘ ‹‡–›–‘‡™’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†™‹•†‘Ǥ‘

•‘‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ„”—’–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•Šƒ† Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡

‡–”ƒŽ ‹–›• ƒ’‡ ‹ ƒ —•‡––Ž‹‰ ƒ‡”Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ Dz•‘ˆ–‡‹‰dz ‘ˆ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡•–›Ž‡ƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ Ǥ

–„Ž—–‡†–Š‡”‘—‰Š‡†‰‡•‘ˆ—„”‹†Ž‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‡’––Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‡•‡”‹œ‡†

„› ‹–• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š —Ž–—”‡ǡ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‹•†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•Ǥͷͻ ‡”›

†ƒ•ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ƒ‹”ǡ ‘ ‡†‡†–Š‡‡™”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•

–”‹—’Šƒ–Ǥ͸Ͳ ‡ƒ›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”™Š‘–Š‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ

–Š‡‡™‘”†‡”™ƒ•ƒ ‘ˆ‘”–‹‰ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ

ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘–‘Ž›’ƒ‹†Š‘ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ˆ‘”‹’‘”–ƒ–’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•‹‘†‘

ƒ†ƒ”‹•Ȅƒ†–‘–Š‡‹”‰Ž‹•–‡‹‰’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”•‹ ”‡‡ ‡ƒ†‘‡Ȅ–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘ˆ‹–  58Trachtenberg, 215.

59 Jordy, 80.

60 Trachtenberg, 219-220.

 ʹ͹ͻ ™‡ŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ„”‹ ‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹ ‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ‘•–‘ǡ

ƒ† Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤ͸ͳ • –Š‡ •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ ˆ‘” ‹˜‹  ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘‹‰

†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ”‡†‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡

’”‘†— ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘” ͳͺͺͻ ™‡”‡ǣ

‡”‘–ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ƒ† ‡™ ‘”Ǥ͸ʹ ŽŽ Šƒ† †‹•’Žƒ›• ƒ– –Š‡ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒ

š’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ͸͵ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǡ™Š‘•‡‡‘”‘—•„‡†•‘ˆ‰”‡›Ǧ˜‡‹‡†™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†‘Ž›

 61 Just a few years after the Chicago fair, architect Cass Gilbert cited the European and American tradition of erecting public buildings of light colored stone as a justification for his choice of white Georgia marble over Minnesota granite for the Minnesota State Capitol. Neil B. Thompson, Minnesota's State Capitol: The Art and Politics of a Public Building (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1974), 26-27.

62 Although Vermont, New York, Maryland, and Georgia produced more volume of marble than Tennessee, according to data taken from the 1889 census, Tennessee ranked second only to Vermont in the value of marble sold. G. P. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration (New York: John P. Wiley & Sons, 1891), 115.

63 Under the “building stone” category in Department E: Mines, Mining and Metallurgy, New York had a total of sixty-three listings, most of which were types of limestone or granite and five of which were for marble. Vermont had four listings, three for marble and one for granite. Tennessee had three listings, all designated as marble: J. Oellig Brown showed marble from both Knox and Blount counties, and T.S. Godfrey, Knoxville, had two displays, one of marble and one of Gray-Knox marble. Both men were among the owners of the Great Bend Marble Company, which had some sort of partnership agreement with John J. Craig by 1885. Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Craig/Candoro papers. Other states exhibiting marble in this category were: California (one listing), Colorado (one listing), and Missouri (one listing). Another section of Department E included mining and manufacturing concerns. Tennessee was represented by Standard Marble & Stone Company (no city designated) and companies specializing in coal, brick, and iron ore. The list of companies representing marble in this section (which was overwhelmingly dominated by coal, iron, and precious metals) is more extensive, perhaps some of this stone, particularly in the western states, was under prospect and not yet quarried for building stone. Listed by state, the number of companies were: California (1); Colorado (3); Massachusetts (6); Missouri (8); Nevada (3); New York (5); North Carolina (3); Vermont (10); Wyoming (5).  ʹͺͲ „‡‰—–‘„‡™‘”‡†‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡„ƒ•‹•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ͳͺͺ͵ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡––ƒƬ

‘”–Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹–Š‡–‘™‘ˆƒ–‡ǡ†‹†‘–‡šŠ‹„‹–ƒ––Š‡š’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‘”†‹†

Žƒ„ƒƒǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‡”™‘—Ž†•‘‘„‡ ‘‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’•‘—” ‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ 

„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ„—–‘ƒ— Š•ƒŽŽ‡”• ƒŽ‡Ǥ›

ͳͻʹͶǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ ™‘—Ž† ”ƒ –Š‹”† ‹ ‡”‹ ƒ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ „‡Š‹† ˆ‹”•–Ǧ”ƒ‡†

‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†•‡ ‘†Ǧ”ƒ‡†‡”‘–Ǥ͸ͶŽƒ„ƒƒǯ•™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ›˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ•

ƒ• —Ž’–—”ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•’—”‡™Š‹–‡‡••ƒ†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ ƒ”˜‹‰ǡƒŽ•‘ˆ‹––Š‡

„‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” ’‘•–ǦDzŠ‹–‡ ‹–›dz —•‡ǡ „—– ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘˜‡ —•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡š–‡”‹‘”

‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ͸ͷ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• Šƒ† •‡Ž‡ –‡† Žƒ„ƒƒǯ• ’—”‡ ™Š‹–‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘”

ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰‹–Š‡Ž† ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ȋ‘™–ƒ–—ƒ”› ƒŽŽȌ†—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žš–‡•‹‘•’”‘Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͷͲ•Ǥ͸͸ ‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –

 World’s Columbian Exposition 1893 Official Catalogue, M.P. Handy, ed. (Chicago: W.B. Conkey & Company, 1893), 24-26, 47, 48, 76, 82, 94, 102, 109, 126, 133, 150.

64 Dan Hill Latham, Jr. “Georgia Marble: A Study of its Production and Architectural Use Before World War II,” M.A. Thesis (Athens: University of Georgia, 1999), 192-195; Case, 72.

65 A prime example is the exterior of a handsome American Renaissance-style federal post office in Mobile (1914). The fact this is building is no longer extant suggests that the pure white marble may not have been entirely suitable for exterior use, as is sometimes evident in the surface dissolution and stained surfaces of white sacchroidal or “sugar marble” grave makers. Association for Gravestone Studies http://www.gravestonestudies.org [accessed 4 October 2010]; Merrill, 18.

66Italian sculptor Giuseppe Moretti, commissioned to create a cast iron sculpture of Vulcan, the Roman God of fire, for the Birmingham iron industry at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair, moved to Alabama and became involved in several marble business partnerships during the 1910s and 1920s. Ed Dodd, “A Brief History of the Marble Industry in Sylacauga,” Alabama Heritage XX (1991), 35, 38-39. Alabama marble from  ʹͺͳ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ‹”‡ƒ•• ‹Ž„‡”–™‘—Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‹•‡Ž‡ –‹–ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”—•‡‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•

—’”‡‡ ‘—”– „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻ͵Ͳ•Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ ‘Ž—• ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ† ƒ”˜‡†„›‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ• ”ƒ›Ǧ‘šƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ

™‘—Ž† ‘‡ˆ”‘›Žƒ ƒ—‰ƒǦƒ”‡ƒ“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ͸͹

 ˜‡’”‹‘”–‘–Š‹•Dz‡ ‘†dzŽƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹˜ƒŽǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ Ž‡ –‹ •–›Ž‡•

ˆƒ˜‘”‡†„›‹†Ǧ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›‡”‹ ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –•Ȅƒ›‘ˆ™Š‘Šƒ†–ƒ‡

”‹–‹•Šƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” ‘Š—•‹ǯ•–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•—’”‡ƒ ›‘ˆŠƒ†Ǧ

™”‘—‰Š–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ•–›Ž‡•–‘Š‡ƒ”–Ȅƒ†ƒ–‡†•‘Ž‹†ƒ•‘”›

‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ‹ƒ› ƒ•‡•’—”’‘•‡Ž›ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰–Š‡ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡

‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ͸ͺ—•‹ǯ•‹•‹•–‡ ‡‘‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘•–‡”‡†ƒ

ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Ž ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ͸ͻŠ‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒŽ‘‰

–Š‡•‡Ž‹‡•‰”‡™–Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ‘”——•—ƒŽǡ‘ˆ–‡‹’‘”–‡†ǡ

ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥ‡–‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡2 ‘Ž‡†‡•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•™ƒ•–Šƒ– ‡”–ƒ‹•–›Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•

„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ǣƒ•’‹”‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹”› ”‡ Š ‘–Š‹ ˆ‘”

 the Moretti-Harrah Company would be used again in the 1920s when the old tile floors of the House corridor were replaced with black and white marble, as specified by Thomas Hastings, Carrère & Hastings, acting architectural consultant. Architect of the Capitol, Capitol Building Records, Correspondence from David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol, to Mr. Walter M. Jackson, Principal, Selma High Schools, 18 March 1935.

67Ibid.; Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Barksdale Jones, former President, Gray-Knox Marble Company, recorded slide talk.

68William H. Jordy, Progressive and Academic Ideals at the Turn of the Century: American Buildings and Their Architects, IV (1972, repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 11.

69 Meeks, 8.

 ʹͺʹ Š—” Š‡•ƒ†—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†•–—”†›ƒ† ‘ˆ‹†‡–’ƒŽƒ ‡•™‹–Š ƒ•–‡ŽŽƒ–‡†

”‘‘ˆŽ‹‡•ˆ‘”Š‘—•‡•ǡ• Š‘‘Ž•ǡƒ†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ” Š‹–‡ –•Ž‹‡‹ Šƒ”†‘””‹•

—–ǡ™Š‘•‡’ƒ–”‘•‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥƒ†‡”„‹Ž–ƒ†•‘•‘”‡Ž‹—•ƒ†‡”„‹Ž– ƒ†

‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‹••ƒƒ†‡”„‹Ž–™‡”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ‹Ž†‡†Ǧ‰‡™‡ƒŽ–Š›ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†

™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ”‡ Š ŠŸ–‡ƒ—šˆ”‘Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ†‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ͹Ͳ

–‘‡™ƒ••‘— Š‹†‡ƒ†–Šƒ–ǡƒ•–Š‡›Šƒ†„‡‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›”‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•

‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ•–‘‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘—•‡†Ǥ

 ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‡† ‡”› ‘„•‘‹ Šƒ”†•‘™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡‘ˆ

——•—ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•––‘ —–ǡ‹ Šƒ”†•‘™ƒ•ƒDz ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡

‡ Ž‡ –‹ dzȄƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‘”™Š‘„‘””‘™‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ ‡’–‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›

„—–—•‡†ƒˆ”‡‡”Šƒ†‹ —•–‘‹œ‹‰†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”Š‹• Ž‹‡–•†—”‹‰ƒ„”‹‡ˆ„—–

„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ– ƒ”‡‡”‹–Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͺͺͲ•Ǥ͹ͳ•Š‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•’”‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡‹†Ǧ™‡•–ǡ

•‘‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•†‡ƒ†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘‡•„‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‘–ŠǦˆƒ ‡†ǡŽ‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ•ŠŽƒ”•‘Ž‘‰ˆƒ˜‘”‡†ˆ‘”

’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‹ Šƒ”†•‘ƒ†Š‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•‘”†‡”‡†„”‹ ǡ”‘—‰ŠǦŠ‡™‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ

•Š‹‰Ž‡•ǡ•Žƒ–‡ǡƒ†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ†ƒ”Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†•ƒ†•–‘‡•ǡˆ‘” ‹˜‹ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•

†‘‡•–‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥ‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡“—ƒ””‹‡•™‡”‡‘’‡‡†‹

‘—–Š‡” ŽŽ‹‘‹•ǡ‹Š‹‘ǡƒ†‹‹ Š‹‰ƒ–‘‡‡––Š‡•‡‡™†‡ƒ†•Ǥ͹ʹ—”‹‰

 70This “château” style was not only used in Canada for mansions, but also for Canadian banks, railroad terminals, and grand hotels. It proved so popular that it was adopted by the Canadian Pacific Railroad as a corporate style. Money Matters, 65-66.

71 Meeks, 17.

72 Jordy, 12.  ʹͺ͵ –Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ™Šƒ–‹•‘™‘™ƒ•‹ Šƒ”†•‘‹ƒDz‘ƒ‡•“—‡ǡdzŠ‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”—•–‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ

‡‘”‘—•ƒ†‡ƒ”–Š„‘—†ƒ” Š‡•ǡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ–‡–‘™‡”•ǡƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†•–‘‡ ‘—”•‡•ǡ

„‡‰ƒ–‘„‡™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‹••–›Ž‡ ƒ„‡•‡‡ǡ

‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǯ•†‡ƒ–Š‹ͳͺͺ͸ǡ‹”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡

ˆ‘—†Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰”‡•‘ƒ ‡Ǥ͹͵‹–Š”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•ƒ‹‰‹Žƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ

Š‡ƒ˜› ƒ”‰‘’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ ‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡–Ǥƒ—Ž•ƒ™–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡ǯ•ƒ–‹˜‡”‡†•ƒ†•–‘‡ƒ†

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šˆƒ ›’‘Ž‹•Š‡†‹–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡ǡ—•‡†‹Ž‘ ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ•— Šƒ•

‘•–‘Ǧ–”ƒ‹‡††™ƒ”†ƒ••ˆ‘”†ǯ•‹ Šƒ”†•‘Ǧ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†‡” Šƒ–•ƒǤ͹Ͷ

 Š—•ǡ‹–Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆƒ„”‹ ‹–•‡Žˆ„‡ ƒ‡

ƒ˜‹•‹„Ž‡•›„‘Ž‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ǡƒ†‹‰‡—‹–›ǤŠ‘‹ ‡ƒ†”ƒ”‡



73 Indianapolis’s Union Station (Thomas Rodd, architect, 1886-89), Union Terminal in St. Louis (Theodore C. Link, Edgar D. Cameron, architects; George H. Pegram, engineer, 1891-94), Louisville’s Union Station (H. Wolters, architect, 1882-91), and Chicago’s Illinois Central Terminal (1892-93) show similar treatments of architectural elements and construction. Meeks, figs. 135,138, 140; Grow, 74, 79-80, 83. Similar in style, Nashville’s Union Station (1900), designed by engineer Richard Monfort from local “Bowling Green” limestone, also reflects Richardson’s influence. Lancaster, 16-17; Grow, 76-78. It is interesting to note that Monfort designed a very different style of terminal in 1904 for the L&N station in Knoxville. This substantial brick building has tiled roofs with both pavilion and hipped profiles, rusticated limestone quoins, and a stepped, wall gable dormer. Knoxville’s Southern Railway terminal, completed that same year, was designed by architect Frank P. Milburn. Also of brick, it is simplified Gothic-revival style with tall, stepped Dutch gable ends. Carroll Van West, Tennessee’s Historic Landscapes: A Traveler’s Guide (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 72, 74-75; Edwin P. Alexander, Down at the Depot: American Railroad Stations from 1831 to 1920 (New York: Bramhall House, 1977), 178. 74 In addition to rough-hewn red sandstone, this building featured contrasting polished gray granite pillars, and interior pink, possibly Tennessee, marble wainscoting. The young Cass Gilbert worked for a time in Bassford’s office. Leonard K. Eaton, Gateway Cities and Other Essays (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1989), 56.

 ʹͺͶ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•„‡ ƒ‡ƒ”•‘ˆ•–ƒ–—•Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǯ•†‡ƒ–Šǡ‘”–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡•–›Ž‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•Ž‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„›–™‘‘ˆ

Š‹•ˆ‘”‡”†”ƒˆ–•‡ǡŠƒ”Ž‡• ‹ƒ†–ƒˆ‘”†Š‹–‡, Ž‡••‡‡†–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆŠ‹•

™‘”‹–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽǤ͹ͷ‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǯ•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘–‹—‡†–‘„‡ˆ‡Ž–™‡ŽŽ

‹–‘–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”–•ƒ†”ƒˆ–•‘˜‡‡–‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ•‡ —”‡ˆ‘‘–Š‘Ž†‹–Š‡

‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••‡”‹ ƒ•ǤŠ‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹–‡”‹‘”•

ˆ‡ƒ–—”‹‰‡š‘–‹ ’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†–‡š–—”‡•ǡƒ†ƒ•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡†

’”‹˜ƒ–‡•’ƒ ‡•—”‡ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” ‘–‹—‡†–‘ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ǡ‡˜‡‹–Š‡

‘†‡•–”–•Ƭ”ƒˆ–• ‘––ƒ‰‡•ƒ†„—‰ƒŽ‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ––”ƒ –‡†ƒ›‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••

‡”‹ ƒ•Ǥ†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘–‹—‡†–‘„‡ƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ‘‰–Š‡™‡ƒŽ–Š›ˆ‘”‘”‡

ƒ„‹–‹‘—•ǡ‡ Ž‡ –‹ Ǧ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽŠ‘‡•—•‹‰’”‡•–‹‰‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–‡‹ Ž—†‡†

‘Ž‘”ˆ—Žƒ†——•—ƒŽ‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡•Ǥ

Š”‡‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ǡƒŽŽ—•‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǯ•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•‡ Ž‡ –‹ ‹•Ǥ•Š‹•

ƒ”„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‡•„‡‰ƒ–‘’”‘•’‡”ǡ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒǡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǡ

Žƒ‹†–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ”—•–‹ ™‡‡‡† ‘––ƒ‰‡‹ͳͺͻ͸Ǥ—‹Ž–ˆ”‘”‘—‰ŠǦŠ‡™

’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǡDz Ž‡Ǧ”ƒ‹‰dz™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹–‹‡ˆ‘”ƒˆƒ‹Ž›Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰‹

 75 Some of Gilbert’s earliest commissions in St. Paul were enormous brick, stone, and shingle eclectic-styled “cottages” for wealth citizen. Thomas R. Blanck and Charles Locks, “Launching a Career: Residential and Ecclesiastical Work for the St. Paul Office,” in Cass Gilbert, Life and Work: Architect of the Public Domain, Barbara J. Christen and Stephen Flanders, eds. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001), 47, 49-51.

 ʹͺͷ ͳͺͻͺǤ͹͸ ͳͻʹʹǡƒ” Š‹–‡ – —„‡”–Ǥ ‡‡†‡•‹‰‡†ƒŠ‡ƒ˜›ƒ†”—•–‹ ƒ–‡† –ƒŽ‹ƒ

‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡’ƒŽƒœœ‘ˆ‘”Žƒ”‡ ‡ƒ—†‡”•ǡ–Š‡‹‰‰Ž›‹‰‰Ž›‰”‘ ‡”›Ǧ•–‘”‡

ƒ‰ƒ–‡ǡ‹‡’Š‹•ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǤŠ‡”‘—‰ŠǦŠ‡™„”‘™‹•ŠǦ’‹ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ

™Š‹ Š–Š‡Š‘—•‡™ƒ• ‘•–”— –‡†•‘‘‡ƒ”‡†‹––Š‡‹ ƒ‡‹ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ͹͹ 

ͳͻʹͳǡ–Š‡‡Ž†‡””ƒ‹‰ǯ••‘ǡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ ǡ ‘‹••‹‘‡†ƒ•ƒŽŽŠ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•

„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†‘”‘ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’Ǥ‘ ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –Šƒ”Ž‡•

ƒ”„‡”ǡƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ•–—†‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•Ǧ–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ—Ž”‡–ǡ

”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‘‡Ǧ•–‘”› –ƒŽ‹ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡’ƒ˜‹Ž‹‘™‹–Šƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰ƒ” ƒ†‡–‘•Š‘™ ƒ•‡

ƒ†‘”‘ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡’”‘†— –•ǡ„‘–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽƒ†‹’‘”–‡†Ǥ͹ͺ”ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡†

ƒ”„‡”–‘†‡•‹‰Š‹•‘™Š‘‡Ǥƒ”„‡”ǯ•ͳͻʹ͸Ǧʹͺ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ

ƒŽŽ‡†Dz”ƒ‹‰Ž‡ǡdz™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‹†Ǧˆ‘—”–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› Ž‘”‡–‹‡–‘™Š‘—•‡ǡ–Š‡

 76 Craig family photographs and papers donated by Lucy Cage Kennerly Gump, Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Historical Photographs Copying Project.

77 In addition to the better-known Georgia white marble, there are some veins in northern Georgia that share the same strata as Tennessee’s colored stones. In a master’s thesis on the Georgia marble industry, Daniel Latham identified one of these as “Etowah,” which he describes as a pure calcite marble from Pickens County, Georgia that ranges in color from salmon to deep pink, with greenish black veins and splotches. Latham, 219, 232.

78 An interesting corollary to the small corporate headquarters in Knoxville, is a 1912 headquarters building for Eastman Gardiner & Co., Lumbermen, in Laurel, Iowa. Built of brick, with a red tile roof, the one-and-one-half story building features a tall three-arched entrance reminiscent of the embedded window arcades of McKim Mead & White’s Boston Public Library. The building’s interior showcases its original local virgin pine floors as well as floors of “Republic” and “Ross” pink Tennessee marble. Steve Sanders, “Back to Prominence,” Laurel Leader-Call 21 December 2008 http://www.leadercall.com [accessed 23 December 2008]

 ʹͺ͸ ƒŽƒœœ‘ƒ˜ƒœƒ–‹ǡ™Š‘•‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†Š‹•–‘”›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡ƒ•—”‡††”ƒ™‹‰•„›

‡”‹ ƒƒ”–‹•–Ǧ‡– Š‡”‘—‹•‘”ƒ†‘•‡„‡”‰ǡŠƒ†„‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻʹʹǤŠ‡

‡š–‡”‹‘”‹••–— ‘ǡ™‹–Šƒ”‡†–‹Ž‡”‘‘ˆǡƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡•–‡’•ǡ’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ” Š™ƒ›•‘ˆ

‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ‡‹–‡”‹‘”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ”˜‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘Ž— ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•ƒ†

ˆƒ‹Ž› ”‡•–•ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š —•–‘Ǧƒ†‡ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰•ǡƒŽŽƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ‘’‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡

ƒ˜ƒœƒ–‹‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ͹ͻ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡ƒ”„‡”ǯ•—•‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•‘–ƒ

Ž‹‡•–‘‡ˆ”‘‹‡•‘–ƒˆ‘”–Š‡‡–”ƒ ‡ŠƒŽŽƒ† —”˜‡†•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†

Ž‡˜‡ŽǤͺͲ

Š‡ •— ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒ š’‘•‹–‹‘ Ž‡† –‘ ƒ †”ƒƒ–‹  ”‹•‡ ‹

’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ—šǦ”–• ‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹• ˆ‘” ’—„Ž‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ ‹Ž„‡”–ǯ• ͳͺͻͷǦͳͻͲͷ

‹‡•‘–ƒ –ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹• ƒ ˆ‹‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ‘•– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡

DzŠ‹–‡ ‹–›dz ‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‹–› ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥ ƒ”Ž› ‹ Š‹• ƒ”‡‡”ǡ

‹Ž„‡”–™‘”‡†ˆ‘”–™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡‡™‘”ˆ‹”‘ˆ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǡ™Š‡”‡

–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†‡ƒ†ƒ†–ƒˆ‘”†Š‹–‡ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡‹”

‡–‘” ‡”› ‘„•‘ ‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǡ ™‡”‡2 ‘Ž‡†‡•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡  79Thomas N. McAdams, Marble Halls: The Story of the Craigs and Candoro Marble Company (Knoxville: Thomas N. McAdams, 2003), 21, 23, 32.

80 This same stone had been used by architect Cass Gilbert for a large portion of the interior finishes in his Minnesota State Capitol a decade or two earlier. Its use in St. Paul may have been a political concession to those who criticized the use of white Georgia marble for the building’s exterior. Neil B. Thompson has chronicled the controversy over the use of non-native materials (in a state that prided itself on its fine granite) and the subsequent selection of Minnesota limestone for the interior. Thompson, Minnesota’s State Capitol, 26-29, 58. The presence of the Minnesota limestone in Knoxville suggests that Craig’s Candoro Marble Company, a mill and finishing operation formed in 1914 to serve Tennessee marble quarries, not only imported fine marble from Europe but also sourced stone from within the United States.

 ʹͺ͹ –Š‹”†ǡ ƒ”˜ƒ”†Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‡† ‡‰‹‡‡” Šƒ”Ž‡•  ‹ǡ Šƒ† –”ƒ˜‡Ž‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‹

—”‘’‡ –‘ •‡‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‘—‡–• ˆ‹”•– Šƒ†Ǥͺͳ  ‹ǡ ‡ƒ† Ƭ

Š‹–‡™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ˆ‹”‘•– Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz‡”‹ ƒ

‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡dz •–›Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ ‹–• ˆ—ŽŽ‡•– ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ Ž—†‡† •›„‘Ž‹ 

• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†‹–‡”‹‘”—”ƒŽ•Ǥ

‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– •–›Ž‹•–‹  ’”‡ ‡†‡–• ˆ‘” ’—„Ž‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡

‡š–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”ǯ•ͳͺͺͺǦͳͺͻʹ‘•–‘—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ™‹–Š‹–•Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ

‘Ž‘”‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ† –ƒŽ‹ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡ƒ” Š‡†™‹†‘™•Ǥ— Š

†‹‰‹ˆ‹‡† Žƒ••‹ ‹œ‹‰ ‡š–‡”‹‘”•ǡ ‘˜‡‹‡–Ž› ‹ ˜‹•—ƒŽ Šƒ”‘› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ™‘—Ž†•‘‘’”‡˜ƒ‹Žˆ‘” ‹˜‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–›’‡•ǣ

—•‡—•ǡ Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† •–ƒ–‹‘•Ȅ‡˜‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ  ‹ǡ ‡ƒ† Ƭ

Š‹–‡ǯ• ͳͺͻ͸ǦͳͻͲͶ Š‘†‡ •Žƒ† –ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡ǡ ƒ ‡‘Ǧ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ ‹ ™Š‹–‡

‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ‹Ž„‡”–ǯ• ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰‹–Ǥƒ—Žǡ•‡––Š‡•–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

‡š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž•ƒ† ‹–›ŠƒŽŽ•Ǥ

‘ƒ–Šƒ•Š‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–‘ƒ†‹–‹–ǡ ‹Ž„‡”–ǯ•†‘‡†™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡•–ƒ–‡

Š‘—•‡ ‹ –Ǥ ƒ—Ž ȋŽ‹‡  ‹ǡ ‡ƒ† Ƭ Š‹–‡ǯ• ‹ ”‘˜‹†‡ ‡Ȍǡ ‹ ƒ› ™ƒ›•

‡—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤŠ‡‹‡•‘–ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰‡ƒ”‡† ‹Ž„‡”–•‹‹Žƒ”

„—– Ž‡••‡”Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‘‹••‹‘• ˆ‘” •–ƒ–‡ Š‘—•‡• ‹ ”ƒ•ƒ• ȋͳͻͲͻǦͳͻͳʹȌƒ†‡•–

‹”‰‹‹ƒ ȋͳͻʹͳȌǡ „—– –Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ Žƒ‹ Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•

 81 The McKim, Mead & White firm, best-known today for its neoclassical revival work, was one of the primary successors to Henry Hobson Richardson’s legacy. Richardson’s lineage also includes the young Cass Gilbert, who had been employed at McKim, Mead & White until 1882, when he moved to St. Paul with their blessing, along with a host of projects for the Northern Pacific Railroad. Blanck and Locks, 46-47.  ʹͺͺ ‘‹••‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•—•–‘• ‘—•‡‹‡™‘”‹–›ȋͳͻͲʹǦͳͻͲ͹Ȍǡƒ

’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ”– —•‡— ˆ‘” –Ǥ ‘—‹• ȋͳͻͲͳǦͳͻͲͶȌǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’Žƒ‡† ƒ• ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ

’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͲͶ‘”Ž†ǯ• ƒ‹”ǡƒ†ƒ”‡‰‹‡Ǧˆ—†‡†Ž‹„”ƒ”› ‘‹••‹‘•ˆ‘”–Ǥ‘—‹•

ȋͳͻͲ͹ǦͳʹȌ ƒ† ‡–”‘‹– ȋͳͻʹͳȌǤ – –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ Š‹• Ž‘‰ ƒ”‡‡”ǡ Š‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ–‹‰

„—‹Ž†‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ •–›Ž‡ǡ ƒ• ‡˜‹†‡ ‡† „› Š‹• ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•

—’”‡‡‘—”–ȋͳͻ͵ͷȌ‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ

ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡•ƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡•

ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ•— Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡•›„‘Ž‹ • —Ž’–—”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ††ƒœœŽ‹‰

‹–‡”‹‘” ˆ‹‹•Š‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‡ƒ—šǦ”–• ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒŽ•‘ †‡ƒ†‡†

•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‹‡•‘–ƒ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ ‹Ž„‡”–‡Ž‹•–‡†ƒ‹‡ŽŠ‡•–‡” ”‡ Šǡ

‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡„‡•–Ǧ‘™ ‡”‹ ƒ• —Ž’–‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ›ǡ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‰‹Ž†‡† “—ƒ†”‹‰ƒ

ȋŠ‘”•‡Ǧ†”ƒ™ Šƒ”‹‘–‰”‘—’ȌǤ‹–ŠŠ‹•Ž‘‰Ǧ–‹‡•–—†‹‘ƒ••‹•–ƒ–†™ƒ”†Ǥ‘––‡”ǡƒ

ƒ”‹•‹ƒǦ–”ƒ‹‡†• —Ž’–‘”™Š‘•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡“—‡•–”‹ƒ•–ƒ–—‡•ǡ ”‡ Š

Šƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‘—‡–ƒŽ • —Ž’–—”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’‹‰• ˆ‘” –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—„‹ƒ‡š’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‡™‘”—•–‘ ‘—•‡ȋͳͻͲͲǦͳͻͲ͹Ȍ

‹Ž„‡”– ƒŽ•‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡† ”‡ Š –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘—‡–ƒŽ ‡š–‡”‹‘” • —Ž’–—”ƒŽ

‰”‘—’‹‰•ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡ ˆ”‘ Ž‹‰Š– ’‹ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͺʹ ‘––‡” ‹• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‡•–

 82Although French executed these massive compositions in maquette form, then worked them up to half-scale plaster models, the carving was done by master stone carvers, the Piccirilli Brothers, whose names can be found on many of the major sculptural commissions of the period. www.chesterwood.org [accessed 18 January 2010] The Piccirilli Brothers, a father and six sons who had arrived in New York from Italy in 1888, had a studio in the Bronx, at 717 East 142nd Street, by 1905. They must have gotten quite familiar with Tennessee marble as a sculptural material, for they are also known to have carved another pair of Potter lions in the pink marble for J.P. Morgan’s library in 1905-6 and a nine-foot tall pink marble vase from a  ʹͺͻ ‘™–‘†ƒ›ˆ‘”Š‹• ƒ”˜‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‘”—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›Ž‹‘•ǡDzƒ–‹‡ ‡dzƒ†

Dz ‘”–‹–—†‡ǤdzŠ‡•‡Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡Ž‹‘•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†„›ƒ” Š‹–‡ –• ‘Šƒ””°”‡

ƒ† Š‘ƒ• ƒ•–‹‰• –‘ ˆŽƒ –Š‡ ͳͺͻ͹Ǧͳͻͳʹ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• ƒ‹

•–ƒ‹”ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‘‡‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹•–ƒ ‡•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‹•–‡ƒ‘ˆ2 ‘Ž‡†‡•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•

‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡• Š‘•‡ ’‹ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” †‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’Ž‡‡–• –‘ –Š‡‹”

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥͺ͵

‘” –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• ‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ ‹Ž„‡”– ‘‹••‹‘‡† —”ƒŽ• „› •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

Ž‡ƒ†‹‰—”ƒŽ’ƒ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘™ƒ”†›Ž‡ƒ††™‹Žƒ•Šˆ‹‡Ž†ǡƒ†

‘”†‡”‡†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‡š‘–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡•ˆ‘”‹Žƒ‹†’ƒ––‡”•‹–Š‡Ž‘„„‹‡•ƒ†

’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡•Ǥ ‹•™‹•Š–‘—•‡ƒ”„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ• ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›

–Š™ƒ”–‡†„›‹‡•‘–ƒ†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”‡ ‘‘›Ȅƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•ƒŽ•‘•–ƒ–‡ ’”‹†‡Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‡š’ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽŽ• ƒ† ™ƒ‹• ‘–‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹•Š‡† ’‹

 design by sculptor Paul Manship for the home of Cleveland industrialist William G. Mather between 1914 and 1916. New York Historical Society, PR042: Morgan Library; Virginia Byrne, “Rare Urn Debuts at NYC’s Winter Antiques Show,” Post Journal (Jamestown, New York) 22 January 2010.

83 The architects also ordered the marble for a pair of flanking urns for the Fifth Avenue entrance to the home of Henry Clay Frick, now the Frick Collection museum. A recent Frick Collection Conservation Department report posted online cited the firm’s original instructions: “1913 specifications by the architects for the stone contractors, William Bradley & Son, stated: ‘The vases and the seats marked ‘Marble’ on the drawings shall be of the Pink Tennessee marble . . . and very fine rubbed finish. Marble shall be from the top layers of the quarries of the Victoria Marble Company, or the New Light Pink Quarry of the Grey Nagle (sic) Company, or the Light Pink Quarry of the Ross & Republic Marble Company.’" www.frick.org/conservation/urns.htm [accessed 8 May 2010] Thomas N. McAdams has identified the source of marble for NYPL lions as the Alexander quarry in Loudon County, which belonged to the Knox Marble and Railway Company. McAdams, 4.

 ʹͻͲ ƒ•‘–ƒ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ˆ”‘ ‹‡•‘–ƒǡ ‹Ž„‡”– •–‹ŽŽ ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ —•‡ ƒ ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ

‘Ž‘”ˆ—Ž‹’‘”–‡†ƒ†ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–‘‡•ƒ•ˆŽ‘‘”‹Žƒ›•ƒ†ƒ ‡–•Ǥ

Š‘•–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•“—‹ Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†•—‹–ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ 

ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‹••‡ ‘† Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ

™ƒ•ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡˆ‹”Ž›‰”‘—†‡†‹ƒ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡••‡‡‹‰–‘‡—Žƒ–‡

–Š‡ǤǤƒ’‹–‘Ž„›ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰‹Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ–‹˜‡

•–‘‡ȋ‘”‹ˆ‹”‡’”‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡–‘Ž‘‘Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ȍƒ†

‘”ƒ‡–‹‰–Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡’Žƒ‹‹–‡”‹‘”•™‹–Š†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡ǡ–‡””ƒœœ‘ǡ‘”

–‹Ž‡ǤͺͶŠ‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰’”‡ ‡†‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Š‡Ž†Ǥ—”‹‰

–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’‘•–Ǧ‹˜‹Žƒ”†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡ Ž‡ –‹ ‹•ǡˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•

‘–‹—‡†–‘„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹•‹†‡ƒ†‘—–ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‘– ”‡ ‹ƒ

‘”‘ƒ‹•–›Ž‡Ǥͺͷ

 ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡ǡ• ‘’‡ǡƒ†‘”ƒ‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹Ž„‡”–ǯ•‹‡•‘–ƒ  84 The North Carolina State Capitol (Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, David Paton, 1833-1840); the Ohio State Capitol (Thomas Cole, Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, 1838-1861); the Tennessee State Capitol (William Strickland, 1845-1859); and the South Carolina State House (John Niernsee, begun 1854); are examples of the first generation of classical-revival state capitol building. Tennessee marble was chosen for use for the interior finishes of the latter three.

85 Tennessee marble had been widely praised at the time of its use in the interiors of the United States Capitol. “Views and Scenes at Washington,” New York Evangelist 24 March 1859; “Sketches of Washington,” New York Observer and Chronicle 22 January 1863. As an immediate consequence, it was ordered from the Hawkins County quarries for the South Carolina State House and the Ohio State Capitol. As quarries and railroads resumed operation after the Civil War, there was increased demand for the marble for interior use in public buildings. The New York State Capitol, whose Governor’s Reception Room had been designed by Richardson, ordered one hundred rail car loads from the Knoxville Marble Company, “one of the Ross quarries.” McAdams, 5; Monroe, Harper’s Weekly (7 May 1887), 330.

 ʹͻͳ ƒ’‹–‘Ž•‡–‡™•–ƒ†ƒ”†•–Šƒ–ƒ›™‡”‡“—‹ –‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‘•‡•–ƒ–‡•

”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡‘˜‹‰™ƒŽŽ‘ˆ™‡•–™ƒ”†‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ‘–ƒƒǡ™Š‹ Šƒ Š‹‡˜‡†

•–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†‹ͳͺͺͻǡ„‡‰ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰–‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”Ǥ—–Š‘”‹œ‹‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ••‡†‹

ͳͺͻ͹•–‹’—Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘Ž›‘–ƒƒ„—‹Ž†‡”•ƒ†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –• ‘—Ž†„‡”‡–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡

’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ͳͺͻͻǡ ‡Ž‡ƒǦ„ƒ•‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•‡ŽŽƬ‡–†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†‘‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰

”‡‹‹• ‡–‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡‹‡•‘–ƒƒ†Š‘†‡ •Žƒ†•–ƒ–‡Š‘—•‡•Ǣƒ††‹–‹‘•™‡”‡

†‡•‹‰‡†„›‡™‘”ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ”ƒ‹ŽŽ•†”‡™•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹ŽŽ‹‰•ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

ˆ‹”‘ˆ‹Ƭ ƒ‹”‡ǡ‹ͳͻͲͷǤŠ‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ǡ‘ˆ‘–ƒƒ‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ†‘Ž—„—•

•ƒ†•–‘‡ǡˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†ƒ•Š‹‹‰ ‘’’‡”†‘‡–Šƒ–ƒ‘— ‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‡™Ž›

†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†”‹ Š‡•–‘ƒŽŽǤŠ‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‡‰‡‡”‘—•—•‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”

•–ƒ‹”•ǡŠƒŽŽ™ƒ›•ǡ ‘Ž—•ǡƒ†ˆ‹”‡’Žƒ ‡•—””‘—†•Ǥͺ͸Š‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—–

†‘—„–ǡŠƒ—Ž‡†„›”ƒ‹ŽǤ ˆƒ –ǡŽ„”‘ƒ”–‹Šƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ

ƒ‡• Ǥ ‹ŽŽ’—”’‘•‡Ž›„—‹Ž–Ž‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘–ƒƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•‹‡”ƒŽ”‹ Š‡•Ǥͺ͹

‹• ‘•‹ǡ™Š‘•‡ ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰Šƒ†„—”‡†‹ͳͻͲͶǡŠ‹”‡†’”‘‹‡–

ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ‡‘”‰‡Ǥ‘•––‘„‡‰‹’Žƒ‹‰ƒ‡™‘‡‹ͳͻͲ͸Ǥ‘•–ǡƒ ‹˜‹Ž‡‰‹‡‡”ǡ

Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ›‘—–Šˆ—Ž’”‘–±‰±‘ˆǤǤ —–ǯ•‹‡™‘”‹–›Ǥ ‡Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘™‘”‡†‹

—”Šƒƒ†‘‘–ǯ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹Š‹ ƒ‰‘†—”‹‰–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ•

‘Ž—„‹ƒǡˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Šƒ††‡•‹‰‡†–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡•ƒ†‹„‡”ƒŽ”–•ǡƒ

 86 Carroll Van West, “A Landscape of Statehood: The Montana State Capitol” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 37 (Autumn 1987), 73-75; National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places, Montana State Capitol, Lewis & Clark County, entered 1981.

87 Martin, 292.

 ʹͻʹ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–ˆ‘”‹–••Š‡‡”•‹œ‡Ǥ ƒ†‹•‘ǡŠ‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”™Š‹–‡

‡”‘–‰”ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‡š–‡”‹‘”Ǥ•Šƒ† ‹Ž„‡”–‹–Ǥƒ—ŽǡŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ

‹–‡”‹‘””‘–—†ƒ–Šƒ–•Š‘™‡†‘ˆˆƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ ‘Ž‘”•ƒ†’ƒ––‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰

•Žƒ„•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͺͺ

„‘—– –Š‹• •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ‡Ž‡ –‡† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• Šƒ”‰‡† ™‹–Š ‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰–Š‡‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘ŽŠ‹”‡†–Š‡‡™‘”ˆ‹”‘ˆ ‘Šƒ””°”‡ƒ†Š‘ƒ• ƒ•–‹‰• –‘

†‡•‹‰•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ†‡ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡–”—‡ –‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡

Šƒ†•‘‡Ž›ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰•™ƒ•Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ǡ‘”•‡ ‘†

Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽǡ •–›Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† ™‘” ‹ ’”‘š‹‹–› –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–Ǥ  Š‡ ˆ‹” ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘

‘•—Ž–‡† ‘ ƒ Dz‡š–‡•‹‘dz ‘ˆ–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‡ƒ•–ˆ”‘–Ȅ–Š‡ ‘Ž†‡•–•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰Ȅ™Š‡”‡–Š‡†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡† ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ •ƒ†•–‘‡ ™ƒ• –‘ „‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡† „›™Š‹–‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’‡†‹‡–• —Ž’–—”‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›‡š‡ —–‡†ǡƒ†‡‡†‡†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡–‘–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• ‹–‡”‹‘”Ǥͺͻ Š‡ ‡™ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• —•– Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘—† ˆƒ˜‘” ™‹–Š –Š‡‹”

ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹ŽŽ’ƒ–”‘•ǡˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ ‘”†‹•——•—ƒŽŽ›„‡”‡ˆ–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‘ˆ‹”•

–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”ǯ•†‡•‹‰•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹‘””‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ†

‡ƒ–‡ Šƒ„‡”•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–Ǥ•Žƒ–‡ƒ•–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆŠ‹•

’ƒ”–‡”ǡ ƒ•–‹‰• ‘–‹—‡†–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡—’‡”‹–‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ† –‹‰  88 According to Thomas N. McAdams, the Tennessee marble used in Madison came from the H.B. Stamps quarry in Hawkins County. McAdams, 15.

89 Some of Carrère & Hastings’s recommendations on the subject date from as early as 1904. However, the façade extension, of white Georgia marble, was not completed until January 1961, just in time for John F. Kennedy’s inauguration. Allen, 380-81, 390-91, 426-428, 432.

 ʹͻ͵ ” Š‹–‡ –ǡŽŽ‹‘––‘‘†•ǡ‘‹‘”ƒ––‡”•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‹‰ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ•— Š

”‡’Žƒ ‹‰–‹Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”•™‹–Šƒ”„Ž‡ǤͻͲ

‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ””°”‡ Ƭ ƒ•–‹‰• ƒ‡ ‘ „‘ƒ”†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‘†• Šƒ† „‡‡

‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ”‡‘†‡Ž‹‰ –Š‡ •’ƒ ‡ ˆ‘”‡”Ž› ‘ —’‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǡ

™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†‘˜‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žƒ†‹–‘‹–•‘™„—‹Ž†‹‰‹ͳͺͻ͹Ǥ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ

—„‡”‘ˆ‡™ ‘‹––‡‡”‘‘•ǡˆ‘”™Š‹ Šƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ƒ†ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ–‡Ž•

™‡”‡ ™ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‹†• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‹ ͳͻͲͲ ƒ† ͳͻͲͳ ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ

‹ Ž—†‹‰˜ƒ•ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ƒ†Ǥ ‹Ž‰ƒ”–‡”Ƭ‘•ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡ

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡ —•–‘ƒ”›’”‘–‘ ‘Ž ‡š–‡†‹‰„ƒ –‘–Š‡†ƒ›•‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ†‡‹‰•Ǥ

Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”™ƒ•–‘„‡†‘‡‹Dz‡”‘–ǡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ–ƒ–—ƒ”›ȋ™Š‹–‡Ȍ

ƒ†‹‡ƒȋ‰‘Ž†Ȍǡƒ†‡‹–Š‡”†ƒ”‘”‰”ƒ›‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥdzͻͳ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ǯ• ”‡’‘”– ˆ‘” ͳͻͲͳ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡Ž• ‹ –Š‡‡™”‘‘•™‡”‡

–ƒŽ‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡ǡ„‹†•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ ‹Ž‰ƒ”–‡”Ƭ‘•ƒ†ƒ ‡’–‡†„›ŽŽ‹‘––‘‘†•

‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡Ž•ˆ—”‹•Š‡†™‡”‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͻʹ

 90 Allen, 411.

91 In 1920, however, when Hastings was consulted about new floors for the corridors of principal floor and basement level of the old building, he summarily dismissed the notion of using Tennessee marble as “too modern,” choosing instead “Glen Falls” black and Alabama White from Hilgartner & Sons. He suggested: “they are more the kind of marbles that Dr. Thornton or Latrobe would have selected.” Thomas Hastings to Elliott Woods, 19 July 1920, Architect of the Capitol, RG 43:2, Capitol Building Files.

92 Allen, 371, 477. Correspondence between the years 1900 and 1920 indicated that Tennessee marble was offered as an alternative to or in combination with the slightly more expensive Italian marbles in bids from a number of companies, including Evans, Hilgartner, and J.F. Manning & Company of Washington, D.C. Architect of the Capitol, RG 43:2, Capitol Building Files.  ʹͻͶ ‡–™‡‡ ͳͻͲͷ ƒ† ͳͻͳͲǡ –Š‡ ‡–— › –ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘‘ •ƒŽŽ

ƒ†–‘‘’‘‘”Ž›ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‹”‡•ƒˆ‡–›‘ ‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ††‡†–‘‡š‹•–‹‰

Š‡ƒ– ƒ† Ž‹‰Š– •‘—” ‡•ǡ ™ƒ• ”‡„—‹Ž–Ǥ Š‡ ‡™ǡ †‘‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•

‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹• ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ™ƒ• †‡•‹‰‡† „› ‡™ ‘” ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ”ƒ ‹ŽŽ•

†”‡™•ȋ™Š‘Šƒ†”‡ ‡–Ž› ‘’Ž‡–‡†™‘”‘–Š‡‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽȌƒ†„—‹Ž–

‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• ‹–‡”‹‘” ‹ Ž—†‡• ™Š‹–‡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ‰”ƒ›

‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† †ƒ” ‰”‡‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ™ƒ›Ž‹‡†™‹–Š

–Š‹”–›Ǧ•‹š‘‘Ž‹–Š‹ ‰”ƒ‹–‡ ‘Ž—•ˆ”‘‡”‘–Ǥͻ͵

— Š ƒ„‹–‹‘—• „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ „‘–Š ‹ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ† †‡–ƒ‹Žǡ ”‡“—‹”‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘Ž› •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‹ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ „—– ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ •—•–ƒ‹ ƒ

•—’–—‘—• ƒ””ƒ› ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ‘–‹ˆǤ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Ž‡– ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘”‡ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› –‘

• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ ƒ”˜‹‰–Šƒ‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ„‡ ƒ‡ǡˆ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ

˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘ –Š‡ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ˆƒ‹” •‹–‡ Šƒ† „‡‡

–‡’‘”ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• –Šƒ– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ™ƒ• ƒ†‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ

‹”‘ƒ†•–‡‡Ž•–”— –—”‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†•—’’‘”– Žƒ††‹‰‹˜‡‡‡”• ‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†

•–‘‡ ‘” ’ƒŽ‡ ‰Žƒœ‡† –‡””ƒ ‘––ƒ –‹Ž‡•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ™Š‹–‡ ‘” Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ†–‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–’‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹‹–•—’‘Ž‹•Š‡†

•–ƒ–‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡ƒ™ƒ”‘ˆˆǦ™Š‹–‡ ‘Ž‘”ǡ„‡‰ƒƒŽ•‘–‘„‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•

ˆ‘”‡š–‡”‹‘”—•‡‹’—„Ž‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•‹ƒ•–‡” ‹–‹‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–Š‡‘—–Šǡ–Š‡‹†Ǧ

™‡•–ǡƒ†‡•–Ǥ 

93 Kentucky: Division of Historic Properties http://historicproperties.ky.gov/hp/capitol/ [accessed 1 April 2011]

 ʹͻͷ ‹˜‡ –Š‡ –‹‡Ž› ‡š’‘•—”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ͳͺͻ͵ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ˆƒ‹”ǡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

’—„Ž‹ ‹–› ‰‹˜‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ‘–‹—‡† –‘ „”‹‰ ‹– –‘

’—„Ž‹ ƒ––‡–‹‘ǤLimestones and Marbles: Their History and Usesǡ„›ǤǤ—”Šƒ

ȋͳͺͺ͵Ȍǡˆ‘—†ƒ‘‰–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ’ƒ’‡”•‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ• ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǡ‹••–ƒ’‡†ƒ†

‹• ”‹„‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹•ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡†ƒ–‡ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͺͻͶǤŽƒ–‡•‘‡ƒ†–™‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†

‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Ž‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‡‡••‡‡Dz–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹„ƒ•‹dzƒ†“—‘–‡†ƒˆˆ‘”†‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›

‘ˆ‹–•—•‡‹–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ††‹‰ǣDzŠ‡ ”ƒ›‹•ŠǦ™Š‹–‡‹•‘Ž›

ƒ•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ‹–•‰”‡ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•ƒ†

”‹‘‹†•ǡ ‹• •‘‡–‹‡• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘”ƒŽŽ‹‡ ‘”  ”‹ƒŽ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ – ‹• „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡

ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒƒ••‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǧ‰”ƒ›ǡ•’ƒ””›Ž‹‡•–‘‡‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ‘––Ž‡†™‹–Š

’‹ƒ†”‡†Ǣ•‘‡–‹‡•‹–‹•™Š‹–‡Ǥ –‹•™‘”‡†ƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡” ‡‹–‹•

‘ˆ–‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzͻͶ  ǤǤ‡””‹ŽŽǯ•Stones for Building and Decoration

ȋͳͺͻͳȌǡŠ‡ǡƒ• —”ƒ–‘”‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—•‡—ǡƒŽ•‘‰ƒ˜‡

‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ”„Ž‡•’”‘‹‡–‡–‹‘Ǥͻͷ

•™‡Šƒ˜‡•‡‡ǡ•‘†‹†ƒ›‰‡‘Ž‘‰›’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡

’‡”Šƒ’•‘”‡‹†—•–”›Ǧˆ‘ —•‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘†‘—„––Šƒ––Š‡›ǡ–‘‘ǡŠƒ†ƒ‹’ƒ –‘

–Š‡”‹•‡‹‹–•—•‡ƒ•ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡Ǥͻ͸ͳͺͻʹ”‡’‘”–„›”ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–

 94 S.M. Burnham, Limestones and Marbles: Their History and Uses (Boston: S.E. Cassino & Co., 1883), 76-77.

95 Merrill, 102-103.

96 See previous citations for Willis, 1888; Merrill, 1891; Branner, 1892; Ferris, 1894 in chapter two of this paper.  ʹͻ͸ ‘ŠǤ”ƒ‡””‡ ‘”†‡†–Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡”ƒ‡†ˆ‘—”–Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†

•‡ ‘†‹˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡’”‘†— ‡††—”‹‰ͳͺͺͻǤͻ͹ ͳͺͻͶǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡

‰‹‡‡”‹‰ Š‘‘Ž’”‘ˆ‡••‘”Šƒ”Ž‡• ‡””‹•‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ˆŽƒ™Ž‡••ǡ Ž‘•‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†

’‹ ƒ† ‰”ƒ› ƒ”„Ž‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ”‘—† ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ™‡”‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ –‘ ‘’‡–‡ ™‹–Š

‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ•ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡ǡƒ††‹‰ǣDzŠ‡Žƒ •–‘‡‡‘”‹ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›ǡƒ–”ƒˆ‘”†ǡ

‘‡ –‹ —–‹•‘™„‡‹‰„—‹Ž–™‹–Šƒˆ‘—”‹ Š˜‡‡‡”‘ˆ’‹ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ•”ƒˆ‘”†‹•

•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹–‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‘‡ –‹ —–ǡ–Š‹••’‡ƒ•˜‘Ž—‡•‹

ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzͻͺŠ‡˜ƒ”‹‡† ‘Ž‘”•ƒ†–›’‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Šƒ†

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹•—”‡† ‹–• ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ˆ‘” ‹–‡”‹‘” —•‡Ǥ   ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –™‘ ‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ Žƒ–‡

‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›’ƒ–”‘•‘ƒ–‹‰Š–„—†‰‡–Šƒ†–‘•‡––Ž‡ˆ‘”’ƒ‹–‡†‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͻͻ

‹ ‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ —––‹‰ ȋ™‹–Š ‘” ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‰”ƒ‹Ȍ ‘—Ž† ›‹‡Ž† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

’ƒ––‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ •–‘‡ǡ ‡‡••‡‡ǯ• ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡ ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡† ‹–‡”‹‘”

ƒ”„Ž‡•’”‘˜‡†ƒ”‡ƒ†› ‘’Ž‡‡––‘–Š‡”‹ Š†± ‘”‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡

”‘‘•Ǥ—–‹–™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‹ƒ†‰”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡‹” Š‹‰Š

”—•Š‹‰ •–”‡‰–Šǡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ



97 Branner, 190.

98 Ferris, 27-28.

99 The Salt Lake or Mormon Tabernacle, constructed 1864-67, included faux- painted white pine benches with “oak” surfaces and columns of the same wood that were decorated to mimic Tennessee marble. http://utah.official-city.com/salt-lake- tabernacle-salt-lake-city-utah-3 [accessed 29 January 2011] In 1872, the enormous gothic Trinity Methodist Church in Atlanta, which had broken ground in 1870, had a basement interior painted to look like Tennessee marble. Atlanta Daily Sun, 18 April 1872.

 ʹͻ͹ ‘–‡† „› ‡””‹•ǡ –Šƒ– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ†‡ –Š‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ ƒ† ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡† –Š‡

™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† †‹•’‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‘—–”› ‘˜‡”–Š‡‡š–

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•ǤͳͲͲ

Š‹ ƒ‰‘„‡‹‰–Š‡–‡”‹—•‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‡Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ž‹‡•„›–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒ š’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ‘‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹”ǯ•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡™ƒ•ƒ

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•Ǧ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤŠ‡•‡

•–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡†Žƒ”‰‡ ‹–›–‡”‹‹ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ–‹’‘”–ƒ–‘†‡•‘–Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ

‘—–”› ”ƒ‹Ž Ž‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› “—‹ Ž› „‡ ƒ‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’—„Ž‹  •Š‘™ ƒ•‡• ˆ‘” •–‘‡

‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” †‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”• ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ”‘ Žƒ‹‹‰

–Š‡ ’”‘•’‡”‹–› ƒ† •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‡† ƒ „‘‘ ˆ‘”

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† –Š‡ ƒŽ‘•– —’”‡ ‡†‡–‡† ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡‹” ˜‹•‹‘•

ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‘ƒƒ••‹˜‡• ƒŽ‡ƒ†™‹–Šƒ••‹˜‡„—†‰‡–•Ǥ‘†‘—„–‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘–ƒ‡

ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡‘”Ž‘™Ǧ ‘•–Ž‘‰ǦŽ‹‡ˆ”‡‹‰Š–•Š‹’‡–ǡ–Š‡›—•‡†’”‡•–‹‰‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡•‡ ‡™ –‡”‹ƒŽ• ‡š ‹–‹‰ ‹˜‹  •’ƒ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ –‡”‹ƒŽ• •‘‘

„‡ ƒ‡†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ‡Œ‘›‡–ƒ†‡†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹”• ƒŽ‡ƒ†

”‹ Š‡••ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ’”‹†‡Ǥ

Š‡‰”ƒ†‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǯ•ƒ••‹˜‡‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ–ƒ–‹‘

‹‡™‘”‹–›ȋͳͻͲͷǦͳͻͳͲȌǡ™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–’‹‹Žˆ‘”†‰”ƒ‹–‡Šƒ—Ž‡†–‘–Š‡

•‹–‡ ‹ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‘—•ƒ† ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ƒ”•ǤͳͲͳ Šƒ”Ž‡•  ‹ †‡•‹‰‡†

–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ —”˜‡†•–‡‡ŽǦˆ”ƒ‡˜ƒ—Ž–‹‰ƒ†‰Žƒ•• ‡‹Ž‹‰–‘ƒ†‹–†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‹–‘  100 Ferris, 19, 20, 28.

101 Steven Parissien, Pennsylvania Station: McKim, Mead and White, Architecture in Detail series (London: Phaidon Press, 1996),13.  ʹͻͺ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡† ‘ ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ† ‘†‡Ž‡† –Š‡ Ž‘‰ „ƒ””‡ŽǦ˜ƒ—Ž–‡† ™ƒ‹–‹‰ ”‘‘ǡ

™Š‹ Š ”‘•‡ –‘ ƒ Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‘‡ Š—†”‡† ƒ† ˆ‹ˆ–› ˆ‡‡–ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒ ƒ–Š• ‘ˆ

ƒ”ƒ ƒŽŽƒǤ ˆ—”–Š‡”‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Šƒ– Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‘—‡–ǡ–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ‹–‹‰

”‘‘™‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ”Ǧ–‘‡† –ƒŽ‹ƒ–”ƒ˜‡”–‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• –Š‡

‘”‹‰‹ƒŽǤ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ›‡•‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǡ ‹ǯ•›‘—‰’”‘–±‰±ǡ™Š‘ ƒ””‹‡†‘—––Š‡

ˆ‹ƒŽ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒˆ–‡”  ‹ǯ• †‡ƒ–Š ‹ ͳͻͲͻǡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—ˆˆǦ ‘Ž‘”‡†

–”ƒ˜‡”–‹‡™ƒ•ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ•‹ ‡‹––‡†‡†–‘–ƒ‡‘

ƒ’‘Ž‹•Š‡†’ƒ–‹ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š—•‡‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ„•‘”„‹‰†‹”–ǤͳͲʹ

ͳͻͲʹǡ–Š‡‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǯ•ƒ‹ ‘’‡–‹–‘”ǡ–Š‡‡™‘”‡–”ƒŽ

ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ Š‡Ž† ƒ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‡™ƒ†‡Žƒ”‰‡†

”ƒ†‡–”ƒŽ‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡ƒ••‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™‘—Ž†•–”ƒ††Ž‡–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡–—‡Ž

•›•–‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ–‡†—†‡”ƒ”˜‡—‡–‘Šƒ†Ž‡•‘‡•–ƒ  ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ

‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡‡™‡Ž‡ –”‹ Ž‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’ƒ••‡‰‡” –”ƒˆˆ‹ Ǥ

ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•”‡Œ‡ –‡†–Š”‡‡ˆ‹”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ‹‡Ž—”Šƒǯ•ƒ† ‹ǡ‡ƒ†

ƬŠ‹–‡ǡ‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ–Ǥƒ—Žǯ•‡‡†Ƭ–‡ǤŠ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Žƒ–‡”ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–Š‡‡™

‘” ˆ‹” ‘ˆ ƒ””‡ Ƭ ‡–‘”‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ• ‘•—Ž–‹‰ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǤͳͲ͵ 

‡‡’‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ” Š‹–‡ –Š‹–‡›ƒ””‡†‡˜‹•‡†ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰

• Š‡‡‹•’‹”‡†„›–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ‹•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•’‘”–ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‡—Žƒ–‡•ƒ–”‹—’ŠƒŽ‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ 

102 Ibid., 12, 17.

103 James Marston Fitch and Diana S. Waite, Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance (Albany: New York State Parks and Recreation: Division for Historic Preservation, 1974), 2-4.  ʹͻͻ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǯ•‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡•–”‡‡–Ž‡˜‡Žǡ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ” Š‡†

‡–”ƒ ‡•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•—’’‡”Ž‡˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Š–•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‹–•‡‘”‘—• ‘ ‘—”•‡Ǥ

Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ •’ƒ ‡ǡ †‘‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‘˜ƒŽ ˜ƒ—Ž– ’ƒ‹–‡† †‡‡’ „Ž—‡ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡

‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘•†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†ǡ”‹•‡•‘‡Š—†”‡†ƒ†–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ˆ‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ 

‹–•—•‡‘ˆ’Žƒ‹‰Žƒ••ˆ‘”–Š‡™‹†‘™•ƒ† Ž‡”‡•–‘”›ƒ†™‹–Š ™ƒŽŽ• Žƒ† ‹’Žƒ‹ǡ

Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ† •‹—Žƒ–‡† •–‘‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”• ™‡”‡ ‹ ‡‡’‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡

–‘‡†Ǧ†‘™ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ •‹’Ž‹ ‹–› ‘ˆ ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ –ƒ–‹‘ǤͳͲͶŠ‡Žƒ––‡”ǡ‘™

†‡‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ƒ Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡† ƒ”„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘”• ‘ˆ ‹–• Š—‰‡

™ƒ‹–‹‰”‘‘Ȅ’‡”Šƒ’•ƒŽ‹‰Š–•Šƒ†‡‘ˆ†—”ƒ„Ž‡‡‡••‡‡’‹–‘ƒ– Š–Š‡„‡‹‰‡

–ƒŽ‹ƒ –”ƒ˜‡”–‹‡ ™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ ”‘ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡‡‘”‘—•

‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ –ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ •‘Ž‹†Ǧ ‘Ž‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ‹ ƒ ‘Ǧ•‹†

’ƒ––‡”ǡ†‘‡•‘–Ž‘‘Ž‹‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ –•†‡•‹‰™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‹ǯ•’Žƒ–Šƒ–

–Š‹•‘•–ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹–•—–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ‘‡ˆ‘

–Š‡‘•–„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ ”ƒ†‡–”ƒŽ‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–Š‡•‘‘–Š †ƒ” ’‹

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡ǤͳͲͷ



104 Ibid., 4-6.

105 Wayne Powell, http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/powell/613webpage/NYCbuilding/Tenness eeMarble/TennesseeMarble.htm; http://www.grandcentralterminal.com/info/walkingtour.cfm, [both accessed 1 April 2011]; Angela Carr, “Union Station and Its Architectural Heritage,” Historic Structure Report: Toronto Union Station (Montreal: Fournier Gersovitz Moss & Associes Architectes, 2005), 19.

 ͵ͲͲ Š‡ƒ””‡Ƭ‡–‘”‡ˆ‹”ƒŽ•‘†‡•‹‰‡†‹‹’‡‰ǯ•‹‘–ƒ–‹‘ȋͳͻͲͺǦ

ͳͻͳ͵ȌǤ Š‹• „—‹Ž†‹‰ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒƒ†‹ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ—šǦ”–• •–›Ž‡Ǥ

‡™ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽŽ›‹•’‹”‡†•–ƒ–‹‘••‘‘ƒ”‘•‡‹––ƒ™ƒƒ†ƒ ‘—˜‡”Ǥ ƒƒ†ƒǯ•

‰”ƒ†‡•– ‡ƒ—šǦ”–• ‡š‡’Žƒ”ǡ ‘”‘–‘ǯ• ‹‘ –ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹– ™ƒ• „‡‹‰

’Žƒ‡†‹ͳͻͲͷ„›–Š‡‡™‘”ˆ‹”ƒ””°”‡Ƭ ƒ•–‹‰•ǡ™ƒ•‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡†—–‹Ž

ͳͻͳͻǤŠ‡ƒ••‹˜‡–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†–‘•‡”˜‡–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘””ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǣ–Š‡ ”ƒ†

”— ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ –Š‡ ƒƒ†‹ƒ ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒƒ†‹ƒ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ ‹ˆ‹ Ǥ

ƒ””°”‡Ƭ ƒ•–‹‰•ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒƒ†‹ƒ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘•• Ƭ ƒ ƒ”Žƒ‡ ȋŽƒ–‡” ‘•• Ƭ ƒ †‘ƒŽ†ȌǢ —‰Š ”‹ˆˆ‹–Š

‘‡•ǡƒ••‹•–ƒ– Š‹‡ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƒ†‹ƒƒ ‹ˆ‹ Ǣƒ† ‘Šƒ –‘•Š›Ž‡ǡƒ

‡ƒ—šǦ”–•–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –™Š‘Šƒ†‘ ‡™‘”‡†‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‹”‹‡™‘”‹–›Ǥ

ŽŽ ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ”‡†‹– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‘•–”— –‡† ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ‹–

”‹˜ƒŽ‡† ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ –ƒ–‹‘ ‹ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ† ‹ ‹–• „ƒ””‡ŽǦ˜ƒ—Ž–‡†‰”‡ƒ–ŠƒŽŽǤŠ‡

ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ǡ•Š‹’’‡†„›”ƒ‹Žǡ™ƒ•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Žƒ‹†‹ƒŠ‡””‹‰„‘‡’ƒ––‡”–‘

ƒ– Š–Š‡ŠƒŽŽǯ• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‡‹Ž‹‰ǤͳͲ͸

—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ†‰”ƒ›

ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘”ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰‘–‘Ž›‹”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•„—–ƒŽ•‘‹‘–Š‡”

’—„Ž‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǯ• ƒ ‘ ‡”‹ƒŽ –ƒ–‹‘ ȋͳͻͳ͸Ȍǡ ƒ ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•Ǧ•–›Ž‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰™‹–Šƒ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘Ž—‡†‡–”ƒ ‡’‘”–‹ ‘ƒ†ˆŽƒ‹‰™‹‰•ǡ„›‡™‘”

‹–› ƒ” Š‹–‡ – Žˆ”‡† ‡ŽŽŠ‡‹‡”ǡ •‡”˜‡† –Š‡ ‹–›ǯ• ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•Ǥ Š‡  106 The similar patterning of marble flooring evident in photographs of the no longer extant Pennsylvania Station suggests the possibility that the concourse flooring of that station might also have been of marble. Carr, 20, 22-26.

 ͵Ͳͳ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹•‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ™‹–Š‹–‡”‹‘”ˆŽ‘‘”•ƒ†™ƒŽŽ••Š‡ƒ–Š‡†‹‡‡••‡‡’‹

ƒ”„Ž‡ǤͳͲ͹ ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǯ• ‹–› ƒŽŽ ȋͳͻͳͷȌ „‘ƒ•–• –‡ ƒ ”‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ

‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ•’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ” ƒ• ƒ†‹‰•–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡‘ˆ’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ– Š‹‰ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰•‡–

‘ˆˆ™‹–Šƒ†‹ƒ‘†ǦŽ‹‡’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ†ƒ”‡”ƒ”„Ž‡‹‹–• ‡–”ƒŽ”‘–—†ƒǤŠ‡†‘‡†

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ †‡•‹‰‡† „› ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‡† ƒ” Š‹–‡ –• ‘Š ƒ‡™‡ŽŽ ƒ† ”–Š—”

”‘™ǡ ”Ǥǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡–‡”’‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–› ‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ’Žƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒƒƒ

ƒ ‹ˆ‹  š’‘•‹–‹‘ǤͳͲͺ ‹‹’‡‰ǯ• ƒ‹–‘„ƒ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ —‹Ž†‹‰ ȋͳͻͳ͵ǦʹͲȌǡ ƒ

’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡•‹‰‡†„›‡ƒ—šǦ”–•ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ”ƒ ‘”–Š‹‰–‘

‹‘•ǡˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ”‘–—†ƒˆŽ‘‘”™‹–Šƒ•‹‹Žƒ”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡–”‡ƒ–‡–—•‹‰

‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ– ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ† ƒ ‡–• ‘ˆ ‡”‘– „Žƒ  ƒ†

‰”‡‡ǤͳͲͻ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡•–•Š‘™ ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹–Š‹•‡”ƒ•‡–ƒ’”‡ ‡†‡–

ˆ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‡”‡ –‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ

ƒ‡• ƒ„Ž‡‘‰‡”•ǯ• ‘—”–Š‘—•‡ˆ‘”‡™ ƒ˜‡ǡ‘‡ –‹ —–ȋͳͻͳ͵ǦͳͻͳͻȌ—•‡†

‡‡••‡‡ ’‹ ƒ”„Ž‡ ‘ „‘–Š ‹–‡”‹‘” ƒ† ‡š–‡”‹‘”Ǥ   ͳͻͳͲǡ –Š‡ ‹–› ‘ˆ ‡™

ƒ˜‡Šƒ†‹˜‹–‡†ƒ•• ‹Ž„‡”–ƒ† ”‡†‡”‹ ƒ™Ž•–‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†’Žƒ

ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘• –‘ ‹–• ‡–”ƒŽ ‰”‡‡ •’ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡‹” ’Žƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ‡™  107 Fellheimer and Steward Wagner, partners in the successor firm to Reed & Stem, also created Cincinnati’s flamboyant Art Deco-style terminal in 1929-33. Grow, 121.

108 San Francisco City Hall, virtual tour, downloadable .pdf at http://www.sanfrancisco.gov [accessed 28 March 2011]

109 Manitoba Legislative Building tour, http://www.gov.mb.ca/legtour/legbld.html [accessed 2 April 2011]

 ͵Ͳʹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹Šƒ”‘›™‹–Š‡š‹•–‹‰•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ‘‰‡”•ǡƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –

ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™ƒ•Š‹”‡†„›–Š‡ǤǤ”‡ƒ•—”›‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ ‹• Šƒ”‰‡™ƒ•–‘

”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹ ‡‡’‹‰ ™‹–Š Ž‘ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡ƒ•†‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥ ‹•‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰

Šƒ•ƒ‘”‹–Š‹ƒǦ ‘Ž—‡†‡–”ƒ ‡’‘”–‹ ‘ǡƒ–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”’‡†‹‡–ǡƒ†‹ Š‡•‘

‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡‡š–‡”‹‘” Žƒ††‹‰‹•’ƒŽ‡Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǣ

–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡•–‡’•‘ˆ’‹‹Žˆ‘”†‰”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ –Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ’‘Ž‹•Š‡†

–‘•Š‘™‹–•’‹ ‘Ž‘”ǡ™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹•–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘”Ž‘„„‹‡•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”

–™‡–›‘‘Ž‹–Š‹  ‘Ž—•‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†ˆŽ‘‘”Ž‘„„›‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ǤͳͳͲŠ‹•

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ••‹’Ž‹ ‹–›Šƒ•™‘”™‡ŽŽǢ‹–•ˆ”‡•Šƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡•–Š‡ ”‹•’‡••‘ˆ

‡ˆˆ‡ ––Šƒ–—•–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ––”ƒ –‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•–‘‡‡••‡‡ǯ•†—”ƒ„Ž‡„—ˆˆǦ ‘Ž‘”‡†

•–‘‡Ǥ‘‰‡”•™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•–‘„‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ ‘–”ƒ –ˆ‘”ƒ

„—‹Ž†‹‰‡”‡ –‡†—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ ‡†‡”ƒŽ

‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘Œ‡ –• –‘ ‘‡ǡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ••‹˜‡ ‡’”‡••‹‘Ǧ‡”ƒ „—‹Ž†‹‰ „‘‘

†‡•‹‰‡†–‘„‘‘•–Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡‰‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ†‡•‹‰–‡’Žƒ–‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†

„›ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›Ǥͳͳͳ

 ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ–Š‡‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••ǡ„›ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ƒ—Ž‡Žœ

ƒ† ‘Š‹–Š‡›‡”ǡ‹•ƒ–‡•–ƒ‡––‘–Š‡‡”ƒ‘ˆ › Ž‹ ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽˆƒ•Š‹‘–Šƒ–

 110 Richard C. Lee U.S. Courthouse, New Haven, historical building description. http://www.gsa.gov/portal/ext/html/site/hb/category/25431/actionParameter/explore ByBuilding/buildingId/0901 [accessed 26 January 2010]

111 Christine Kreyling, From Post Office to Art Center: A Nashville Landmark in Transition (Nashville: Frist Center for the Visual Arts, 2001), 25-26.

 ͵Ͳ͵ ‡š‹•–‡†‹ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘•–”— –‹‘’”‘Œ‡ –•†—”‹‰–Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥ

Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡ Ž‡ –‹ ‹•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›™Šƒ– ‹Ž„‡”–ƒ†Ž•–‡†ǯ•”‡’‘”–ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ‡™ ƒ˜‡™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘’”‡˜‡–Ǥ‘„‡ˆƒ‹”ǡ–Š‡‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••

†‡•‹‰ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘Ž—„‹ƒ š’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ‹–Š ‹–•

‘•–”— –‹‘‘˜‡”•‡‡„›–Š‡ǤǤ‘”’•‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”•ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‹‘†‡Žƒ›‡†—–‹Ž

ͳͺͻ͹ǡ‹–‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’Žƒ• ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—’†ƒ–‡†‡˜‡‹ˆ•‘‡Šƒ†

”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†•‡‡‘—–‘ˆ•–‡’™‹–Š–Š‡–‹‡•„›–Š‡–‹‡‹–‘’‡‡†Ǥͳͳʹ

˜‡•‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǯ•—”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Šƒ–‘ˆ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†Ƭ

Š‹–‡ǯ•‘•–‘—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‹ Ž—†‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”–‹•–•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹‘–Š‡”

‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ƒ† ‹–• ‹–‡”‹‘” •Š‘™ ƒ•‡† ƒ› ˆ‹‡ ƒ† ‡š‘–‹ 

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡‡••‡‡ ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• •‹‰—Žƒ” •–›Ž‡

ƒ”‡† –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ ‡ Ž‡ –‹• ‹ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǤŠ‡‡”‹ ƒ

‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ •–›Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘‹‰†‡ ƒ†‡•ƒ•

‡”‹ ƒ•‡„”ƒ ‡†–Š‡’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡•‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ 

—•‡Ž‹‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ǡƒ† ‘—”–Š‘—•‡•Ǥ

—”‹‰–Š‡–™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—„‹ƒš’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ

Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’—„Ž‹ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽƒ”‰‡••‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†ƒ–

ˆ‹”•–Šƒ†”‡–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡–”ƒ’’‹‰•‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†‡‰‘‹•–‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡƒŽ•‘

„‡ ƒ‡–”—Ž›Dz’—„Ž‹ Ǥdz” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‹ Šƒ”† —›‹Ž•‘Šƒ• ”‡†‹–‡†

Šƒ”Ž‡• ‹™‹–Šƒ†Š‡”‹‰–‘–Š‡‡ƒ—šǦ”–•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡•Š‘—Ž†

”‡˜‡ƒŽˆ— –‹‘„›„‘””‘™‹‰ˆ”‘„‘–Š–Š‡‹„Ž‹‘–Š°“—‡ƒ‹– ‡‡˜‹‡˜‡‹ƒ”‹•ƒ•  112 Allen, 369.

 ͵ͲͶ ™‡ŽŽƒ•’—„Ž‹ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰’Žƒ ‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡‘ƒ ‘Ž‹•‡—ˆ‘”„‘–Š‹–••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡

ƒ†‹–•†‡•‹‰‘–‹ˆ‘ˆƒ” Š‡•”—‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ ƒ†‡Ǥͳͳ͵Š‡’”‘‹‡ ‡

ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǯ•‘•–‘—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›Šƒ†ƒ†‡ ‹†‡†

‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ƒ•ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰–›’‡ǣ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǡ™‹–Š‹–‡”‹‘”

Ž‹‰Š–‹‰•›„‘Ž‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–dz–Šƒ– ‘‡•ˆ”‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǤͳͳͶ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š

–Š‡‘†‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‹ƒ ‹‡”ǡ ‡‘”‰‡‡ƒ„‘†›ǡƒ†–Š‡Š‹ ƒ‰‘”‡ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡ƒǡ

ƒŽ–‡”‡™„‡””›ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Š‹Žƒ–Š”‘’‹•–•–‘‡†‘™Ž‹„”ƒ”›„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‡

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡŠƒ†–—”‡†–‘’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –•Ž‹‡ ‡”› ‘„•‘‹ Šƒ”†•‘

–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡”‘ƒ–‹ ǡ‡†‹‡˜ƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •–›Ž‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•

 ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǯ•‡Ž‡‰ƒ–ƒ†ƒ—•–‡”‡‘•–‘—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ—šǦ”–•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆDz’—„Ž‹ dz Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‹„”ƒ”›‡”‡ –‡†™‹–Š

’—„Ž‹ ˆ—†•ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–ǦŽƒ•–‹‰’”‡ ‡†‡–ˆ‘”ƒ‡™™ƒ˜‡‘ˆŽ‹„”ƒ”›

„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥͳͳͷ

•–Š‡‹–›‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž‘˜‡‡–•’”‡ƒ†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡

Š‹ ƒ‰‘ˆƒ‹”ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†—•‡—„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‘‘ƒˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‹„”ƒ”›„—‹Ž†‹‰•™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘•’—””‡†ƒŽ‘‰„›–Š‡  113 Wilson, 48-49.

114 The American Library Association, one of the earliest professional groups in the country, was established in 1876. Soon thereafter, librarians began to make their opinions known, even lobbying architects over the practical requirements of library buildings. Van Slyck, 5.

115 Van Slyck, 2, 3, 28. According to an article written by one of the library’s reference librarians, the library’s vestibule was lined with Tennessee marble. Frank H. Chase, “Boston Public Library,” Journal of the National Education Association II,4 (1922): 131.

 ͵Ͳͷ ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦƒ†‡„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ‹”‡†”‡™ƒ”‡‰‹‡ǡ™Š‘ǡ‘˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†

‘ˆŽ‡••–Šƒ–™‡–››‡ƒ”•ǡ‡†‘™‡†‘”‡–Šƒ•‹š–‡‡Š—†”‡†Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‹ ‹–‹‡•ƒ†

–‘™•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥƒ”‡‰‹‡ǯ•ˆ‹”•–Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‹Š‹•„‘›Š‘‘†Š‘‡–‘™•

‘ˆ—ˆ‡”Ž‹‡ǡ ‘–Žƒ†ǡ‹ͳͺͺͳǡƒ†ŽŽ‡‰Š‡›‹–›ǡ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǡ‹ͳͺͺ͸ǡ™‡”‡

„‘–Šˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒ„Ž›‡ Ž‡ –‹ ‹•–›Ž‡Ǥƒ”‡‰‹‡•’‘•‘”‡†ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‹•ˆ‹”•–

ƒŒ‘”’—„Ž‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ–‘„‡„—‹Ž–‹‹––•„—”‰ŠǡŠ‘‡‘ˆƒ”‡‰‹‡

–‡‡ŽǤ ‡ Š‘•‡–Š‡ Ǥ Ǥ‹ Šƒ”†•‘ˆ‹”ǯ••— ‡••‘”ǡŠ‡’Ž‡›ǡ—–ƒƬ‘‘Ž‹†‰‡ǯ•

‡†‹‡˜ƒŽǦ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‘ˆǤ‡‘’‘Ž†‹†Ž‹–œȋ™Š‘Šƒ†™‘”‡†

™‹–Š‹ Šƒ”†•‘‘–Š‡‡™‘”–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽȌƒ†–Š‡‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••ǯ•

‹–Š‡›‡”ƒ†‡ŽœǤͳͳ͸ –Š‡ ‘‹‰†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡƒ•ƒ”‡‰‹‡ ‘–‹—‡†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••

‘ˆŠ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‹Žƒ”‰‡ ‹–‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Žƒ–ƒȋͳͻͲͳȌǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡

ȋͳͻͲͶȌǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ȋͳͻͲ͹Ȍƒ†‡–”‘‹–ȋͳͻͳ͵Ȍǡ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘‡ƒ—šǦ”–•‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ

•–›Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š—†”‡†•‘ˆƒ”‡‰‹‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǥͳͳ͹

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•–‘ƒ••—‡–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡•–›Ž‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡—•‡—ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”›de luxeˆ‘”„ƒ‡”ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‹‡” Ǥ

‹‡”’‘–‘”‰ƒǤ–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ǡ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ȋͳͻͲͳǦͳͻͲ͸Ȍ†‡•‹‰‡†„›

 ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǯ•Šƒ”Ž‡• ‹ǡ‹•ƒ‘†‡•–ƒ†‘†‡”ƒ–‡‹• ƒŽ‡

 116 Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge were former associates of the just-deceased Richardson. Steffenson-Bruce, 27. It is interesting to note the transitional nature of this library’s interior, which also included an attached music hall with such neoclassical features as Renaissance marble arches and Corinthian columns. Van Slyck, 10-11.

117 Van Slyck, 56.

 ͵Ͳ͸ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ—‹Ž––‘Š‘—•‡‘”‰ƒǯ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ

‘„Œ‡ –•‘’ƒ’‡”ȋ†”ƒ™‹‰•ǡ’”‹–•ǡ„‘‘•ƒ†ƒ—• ”‹’–•Ȍǡ‹–••‘Ž‹†ǡ„‘šǦŽ‹‡

•–”— –—”‡‹•”‡‹‹• ‡–‘ˆƒ–”‡ƒ•—”‡ Š‡•–‘”ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ǡƒ„ƒ˜ƒ—Ž–ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ

Š‘•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘‘–Šƒ•ŠŽƒ”™ƒŽŽ•ǡŽƒ‹†Dz†”›dzƒ•„Ž‘ •‘ˆ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡ǡ™ƒ•

Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͳͳͺ ‹™ƒ••‘‹–‡–‘‹’”‡••‹‰

‘”‰ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• ‘•–”— –‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–Š‡™‘”‡†ˆ”‘ƒ™ƒš

‹’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‘‹–‹‰‘–Š‡”‡ –Š‡—–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘”–ƒ”Ž‡••™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ

–Š‡‘”‰ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›Šƒ†–Š‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǤͳͳͻŠ‡–Š‡”‘”‰ƒŠ‹•‡ŽˆŠƒ†

”‡“—‡•–‡†–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ǡ‘”–Š‡ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†Ƭ

Š‹–‡ˆ‹”ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†—•‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‘—„Ž‹ 

‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›Ž—„‹‡™‘”ȋͳͺͻ͸ǦͳͻͲͲȌǡŠƒ†”‡ ‘‡†‡†‹–ǡƒ–

Ž‡ƒ•––Š”‡‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧƒ”‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•™‡”‡ ‘–ƒ –‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǤͳʹͲ

‡ƒ”Ž›‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ„‹†•ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧƒ”‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡†‡ƒŽ‡”•ǡ–Š‡‘••ƒ”„Ž‡

 118 An unsigned letter from general contractor Robert C. Fisher Company to building contractor Charles T. Wills, dated 26 October 1904, bemoaned the cost overruns. Yet, the anonymous writer described the building with pride: “So far as the writer is informed, this is the first time in history that any building has been erected in this manner from the time of the ancient Greeks. Furthermore to say when the ordinary buildings erected in the City of New York, such as private residences and office buildings and all buildings built by modern construction, will have tumbled and passed away, this little building will be standing as a monument similar to those now upon the Acropolis.” New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, box 269.

119 Wilson, 45, 221-223.

120 The University Club exterior was pink Milford granite, with “white Norwegian marble, pink Knoxville marble and black Irish marble” used for trim and flooring in the main foyer. Wilson, 188.

 ͵Ͳ͹ ‘’ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡƒ† ‘ŠǤ‘••ǡƒ”„Ž‡‡ƒŽ‡”ǡ™‡”‡

’”‡’ƒ”‡†‹‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͲͳǤͳʹͳ

—–ˆ—”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™ƒ•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›

‡‡†‡†Ǣƒ›‡ƒ”‘”•‘Žƒ–‡”ǡ’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ” Š‹–‡ –Šƒ”Ž‡• ‹”‡ ‡‹˜‡†”‡’‘”–•ˆ”‘

–™‘‡™‘”ˆ‹”•–Šƒ–Šƒ†•‡–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡••‘—–Š–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡ƒ

ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†™ƒ”†Ǥ‘’‹•ǡ‘„‡”– ‹•Š‡”Ƭ‘’ƒ›ǡ

ƒ†Ǥ Ǥ›•‘ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ‹ŽŽ•ǯ ‘’ƒ›ǡƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹‡‘”ƒ†ƒ’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”

 ‹ǡ†ƒ–‡†͵ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͻͲ͵Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘•’‡†‹‰–‹‡ƒ––Š‡‘••ƒ†‡’—„Ž‹ 

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘‡‘”„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‹•’‡ –‡†‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡˜ƒ•

ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›“—ƒ””›ƒ– ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•

‡ƒ” ”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ȏ‡‡••‡‡Ȑ”‘†— ‡”•ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›Ǥ‘–Š‡™‘”

ˆ‹”••—‰‰‡•–‡†’—” Šƒ•‹‰ˆ”‘ ‘ŠǤ‘••ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†ƒ“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‘

Šƒ†ƒ†‡‘—‰Š‘ˆ—‹ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘”–‘•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǤͳʹʹŠ‡

‘’‹•‡‘ ‘ˆ‹”•–Šƒ––Š‡‘••ƒ”„Ž‡Dz ‘ˆ‘”•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡

 121 That these three had some sort of business relationship is evident from these bids, which came from a similar address and quoted the same prices, while specifying different brands or types of marble. Ross’s father had been one of the early Knoxville marble men engaged in commercial business. His heirs sold some or all of the quarry land to the Evans Marble Company in 1899. Son John was by this time engaged in his own quarry and mill operation. Frank S. Mead, whose father had come to the Knoxville Iron Company from New York soon after the Civil War, had bought property from both John M. Ross and the Ross Marble Company for the Ross-Republic Marble Company, which he appears to have organized, in 1900. Knox County Archives, Property Deeds; Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Vertical file.

122 Many years later, John M. Ross acknowledged in a letter dated 20 March 1923, to an architectural firm that his company’s Ross-Pink was the marble used in the Morgan Library. New-York Historical Society, PR042, Morgan Library, box 382.

 ͵Ͳͺ ƒ”„Ž‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†„›”Ǥ‘”‰ƒǡƒ† ƒ„‡“—ƒ””‹‡†ƒ•”Ǥ ‹™‹•Š‡•‹–ǡ•‘‡

™‹–Š˜‡‹‹‰ƒ†•‘‡™‹–Š‘—–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•‡ —”‹‰–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–—‹ˆ‘”‹–›‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ǡdz

™Š‹ Š•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–‘”‰ƒƒ†Ȁ‘” ‹Šƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’Ž‡––‡”ˆ”‘‘’‹•ǡ†ƒ–‡†ͺ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͻͲ͵ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–

‹•Š‡”Šƒ†•‡ —”‡†–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥͳʹ͵ ‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡‡–‹”‡‘”†‡” ƒ„‡“—ƒ””‹‡†ƒ†

•Š‹’’‡†‹•‹š‘–Š•ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ˜‹ƒ–Žƒ–ƒˆ‘”

ͳͷ†ƒ›†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹–‘‘—”ƒ”†ƒ–‘”–‘””‹•ǡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›

ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡ǤdzͳʹͶ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ‘”‰ƒǯ•Ž‹„”ƒ”›„—‹Ž†‹‰‹ Ž—†‡†„‘–Š• —Ž’–—”‡Ǧ‹Ǧ

–Š‡Ǧ”‘—†ƒ†• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ•„› ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–‹•–•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†

–‘‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•— Š ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ•ƒƒ–‹“—‡ƒ”„Ž‡

ˆŽ‘‘”ǡƒ–‹“—‡ ‘Ž—•ƒ†‘•ƒ‹ •ǡƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”› Ž‘”‡–‹‡†‘‘”™ƒ›•ǡ

ƒ–‡Ž’‹‡ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ ‡‹Ž‹‰Ǥ —Ž’–‘”†‘Ž’Š‡‹ƒǡ™Š‘ƒŽ•‘†‡•‹‰‡†

‘—‡–ƒŽ‡ƒ‰Ž‡•ƒ†–Š‡–™‘ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ˆ‹‰—”‡••›„‘Ž‹œ‹‰Dz†ƒ›dzƒ†Dz‹‰Š–dzˆ‘”–Š‡

’‘”–‹ ‘•‘ˆ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǯ•‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†–™‘Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ

• —Ž’–—”ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ’ƒ‡Ž•‹‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•’ƒ ‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ˆŽƒ‹‰‹ Š‡•

 123 Charles T. Wills was a builder who apparently oversaw the Fisher Company, which was the main subcontractor for the building. New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, boxes 268-69.

124 The Tompkins memo of 3 January 1903 stated that the railroad route through Cincinnati (on the L&N) sometimes took from thirty to sixty days as opposed to the guaranteed fifteen-day delivery via Atlanta (on the Southern Railway). New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, boxes 268-269.

 ͵Ͳͻ ‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•ƒ” Š‡†‡–”›™ƒ›Ǥͳʹͷ†™ƒ”†Ǥ‘––‡”™ƒ•

‘‹••‹‘‡†–‘• —Ž’–Dzƒ‡Ž‡••Ž‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡••›”‹ƒ–›’‡dzˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡˆ‘”

–Š‡ˆ”‘–‡–”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡”‡—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‘‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ•–‘‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘”

‡š‡ —–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‘•ǡˆ‘”‡‹‡–• —Ž’–‘”ƒ‹‡ŽŠ‡•–‡” ”‡ ŠǡŠƒ˜‹‰

ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›„‡‡†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†–‘‹•’‡ ––Š‡ǡ™”‘–‡–‘ ‹ǣDz –™ƒ•ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–

’”‘„Ž‡–Šƒ–›‘—‰ƒ˜‡–‘‘––‡”ƒ†Š‡Šƒ••‘Ž˜‡†‹–ƒ†‹”ƒ„Ž›Ǥdzͳʹ͸ ”‡ ŠƒŽ•‘

•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ Šƒ’‹‘ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒƒ”–‹•–†”‡™ǯ‘‘”ǡ™Š‘•‡

‘‹••‹‘‡††‡•‹‰•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡–‘„‡ ƒ”˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡„›‹ ‹”‹ŽŽ‹”‘–Š‡”•ǡ

™‡”‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›†‡Žƒ›‡†Ǥͳʹ͹†–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘–Š‡”’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•–”‹‡•‹

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–”ƒ†‡• ”‡ƒ–‡†‡„ƒ””ƒ••‹‰†‡Žƒ›•‹–Š‡™‘”ƒ† ƒ—•‡†ƒ

†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘˜‡”ƒ††‡†Žƒ„‘” ‘•–•„‡–™‡‡‹ŽŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ‹•Š‡”‘’ƒ›Ǥ

—”‹‰–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ™‘”•–‘’’ƒ‰‡ǡ‹ŽŽ•™”‘–‡ ‘ŠǤ‘••–‘‹“—‹”‡™Š‡–Š‡”Š‹•

‘’ƒ› ‘—Ž†‡š‡ —–‡ƒƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‡ ‡‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ”–Š‡•–”‡‡–„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡

‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ‘••ǯ• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡†”‡•’‘•‡Šƒ†–Š”‡‡’ƒ”–•ǣˆ‹”•–ǡ–Šƒ–Š‡

‘—Ž†‘–’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ†‡‘ˆ™‘”ƒ•Š‹’‘”†‹†Š‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ Š‹‡”›

 125 Parissien, 11, 14; New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, box 269.

126 Letter dated 5 February 1906, addressed: “Dear McKim” and signed: “Faithfully, French.” New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, box 382.

127 While the designing artist is credited as sculptor for monumental works like these, the common practice of the day was to hire expert artisan carvers, many of whom came from marble-producing areas of Italy, to produce large-scale pieces. Letters from Piccirilli Brothers and Daniel Chester French to McKim, Mead and White, dated 16 February 1905 and 27 February 1905. New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, boxes 268-69.

 ͵ͳͲ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‡š‡ —–‡–Š‡Œ‘„Ǣ•‡ ‘†ǡŠ‡™ƒ• ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–•Š‹’’‹‰•— Šˆ‹‡Ž›

ˆ‹‹•Š‡†’‹‡ ‡•Ǣƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ‡•—•’‡ –‡†–Šƒ–‡™‘”—‹‘•™‘—Ž†’”‡˜‡––Š‡‹”

‡„‡”•ˆ”‘•‡––‹‰ƒ›™‘” —–‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‡™‘”‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”™‡ŽŽǦ

ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‹•–‹–‡–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‡ǯ•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡›•‡‡ǡƒ–

–‹‡•ǡ–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•ƒ„‘–ƒ‰‡†„›–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‘‰‹ Ǥ‹ŽŽ•”‡’‘”–‡†–‘ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†Ƭ

Š‹–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ‹•Š‡”‘’ƒ›Šƒ†ƒ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ƒ„‘”

Ž—„ȋ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ —––‡”•Ȍƒ†ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†–”ƒ†‡•‡ǣ–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–ƒ‡”•ǡ–Š‡–‹Ž‡ǡ

‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ†ƒ–‡Žƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‘”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘•‡––Š‡ƒ–‹“—‡ƒ”„Ž‡’‹‡ ‡•ƒ––Š‡

Ž‹„”ƒ”›‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†‘–„‡‡ ƒ”˜‡†„›—‹‘Žƒ„‘”Ǥͳʹͺ

˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›™ƒ•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–ƒ––”ƒ –‡†ƒ†‹”‡”•ǤŽ‡––‡”

‹—‰—•–ͳͻͲͷˆ”‘–Š‡‘•–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‹”‘ˆ‹•Ž‘™Ƭ‹‰‡Ž‘™‡–‹‘‡†

ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ–”—•–‡‡•™Š‘Š‘’‡†–Š‡‹”’”‘’‘•‡†Šƒ™—–„ƒ ‘—Ž†„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘

–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͳʹͻ‘”‰ƒ—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›’Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ

‘”‰ƒǯ•„ƒƒ–ʹ͵ƒŽŽ–”‡‡–ȋͳͻͳ͵ǦͳͶȌǤ ‘”–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‘”‰ƒŠƒ† Š‘•‡–Š‡

ˆ‹”‘ˆ”‘™„”‹†‰‡Ƭ‹˜‹‰•–‘‹ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ȅ’‡”Šƒ’•„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡Ž‹‡†–Š‡‹”

™‘”‘–Š‡ƒ‡”•”—•–‘’ƒ›ȋͳͻͳͲǦͳʹȌǡƒˆ‹ˆ–‡‡Ǧ•–‘”›„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǧ

 128 John M. Ross to Charles T. Wills, 8 February 1905. For the same job, a proposal from George Brown & Co., Cut Stone Contractors, New York, indicated that they could furnish and set the Knoxville marble for $29,875.00. George Brown & Company to Charles T. Wills, 8 February 1905. Charles T. Wills to McKim, Mead & White, 26 June 1905. New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, box 268.

129 New-York Historical Society, PR 042, Morgan Library, box 269.

 ͵ͳͳ ‘Ž‘”‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡Œ—•–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•–”‡‡–Ǥͳ͵Ͳ‹‡–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‘”‰ƒǯ•Ž‘™Ǧ”‹•‡Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ

‡˜‹˜ƒŽ„ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•–ƒ•–‡ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡•–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‹–••‹’Ž‹ ‹–›Ǥͳ͵ͳ†

Œ—•–ƒ••‘Ž‹†Ž›„—‹Ž–Ǥƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ƒ–”ƒ†‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‡–‹–Ž‡†–Š‡Real Estate Record and Guide†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡‡™„ƒƒ•Dzƒ”‹˜ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š‡‘ǡdz ‘–‹—‹‰ǣDzŠ‡

„‡•–•‹ŽŽ™Š‹ Š–Š‡• ‘—Ž† ‘ƒ†ƒ––Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆŠ‡”‰Ž‘”›™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–Š‡

‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ–‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡Ǥ™‡”‡–‘”–‘’‹‡ ‡•–‘’”‘†— ‡–Š‡

„Ž‘ •Ǥdzͳ͵ʹ

‡‘ˆ‘”‰ƒǯ•‰”‡ƒ–ƒ†‹”‡”•™ƒ•ƒƒ†‹ƒ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ƒƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‹‡”

ƒ‡• ‡”‘‡ ‹ŽŽǡ™‹–Š™Š‘Š‡Šƒ†„‘–Šƒ„—•‹‡••ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥͳ͵͵

 130 Morgan may already have known the architects. He was one of the founders of Bankers Trust, created in 1903 to serve as a subsidiary company that could handle extra-banking financial transactions. The Bankers Trust building, to which sixteen additional floors were added during a 1933 remodeling, originally had a light-colored, two-story marble-wrapped banking hall, which was removed during remodeling. (One can only speculate as to whether it might have been Tennessee marble.) Christopher Gray, “Bankers Trust: The Building Known for its Ziggurat Top,” New York Times 21 January 2007.

131 Money Matters: A Critical Look at Bank Architecture, 74-75.

132 In a New York Times article about the bank building, the writer stated that it was constructed of the same pink marble as the library. Christopher Gray, “J.P. Morgan & Company Bank Headquarters-23 Wall Street-by Trowbridge & Livingston,” New York Times 20 April 2003.

133 The two men became acquainted during the height of “Morganization,” when Morgan and his investors were shoring up the Northern Pacific Railroad. Hill, as an executive of the Great Northern, wished to form an alliance with the ailing Northern Pacific. After initial resistance to the idea, Morgan realized that Hill’s managerial skill and knowledge of the railroad business could work to mutual benefit, and they worked together to prevent the takeover of the NP by rival financiers. The men remained close associates in the years thereafter. Michael P. Malone, James J. Hill: Empire Builder of  ͵ͳʹ ƒ–‡‹Š‹•Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‹ŽŽŽ‡ˆ–ƒŽ‡‰ƒ ›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›–‘Š‹•ƒ†‘’–‡† ‹–›‘ˆ–Ǥƒ—ŽǤ

–ǡ–‘‘ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Šƒ†ƒ†‹”‡†‹

‘”‰ƒǯ•‡™‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡‹ ƒ‡DzŠ‡’‹”‡—‹Ž†‡”ǡdz‘™

‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹ƒ–”ƒ‹”‘—–‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡”•–ƒ–‡•ǡ„›’—” Šƒ•‹‰ƒ

†‡ˆ— –”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹–Ǥƒ—Ž™‹–Š–Š”‡‡’ƒ”–‡”•‹ͳͺ͹ͺƒ†’ƒ”Žƒ›‹‰‹–‹–‘–Š‡

”‡ƒ–‘”–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥͳ͵Ͷ•Š”‡™†ƒ†Šƒ”†™‘”‹‰„—•‹‡••ƒǡŠ‡ƒŽ•‘

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Š‹•‡Žˆ‹„ƒ‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–Š‡™Š‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ––Ž‡ǡƒ†

Ž—„‡”‹–‡”‡•–•–Šƒ–‘ —’‹‡†Š‹•˜ƒ•–™‡•–‡”Š‘Ž†‹‰•Ǥͳ͵ͷ ‡ǡŽ‹‡‘”‰ƒǡ

‡Œ‘›‡† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ˆ‹‡ƒ”–‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ†™ƒ•‡“—ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽǡ›‡–

‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ•—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ

‹ŽŽƒ†Š‹• Š‹‡ˆ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‡Ž•‘Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡”ȋ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•‘Ž‘‡ŽǤǤ

‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•–‘‡„”‹†‰‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ–‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•Ȍ

ƒ›Šƒ˜‡†‡•‹‰‡†–Š‡‹ Šƒ”†•‘‹ƒ„”‹ ƒ†•–‘‡„Ž‘ Š‘—•‹‰Š‹• ”‡ƒ–

‘”–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ—– ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡†‘•–‘ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‹”

–‡ƒ”•Ƭ‡ƒ„‘†›–‘„—‹Ž†Š‹•‹ Šƒ”†•‘Ǧ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†Š‘‡‘–Š‡ ‹–›ǯ•—‹–

˜‡—‡Ǥͳ͵͸

 the Northwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 181-184, 209-215; Martin, Railroads Triumphant, 328.

134 Ibid., 4.

135 Ibid., 90-91; Leonard K. Eaton, Gateway Cities and Other Essays (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989), 41; Hillstrom, 82.

136 Eaton, 57.

 ͵ͳ͵ Š‡–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ–Ǥƒ—ŽŠƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡††”‡™ƒ”‡‰‹‡‹ͳͻͲͳƒ„‘—–

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ‹–›ǡŠ‡”‡ˆ—•‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•–Šƒ– ‹ŽŽŠƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ƒ –

‹Š‹••–‡ƒ†Ǥͳ͵͹ ‹ŽŽǡ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡Šƒ”†Ǧ™‘Ž‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆŠ‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†

‘˜‹ ‡†–Šƒ–•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡™‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘‹–•

ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ǡŠƒ†ˆ‘”•‘‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰‘‡›–‘•ƒŽŽ

†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• Š‘‘Ž•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–‘’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆˆ‡”•Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ–Ǥƒ—Ž

’”‘’‘•‡†–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ’—„Ž‹ Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ŽŽ†‡ ‹†‡†–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘—Ž†„‡•–•—’’‘”–

‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡†”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›–‘‰‘

ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‹–Ǥ•–Š‡ ‹–›„‡‰ƒ–‘’Žƒ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†‘™–‘™–Ǥƒ—Žǯ•‹ ‡ƒ”ǡ

”ƒ‹•‹‰‘‡›–Š”‘—‰Š•—„• ”‹’–‹‘•ǡ„‡“—‡•–•ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹ „‘†•ǡ ‹ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘

†‘ƒ–‡ƒ†ˆ—”‹•Šƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹‰Ǥ›’‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽǯ•Šƒ†•Ǧ‘

ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–›Ž‡ǡŠ‡™ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡‰ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ˆ‘”

„‘–Š’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘„”‘—‰Š–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –‘”ǡ•—’‡”˜‹•‹‰„‘–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›

—–‹Ž–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǥͳ͵ͺ

” Š‹–‡ –Ž‡ –—•Ǥ‹– Šˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†•–—†‹‡†ƒ––Š‡”‘‘Ž›‘Ž›–‡ Š‹ 

•–‹–—–‡ƒ†™‘”‡†™‹–Šƒ””°”‡Ƭ ƒ•–‹‰•„‡ˆ‘”‡‘’‡‹‰ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡

™‹–Š˜ƒ”–•”ƒ ›ƒ†‰‡”–‘™ƒ”–‘—–‘ ‹ˆ–Š˜‡—‡ǡ™ƒ• ‹ŽŽǯ• Š‘‹ ‡–‘†‡•‹‰

„‘–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ ‡Šƒ†ˆ‹”•–„‡ ‘‡ƒ “—ƒ‹–‡†™‹–Š ‹ŽŽ‹ͳͺ͹ͷǡ’‘••‹„Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š

Š‹•— Ž‡ǡ‡˜‡”‡†‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‘’‡ǡ™Š‘ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›’—–Š‹•ƒ‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡  137 Jeffrey A. Hess and Paul Clifford Larson, St. Paul’s Architecture: A History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 97.

138 Albro Martin, James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest, 1976, reprint (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1991), 595-97.

 ͵ͳͶ Œ‘„Ǥͳ͵ͻ••‘‘ƒ•Š‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‹ͳͻͳʹǡ‹– Šˆ‹‡Ž†™ƒ•–ƒ•‡†„›–Š‡

Ž‹„”ƒ”›„‘ƒ”†™‹–Š‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•‘ˆƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ‹„”ƒ”› ‘•—Ž–ƒ–

‹–‘–Š‡’Žƒǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›™‘—Ž†”‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‹ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰

ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘ ƒ‡• Ǥ ‹ŽŽǡ ‘’‘•‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡””‡–—”‹‰–‘‡™

‘”ˆ”‘–Ǥƒ—Žǡ‹– Šˆ‹‡Ž†™”‘–‡ǣ

 Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ˆ‘”›‘—ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Ǥƒ—Žƒ’’‡ƒŽ• ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›–‘›‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‡–‹”‡Ž›ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ ‡‡–‹‰›‘—ƒ†”•Ǥ ‹ŽŽƒ†‘ˆ•‡‡‹‰›‘—”™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ’ƒ‹–‹‰•Šƒ•„‡‡˜‡”›‰”‡ƒ–Ǥ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–”Ǥ‘”‰ƒǯ•Ž‹„”ƒ”› –Š‹•‘”‹‰Ǥ‘—ƒ”‡ ‘””‡ –‹‹–•Ž‡‰–Šǡ™Š‹ Š•‡‡•–‘„‡Œ—•–ͳʹͲˆ‡‡–Ǥ ‘—”Ž‹„”ƒ”›™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡•‘‡™Šƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”‹ˆ„—‹Ž–™‹–Š–™‘ •–‘”‹‡•‘”‘‡•–‘”›ƒ†‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–‘„‡ ‘””‡ –‹’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒ–”‹ˆŽ‡Ž‘‰‡”Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡•‡–—•ƒŠ‹‰Š•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹–ƒ‹‰–Š‹• „—‹Ž†‹‰ˆ‘” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ„—– •ŠƒŽŽ†‘›Dz†—”†‡•–ǡdzƒ† Š‘’‡–Šƒ–›‘— ™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–ǤͳͶͲ  •‹‰–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ•‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹– Šˆ‹‡Ž†™”‘–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•

–Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”DzŽ‹‰Š– ‘Ž‘”‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǥ‹–ƒ›„‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡“—ƒ””‹‡•„—––Š‡”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‘‰”‡ƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†

Šƒ”ƒ –‡”–Šƒ•Š‘™‹–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•ƒ––Š‡” Š‹–‡ –ǯ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǥ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘—Ž‡‘”

‡‘”‰‹ƒŠ‡”‘‡‡ ”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǤdzŠ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡†

–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘–‡ǣDzŠƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ•‡––Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”•Žƒ„•‹–Š‡

 139“St. Paul’s Central Library” http://www.stpaul.lib.mn.us/locations/central- history.html [accessed 12 October 2007]

140 Electus D. Litchfield to James J. Hill, Esq. , 8 October 1912. James J. Hill Reference Library, James J. Hill Papers.

 ͵ͳͷ Ž‘‰‰‹ƒ‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ•„‡Ž‘™•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†ȏǮƒŽŽ‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǯȐǤdzͳͶͳ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ

‹ Šƒ‡ŽƒŽ‘‡Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ– ‹ŽŽǯ•™‹ˆ‡ǡƒ”›ǡƒ††ƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡŽƒ”ƒǡ†‡•‹‰‡†

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•‹–‡”‹‘”Dzˆƒ•Š‹‘‡†‹‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzͳͶʹŠ”‡‡„‹†•–‘

ˆ—”‹•Š‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡™‡”‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘‹ –‘”‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡǤ Ǥ

”‘™Ƭ‘’ƒ›ǡƒ† ‡–‘‘•–”— –‹‘‘’ƒ›ǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”„‹†ǡ™Š‹ Š

‹ Ž—†‡†•‡––‹‰–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹’Žƒ ‡ǡ™ƒ•ƒ ‡’–‡†ǤŠ‹’’‹‰”‡ ‡‹’–•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡•‡–

ˆ”‘’”‹Ž–Š”‘—‰Š —Ž›ͳͻͳͶǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ˆ‹ˆ–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š–”ƒ‹Ž ƒ”Ž‘ƒ†•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡™‡”‡•Š‹’’‡†–‘–Ǥƒ—Ž‹ ƒ”‡‘ˆ—–Ž‡””‘–Š‡”•—‹Ž†‹‰‘’ƒ›ƒ†

–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽǤ Ǥ‘—‰‘Ǥǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ••—„Ǧ ‘–”ƒ –‡†–‘ —–ƒ†•‡––Š‡•–‘‡ƒˆ–‡”

ƒŽŽǤͳͶ͵Š‹Ž‡‹–‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡–‡”‹‡‘”‹‰‹“—ƒ””›‘”“—ƒ””‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡

†‘ —‡–•ǡ‹–‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹‡•‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•

–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†™‡”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–Š‡‘—–Š‡”ǡ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǡƒ†ƬŽ‹‡•ǤͳͶͶˆ–Š‡

‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ„‹††‡”•ǡ–Š‡‹ –‘”‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‡†“—ƒ””‹‡•‹–Š‡•„—”›‘”

 141 Electus D. Litchfield, “Specifications of Material to be furnished and labor to the performed,” September 1913. James J. Hill Reference Library, Louis W. Hill Papers.

142 Malone, 268.

143 The Fenton Company was involved in a concurrent public library project for the city of Knoxville. The Lawson McGhee Library (1915-1916) was designed by Grant C. Miller, Fullenwider and Dowling, Chicago with local architect A.B. Baumann. This no longer extant American Renaissance-style building, which was finished in terra cotta, sat upon a Tennessee marble foundation that came from the Ross & Republic Marble Company. The roof was red tile. The interior was Tennessee marble, for which the contractor was Fenton Construction. Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS-TN-213).

144 Butler Brothers to Mr. Electus D. Litchfield, 10 December 1913, Statements of Account, James J. Hill to Butler Brothers, June-August, 1914, James J. Hill Reference Library, Louis Hill Papers.

 ͵ͳ͸ ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡ –‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‡”‘™ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡

ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠǤǤ ‘†ˆ”‡›ǡ‹„‘–Š–Š‡•„—”›•‡ –‹‘ƒ†‹‘ ‘”†ǡ•—‰‰‡•–•

–Šƒ–‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›Šƒ†„‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ȋ”ƒ‹‰Šƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•

ƒ†’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•™‹–Š‘–Š‡”Ž‘ ƒŽƒ”„Ž‡‡Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ‡ˆ”‘

Š‹•‘š‘—–›ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Ž‘—–‘—–›“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†Ž‹„”ƒ”›„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡ƒŽ‡••Ž›Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡–™‘™‹‰•‹–‘‘‡

ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ‰‹˜‹‰‹––Š‡‹–‡†‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ –ƒŽ‹ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡’ƒŽƒœœ‘ǡ™‹–Š

‡–”ƒ ‡•–‘–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•’ƒ ‡•–Š”‘—‰Š†‘‘”•–‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ƒ†”‹‰Š–ǤŠ‹Ž‡‹–

‡”–ƒ‹Ž›„‡ƒ”•”‡•‡„Žƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡–Ǥƒ—Ž—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†

ƒ‡• Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹„”ƒ”›ȋͳͻͳͶǦͳͻͳ͹ȌƒŽ•‘’ƒ‹†Š‘ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡‘•–‘—„Ž‹ 

‹„”ƒ”›‹‹–•• ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹–• ‘–‹—‘—•ƒ” ƒ†‡‘ˆ”‘—†Ǧƒ” Š‡†™‹†‘™•Ǥ„‘—––‡

›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”–Š‡ƒ”‡‰‹‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘†‹†ˆ—†–™‘„”ƒ ŠŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‹–Ǥƒ—Žǡ„‘–Š

‹‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡•–›Ž‡™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ””‘—†Ǧƒ” Š‡†™‹†‘™‘’‡‹‰•‡ Š‘‹‰

–Š‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǤͳͶͷ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”ƒ”‡‰‹‡ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡ ‹–›Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•™‡”‡

Š‘•‡„› ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡƒˆ–‡”ͳͻͲͺŠ‡‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• ‡ƒ•‡†ˆ—†‹‰Žƒ”‰‡ ‡–”ƒŽ

Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†„”ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ

‹‹‰”ƒ–•ƒ†‡™ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ•–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡” ‹–‹‡•Ǥ••ƒŽŽŽ‹„”ƒ”› ‘•–”— –‹‘

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ‡•‡”–”ƒǡƒ”‡‰‹‡ǯ•’‡”•‘ƒŽ•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›•‹ ‡ͳͺͻ͹ǡ„‡‰ƒ–‘

™‹‡Ž†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰ƒŽ•‘„‡ ƒ‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ǣ

ƒ•‡–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ̈́ʹ’‡” ƒ’‹–ƒˆ‘”–‘™•™‹–Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‘˜‡”‘‡–Š‘—•ƒ†–Šƒ–  145 Hess and Larson, 98.

 ͵ͳ͹ ™‘—Ž††‘ƒ–‡ƒ•‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†Ž‡˜›ƒ–‡’‡” ‡––ƒš–‘ˆ—†ˆ—–—”‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤͳͶ͸˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”‡‰‹‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ†‘‘˜‡”–•–‹’—Žƒ–‹‘–‘—•‡

ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘”„—‹Ž†‹ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹•–›Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‡”–”ƒ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Dz‘–‡•

‘–Š‡”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹„”ƒ”›‹Ž†‹‰•ȋ•‹ Ȍdz‹ͳͻͳͳǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†‘†‡ŽŽ‹„”ƒ”›

’Žƒ•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡›†‡•‹”‡†ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆ ‘ˆ‘”‹–›ǤͳͶ͹Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ˆ

–Š‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǯ•ƒ†˜‹ ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™ƒ•‘–‹ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰‘‡•–›Ž‡‘˜‡”ƒ‘–Š‡”„—–

ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ›’”‘‘–‹‰†‡•‹‰•–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›—•‡†

‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”‹ƒ•ǤͳͶͺ‘‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ™Š‘„‡ ƒ‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ

”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ› ‘‹••‹‘•Ǥ†™ƒ”†Ǥ‹Ž–‘ǡ™Š‘†‡•‹‰‡†–Š‡ ‡‘”‰‡‡ƒ„‘†›

‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‡”•Ž‹„”ƒ”›‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡

‡ƒ—šǦ”–•Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‡†‹Ž–‘ǡˆ‘”‡”Ž›™‹–Š ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǡ ƒ””‹‡†ƒŽ‡––‡”‘ˆ

‹–”‘†— –‹‘ˆ”‘‡”–”ƒǤͳͶͻ

Š‡–Š‡‡™‘”ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‹”‘ˆ—†Ž‘™Ƭ‡ƒ„‘†›”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡

‘–”ƒ ––‘‘˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡‘”‰‡‡ƒ„‘†›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”

‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ’—•‹ͳͻͳͶƒ†„‡‰ƒ†‘Ž‹‰‘—–’”‘Œ‡ –•–‘ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡  146 Carnegie donated more than forty one million dollars, much of it matched by recipient communities, for the building of libraries in American cities and towns, from 1899-1917. Van Slyck, 22.

147 The odd spelling is a purposeful use of an economical modern language being espoused by Melvil Dewey, who founded the Columbia University library program. Van Slyck, 233.

148 Van Slyck, 35, 44, 65.

149 Van Slyck, 57.

 ͵ͳͺ  ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ˆ‹”ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ” Š‹–‡ –Šƒ”Ž‡•

ƒ—‡Ž‡ƒ„‘†›™ƒ•–Š‡‡’Š‡™‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‡ ‘•–‡”‡ƒ„‘†›ǡ™Š‘•‡‡ƒ„‘†›

†— ƒ–‹‘ —†Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ–ƒŽ›•–ˆ‘”‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”‘—–Š

ƒ†™ƒ•‘™„ƒ ‹‰–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”–‡ƒ Š‡”•‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤͳͷͲ

–”ƒ• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ ƒŽŽ„‡–™‡‡Šƒ”Ž‡•ƒ—‡Ž‡ƒ„‘†›ǯ•’ƒ”–‡”ǡ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‹ŽŽ‹ƒ””—†Ž‘™ǡƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ„‘†›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ”Ǥ”— ‡Ǥ

ƒ›‡ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†Š‘’‡†ƒ”‡‰‹‡™‘—Ž†ˆ—†–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰

”‡ ”—‹–‡†ƒ‹’”‡••‹˜‡‰‹ˆ–ˆ”‘ ‘ŠǤ‘ ‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‡”–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”ǡƒ›‡™ƒ•

‘ ‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›™‘—Ž†‹’‡†‡Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡–ƒ‹ˆƒ —Ž–›Ǥ ‹•

ˆƒŽŽǦ„ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ–‘–”›ƒ†”‡ ”—‹–ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›†‹”‡ –Ž›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—•–Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†Ǥͳͷͳ‡ƒ„‘†›ǯ•ƒ‘— ‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳͻͳ͹Ǧͳͺ›‡ƒ”

‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘–‹ ‡ǣDzŠ‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ‰‹ˆ–‘ˆ̈́ͳͺͲǡͲͲͲˆ”‘–Š‡

ƒ”‡‰‹‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡™‘”ǡˆ‘”ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰™‹–Šƒ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆʹͲͲǡͲͲͲ˜‘Ž—‡•ǡ

”‡ƒ†‹‰”‘‘•ǡ•‡‹ƒ”ƒ† ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡”‘‘•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥƒ—ƒŽƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Ž‡••–Šƒ̈́ͳͲǡͲͲͲŠƒ•„‡‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”

 150 Mary S. Hoffschwelle, Rebuilding the Rural Southern Community: Reformers, Schools, and Homes in Tennessee, 1900-1930 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 19.

151 "Mr. Geo Foster spoke to Mr. Carnegie and told me that was a failure" ... "I have that $300,000 for endowment and the library and the summer school bothering the life out of me" … "I have failed for five years on every plan I knew ... the last stroke I can make is to try and get at this building through the architect.” Transcription of telephone call, 14 December [1916?], Dr. Bruce A. Payne to William Orr Ludlow, Vanderbilt University Libraries, Special Collections, Peabody College Papers.

 ͵ͳͻ –Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ••—”‡•‹–•’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰Š’‘‹–‘ˆ

‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥdzͳͷʹ

‹Ž–‘ǯ•Ž‹„”ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ• ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†‹ͳͻͳ͹ǡ™ƒ•

‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͻͳͻǤ ‹•ͳͻͳ͹†”ƒ™‹‰••’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰‹–Š‡

”‘–—†ƒǡ„‘‘•–ƒ •ǡƒ†–‘‹Ž‡–•ǡ™‹–Šƒ‘–‡ƒ’’‡†‡†ʹͺƒ” Šͳͻͳͺ–Šƒ–”‡ƒ†ǣ

Dz—„‹–ƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”†‹ƒ‰”ƒˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤdzͳͷ͵Š‡–Š‡”Š‡ Š‘•‡–Š‡‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‘”Ž‡ˆ––Šƒ––‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘–”ƒ –‘”ǡȋ‹Ž„—” ǤȌ ‘•–‡”Ƭ

ȋ‘„‡”–Š‘ƒ•Ȍ”‡‹‰Š–‘ǡ‹•‘–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹‡š‹•–‹‰†‘ —‡–•ǡ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡

•‘—” ‡“—ƒ””‹‡•‘™Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–’‹‹•ŠǦ„”‘™‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡—•‡†

ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘–—†ƒˆŽ‘‘”‹‰‹•‹‰‘‘† ‘†‹–‹‘–‘†ƒ›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡™Š‹–‡ƒ”„Ž‡—•‡†ˆ‘”

–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•–‡’•‹• ”ƒ–‡”‡†ƒ†™‘”Ǥ‹ ‡‹Ž–‘†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ›‘ˆƒ”‡‰‹‡ǯ•

Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆŽ‘‘”‹‰ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡–Š‡”Š‡Šƒ†

—•‡†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹’”‡˜‹‘—•’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ‘”—•‡†‹––Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ•—„Œ‡ –

ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡‰‹‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ•‡†ˆ—†‹‰Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‹ͳͻͳ͹ǡ

–™‘›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”‡‰‹‡ǯ•†‡ƒ–ŠǤ—–ƒ› ‹–‹‡•ƒ†–‘™• ‘–‹—‡†–‘„—‹Ž†

Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”‡‰‹‡‘†‡Ž†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ǡ—•‹‰ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǤͳͷͶ

 152 Vanderbilt University Libraries, Special Collections, Peabody College Papers, Bulletin of George Peabody College for Teachers V, no. 4 (1917), 19.

153 Vanderbilt University Office of Campus Planning, Drawings for Peabody College Library, 1917, Edward L. Tilton, A.M. Githens, Associate, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York.

154 Van Slyck, 217-18.

 ͵ʹͲ ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆˆ‘”ƒ†‡ ‘‘›‹ ‘•–”— –‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ†

”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ •›• ”ƒ’‡”• ™ƒ• „‡‰‹‹‰ –‘ ‹’‡Ž ‘†‡”‹•– †‡•‹‰• ƒ‘‰ •‘‡

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹• ‘–‹—‡†–‘’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹ ‹˜‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘˜‡”

–Š‡ ‘‹‰†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‹ Šƒ”† —›‹Ž•‘Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–

–Š‡ˆ‹”‘ˆ ‹ǡ‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǡ™Š‘•‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ž‹‰‡”‡†™‡ŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ƒ†

‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͶͲ•ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡”–ƒ‹‘”•ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒ’—„Ž‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǣ’”‡•‡–‹‰

‘–‘Ž›Ǯ‰‘‘††‡•‹‰ǯ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‡ƒ••—”‹‰‰Žƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ƒ†

ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–• ‘ˆ ‡”‹ ƒ•ǤdzͳͷͷŠ”‹•–‹‡”‡›Ž‹‰ǡ™”‹–‹‰ƒ„‘—–ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡŠƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”˜‹•—ƒŽ

‘”†‡”‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†„›ƒš‹‡–‹‡•„”‘—‰Š–‘„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†

‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •Š‹ˆ–• ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ„‘” ‡ ‘‘›Ǥͳͷ͸˜‡’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡•–‘ ƒ”‡–

”ƒ•Š‘ˆͳͻʹͻǡƒ›—•–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‡Ž–ƒ––Š‡‡” ›‘ˆ’‘™‡”•„‡›‘†–Š‡‹” ‘–”‘ŽǤŠ‡

”‡ƒ••—”‹‰ ˆƒ ƒ†‡• ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  „—‹Ž†‹‰• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ

‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‡•‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‡”‡ „—‹Ž– ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‡š—†‡†

•–”‡‰–Šƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡‹’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ˆƒŽŽ‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡–Š‡•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ– Šƒ†ǡ ƒ• ‹ ‡‡••‡‡ǡ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡

‡‰‡†‡”‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ’”‹†‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ††‹‰’”‡•–‹‰‡ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽˆ‹”•Ǥ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›”‡•‹†‡– ”ƒŽ‹Ǥ‘‘•‡˜‡Ž–ǯ•

ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘–‘’”‘’––Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ ‘˜‡”›†—”‹‰–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡’”‡••‹‘™ƒ•

‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›‡’ƒ”–‡–ǯ•ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡’”‘‰”ƒǡ™Š‹ Š  155 Wilson, 53.

156 Kreyling, From Post Office to Art Center, 26-27.

 ͵ʹͳ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ”ƒˆ–‘ˆ‡™ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ†Š‡”‡†–‘ƒ

•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡††‡•‹‰–›’‡ǣŽƒ”‰‡”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”„Ž‘ •†‡ ‘”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ

‘†‡”‹œ‡†ȋ•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡†Ȍ˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡƒ†—•‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™Š‡‡˜‡”’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡™‘”ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽŽƒ„‘”‡”•ƒ†

‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†‹ƒ•Š‘”–’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ

‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•™‹–Š˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡•™‡”‡‡”‡ –‡†‹ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒ‹ͳͻ͵ʹǦ͵͵ǤŽŽ–Š”‡‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‡’Ž‘›‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ˆ‹”•ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǯ•‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ȋ‘™–Š‡

”‹•–‡–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•—ƒŽ”–•Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•ƒ•ƒŽŽ’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡

Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Žǡ™ƒ•‘˜‡”•‡‡„›Ž‘ ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ƒ””Ƭ ‘ŽƒǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”

ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ͳͻȌŠƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›„‡‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹–‡ ‡‘”‰‡

ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•—•‡†‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ™‹–Š‹‡•‘–ƒ‰”ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‡–”›™ƒ›•ƒ†

†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”˜‹‰Ǥ‘•–ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–†ƒ›™‡”‡—ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ•›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡‰”‹‡Šƒ†–—”‡†–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‰”ƒ›

„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–™ƒ•”‡•–‘”‡†–‘‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‹‰Š– ‘Ž‘”†—”‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͲͳ”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡—•‡†‹–Š‡„ƒ–Š”‘‘•ǡ

ƒ‡ˆ”‘‡‡••‡‡ǤŠ‡ ‘–”ƒ –‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ‡™Ž›Ǧˆ‘”‡†‹ ‹ƒ–‹

ˆ‹”ƒ‡† ”ƒ‡••‡”ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǡ™‡–‘–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ

‘’ƒ›Ǥͳͷ͹

 157 Fortunately, this company is still in business, but their early project files are in deep, remote storage and inaccessible at present. Information provided by architect Seab Tuck, Tuck Hinton Architects, design architect for the Frist Center. Personal interview, 25 February 2011.

 ͵ʹʹ

‹‰—”‡ͳͺǤƒ””ƒ† ‘Žƒ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ‘—”–‡•› ”‹•–‡–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•—ƒŽ”–•Ǥ 



Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ™Š‘•‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‹• Žƒ†

‹ƒ•–‹ŽŽŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž›‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ––Š‡ƒ†‘”‘ƒ”„Ž‡

‘’ƒ›ǡ™ƒ•‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ǥ Ǥƒ—ƒǤͳͷͺŠ‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š–‡”‹‘”

†‘‘”™ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‹•™‡ŽŽǦ’”‡•‡”˜‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰ȋ‘™—•‡†ƒ•ƒ„ƒƒ†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ

™‹–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ„”ƒ Š’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡„›ƒ•‹†‡‡–”ƒ ‡Ȍƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†ƒ”‡”

„—– ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›•Šƒ†‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹•Š‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡ǤŠ‡†”ƒƒ–‹ Ž‘„„›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ  158 Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Craig/Candoro Papers, Candoro Marble Company Cash Book, 1914-1918. This book includes pages titled “Sawing” 1928-1941. From January to April 1933, all sawing done at the Candoro mill was for the Knoxville Post Office.

 ͵ʹ͵ ——•—ƒŽƒ†„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‰”ƒ›ƒ†‰”‡‡‹•Š”‡††‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

ƒ”„Ž‡•™‹–ŠƒˆŽ‘‘”’ƒ––‡” ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ†„”‘™˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡†

ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡‡š–‡”‹‘”†‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‰Ž‡•ǡƒ ‘‘•›„‘Ž‹–Š‡

ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ™‡”‡ ƒ”˜‡†„›Ž‘ ƒŽƒ”–‹•ƒŽ„‡”–‹Žƒ‹ǡ™Š‘

™ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡ƒ†‘”‘ƒ”„Ž‡‹ŽŽǤ

‘–Š‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡’‡”‹‘†ƒ†˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”†‡•‹‰‹•Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒǯ•

‡†‡”ƒŽ‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†‘—”– ‘—•‡ǡ„›Ž‘ ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –‡—„‡ Ǥ —–ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•

ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Š™Š‹–‡Š‡”‘‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǤ —– Š‘•‡ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Žƒ”„Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡

‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡‡••‡‡†ƒ”’‹ǡ‡”‘–‰”‡‡•‡”’‡–‹‡ǡƒ†ƒ™ƒ”Ǧ

–‘‡†›‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š–‡””ƒœœ‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”•Ǥ

ƒ›‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‡š–ƒ–ǡ

ƒ†”‡’‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”˜‡Ž‘—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–‡ Š‹“—‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†‘–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•

•—”ˆƒ ‡”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›‹‡†‹ƒ‘—–Ž‡–•Ǥͳͷͻ—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ƒ•ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‹‘”•ǤŠ‡ƒ ”ƒ‡–‘ ‡†‡”ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ‘•–”— –‡†

†—”‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ•–Š‡–Š”‡‡‡‡••‡‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ—šǦ”–•†‡•‹‰„›

ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ” Š‹–‡ –•‡‘ƒ”†–ƒ”•ƒ††™ƒ”† Žƒ†‡”•Ǥͳ͸Ͳ–ƒ”•ǯ•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•

”‡†‡–‹ƒŽ• ƒ‡ˆ”‘Šƒ˜‹‰™‘”‡†ƒ•ƒƒ’’”‡–‹ ‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ˆ‘””–Š—””‘™ǡ

”Ǥƒ†ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š”‘™ȋ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘‹–› ƒŽŽȌǡ

ƒ•ƒ†‡•‹‰‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻͳͷƒƒƒƒ ‹ˆ‹ š’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡‹  159 When I began my research on Tennessee marble, I set up a Google™ alert for “Tennessee Marble” and have received hundreds of links to articles, advertisements, and news stories.

160 U.S. Post Office, Courthouse and Federal Building, Sacramento, National Register of Historic Places, listed 1980.  ͵ʹͶ –Š‹•„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘†‡”ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†’”‘†— –• ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡†‘‘”™ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š•‹–•‘ƒˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

•‘‘–Šǡ‰”ƒ›‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ™‡”‡ ƒ•––‡””ƒ ‘––ƒƒ†‹–•„”‹ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™ƒ• ‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š

Dz‰”ƒ‹–‡šǡdzƒ–‡””ƒ ‘––ƒ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”—•–‹ ƒ–‡†‰”ƒ‹–‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–‡””ƒœœ‘ˆŽ‘‘”•ƒ†

–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡†™‹–Š‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ‰‘Ž†Ǧ ‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘

–ƒŠǡƒ†‡‡••‡‡„”‘™ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ‹• ‘–‹‰Ǥ‡™‘†‡”•™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘–”ƒ –•™‡”‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›Šƒ†Ž‡†‘”™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ•—’’Ž‹‡”•–Šƒ–

Šƒ†„‡‡‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ—šǦ”–•‡”ƒ™ƒ••–‹ŽŽƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ—”‹•Šƒ

˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡•–‘‡‡––Š‡†‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•Š‘™’Žƒ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘ŠǤ‘••‘’ƒ›™ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‹‰Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ‘‹••‹‘•‹

‡™‘”‹–›ǡ‘–Š‡”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”ƒǤ‡ƒ†ǯ•‘••Ǧ‡’—„Ž‹ 

‘’ƒ›ǡƒ† ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ƒ†Š‹•ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•ƒŽ•‘†‹†˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡•‡‡ƒ”Ž›

†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥͳ͸ͳŠ‡”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›ƒ “—‹”‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡”

“—ƒ””‹‡•‹‘š‘—–›ƒ†‘’‡‡†ƒ’”‘‹•‹‰˜‡‹‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹Ž‘—–‘—–›ǡ

™Š‡”‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ƒ†Š‹•’ƒ”–‡”•‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘—–Š‡”ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›Šƒ†

„‡‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰“—ƒ””›Žƒ†ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͺͺͺǤ‹–Š–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‘”—ƒ””›

‡ƒ” ”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͺͻ͸ǡ–Š‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›„‡‰ƒƒ•–”‹‰‘ˆ“—ƒ””›ƒ†

‹ŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹Ž‘—–‘—–›–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‡š’ƒ†–‘•‹š“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥͳ͸ʹ

 161 With the exception of Craig/Candoro company papers on deposit at the Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, and a recorded slide lecture by Barksdale Jones, a descendant of the founder of Gray-Knox Marble Company, which has been placed on deposit in the McClung Historical Collection, no business records for these companies are known to exist.

162 Burns, 238.  ͵ʹͷ Š‡”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›„—‹Ž–ƒ–”ƒ”‘ƒ†–‘ ‘‡ ––Š‡‹”ƒ‹“—ƒ””›–‘™Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡

–Š‡ƒ”‹‡––ƒƒ†‘”–Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†ǡ•‘‘–‘„‡ ‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ƭ•›•–‡ǡ‹

ͳͻͲʹǤ‘–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡”‘†— ‡”•ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ„‡ ƒ‡

ƒ –‹˜‡‹Ž‘—–‘—–›‹ͳͻͲ͹ǤŠ‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡƒŽ‘‡ƒ†‹

’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‹”•ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”’”‘†— ‡”•

‘ˆŽ‘—–‘—–›ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ•Š„‘‘ˆ”‘ͳͻͲͻǦͳͻͳʹ•Š‘™••Š‹’‡–•˜‹ƒ

”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒŽŽƒ”‘—†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡ

‹Ž™ƒ—‡‡ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡ‘„‹Ž‡ǡ‡™‘”‹–›ǡ ‘—•–‘ǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡ

ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹• ƒ”‰‘™‡–‘—–‘–Š‡Ƭƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥͳ͸͵

‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹‰‘’ƒ›ǯ•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•ǡƒ†‘”‘ǡƒ

‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡Ǧ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†‡š’‘”–‹‰ˆ‹”ǡ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡

„—•‹‡••‡‹ͳͻͳͶǡ‘’”‘’‡”–›‡š––‘–Š‡‡•–ƒŽ—„‡”‘’ƒ›ǡ™‹–Š‹–•

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š–ƒ–•‘—–Š‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•’—”Ǥƒ†‘”‘ǡ™‹–Š ‘Š”ƒ‹‰ƒ•–Š‡

’”‹ƒ”›’ƒ”–‡”ǡ‰”‡™–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‹‹•Š‹‰‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡

‘’ƒ›–‘‘‹–•ƒ‡ˆ”‘‹–•’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‘™‡”•ǣ ‘Š ǤC”ƒ‹‰ǡ ǤǤAn†‡”•‘ǡ

Ǥ ǤDoƒŽ†•‘ǡǤǤRo†‰‡”•Ǥ‹•–‡†ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽƒ”‹‡†‡’Ž‘›‡‡‹–Š‡ ‘Š”ƒ‹‰

‘’ƒ›”‡ ‘”†•ǡ’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—†‹‰‘ˆƒ†‘”‘ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”‹†—•–”›’ƒ–”‹ƒ” Šǡ

ǤǤ ‘‡•Ǥ ‘‡•ǡ™Š‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ•ƒŽ‡•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›

ˆ”‘ͳͻͲͶǦͳͻͳͲǡ‘™‡†•–‘ „›ͳͻͳ͸ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡•‘Ž†„ƒ –‘”ƒ‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•

‹ͳͻͶͳǤ ‡ƒŽ•‘‘™‡†“—ƒ””›Žƒ†•‹Ž‘—–‘—–›ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘‹ ”ƒ‹‰‡”‘—–›ǡ  163 Knox County Public Library, McClung Historical Collection, Craig/Candoro Papers, Cash Book, 1909-1912. Candoro records and deeds also show that in 1923, the Candoro company contracted with the Southern Railway to lay track to the Victoria Quarry, a property they had obtained in the Boyd’s Bridge area of Knox County.  ͵ʹ͸ ‡ƒ”Š‘” ‹ŽŽǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆƒ†ƒ”‰”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡

Ž‘•‡•––Šƒ–‡‡••‡‡Šƒ•–‘„Žƒ Ǥ ‘‡•™‘—Ž†Žƒ–‡”„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

”ƒ›Ǧ‘šƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹ Š”ƒƒ‡‘”‘—•‹ŽŽ‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘

—–Š‡”Žƒ†˜‡—‡‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ”‡–‹‰„‘–Š ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ†Žƒ„ƒƒƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ ‹•

•‘ǡƒ”•†ƒŽ‡ǡƒŽ•‘ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ƒǡ‘˜‡”•ƒ™•— Š‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘Œ‡ –•

ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•–ˆ”‘–‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žǡƒ†”‡ ‘”†‡†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡

ˆ‹‹•Š™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡ˆ‹”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•—’”‡‡‘—”–‹ͳͻ͵ͷǤͳ͸Ͷ

ˆ–‡”–Š‡‡š—„‡”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡ͳͻͳͲ•ƒ†ͳͻʹͲ•ǡŽƒ”‰‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ

’”‘Œ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡–Šƒ–†‡ƒ†‡†’”‡•–‹‰‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•„‡ ƒ‡ˆ‡™‡”ƒ†ˆ‡™‡”Ǥ‡™

„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••— Šƒ• ƒ•– ‘ ”‡–‡•Žƒ„•ƒ†‰Žƒ••™‹†‘™™ƒŽŽ• ƒ‡‹–‘—•‡

™‹–Š‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡”‹•ǡƒ††‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”˜‹‰‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹Ž„‡‰ƒ

–‘„‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒ”–Ǥ

Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†”‡™‡ŽŽ‘ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰‹

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͻ͵͸‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’Žƒ‡†

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹™ƒ•–‘ ‘˜‹ ‡–Š‡‘•–’”‘‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡

‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹†—•–”›‘™‡”•–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ”‡Ǧ‘’‡‹‰ Ž‘•‡†“—ƒ””‹‡•‹ˆ

‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǤŠ‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž Ž‹‡–Š‘’‡†–‘‡†‘™ƒƒ”–‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š

ƒ‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹  ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ™‡•–‡”ƒ”–ƒ•ƒ‰‹ˆ––‘ƒƒ–‹‘‹‡‡†‘ˆƒ‘”ƒŽ‡

„‘‘•–ǤŠ‡‡™ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†–‘‡—Žƒ–‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘”ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ˆ”‘‡ŽŽ‘ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”’‡‡”•ǡŽ‹‡ƒ”‡‰‹‡ǡ

 164 Knox County Public Library, McClung Research Collection, Barksdale Jones, former President, Gray-Knox Marble, recorded talk with accompanying slides, ca. 2004, on deposit by Finnbar Saunders and Sonja Jones.  ͵ʹ͹ ‘”‰ƒǡƒ† ‹ŽŽǡƒŽŽ„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒˆ”‡‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡•›•–‡ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡

‡ŽŽ‘ˆƒ‹Ž›†›ƒ•–›Ǥ‘–•—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ – Š‘•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ‘Š

—••‡ŽŽ‘’‡ǡƒ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†–Š‡1 ‘Ž‡†‡•‡ƒ—šǦ”–•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ

Žƒ––‡”Ǧ†ƒ›‡š’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡Ǥ”ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•‘ˆ ‹ǡ

‡ƒ†ƬŠ‹–‡ǡ‘’‡Šƒ†”‡ ‡–Ž› ‘’Ž‡–‡†–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‡”›Žƒ› ”‹ ǯ•

Š‘‡‹–‘ƒ’—„Ž‹ —•‡—ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰Ǧ•–ƒ†‹‰‡™‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘ˆ‹”ǡƒ” 

‹†Ž‹–œǡˆ‘—†‡†„›–Š‡„”‘–Š‡”‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –Ǥ‡‘’‘Ž†‹†Ž‹–œǡŠƒ†™‘”‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹

–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳͻͳ͵ǦͳͶƒ””°”‡Ƭ ƒ•–‹‰•ƒ•‹‘Ǥͳ͸ͷ ‘”–Š‡‡™ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡ‘’‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ‘–‘‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ•–Š‡‹”‘†‡ŽǤ –‡–‘

ƒ†Š‡”‹‰–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•„›‘™„‡ ‘‹‰‹ ‘‹ ǡ–Š‡› Š‘•‡‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™ƒ”–‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡƒ†‡Ž‹•–‡†–Š‡‹†Ž‹–œˆ‹”–‘‡•—”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›

”ƒˆ–•ƒ•Š‹’‹„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥͳ͸͸

‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ŽŽ‘ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ ‘Š—••‡ŽŽ‘’‡ǡ

ƒ†–Š‡‹†Ž‹–œ‘’ƒ›ƒ†‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›˜‹•‹–•–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‹ͳͻ͵͸Ǥ‘—‰

ƒ” Š‹–‡ –ƒŽ ‘Ž‹ ‡ǡƒ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‘ˆƒŽ‡ Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡŠƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡

†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†„›–Š‡‘’‡ˆ‹”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ‹ ‡ǯ••–”‘‡‘ˆ‰‡‹—•™ƒ•

–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ• Š‡‡—•‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•Šƒ†‡•‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡‹ƒ• ‡†‹‰Žƒ›‡”•ˆ”‘  165 “From Mansion to Museum: The Frick Collection Celebrates Seventy-Five Years” http://www.frick.org/exhibitions/75th/index.htm [accessed 5 April 2011]

166 Years later, Malcolm Rice, an architect originally employed by the offices of John Russell Pope, who had been the primary marble consultant for the original gallery building, was called out of retirement in Knoxville to devise a plan for Tennessee marble use on I.M. Pei’s East Building of the National Gallery. National Gallery of Art, Gallery Archives, Records of I.M. Pei & Partners, Correspondence from Malcolm Rice, marble consultant, 22 March 1973.

 ͵ʹͺ †ƒ”–‘Ž‹‰Š–ǡ‹–‡”™‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ•—„–Ž‡„Ž‡†ǤŠ‹•ƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡„—‹Ž†‡”•–‘—•‡ƒ”„Ž‡•ˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–“—ƒ””‹‡•ƒ†•–‹ŽŽƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡

‘ˆƒ•‡ƒŽ‡••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‡–ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‡‡ŽŽ‘–‡ƒ ƒ‡–‘

ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡‘ͳ –‘„‡”ͳͻ͵͹™‹–Š–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”ƒ›Ǧ‘šƒ”„Ž‡

‘’ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ†‘”‘ˆ‹”ǡ–Š‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡƒ†‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†ǡ™Š‘ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹•—’’Ž›‹‰ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥͳ͸͹‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ‘—•Dz‘••’‹dzƒ”„Ž‡„”ƒ†ǡ–Š‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡•

‹‡†„›–Š‡‘••ƒ†‘••Ǧ‡’—„Ž‹  ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ™ƒ•Ž‡šƒ†‡” ƒ””‹•ǡ‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†Ǥͳ͸ͺ ‘ŠǤ‘••ǡ‹Š‹•Žƒ–‡•‡˜‡–‹‡•ǡ™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›”‡–‹”‡†ǡƒ†

”ƒǤ‡ƒ†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡‹ŽŽˆ‘”•‘‡–‹‡ǡ†‹‡†–Šƒ–•ƒ‡•’”‹‰Ǥͳ͸ͻ

Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰—•‡—ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‡”‹ ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡’—„Ž‹ 

‘—‡–•ǡ™ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ••‘Ž‹†ƒ†‹’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰™ƒ•ƒ

”‡•–”ƒ‹‡†‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡ǡ˜‡”›— ŠŽ‹‡ ǤǤ‘”‰ƒǯ•Ž‹„”ƒ”›ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡

‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Žƒ‹†‹„Ž‘ •ƒ•†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡Ǥ•ƒ––Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†

‘”‰ƒƒǡ‹–• ”‡ƒ–‘”• ‘—Ž†„‘ƒ•––Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†Žƒ•–ˆ‹˜‡Š—†”‡†›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡— Š‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‘–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –™ƒ•†‘‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ†‘”‘‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡

‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ ”ƒ›Ǧ‘šƒ†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒŽ•‘ ”ƒˆ–‡†‡Ž‡‡–•ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡  167National Gallery of Art, Gallery Archives, Records of the A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust Construction Files.

168Both of these quarries, now called Ross’s and Mead’s, are on the property of Ijams Nature Center, on the south side of the Tennessee River in the Island Home section of Knoxville.

169 “Frank S. Mead, Marble Plant Developer, Dies,” Knoxville News Sentinel 13 April 1936; “Obituary: Mead, Frank Seymour” Knoxville Journal 13 April 1936.

 ͵ʹͻ ‘’ƒ‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡†“—ƒ””›•–‘‡ǤŠ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ʹͲȌ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͻͶͳǡ

ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†ƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡ ‡‹ƒ”„Ž‡ ”ƒˆ–•ƒ•Š‹’–Šƒ–™‘—Ž† ‘‡–‘

„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ƒŠ‡ƒ†Ǥ





‹‰—”‡ͳͻǤ ‘Š—••‡ŽŽ‘’‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡͳͻͶͳǤ‘—”–‡•› ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡƒ”•†ƒŽ‡ ‘‡• ‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ   ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰‹‰ƒ–‹ ‡š–‡”‹‘”–—”‡† ‘Ž—†”—•ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡–Š”‡‡

‡‘”‘—•Žƒ–Š‡Ǧ–—”‡†ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†•Š‹’’‡†„›

”ƒ‹Ž–‘„‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡†‘•‹–‡ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ʹͳȌǤ™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•™‡”‡‘ˆ†ƒ”’‹

ƒ”„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‡›•–ƒ†–‘†ƒ›‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽŽ‡–”ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

  ͵͵Ͳ



‹‰—”‡ʹͲǤ‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘—–ƒ‹„‡‹‰ƒ••‡„Ž‡†‘•‹–‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡ ‹” ƒͳͻͶͲǤ‘—”–‡•›‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡƒ”•†ƒŽ‡ ‘‡•‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ 

Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ†ƒ”‰”ƒ›ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘—–ƒ‹‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰”‘–—†ƒǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ƒ”˜‡†„›

ƒ•–‡”ƒ”–‹•ƒ‡˜‹‘–‘‹‘‡ŽŽ‡‰”‹‡ŽŽ‹ǡ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘•Š‹’’‡†„›”ƒ‹Žˆ”‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡

–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤͳ͹Ͳ

ˆ‹––‹‰–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‡†—”‹‰Ž‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•‹–•—•‡‹–Š‡

—Ž–”ƒǦ‘†‡”•–›Ž‡†ƒ††‹–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ȋˆ‹‰—”‡ʹʹȌ‹

–Š‡‹†ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ Žƒ••‹ ‹œ‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž•–‘„‡ˆ‘—†ǡ–Š‡Šƒ”‘›

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘Ž†‡”ƒ†‡™‡”‰ƒŽŽ‡”›„—‹Ž†‹‰•”‡•–•ƒŽ‘•–•‘Ž‡Ž›‘–Š‡ƒ– Š‹‰

‘Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š–‡”‹‘”•–‘‡Ȅ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͶͲ„—‹Ž†‹‰Šƒ˜‹‰”‡–ƒ‹‡†‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

 170 Pellegrinelli, who was a graduate of the Carrara Academy of Carving Art, had immigrated to Boston in 1912. He moved to Knoxville in 1919 and worked there for the different marble firms throughout his career. “Noted Sculptor, A Knoxvillian 60 Years, Dies,” Knoxville Journal 31 May 1982.

 ͵͵ͳ –‘‡•‘™‡ŽŽ–Šƒ–˜‹•—ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‡˜‡ƒ•†‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹

•–›Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡ǡ™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ







‹‰—”‡ʹͳǤ‡”‹ƒŽ˜‹‡™ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽͳͻͶͳ ‘Š—••‡ŽŽ ‘’‡ȋ™‡•–Ȍ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡˆ‘”‡‰”‘—†ǡ™‹–Šͳͻ͹ͺ ǤǤ‡‹ȋ‡ƒ•–Ȍ„—‹Ž†‹‰„‡Š‹†Ǥ ‘–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ”‘‘šƒ†Ž‘—–‘—–›“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ ‘—”–‡•›‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ ƒ”•†ƒŽ‡ ‘‡•‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ 



ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™ƒ•”‡ƒ Š‡†‹ͳͻ͹͵„‡–™‡‡ƒ†‘”‘ǡ–Š‡ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰

‘’ƒ›ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ȋ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†ƒ„•‘”„‡†„‘–Š‡‡••‡‡

ƒ”„Ž‡  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†ƒ† ”ƒ›Ǧ‘šƒ”„Ž‡Ȍ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡‡••‡‡’‹ƒ”„Ž‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” Žƒ††‹‰ǤƒŽ ‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†”‡ƒ‹‡†‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡  ͵͵ʹ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǯ• ‘’Ž‡–‹‘ǡƒ†™Š‘•‡†ƒ—‰Š–‡” ‘ƒ™ƒ•ƒ””‹‡†

–‘–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‰”ƒ†•‘‘ˆ ‘Š Ǥ”ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ‡‘—–‘ˆ”‡–‹”‡‡––‘ƒ••‹•––Š‡ ǤǤ‡‹

ˆ‹”™‹–Š•‘—” ‹‰ƒ†ƒ– Š‹‰–Š‡’ƒ‡Ž•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ǥͳ͹ͳ‹ ‡ǯ•

‰”ƒ†•‘•ǡ ‘Šƒ† ‡ˆˆ”ƒ‹‰ǡ‘˜‡”•ƒ™–Š‹•ƒ••‹˜‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ™‘”‹‰—†‡”–Š‡

™ƒ– Šˆ—Ž‡›‡ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‰—‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹ ‡ǡ™Š‘•‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†• Š‡ƒ–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž‡†

–Š‡–‘ƒ”ƒ†–ƒ‰ƒ”„Ž‡•Žƒ„•ˆ”‘•‡˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–“—ƒ””‹‡•–‘„‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡†„›

–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –‘”‘–Š‡Œ‘„•‹–‡‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤŠ‹••‡ ‘†ƒ†‡˜‡‘”‡

‘’Ž‡šƒ”„Ž‡Ǧƒ– Š‹‰†‡•‹‰• Š‡‡ƒŽ•‘–‘‘Ž‘‰‡”–‘„—‹Ž†–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǥ

‹ ‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ƒ‘†‡Ž™ƒŽŽƒ––Š‡ƒ†‘”‘‹ŽŽ‹‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡•‘‡‹ƒ†

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡”› ‘—Ž†‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†”‡•—Ž–‹’‡”•‘ǤŠ‡

ƒ”„Ž‡ ƒ‡ˆ”‘•‹š“—ƒ””‹‡•‡ƒ” ”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†‘‡‹—––”‡ŽŽǡƒ†™ƒ•–—”‡†

‹–‘ˆ‹‹•Š‡†’”‘†— –ƒ––™‘‹ŽŽ•ǣƒ†‘”‘ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž†‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹ŽŽǡ

™Š‹ Š™‡”‡–Š‡—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›Ǥ –™ƒ•

‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͻ͹ͺǤͳ͹ʹ‘†ƒ›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹•„‡‹‰“—ƒ””‹‡†‘Ž›„›–Š‡

 171National Gallery of Art, Gallery Archives, Records of the A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust Construction Files.

172 The Craig family’s multi-generational marble legacy ended with the sale of the Candoro Marble Company in 1980 to John de Giulio, who renamed the business Standard Art Marble & Tile, replaced many of the workers with an automated polishing line, and dismantled the company relationship with the stone and marble workers union. DeGiulio closed the company for good in 1986. Jeff Craig, interview with author, 14 September 2009.

 ͵͵͵ ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”‡†‹ ”‹‡†•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†

•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•ƒ ‡••–‘‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†˜‹ ‹‹–›“—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥͳ͹͵

Š‡•–‘”›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ ‘–‹—‹–›Ǥ –•’‡ƒ•ƒ„‘—–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹

–Š‡’‘™‡”ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ǡ„‘–ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†•›„‘Ž‹ ǡ‘ˆ’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š”‘—‰Š†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ—•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ȅƒ†–Š‘•‡™Š‘™‘”‡†‹–ƒ†’”‘‘–‡†‹–Ȅ

„‡‡ˆ‹––‡†ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡Ǥ –™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽǡ

”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‹†‡Ǥ ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ–‘‘Ž‘ˆ

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǯ• › Ž‹ ƒŽ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽƒ•ƒ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž

Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘” ‹˜‹ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ‹•— Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹•‹–‘”ǯ•

‡–‡”ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ–Š‡ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”›‡–‡”ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘™ƒ”†ƒ‡”

‡–‡”ˆ‘”—„Ž‹ ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡ ‘–‹—‹‰

‡‡†ǡ‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ„‘–Š•’‘•‘”•ƒ†’ƒ–”‘•ǡˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–Šƒ–”‡’”‡•‡–

•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†’‡”ƒ‡ ‡Ǥ†ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ƒŽ•‘ǡƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‡”‹ ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘

‘˜‡”––Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•ƒ„—†ƒ–”‡•‘—” ‡•‹–‘–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡”‡‹†‡”•‘ˆ‘—”Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ

ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–•Ǥ





  

173 Under the leadership of Monica Gawet, whose family has been in marble and granite business in Rutland, Vermont, for more than one hundred years, the Tennessee Marble Company, founded in 1993, acquired its last-surviving competitor, Tennessee Valley Marble Company, in 2007. Prior to the friendly acquisition, the two companies had worked in partnership to furnish marble for the United States Capitol Visitor’s Center. ͵͵Ͷ            †ƒ•ǡ‡ƒƒ–”‹ ǤOld Dominion, Industrial Commonwealth. ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǣ ‘Š•  ‘’‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͲͶǤ  †ƒ•ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‘™ƒ”†ǡ‡†Ǥ The Eye of Thomas JeffersonǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ  ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡͳͻ͹͸Ǥ  Ž‡šƒ†‡”ǡ†™‹ǤDown at the Depot: American Railroad Stations from 1831 to 1920Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ”ƒŠƒŽŽ ‘—•‡ǡͳͻ͹͹Ǥ  ŽŽ‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤHistory of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction and Politics. ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘˜‡”‡– ”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡʹͲͲͳǤ  †‡”•‘ǡ ‘Š ƒ‹ǤDzƒ•–‡‡••‡‡‹”‰‹‹ƒƒ† ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥdz” Š‹˜‡•‘ˆ ’’ƒŽƒ Š‹ƒǡƒ•–‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‘Š ƒ‹†‡”•‘‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ  ‘›‘—•ȋ”Ǥ Ž‹–ȌǤ Dz‡‡••‡‡ǡdzAtkinson’s Saturday Evening Post,  ǡ͸ͳͳ ȋͳͺ͵͵ȌǤ  ’’‡Ž„ƒ—, –ƒŽ‡›Ǥ The Chicago World's Fair of 1893: A Photographic RecordǤ‡™ ‘”ǣ‘˜‡”ǡͳͻͺͲǤ  ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ‘–‰‘‡”›Ǥ‡‹‰•ƒ†Š‘ƒ•ǤƒŽ–‡”Ž‡––‡”„‘‘•Ǣ  ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘•–”— –‹‘ ‹Ž‡•Ǥ  ”•–”‘‰ǡȋ‘„‡”–Ȍ ǤDz”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘—”ƒŽƒ† ‘––‹‰•‘™ ƒ†—–‘ˆ ”ƒ‹”‹‡†‘ǣ‘˜ǤͺǡͳͺͷͲǦ‡’–ǤͳͷǡͳͺͷͳǤ”‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ  Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡͻͳ͹Ǥ͸͵Ǥ  ”•–”‘‰ǡ‡ŽŽƒǤA History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, Tennessee. ͳͻͶͲǤ ‡’”‹–Ǥ ‘Š•‘‹–›ǣ˜‡”‘—–ƒ‹”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ  •ŠŽ‡›ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ ǤBulletin 13: The Resources of Tennessee. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡  ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡͳͻͳͳǤ  –‹•ǡ ‘ƒ–ŠƒǤParties, Politics, and the Sectional Conflict in Tennessee, 1832- 1861.‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͹Ǥ  ͵͵ͷ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDz ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ‘‡•Ǥdz Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Cultureǡ ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ””‘ŽŽƒ‡•–Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ   Baltimore City DirectoryǤƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǣǤǤ‘ŽƬ‘’ƒ›ǡͳͺͻͲǤ  ‡Ž‹••ƒ”›ǡ‘•–ƒ–‹‡ ǤDzŠ‡‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ’‹”‹–‹‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͺ͸ͷǦͳͺͺͷǤdz ŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡͳͻͶͻǤ  ‡Šƒ”–ǡ ‘Šǡ ”ǤThe Geography of Urbanization and Development in the Upper Tennessee River Valley, 1865-1900. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ  ‹•Š‹”ǡƒ–Š‡”‹‡Ǥ‡–ƒŽǤArchitects and Builders in North Carolina: A History of the Practice of Building. Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͲǤ  Žƒ ǡ‘„‡”–Ǥ ǡThe Railroads of the Confederacy. Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  Žƒ ‡––ǡ‹ Šƒ”†ǤDz‡•–ƒ‹†Žƒ•ǡdzVanderbilt Magazineǡ’”‹‰ʹͲͲͺǤ  Žƒ ǡŠ‘ƒ•Ǥƒ†Šƒ”Ž‡•‘ •ǤDzƒ— Š‹‰ƒƒ”‡‡”ǣ‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ†  Ž‡•‹ƒ•–‹ ƒŽ‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡–Ǥƒ—Žˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥdz Cass Gilbert, Life and Work: Architect of the Public Domainǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ”„ƒ”ƒ ǤŠ”‹•–‡ƒ†–‡’Š‡ Žƒ†‡”•Ǥ‡™‘”ǣǤǤ‘”–‘ǡʹͲͲͳǤ  Ž—‡•–‘‡ǡƒ‹‡ŽǤDzǯ‹–›†‡”‡‘‘ˆǡǯŠ‹ ƒ‰‘›• ”ƒ’‡”•ǡͳͺͺͲǦͳͺͻͷǤdz  American Architectural History: A Contemporary Readerǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‡‹–ŠǤ ‰‰‡‡”Ǥ‘†‘ƒ†ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ǡʹͲͲͶǤ  ‘”ǡ‡†ƒŽŽǤDz—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz Resources of Tennessee (2nd Series). ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ †— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻ͵͸Ǥ  ‘–™‹‹ ǡ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ ‘”‡™‘”†–‘The American Renaissance 1876-1917, ‡†‹–‡†„› ‹ Šƒ”† —›‹Ž•‘Ǥ ‡™‘”ǣ”‘‘Ž›—•‡—ǡͳͻ͹ͻǤ  ”ƒŽ›ǡ‘„„›ƒ†Šƒ‘‘‡”‡”ǤDz ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›‹‡‡••‡‡ǡ Šƒ’–‡” Ǥdz http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/research/TennesseeArchaeology/index.html  ‡••‡†ʹͶ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͳǤ  ”ƒ‡”ǡ ‘ŠǤDz—ƒŽ‡’‘”–‘ˆͳͺͻͲǡdz Ǥ‹––Ž‡‘ ǣˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›‘ˆ”ƒ•ƒ•ǡͳͺͻʹǤ  Britannica Encyclopedia of American Art. Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ”‹–ƒ‹ ƒ ͵͵͸  †— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡͳͻ͹͵Ǥ  ”‘‘Ž›—•‡—ǤThe American Renaissance 1876-1917, ‡†‹–‡†„›‹ Šƒ”† —› ‹Ž•‘Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ”‘‘Ž›—•‡—ǡͳͻ͹ͻǤ  ”›ƒǡ ‘ŠǤCreating the South Carolina State HouseǤ‘Ž—„‹ƒǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͻǤ  —”•ǡ ‡œǤHistory of Blount County, TN, 1795-1955Ǥͳͻͷ͹Ǥ‡˜Ǥ‡†Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǡͳͻͺͺǤ  —””ǡ ǤǤƬ ›†‡ǤGreat Industries of the United StatesǤ ƒ”–ˆ‘”†ǡ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǡŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ —””Ƭ ›†‡ǡͳͺ͹ʹǤ  —”–ǡ ‡••‡Ǥǡ ”ǤDz ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡŠƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ†–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡͳͺ͹͵Ǧͳͻͳ͸Ǥdz ŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡͳͻͷͲǤ  —•Š‘‰ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤDz ƒ‰‹‹‰ ƒ‡• ‘„ƒǣ‘”–”ƒ‹–•‘ˆƒƒ•–‡”—‹Ž†‡”ǤdzWhite House HistoryǡǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣŠ‹–‡ ‘—•‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ʹͲͲͷǤ  ›”‡ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤDzƒ”‡”‡„—–•ƒ–ǯ•‹–‡”–‹“—‡•Š‘™ǤdzPost-Journal ȋ ƒ‡•–‘™ǡ‡™‘”Ȍʹʹ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͲǤ  ƒ’„‡ŽŽǡ ‘ŠǤǡ‡˜‡”‡†ǡ‡†Ǥ Nashville, State of Tennessee, and General Commercial DirectoryIǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ‹Ž›‡”‹ ƒ‘‘ƒ† ‘„”‹–‹‰ ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͺͷ͵Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤNashville Business DirectoryIIǡͳͺͷͷǦͷ͸Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ”‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡—–Š‘” ͳͺͷͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤNashville Business DirectoryǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹–Šƒ’Ƭ‘Ǥǡͳͺͷ͹Ǥ  ƒ”‘••‘ǡ‹ ‡–ǤThe Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854-1913Ǥ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺ͹Ǥ  ƒ””ǡ‰‡ŽƒǤDz‹‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† –•” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥdz Historic Structure Report: Toronto Union StationǤ‘–”‡ƒŽǣ ‘—”‹‡” ‡”•‘˜‹–œ‘••Ƭ••‘ ‹‡• ” Š‹–‡ –‡•ǡʹͲͲͷǤ  ƒ•‡ǡƒ”ŽǤDzŠ‡ƒŽŽ‡›‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǣŠ‡†Œ—•–‡–‘ˆ †—•–”›–‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ ˜‹”‘‡–Ǥdz State of Tennessee, Department of Education, Division of Geology,Bulletin 36Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡͳͻʹͷǤ  ͵͵͹   Šƒ•‡ǡ ”ƒ ǤDz‘•–‘—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǤdzJournal of the National Education Association ǡͶȋͳͻʹʹȌǤ  Š‡•–‡”™‘‘†ǡ–Š‡ ‘‡‘ˆƒ‹‡ŽŠ‡•–‡” ”‡ Š™™™Ǥ Š‡•–‡”™‘‘†Ǥ‘”‰  Š”‹•–‡ǡƒ”„ƒ”ƒ Ǥƒ†–‡’Š‡ Žƒ†‡”•ǡ‡†•ǤCass Gilbert, Life and Work: Architect of the Public Domain. ‡™‘”ǣǤǤ‘”–‘ǡʹͲͲͳǤ  City Hall Baltimore: History of its Construction and Dedication. ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǣ‡ŽŽ›ǡ‹‡– ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǡͳͺ͹͹Ǥ  Ž‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡ ǤǤThe Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine, a Monthly Publication, Devoted to Literature and Science ʹǡ‘Ǥ͸ȋͳͺʹͲȌǣ͵ʹ͵Ǥ  ‘”‰ƒǡ ƒ‡•ǤGeology in Antebellum Tennessee ȏ—ŽŽ‡–‹ͺͷȐǤ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ  ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡʹͲͲʹǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDz ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤdzTennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ””‘ŽŽ ƒ‡•–Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ–‡‡••‡‡‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‡–  ̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥƒ†‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ ‹„•‘ǤDz ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽš’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǣ ‡”ƒ”† ”‘‘•–ǯ•”ƒ˜‡Ž•‹ͳͺ͵ͶǤdzTennessee Historical Quarterly ͷͶ. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͷǤ  ‘”‡Ž‹—•ǡŽ‹ƒ•ǤDz–Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹‡”‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‡‡”›ƒ†—”‹‘•‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ”–•‘ˆ  ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ†–Š‡Žƒ„ƒƒƒ†‹••‹••‹’’‹‡””‹–‘”‹‡•ǡƬ Ǥ™‹–Š ‹• ‡ŽŽƒ‡‘—•‡ƒ”•‹ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘–Š‡†‹–‘”ǡdzAmerican Journal of Science ͳǡ‘Ǥ͵ȋͳͺͳͻȌǣʹͳͶǤ  ‘––‡”‹ŽŽǡǤǤǡDz‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ƒ†‡•–‡””ƒ†‡ǡͳͺͶͲǦͳͺͷͲǤdzThe Mississippi Valley Historical Reviewǡ ǡ‘ǤͶȋͳͻͳ͹ȌǣͶʹ͹ǦͶͶͳǤ  ‘™†”‡›ǡŽ„‡”–ǤThis Land, This South: an Environmental HistoryǤ‡˜Ǥ‡†Ǥ  ‡š‹‰–‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ‡–— ›ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǥ  —””‡›ǡ‹ Šƒ”†ǤA Sketch of the Geology of TennesseeǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹•Ž‘‡Ƭ‹ ‡ǡ ͳͺͷ͹Ǥ  ƒŽ‡ǡǤ‡Ž•‘ǤThe Commercial Marbles of Western Vermont: Bulletin 521, United States Geological SurveyǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣ ‘˜‡”‡–”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͻͳʹǤ  ƒ”†‹•ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǤDescription of the Plan, Structure and Apartments of the State Capitol ͵͵ͺ  of Tennessee. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ǤǤ‘”„‡––Ƭ‘ǤǡͳͺͷͷǤ  ‡ƒ†‡”‹ ǡ— ‹ŽŽ‡ǤHeart of the ValleyǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ͳͻ͹͸Ǥ  ‡‘™ǡ ǤǤǤDzƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‹•–‘”›ƒ†‡•—Ž–•ǣ††”‡••‘ˆ ǤǤǤ‡‘™ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ –Š‡‡‡••‡‡‡–”ƒŽǤdzDeBow’s Review: Devoted to the Restoration of the Southern States, 1866-1867. ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡͳͺ͸͸Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥdz‡‡••‡‡Ȅ ‡”ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡•ƒ† –‡”ƒŽ ’”‘˜‡‡–•ǤdzDeBow’s Review of the Southern and Western States: Devoted to Commerce, Agriculture, Manufactures. ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡͳͺ͸ʹǤ  ‡Ž‡ǡŽƒ›–‘ǤDzŠ‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤdzTennessee Historical Quarterly ǡ͵Ǥ  ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻ͸͸Ǥ  ‹ ‡•‘ǡ‘–”‘˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤReport of a Geological Survey and Examination upon the lands owned by the Tennessee & Virginia Mining Company of Virginia: Including the mines known as the Cranberry, Wild Cat and Ann Phipps, in Carroll County, Virginia.‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‘ŠǤ Ǥ‹•Ž‘‡ǡͳͺͷ͸Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤReport of a Geological Survey and Examination Upon the Lands Owned by the Dickeson Marble and Zinc Mining and Manufacturing Company of TennesseeǤ Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ Ǥ —ˆ–›ǡͳͺͷ͸Ǥ  ‘††ǡ†ǤDz”‹‡ˆ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ †—•–”›‹›Žƒ ƒ—‰ƒǤdzAlabama Heritage ȋͳͻͻͳȌǣ͵ͶǦ͵ͻǤ  ‘›Ž‡ǡ‘ ǤNashville in the New South: 1880-1930. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻͺͷǤ  —‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‡”‹•‹„”ƒ”›ǡƒ—• ”‹’–‹˜‹•‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡–ƒ’‡”•Ǥ  —ƒ™ƒ›ǡ‹ŽƒǤThe First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700-1860. Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǥ  —”ŠƒǡƒŽ–‡”ǤNashville: The Occupied City, 1862-1863ǤͳͻͺͷǤ‡’”‹–ǡ™‹–Š‡™ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲͺǤ  East Tennessee North of LoudonǤƒ’’”‡’ƒ”‡†—†‡”–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ’–ǤǤǤ ‘‡ǡ‘”’•‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”•ƬŠ‹‡ˆ‹Ž‹˜‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ǡˆ”‘†ƒ–ƒ ˆ—”‹•Š‡†„›ƒ’–ǤǤǤ‘‡ƒ†”‘ˆ‡••‘” ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†Ǥͳͺ͸ͶǤ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ ͵͵ͻ   Eastin Morris' Tennessee Gazetteer 1834Ǥ‡’”‹–ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‘„‡”–Ǥ ”‹†‡Ƭ ™‡‡”‡†‹–ŠǡŠ‡ ƒœ‡––‡‡””‡••ǡͳͻ͹ͳǤ   ‡Žǡ†™‹ǤDz‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡›—–Š‘”‹–›‡‰‹‘Ǥdz Bulletin 1: General Engineering and Geology DivisionǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ƒŽŽ‡›—–Š‘”‹–›ǡͳͻ͵ͶǤ  ‰‰‡‡”ǡ‡‹–ŠǤǡ‡†ǤAmerican Architectural History: A Contemporary ReaderǤ  ‘†‘ƒ†‡™‘”ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ǡʹͲͲͶǤ  ŽŽ‹‘––ǡƒƒ˜‹•ǤIsham G. Harris of Tennessee: Confederate Governor and United States SenatorǤƒ–‘‘—‰‡ǣ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͳͲǤ  ’’‡”•‘ǡ‡””›Ž‡”ǤDz ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ƒ –‘”• ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”ƒŽ †—•–”‹‡ ˆ’’‡”ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǤdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͻ͸ͲǤ  The Eye of Thomas JeffersonǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡”›‘ˆ”–ǡͳͻ͹͸Ǥ  ƒ—Ž‡”ǡŠƒ”Ž‡• ǤDzƒ”Ž› ‘– ŠǦ ”‹•Š ƒ‹Ž›ǣŠ‡ƒ•‡› ‘—•‡ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‘Œ‡ –ǡdzTheJournal of East Tennessee Historyǡ͹͹•—’’Ǥǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤThe Ramseys at Swan Pond: The Archaeology and History of an East Tennessee Farm.‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲͺǤ  ‡””‹•ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•ǤDz‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ—‹Ž†‹‰–‘‡ǡdzThe University of Tennessee Scientific Magazine ǡ —‡Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‰‹‡‡”‹‰‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ͳͺͻͶǤ

Fifty Facts and a Few Figures Concerning Knoxville, Tennessee “The Marble CityǤ” Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ ‡”–‹ ƒŽˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ  ‹•ŠŽ‘™ǡŽ„‡”–ǤAmerican Railroads and the Transformation of the Ante-Bellum Economy. ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻ͸ͷǤ  ‹– Šǡ ƒ‡•ƒ”•–‘ƒ†‹ƒƒǤƒ‹–‡ǤGrand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance. Ž„ƒ›ǣ‡™‘” –ƒ–‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǣ‹˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘” ‹•–‘”‹ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡͳͻ͹ͶǤ  Ž‹–ǡ”ǤDz‡‡••‡‡ǤdzAtkinson’s Saturday Evening Post ͳ͵ǡ‘Ǥ͸ͳͳȋͳͺ͵͵Ȍǣ͵Ǥ  ‘Ž•„‡‡ǡȋ–ƒŽ‡›Ȍ ȋ‘ŠȌǤDzŠ‡”‹‰‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥdz ͵ͶͲ   The East Tennessee Historical Society Publications  ȋͳͻ͵ͶȌǣͺͳǦͻͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤSectionalism and Internal Improvements in Tennessee, 1796-1845Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻ͵ͻǤ  ”ƒǡ ‘ŠǤDz†‘Ž’Š—• ‡‹ƒǡ” Š‹–‡ –ƒ†‘Ž†‹‡”ǤdzTennessee Historical QuarterlyͷǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͶ͸Ǥ  Frank Leslie’s Historical Register of the United States Centennial Exposition 1876ǡ ‡†‹–‡†„› ”ƒ Ǥ‘”–‘Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ ”ƒ‡•Ž‹‡ǯ•—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘—•‡ǡͳͺ͹͹Ǥ  ”‡‡ƒǡ‘„‡”–‡Ž‘–ǡ ”ǤDz‡•‹‰”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‡–ǤdzRecords of the Columbia Historical SocietyǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣŠ‡ ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻ͹͵Ǧ͹ͶǤ  ”‘•–ǡƒǤThinking Confederates: Academia and the Idea of Progress in the New South. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲͲǤ  —ŽŽ‡”ǡ —•–‹ǤDz ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡‘ƒŽǡ ”‘ǡƬƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǡͳͺͷʹǦ  ͳͻͲ͹ǤdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡͳͻ͸͸Ǥ  —Ž™‡‹Ž‡”ǡ‘„‡”–ǤDz‹‡•‹‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzTennessee Division of Geology Bulletin 83. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡͳͻͻʹǤ  ƒ†•‹ǡƒ”›ŽŽ‡ǤTennessee State Capitol: Historic Structure Report. Ž„ƒ›ǡǣ ‡†‡Ž‡•‹ ‘Š‡ƒ‹–‡ ƒŽŽ” Š‹–‡ –•ǡͳͻͺ͸Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzŠ‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘Žǣ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›ǤdzTennessee Historical Quarterly Ͷ͹ǡ‘ǤʹǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͺͺǤ  ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‘‹‡ǤDzƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒ†Šƒ––ƒ‘‘‰ƒƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†Ǥdz Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Cultureǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ””‘ŽŽƒ‡•–Ǥ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ–‡‡••‡‡‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‡–ȏƒ ‡••‡†Ͷ ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͲȐǤ  ƒ•–‘ǡƒ—ŽǤThe New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking. ‡™‘”ǣ Žˆ”‡†Ǥ‘’ˆǡͳͻ͹ͲǤ

ƒ˜‹ǡ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤTennessee Iron Furnace Trail: A Guide to Resources on the Western Highland RimǤ—”ˆ”‡‡•„‘”‘ǣ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‡–‡”ˆ‘” ‹•–‘”‹ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡”‡ƒǡƒ† ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ   ͵Ͷͳ  Georgia Weekly Telegraph and Georgia Journal & Messengerȋƒ ‘ǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒȌʹͳ ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺ͹ͷǤ  ‹„•‘ǡ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤƒ†‘›‡”Ž›ǡLessons from LimestoneǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ  Ž‡ǡǤǤDzŠ‡ ”‘™–Š‘ˆ—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥdz The Resources of Tennessee IIǡ‘ǤͷǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ͳͻͳʹǤ  Goodspeed’s History of Tennessee, illustratedǤͳͺͺ͹Ǥ‡’”‹–Ǥƒ•Ž‡›ǡǤǤǣ‘—–Š‡”  ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ”‡••ǡͳͻ͹ͻǤ  ‘‘†‡ǡ ƒ‡•‘‘”‡Ǥ̶” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡƒ†‘ˆŽ‹ –ǣŠ‘ƒ••–‹ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ† –Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘ŽǡͳͺͷͲǦͳͺ͸ͷǤdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡ ‡‘”‰‡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡͳͻͻͷǤ  ‘”†‘ǡŠƒ”Ž‡• ǤDzŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǣš–”ƒ –ȋȌǤdzPreliminary Papers on the Mineral Resources of Tennesseeȏ—ŽŽ‡–‹ʹȐǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡͳͻͳͳǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDz ‹•–‘”›ǡ —””‡ ‡ƒ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡dz Marble Deposits of East Tennesse ȏ—ŽŽ‡–‹ʹͺȐǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻʹͶǤ  ‘˜ƒǡ ‹Ž„‡”–Ǥƒ† ƒ‡•Ǥ‹˜‹‰‘‘†ǡThe Chattanooga Country, 1540-1967: From Tomahawks to TVAǤŠ‹”†‡†Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡ ͳͻ͹͹Ǥ  ”ƒˆǡ‡”‘›Ǥƒ†ƒŽ’ŠǤ ƒ•‹•ǡ‡†•ǤThe Papers of Andrew Johnson,  ȋͳͺͷͺǦ͸ͲȌǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻ͹ʹǤ  ”ƒ›ǡŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡”ǤDz ǤǤ‘”‰ƒƬ‘’ƒ›ƒ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•Ǧʹ͵ƒŽŽ–”‡‡–Ǧ„› ”‘™„”‹†‰‡Ƭ‹˜‹‰•–‘ǤdzNew York Times ʹͲ’”‹ŽʹͲͲ͵Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzƒ‡”•”—•–ǣŠ‡—‹Ž†‹‰‘™ˆ‘”‹–•‹‰‰—”ƒ–‘’ǤdzNew York Times ʹͳ  ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ  ”‘™ǡƒ™”‡ ‡ǤWaiting for the 5:05: Terminal, Station and Depot in AmericaǤ‡™ ‘”ǣƒ‹–”‡‡–”‡••ǡͳͻ͹͹Ǥ  ǤǤ–ƒ’•‡‘”‹ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǡ‡”–‹ ƒŽˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ  ƒŽ‡ǡ‘„‹ǤDzŠ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzNewsletter,‘ŽǤ ǡ ͵Ͷʹ  ͳȋ —‡ȌǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  Harper’s Weekly ʹͳ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͺ͸ͳǤ  ƒ””‹•ǡǤǤǡ‡†ǤPapers of William Thornton. Šƒ”Ž‘––‡•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡͳͻͻͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ• ƒ„Ž‡ǡǯˆƒ–ǯ•”‡ƒǣ‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ‡•‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘—†‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’‹–ƒŽǤdzWilliam and Mary QuarterlyȋŠ‹”†‡”‹‡•Ȍǡͷ͸ǡ‘Ǥ͵ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ  ƒ›™‘‘†ǡ ‘ŠǤThe Natural and Aboriginal History of TennesseeǤͳͺʹ͵Ǥ‡’”‹–Ǥ ‹‰•’‘”–ǣ ǤǤ ‹ŽŽǦ‘‘•ǡͳͻ͹͵Ǥ  ƒœŽ‡–‘ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǤThe National Capitol: Its Architecture, Art and History. ‡™‘”ǣ  Ǥ Ǥƒ›Ž‘”Ƭ‘ǤǡͳͻͳͶǤ  Helms’ Knoxville City Directory, 1st AnnualǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤ ƒ™•Ƭ‘Ǥǡͳͺ͸ͻǤ  ‡””ǡ‹ ƒ‹†ǤThe Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 1850-1963. ͳͻ͸ͶǤ‡’”‹–Ǥ ‡š‹‰–‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ‡–— ›ǡʹͲͲͲǤ  ‡••ǡ ‡ˆˆ”‡›Ǥƒ†ƒ—ŽŽ‹ˆˆ‘”†ƒ”•‘ǡSt. Paul’s Architecture: A History. ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡•‘–ƒ”‡••ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ  ‡••‡Ž–‹‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǡ‡†ǤJ.G.M. Ramsey,Autobiography and LettersǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ  ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲʹǤ  ‹ŽŽ•–”‘ǡ‡˜‹ƒ†ƒ—”‹‡‘ŽŽ‹‡”ǡ‡†•ǤIndustrial Revolution in America: RailroadsǤ  ƒ–ƒƒ”„ƒ”ƒǣǦ ǡʹͲͲͷǤ  ‹‡•ǡŠ‘ƒ•ǤBurnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner. ͳͻ͹ͶǤ‡’”‹–Ǥ‡™ ‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻ͹ͻǤ  ‘ˆˆ• Š™‡ŽŽ‡ǡƒ”›ǤRebuilding the Rural Southern Community: Reformers, Schools, and Homes in Tennessee, 1900-1930Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  ‘‘„Ž‡”ǡ ƒ‡•ǤCities Under the Gun: Images of Occupied Nashville and ChattanoogaǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ—–Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ŽŽ”‡••ǡͳͻͺ͸Ǥ  ‘›–ǡ ”ƒǤStoneǡ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻʹ͵Ǥ †‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‹•Ǥ  —†•‘ǡ‡‡–ŠǤThe Fashionable StoneǤƒ–Šǣ†ƒ•Ƭƒ”–ǡͳͻ͹ͳǤ ͵Ͷ͵   ƒ ‘„ǡ —†‹–ŠǤThe Washington Monument: A Technical History and Catalog of the Commemorative Stones ȋ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‹‘”ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡‰‹‘ǡ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹˜‹•‹‘ǡʹͲͲͷȌǡʹͺǡͳ͸ͳǡͳ͸͵Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’•Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁ™ƒ‘ȏƒ ‡••‡†ͻ –‘„‡”ʹͲͳͲȐǤ  ƒ •‘ǡ†”‡™ǤCorrespondence of Andrew Jacksonǡ‡†‹–‡†„› ‘Š’‡ ‡”ƒ••‡––Ǥ  ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣƒ”‡‰‹‡ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡͳͻʹ͹Ǥ  ƒ •‘ǡ ‘Š”‹ ‡”Š‘ˆˆǤAmerican Space: The Centennial Years, 1865-1876. ‡™ ‘”ǣǤǤ‘”–‘ǡͳͻ͹ʹǤ  ‘Š•‘ǡ†”‡™ǤThe Papers of Andrew Johnson, ȋͳͺͷͺǦ͸ͲȌǡ‡”‘›Ǥ ”ƒˆƒ†  ƒŽ’ŠǤ ƒ•‹•ǡ‡†•Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻ͹ʹǤ  ‘Š•‘ǡ†™ƒ”†ǡDzƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•Ǥdz Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Cultureǡ ‡†‹–‡†„› ƒ””‘ŽŽƒ‡•–Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ ™™™Ǥ–‡‡••‡‡‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‡–ȏƒ ‡••‡†ͳͺ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͲȐ  ‘Š•‘ǡ‹ ‹ƒ—‰ŠǤThe Men and Vision of the Southern Commercial Conventions 1845-1871.‘Ž—„‹ƒǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹••‘—”‹”‡••ǡͳͻͻʹǤ  ‘”†›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ǤProgressive and Academic Ideals at the Turn of the Century: American Buildings and Their Architects, Ǥͳͻ͹ʹǤ‡’”‹–Ǥ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺ͸Ǥ  ƒ‹ǡ ‘Š ǤDz‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹‡”‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz American Journal of Scienceͳǡ‘ǤͳȋͳͺͳͺȌǣ͸ͲǦ͸͹Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥdz ‘—–‘ˆ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹‡–‘—†•ǡƒ†‘ˆ™‘ƒ˜‡•ǡ‹ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz  American Journal of Science ͳǡ‘ǤͶȋͳͺͳͻȌǣͶʹͺǦͶ͵ͲǤ   ‡‹–Šǡ”–Š—”ǤTennessee-North Carolina, Knoxville SheetǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣǤǤ  ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡͳͺͻͷǤ  ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǡ ǤǤƒ† ǤǤƒˆˆ‘”†ǤIntroduction to the Resources of Tennessee ǣ ”‡’ƒ”‡†—†‡”–Š‡‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ˜‡Žǡƒ•–ƒƬ ‘™‡ŽŽǡͳͺ͹ͶǤ  ‹‰ǡ’—”‰‡‘ǤDzŠ‡ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǣ‘ˆŽ‹ –ƒ†‡‰ƒ ›‹’’‡” ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͺ͸ͳǦͳͺ͸ͷǡdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡ‹††Ž‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ʹͲͲͻǤ  ͵ͶͶ  ‘ŠŽǡƒ”–‹Ǥƒ†‡–‡”Ǥ‡‹•œ‹ǤDz–”ƒ–‹‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‘Ž—•ƒ† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ”‘•• ‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‡Ž‘–—ƒ†”ƒ‰Ž‡ǤdzTennessee Division of Geology USGS STATEMAP ProjectǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ  ”‡›Ž‹‰ǡŠ”‹•–‹‡ǤClassical Nashville: Athens of the SouthǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ†‡”„‹Ž– ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤFrom Post Office to Art Center: A Nashville Landmark in Transition.ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ  ”‹•–‡–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•—ƒŽ”–•ǡʹͲͲͳǤ  ƒ‘—”‡ƒ—šǡƒ‘‹ǤThe Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1904Ǥ ‡™‘”ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺͷǤ  ƒ ƒ•–‡”ǡŽƒ›Ǥ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘Waiting for the 5:05: Terminal, Station and Depot in Americaǡ„›ƒ™”‡ ‡ ”‘™Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ‹–”‡‡–”‡••ǡͳͻ͹͹Ǥ  ƒ–Šƒǡƒ ‹ŽŽǡ ”ǤDz ‡‘”‰‹ƒƒ”„Ž‡ǣ–—†›‘ˆ‹–•”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ •‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‘”Ž†ƒ” ǤdzǤǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǡͳͻͻͻǤ  ƒ–”‘„‡ǡ‡Œƒ‹ǤThe Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Latrobe Volume I: 1784-1804, ‡†‹–‡†„› ‘ŠǤƒ ‘”‡ƒ†‡‡Ǥ ‘”™ƒŽ–Ǥ ‡™ ƒ˜‡ǣƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡƒ”›Žƒ† ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ͳͻͺͶǤ  ‡‹•œ‹ǡ‡–‡”ǡ‡–ƒŽǤDzƒ’‘ˆƒ‡Ž‘–—ƒ†”ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥdzƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡʹͲͲͶǤ  ‡•–‡”ǡ‘‹‡ǤDz ‘•‡’Š— ‡”‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™Ǥdz Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ””‘ŽŽƒ‡•–Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ͳͻͻͺǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤUp From the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmer’s Alliance, Populism, and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915Ǥ–Š‡•ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ”‡••ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ  ‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ‘‰”‡••ǡƒ—• ”‹’–‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ†”‡™ ƒ •‘’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ  ‹––Ž‡ǡǤ—–ŠǤSticks and Stones: Three Centuries of North Carolina GravemarkersǤ Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺǤ   †ƒ•ǡŠ‘ƒ•ǤMarble Halls: The Story of the Craigs and Candoro Marble CompanyǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣŠ‘ƒ•Ǥ †ƒ•ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ͵Ͷͷ    Ž‡‡”ǡƒ”‰ƒ”‡– ǤDzǯŠ‡ ”‡‡–”‡‡–•‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣǯŠ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ”‹•Š ‡ Šƒ‹ •‹–‡„‡ŽŽ—ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥdz Washington Odyssey: A Multicultural History of the Nation’s Capitalǡ‡†‹–‡†„› ”ƒ ‹‡—””‘ƒ”›Ǥ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ‘‘•ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǥ  ƒ ”–Š—”ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥǡ ”ǤǡKnoxville’s History: An Interpretation. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻ͹ͺǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤKnoxville: Crossroads of the New South. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͺʹǤ   ƒ—‰Š‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤDz— ‹ – ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ†ƒ•–‡‡••‡‡Ƭ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤdz Knoxville Register ʹͳƒ›ͳͺͷͺǤ   ‡œ‹‡ǡ‘„‡”–”ƒ ›ǤOne South or Many? Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War-era Tennessee. ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻͶǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤLincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil WarǤ‡™‘”ǣ šˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͲͻǤ   Š‡‡ǡ ‘ŠǤRising From the Plains, ‡™‘”ǣ ƒ””ƒ”ǡ–”ƒ—•ƒ† ‹”‘—šǡͳͻͺ͸Ǥ  ƒŠ‡”ǡ–—ƒ”–Ǥƒ† ‘‡ǤƒŽ–‡”•ǤDzŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡ †—•–”›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡdz ȏ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹” —Žƒ”‘ǤͻȐǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘‡” ‡ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻ͸ͲǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDz ‹‡Ž†”‹’‘Ǥ͵ǣ‹‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‘š‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz Geology of Knox CountyǡTennessee: Bulletin 70.ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣͳͻ͹͵Ǥ  ƒŠ‘‡›ǡ‡ŽŽƒ˜ƒ‰‡ǤDzŠ‡—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ ‘—•‡ǡͳͺͶͷǦͳͺͷͶǤdz ǤǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡͳͻ͵ͻǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDz‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–”‹ Žƒ†ƒ†–Š‡—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǯ•ƒ’‹–‘ŽǡͳͺͶͷǦͳͺͷͶǤdz  Tennessee Historical Quarterly ǡʹǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  ƒŽ‘‡ǡ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤJames J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest. ‘”ƒǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǥ  ƒ”–‹ǡŽ„”‘ǤJames J. Hill and the Opening of the NorthwestǤͳͻ͹͸Ǥ‡’”‹–Ǥ–Ǥƒ—Žǣ  ‹‡•‘–ƒ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻͳǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤRailroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection and Rebirth of a Vital American ͵Ͷ͸  Force. ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻʹǤ  ‡‡•ǡƒ””‘ŽŽǤǤThe Railroad Station, An Architectural History.ͳͻͷ͸Ǥ‡’”‹–Ǥ ‡ ƒ— —•ǣƒ•–Ž‡‘‘•ǡͳͻ͹ͺǤ  ‡‹‰•ǡ‘–‰‘‡”›ǤCapitol Builder: The Shorthand Journals of Montgomery C. Meigs, 1853-59, 1861ǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‡†›‘ŽˆˆǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣǤǤ ‘˜‡”‡– ”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡʹͲͲͲǤ  ‡‹‰•ǡ‡–—” ǤDz‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤdz Nashville City and Business Directory for 1860-61. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤǤ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ƭ‘Ǥǡͳͺ͸ͲǤ  ‡””‹ŽŽǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǤStones for Building and DecorationǤ‡™‘”ǣ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•ǡ ͳͺͻͳǤ  ‡•‹ ǡ‘Š‡ǡƒ‹–‡” Š‹–‡ –•ǤThe Tomb of George Washington: Historic Structure Report Prepared for the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the UnionǤ Ž„ƒ›ǡ‡™‘”ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ  ‹Ž‹ ‹ǡ‘„‡”–ǤDzŠ‡–”ƒ–‹‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ‘š‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡Ǥdz Geology of Knox County, Tennessee: Bulletin 70. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ͳͻ͹͵Ǥ  ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡǤǤƒ†ǤǤƒŠ‡”ǡGeneralized Geologic Map of Knox County With Mineral Resources, Mineral Industries, and Caves: Bulletin 70Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻ͹͵Ǥ  ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ‘••ǤDzŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǯ•‡ —Žƒ”’‘ ƒŽ›’•‡ǣŠ‡ ”‡ƒ– ‹”‡ƒ†–Š‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡”‘Ǥdz Chicago Architecture, 1872-1922: Birth of a MetropolisǤ —‹ Šǣ”‡•–ƒŽǦ‡”Žƒ‰ˆ‘”–Š‡”– •–‹–—–‡‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǡͳͻͺ͹Ǥ  ‘”‘‡ǡ‹”ǤDzŠ‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‘—–Šǣ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‡‡••‡‡dzHarper’s Weekly͹ƒ› ͳͺͺ͹ǡ ǡ‘ǤͳͷͺͷǤ  ‘–‰‘‡”›ǡ ƒ‡•‹Ž‡›ǡ–ƒŽ‡› Ǥ ‘Ž•„‡‡ǡƒ†‡‡‡‹ˆ‡”– ”‡‡‡ǤTo Foster Knowledge: A History of the University of Tennessee, 1794-1970. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ  —•‡—‘ˆ ‹‡”–•ǡ ‘—•–‘ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ••—• ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǤMoney Matters: A Critical Look at Bank ArchitectureǤ‡™‘”ǣ ”ƒ™ ‹ŽŽǡͳͻͻͲǤ  Nashville Business DirectoryIIǤ‡˜Ǥ ‘ŠǤƒ’„‡ŽŽǡ‡†Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ”‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ —–Š‘”ǡͳͺͷͷǤ  ͵Ͷ͹   Nashville Business DirectoryIIIǤ‡˜Ǥ ‘ŠǤƒ’„‡ŽŽǡ‡†Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹–Šǡƒ’Ƭ ‘Ǥǡͳͺͷ͹Ǥ  Nashville City and Business Directory, for the City of NashvilleIVǤ‡˜Ǥ ‘ŠǤ ƒ’„‡ŽŽǡ‡†Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤ Ǥƒ•–ƒƬ‘Ǥǡ”‹–‡”•ǡ‹‘ƒ†‡”‹ ƒ ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͺͷͻǤ  Nashville City and Business Directory V. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤǤ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ƭ‘Ǥǡͳͺ͸ͲǤ  Nashville DirectoryXVIIǤ ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ‘‰‡”•ǡ‡†Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ”•ŠƒŽŽƬ”— ‡ǡͳͺͺͳǤ

Nashville, State of Tennessee, and General Commercial DirectoryIǤ‡˜Ǥ ‘ŠǤ ƒ’„‡ŽŽǡ‡†Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ‹Ž›‡”‹ ƒ‘‘ƒ† ‘„”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͺͷ͵Ǥ  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ ‘”†•†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘  Ͷʹǣ—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ† ”‘—†•ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‡– ‘ ‹‡–›  Ͷ͸ǣ‡ƒ–‡  ͷ͸ǣ”‡ƒ•—”›‡’ƒ”–‡–  ʹͳ͹ǣ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘—–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡  ʹ͵͵ǣ”‡ƒ•—”›—‹Ž†‹‰  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǤDz –”‘†— –‹‘–‘ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‘ˆƒ•–  ‡‡••‡‡ƒ†‡•–‡”‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤdz‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‘˜‡–‹‘ǡͳͻ͹ͷǤ  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡”˜‹ ‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‰‹•–‡”‘‹ƒ–‹‘•ǣConcord Village Historic Districtǡ‡–‡”‡†ʹʹ –‘„‡”ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ Old Post Office [United States Customs House and Post Office], St. Louis, MOǡ‡–‡”‡†ͳ͹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͻ͹ͲǢMontana State Capitol,‡™‹•ƬŽƒ”‘—–›ǡ‡–‡”‡†ͳͻͺͳǤ  ‡‡Ž›ǡ ƒ ƒ†ƒ”‘ ƒ›ǤThe Marble City.‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡ  ͳͻͻͻǤ  ‡™Ǧ‘” ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ”‹–•ǡŠ‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ǡƒ†” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ǡͲͶʹǡ‘”‰ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‘š‡•ʹ͸ͺǡʹ͸ͻǡ͵ͺʹǤ  ‹ Š‘ŽŽ•ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ǤDz‘‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ‘‘‹ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡’’‡”ƒ•– ‡‡••‡‡ƒŽŽ‡›ǡͳͺͷͲǦͳͻͲͲǤdzJournal of Political Economy  ǡͶȋͳͻͷ͸ȌǤ  ‘„Ž‡ǡƒ˜‹† ǤAmerica By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate CapitalismǤ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻ͹͹Ǥ  ‘””‹•ǡ‡ŽŽ‰‡Ƭ‘’ƒ›ǡKnoxville, Tennessee, County Seat of Knox County. ͵Ͷͺ  ‹Ž™ƒ—‡‡ǣ‡ Ƭƒ—Ž‹‹–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡͳͺͺ͸ǦͳͺͺͺǤ  ‘”–‘ǡ ”ƒ Ǥǡ‡†ǤǡFrank Leslie’s Historical Register of the United States Centennial Exposition 1876Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ ”ƒ‡•Ž‹‡ǯ•—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘—•‡ǡͳͺ͹͹Ǥ  Ž•–‡†ǡ ”‡†‡”‹ ƒ™ǤA Journey through Texas: Or, a Saddle-trip on the Southwestern Frontier. ‡™‘”ǣ‹šǡ†™ƒ”†•Ƭ‘’ƒ›ǡͳͺͷ͹Ǥ  ™•Ž‡›ǡ ”ƒǤƒ† ƒ””‹‡–ǤDzŠ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘ ‹‡–›‹–Š‡ƒ–‡–‡Ǧ  ‡ŽŽ—‘—–ŠǤdzJournal of Southern History ǡ‘ǤͳȋͳͻͶͲȌǣʹͶǦͶͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzŠ‡ ‘‘‹ –”— –—”‡‘ˆ—”ƒŽ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͺͷͲǦͳͺ͸ͲǤdzJournal of Southern History ǡ‘ǤʹȋͳͻͶʹȌǣͳ͸ͳǦͳͺʹǤ  ƒ–”‹ ǡ ƒ‡•ǤArchitecture in Tennessee, 1768-1897. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ  ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻͺͳǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzŠ‡” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘ˆ†‘Ž’Š—• ‡‹ƒǤdzTennessee Historical Quarterlyǡ’ƒ”– ȋ—‡”ͳͻ͹ͻȌǡ’ƒ”– ȋ ƒŽŽͳͻ͹ͻȌǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  ‡ ǡ ƒ ‘„ǤDz ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹‰‹•–”‹ –•‹–Š‡ –ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒȄ™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ†‘ˆƒ•–‡‡••‡‡ǡ ™‹–Šƒƒ’Ǥdz American Journal of Science and Arts ʹ͵ȋͳͺ͵͵ȌǤ  ‡–‹–˜ƒŽǡ ǤǤDzƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•‹‡‡••‡‡ǤdzMechanics’ Magazine, and Journal of the Mechanics’ Instituteȋ͵ͳƒ›ͳͺ͵ͶȌǤ  ‹ ‡’ƒ—‰Šǡ‘‰‡”ǤRescue by Rail: Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West, 1863. ‹ ‘Žǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  Plough, the Loom and the Anvilǡͺǡ‘Ǥͻȋͳͺͷ͸Ȍǣͷ͹ͲǤ  ‘†ǡƒŽ–‡”ǤDz ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥdzȏ•‹ ȐMarkets Circular 3: LimestoneǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻ͵͹Ǥ  ‘™‡ŽŽǡƒ›‡ǤDz‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡dz Š––’ǣȀȀƒ ƒ†‡‹ Ǥ„”‘‘Ž›Ǥ —›Ǥ‡†—Ȁ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›Ȁ’‘™‡ŽŽȀ͸ͳ͵™‡„’ƒ‰‡Ȁ„—‹Ž† ‹‰Ȁ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡Ȁ‡‡••‡‡ƒ”„Ž‡ǤŠ–ȏƒ ‡••‡†ͳͻ —Ž›ʹͲͳͲȐ  Preliminary Agricultural Map of Tennessee: Based on the Distribution of Geological Formations Compiled From the Most Recent Data Under the Auspices of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment StationǤƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǣǤ ‘‡ǡͳͺͻ͸Ǥ  ͵Ͷͻ  ”‹ ‡ǡ ‡”›ǤHawkins County, Tennessee: A Pictorial HistoryǤ‹”‰‹‹ƒ‡ƒ Šǣ  ‘‹‰ǡͳͻͺ͹Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤOld Rogersville: An Illustrated HistoryǤ‘‰‡”•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ƒ™‹•‘—–› ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–›ǡʹͲͲʹǤ  —”†—‡ǡǤ ǤThe Resources of Tennesseeǡ Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡  ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡͳͻͳʹǤ  DzǤ‘ƒ†‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‡–™‡‡Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǡƒ˜ƒƒŠƒ†ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥdz Southern Quarterly Review ȋͳͺͶͷȌǤ  ƒ•‡›ǡ Ǥ ǤǤThe Annals of Tennessee to the end of the Eighteenth Century. Šƒ”Ž‡•–‘ǣƒŽ‡”ƒ† ƒ‡•ǡͳͺͷ͵ǤŽ‡ –”‘‹ ‡†‹–‹‘‘ ™‘‘†ǡǣƒ‰Ž‡ ‹†‰‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ”‘ƒ‡–Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”ƒ•‡›•ƒƒŽ•ǤŠ–ŽǤ ȏƒ ‡••‡†ƒ” Š͵ǡʹͲͳͳȐ  ______. Autobiography and Lettersǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡••‡Ž–‹‡Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲʹǤ  Reports from Public Officers & Institutions made to the General Assembly of Tennessee session of 1859-60Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤ Ǥƒ•–ƒƬ‘Ǥǡͳͺ͸ͲǤ  ‘†‰‡”•ǡ ‘ŠǤGeologic Map of East Tennessee with Explanatory Text —ŽŽ‡–‹ͷͺǡ ƒ”– Ǥͳͻͷ͵Ǥ‡’”‹–Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ  ‘•‡„‡”‰‡”ǡ ‘‡”Ǥ̶Š‘ƒ••–‹ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ̶Records of the Columbia Historical SocietyͷͲǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ —„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͷʹǤ  ‘–Š”‘ ǡƒ”›ǤThe French Broad Holston Country. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ•–‡‡••‡‡  ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͶ͸Ǥ  —Ž‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǡ‡†ǤStandard History of KnoxvilleǤͳͻͲͲǤ‡’”‹–ǡ™‹–Šƒ‹†‡š„› –‡˜‡‘–Šƒǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ‡‡˜‡•ǡ ”ǤǡʹͲͲͻǤ  ›†‡ŽŽǡ‘„‡”–ǤAll the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916ǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤWorld of Fairs: The Century of Progress ExpositionsǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Š‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ  ͵ͷͲ  ƒˆˆ‘”†ǡ ǤǤA Geological Reconnoissance of the State of Tennesseeǡ1856ǡbeing the author’s First Biennial Report presented to the thirty-first general assembly of Tennessee, December 1855Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ǤǤ‘”„‡––Ƭ‘Ǥǡͳͺͷ͸Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤGeological Map of the state of Tennessee/prepared with reference to the development of the mineral & agricultural resources of the •–ƒ–‡ǡͳͺͷͷǤ ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ Ǥ Ǥƒ‰‡”ǯ•‹–ŠǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤGeology of Tennessee. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤǤ‡” ‡”ǡ”‹–‡”–‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡ǡͳͺ͸ͻǤ  ______. and ǤǤ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǤIntroduction to the Resources of Tennessee ǣ”‡’ƒ”‡† —†‡”–Š‡‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡••‡‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ˜‡Žǡ ƒ•–ƒƬ ‘™‡ŽŽǡͳͺ͹ͶǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥƒ† ǤǤ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ǤThe Elementary Geology of Tennessee: Being Also An Introduction to Geology in General, Designed For the Schools of Tennessee. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣƒ˜‡Žǡƒ•–ƒƒ† ‘™‡ŽŽǡͳͺ͹͸Ǥ

ƒŽ•–”‘ǡƒ—ŽǤAppalachia’s Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region’s Economic History, 1730-1940. ‡š‹‰–‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ‡–— ›ǡͳͻͻͳǤ  ƒ†‡”•ǡ–‡˜‡ǤDzƒ –‘”‘‹‡ ‡ǤdzLaurel Leader-Call ʹͳ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͲͺ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽ‡ƒ†‡” ƒŽŽǤ ‘ȏƒ ‡••‡†ʹ͵‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͲͺȐǤ   ‘––ǡƒ‡ŽƒǤGuide to the Papers of Robert MillsǤ‹Ž‹‰–‘ǡǣ ƒŽ‡Ȁȋ Š‘Žƒ”Ž› ‡•‘—” ‡•  ǤǡͳͻͻͲǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴Ǥƒ†–‘‹‡––‡ Ǥ‡‡ǡBuildings of the District of Columbia. ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†  ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ  ‡ƒ”•ǡ ‘Š ǤSacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth CenturyǤ  ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺͻǤ  ‡˜‹‡”ǡ‘”ƒƒŽ‡•ƒ†ƒ ›Ǥƒ††‡ǤSevier Family HistoryǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣ ƒ—ˆƒ”‹–‹‰‘Ǥǡͳͻ͸ͳǤ  ‹–Šǡ Ǥ ”ƒ›ǤA Brief Historical and Descriptive Review of East Tennessee, United States of AmericaǤ‘†‘ǣ Ǥ‡ƒ–ŠǡͳͺͶʹǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤMap of East Tennessee Forming the Eastern Portion of Tennessee, One of the United States of AmericaǤ‘†‘ǣ ǤǤ ‘„„‹•ǡ‹–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”ǡ͵ƒ”™‹  ‘—”–ǡ ‘Ž„‘”ǡͳͺͶʹǤ  ‹–ŠǡƒǤDz ‘•‡’Š— ‡”‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ƒ†–Š‡‡™‘—–Š‘˜‡‡–‹ ͵ͷͳ  ‡‡••‡‡ǤdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡͳͻ͸ʹǤ  ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘” Š‹˜‡• ‡ ‘”†‹–͹Ͳͷͺǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡ǡͳͺ͵ͻǦͳͺ͸͵ǡ ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ ‡‡–‹‰•  ’ƒ‹ǡ”‡•–Ǥǡ ”Ǥǡ‘„‡”–Ǥƒ—”‡ ‡ǡƒ†‹ Š‘Žƒ•Ǥ‘•‡ǤDz—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†”—•Š‡† –‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤǤ‡‰‹‘Ǥdz Structural Materials of the Tennessee Valley Authority Region:Bulletin 6, Division of GeologyǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡ƒŽŽ‡› —–Š‘”‹–›ǡͳͻ͵͹Ǥ  –‡ˆˆ‡•‡Ǧ”— ‡ǡ ‰”‹†ǤMarble Palaces, Temples of Art: Art Museums, Architecture and American Culture: 1890-1930. ”ƒ„—”›ǡ‡™ ‡”•‡›ǣ— ‡ŽŽ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  –‹Ž‰‘‡ǡ ‘ŠǤMetropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American SceneǤ‡™  ƒ˜‡ǣƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺ͵Ǥ  –‘˜‡”ǡ ‘Š ǤThe Railroads of the South, 1865-1900: A Study in Finance and Control.  Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͷͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤAmerican Railroads.Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••ǡͳͻ͸ͳǤ  –”‹ Žƒ†ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤTomb of Washington at Mount Vernon. Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣƒ”‡›ƒ†  ƒ”–ǡͳͺͶͲǤ  —‡”•ǡƒ”ǤRailroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid under the Radical Republicans. ”‹ ‡–‘ǣ”‹ ‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ  ƒ›Ž‘”ǡ ‘•Š—ƒǤAmerica as Art. ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘”‡••ǡ ͳͻ͹͸Ǥ  ‡’Ž‡ǡŽ‹˜‡”‡””›ǤEast Tennesseans in the Civil WarǤ‹ ‹ƒ–‹ǣ‘„‡”–Žƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ›—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͺͻͻǤ  ‡‰ǡ ƒ‹ǦŠ—ƒǤDzƒ”„Ž‡‡’‘•‹–•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”„Ž‡ †—•–”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡ƒǤdz  ǤǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͻͶͺǤ  ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•  ‘˜‡”‘”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ”‘—•†ƒŽ‡ƒ’‡”• ǤǤ‹ŽŽ‡„”‡™ƒ’‡”• Dzƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘—‡–dz  ͹ǡƒ’‹–‘Ž‘•–”— –‹‘  ͸ͳǡ‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”› ͵ͷʹ   Š‘’•‘ǡ‡‹ŽǤMinnesota's State Capitol: The Art and Politics of a Public Building. –Ǥƒ—Žǣ‹‡•‘–ƒ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻ͹ͶǤ  Š‘”–‘ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤPapers of William Thornton, ‡†‹–‡†„›ǤǤ ƒ””‹•Ǥ Šƒ”Ž‘––‡•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡͳͻͻͷǤ  ”‘‘•–ǡ ‡”ƒ”†ǤDz††”‡••‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡƒ– ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǤdzTransylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate SciencesͶǡ‘Ǥ Ͷȋͳͺ͵ͳȌǣͶͻͳǦͷͲ͹Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤFourth Geological Report to the Twenty-Second General Assembly of the State of TennesseeǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤ›‡ƒ†‘Ǥǡͳͺ͵͹Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤGeological Map of the State of Tennessee „› Ǥ”‘‘•–ǡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡ǡ Ǥ—˜ƒŽǡ‹–ŠǤŠ‹ŽƒǤͳͺ͵ͻǤ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤAmerican Journal of Science and Arts ʹǡ‘ǤͺȋͳͺͶͻȌǣͶͳͻǦͶʹͲǤ  ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ–Š‡‡•—•ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤFifth Census ȋͳͺ͵ͲȌǢSixth Census ȋͳͺͶͲȌǢEighth Censusȋͳͺ͸ͲȌǢSeventh Census: ManufacturesȋͳͺͷͲȌǢ Eighth Census: Manufactures ȋͳͺ͸ͲȌ; Tenth Census, vol. 2:Manufactures ȋͳͺͺͲȌǤ 

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡–‡‹ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǤInternational Exhibition 1876 Official Catalogue.Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ ‘ŠǤƒ‰Ž‡Ƭ‘ǡͳͺ͹͸Ǥ

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘‹••‹‘‘‘—–Š‡”Žƒ‹•ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ ‘”†• †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǤFootnote,̻‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•Ǥ  ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‹‘”ǡǤǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǤContributions to Economic Geology, 24. ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ ‘˜‡”‡–”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͻͲ͵Ǥ  ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘˜‡”‡–‘ —‡–•ǡ‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡”‹‡• ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡʹͶ–Š‘‰”‡••ǡʹ†•‡••‹‘ǡ‘ ǤͳͲǡ‡’Ǥ‘Ǥ͵ͲͷǣʹǦ ͵Ǥ ʹͷ–Š‘‰”‡••ǡʹ†•‡••‹‘ǡ‡’‘”–͹͵͹ǣ͵ͶǦ͵ͷͳ͸ƒ” Šͳͺ͵ͺDz‡™”‡ƒ•—”› ƒ†‘•–ˆˆ‹ ‡—‹Ž†‹‰•dz ʹͷ–Š‘‰”‡••ǡ͵”†•‡••‹‘ǡ‘ —‡–‘Ǥʹʹͳƒ†‡’‘”–‘Ǥ͵Ͳͷǡʹͷ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺ͵ͻ ʹͺ–Š‘‰”‡••ǡ ‘—•‡‘‹––‡‡‘—„Ž‹ —‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ† ”‘—†•ǡ‡’‘”– ͷͳͶǡ ‘‹–‡•‘Ž—–‹‘͵͵ǡʹͷƒ›ͳͺͶͶ  ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‡–ǤThe War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official ͵ͷ͵  Records of the Union and Confederate ArmiesǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ ‘˜‡”‡– ”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͺͺͲǦͳͻͲͳǤǤǤ‡”‹‡• ǡȋͳȌǣͺ͸Ǧͺ͹ǡͺͺǦͻʹȏƒ”–‡”ȐǢǤǤ ‡”‹‡• ǡ ȋͳȌǣ͵ͺͷǦ͵ͺ͸ǡ͵ͺ͸Ǧ͵ͺͻȏƒ†‡”•ȐǢǤǤ‡”‹‡• ǡͳͳͳȋʹȌǣͺͺʹ ȏ— ‡”ȐǤ  ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ͳͶͲͶ  ƒ—”‡ǡƒ”–‹ǤDz—–‘„‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›dz ǡ‡†‹–‡†„› ‘ŠǤ ‹–œ’ƒ–”‹ Ǥ Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ ‘˜‡”‡–”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡͳͻʹͲǤ  ƒŽ› ǡ„‹‰ƒ‹ŽǤFree to All: Carnegie Libraries and American Culture, 1890-1920Ǥ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••ǡͳͻͻͷǤ  ƒ†‡”„‹Ž–‹˜‡”•‹–›‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ‡ƒ„‘†›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ƒ’‡”•  ƒŽ‡”ǡ‡‡–ŠǤƒ†‡‡–Š Ǥ ‡””‹‰‘ǡDz ‹‡Ž†”‹’ͳǡ–‘’ͶDz ‘Ž•–‘ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣ •‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡Š”‡‡‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•‡–™‡‡ ‡‡ˆǦ‘”‡ƒ†‡‡ˆǦ Žƒ ƒ ‹‡•ǤdzGeology of Knox County, Tennessee: Bulletin 70. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻ͹͵Ǥ   ƒŽŽ•ǡ ƒ‡• ȋ”ƒ›ȌǤDz ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ–•„—”›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǤdzǤǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͻ͵ͲǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzŠ‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ–•„—”›ǡ‡‡••‡‡dzJournal of the Tennessee Academy of Science ǡͳͻ͵͵Ǥ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzŠ‡‘ŽŽ›ƒ”†‡Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž•–‘ƒ”„Ž‡ǤdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡͳͻͶ͸Ǥ  ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ ‘‡ƒ”•ǤDzŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡ †—•–”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡ƒǤdzǤǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡ǡͳͻͷͺǤ  ‡Ž Šǡƒ‡––‡ǤDz‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ’‹‡•‡ƒ†Ǥdz’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ Ž—‰  ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ  ‡•–ǡƒ””‘ŽŽƒǤDzƒ†• ƒ’‡‘ˆ–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†ǣŠ‡‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤdzMontana The Magazine of Western History ͵͹ȋ—–—ͳͻͺ͹Ȍǣ͹͵Ǧ͹ͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤCapitalism on the Frontier: Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth CenturyǤ‹ ‘Žǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ ͵ͷͶ   ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤTennessee’s Historic Landscapes: A Traveler’s Guide.‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻͻͷǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǡ‡†ǤTennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ–‡‡••‡‡‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‡–  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤDzƒ”„Ž‡’”‹‰•Ǥdz Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.ƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤTennessee’s New Deal Landscape: A GuidebookǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲͳǤ   Š‡‡Ž‡”ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ”— ‡ǤKnoxville, Tennessee: A Mountain City in the New South. ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡʹͲͲͷǤ  Š‹ˆˆ‡ǡƒ” —•ǤAmerican Architecture 1607-1860Ǥ‘•–‘ǣ ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͳǤ  Š‹–‡ǡ‘„‡”– ǤMessages of the Governors of Tennesseeǡ ȋͳͺͶͷǦͳͺͷ͹Ȍƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‡••‡‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǡͳͻͷ͹Ǥ  Š‹–Žƒ Šǡ ‡‘”‰‡ ǤMarkets Circular 11: Preliminary Directory of Mineral and Chemical Industries in TennesseeǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‡‡••‡‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳͻͶͳǤ  ‹‡„‡ǡ‘„‡”– ǤThe Search for Order, 1877-1920. ‡™‘”ǣ ‹ŽŽƒ†ƒ‰ǡͳͻ͸͹Ǥ  Williams’ Knoxville Directory, City Guide, and Business MirrorǤ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣǤǤ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡͳͺͷͻǤ  ‹ŽŽ‹•ǡƒ‹Ž‡›ǤDzŠ‡ƒ”„Ž‡‘ˆ ƒ™‹•‘—–›ǡ‡‡••‡‡ǤdzSchool of Mines Quarterlyǡ ȋͳͺͺͺȌǣͳͳʹǦͳʹ͵Ǥ  ‹Ž•‘ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ ”ǤState Geological Surveys and State Geologists of Tennessee: A History of the Development of the Division of Geologyȋ—ŽŽ‡–‹ͺͳȌǤƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‡‡••‡‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡͳͻͺͳǤ  ‹Ž•‘ǡ‹ Šƒ”† —›ǡ‡†ǤThe American Renaissance 1876-1917. ‡™‘”ǣ”‘‘Ž› —•‡—ǡͳͻ͹ͻǤ  ̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤMcKim, Mead & White, Architects. ‡™‘”ǣ‹œœ‘Ž‹ǡͳͻͺ͵Ǥ  ‹–‡”•ǡ‘ƒŽ†ǤTennessee Farmers, Tennessee Farming: Antebellum Agriculture in the Upper South.‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡••‡‡”‡••ǡͳͻͻͶǤ ͵ͷͷ   ‘„—•ǡ‡‹Šƒ”†ǤDzǤ‡Ž•‘ƒŽ‡ǣ‹‹—–‹˜‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥdz  Williams College Geology Newsletter . ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•–‘™ǣ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡͳͻͻ͵Ǥ  ‘Œ ‹ǡ—•ƒ”‹œœ‘Žƒ”ƒǤDzŠ‘ƒ•ǤƒŽ–‡”ƒ† ”‘‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ’‹–‘Žǣ ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡƒ† †—•–”›ǤdzŠǤǤ†‹••Ǥǡ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ‡Žƒ™ƒ”‡ǡͳͻͻͺǤ  ‘Žƒ‹ǡƒ”„ƒ”ƒǤConstantino Brumidi: Artist of the CapitolǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ” Š‹–‡ –  ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘ŽǡʹͲͲͷǤ  ‘Žˆˆǡ‡†›ǡ‡†ǤCapitol Builder: The Shorthand Journals of Montgomery C. Meigs, 1853-59, 1861Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣǤǤ ‘˜‡”‡–”‹–‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡʹͲͲͲǤ  ‘‘Ž†”‹†‰‡ǡ ǤDzƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ –‡”‡•–•Ǥdz Standard History of Knoxvilleǡ‡†‹–‡†„› ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ—Ž‡ǤͳͻͲͲǤ‡’”‹–ǡ™‹–Š‹†‡š„›–‡˜‡‘–Šƒǡ Ž—‰ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‘š‘—–›—„Ž‹ ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ‘š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ‡‡˜‡•ǡ ”Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͻǤ  ‘‘Ž˜‡”–‘ǡ ‘Š ǤDzŠ‹Ž‹’‹†•Ž‡›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Ž† ‘—–Š™‡•–ǤdzTennessee Historical Quarterly ͳͻǡ‘Ǥͳȋͳͻ͸ͲȌǣͳʹǤ  World’s Columbian Exposition 1893 Official Catalogue, ‡†‹–‡†„›ǤǤ ƒ†›ǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ  ǤǤ‘‡›Ƭ‘’ƒ›ǡͳͺͻ͵Ǥ